Pharmacology

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Pharmacology
Fundamentals of clinical pharmacology
1. Pharmacology basics - Answer (click here)
2. Where drugs come from - Answer (click here)
3. How drugs are administered - Answer (click here)
4. New drug development - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
6. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacokinetics: Distribution - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism - Answer (click here)
9. Pharmacokinetics: Excretion - Answer (click here)
10. Onset, peak, and duration - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
12. Pharmacotherapeutics - Answer (click here)
13. Drug interactions - Answer (click here)
14. Adverse drug reactions - Answer (click here)

Autonomic nervous system drugs

1. Cholinergic drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Cholinergic agonists - Answer (click here)
3. Anticholinesterase drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Cholinergic blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Adrenergic drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
7. Noncatecholamines - Answer (click here)
8. Adrenergic blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Alpha-adrenergic blockers - Answer (click here)
10. Beta-adrenergic blockers - Answer (click here)

Neurologic and neuromuscular drugs

 1. Skeletal muscle relaxants - Answer (click here)
2. Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants - Answer (click here)
3. Direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxants - Answer (click here)
4. Other skeletal muscle relaxants - Answer (click here)
5. Neuromuscular blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Nondepolarizing blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Depolarizing blocking drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Antiparkinsonian drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Anticholinergic drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Dopaminergic drugs - Answer (click here)
11. COMT inhibitors - Answer (click here)
12. Anticonvulsant drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Hydantoins - Answer (click here)
14. Barbiturates - Answer (click here)
15. Iminostilbenes - Answer (click here)
16. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
17. Carboxylic acid derivatives - Answer (click here)
18. 1- (aminomethyl) cyclohexane–acetic acid - Answer (click here)
19. Phenyltriazines - Answer (click here)
20. Carboxamides - Answer (click here)
21. Sulfamate-substituted monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
22. Succinimides - Answer (click here)
23. Sulfonamides - Answer (click here)
24. Pyrrolidines - Answer (click here)
25. Antimigraine drugs - Answer (click here)
26. The 5-HT1-receptor agonists(triptans) - Answer (click here)
27. Ergotamine preparations - Answer (click here)

Pain medications
1. Drugs and pain control - Answer (click here)
2. Nonopioid analgesics, antipyretics, and NSAIDs - Answer (click here)
3. Salicylates - Answer (click here)
4. Acetaminophen - Answer (click here)
5. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride - Answer (click here)
7. Opioid agonist and antagonist drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Opioid agonists - Answer (click here)
9. Mixed opioid agonist-antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Opioid antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthetic drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Intravenous anesthetics - Answer (click here)
13. Local anesthetics - Answer (click here)
14. Topical anesthetics - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular drugs
1. Drugs and the cardiovascular system - Answer (click here)
2. Inotropics - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiac glycosides - Answer (click here)
4. PDE inhibitors - Answer (click here)
5. Antiarrhythmic drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Class IA antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
7. Class IB antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
8. Class IC antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
9. Class II antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
10. Class III antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
11. Class IV antiarrhythmics - Answer (click here)
12. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
13. Antianginal drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Nitrates - Answer (click here)
15. Beta-adrenergic antagonists - Answer (click here)
16. Calcium channel blockers - Answer (click here)
17. Antihypertensive drugs - Answer (click here)
18. Sympatholytic drugs - Answer (click here)
19. Vasodilating drugs - Answer (click here)
20. ACE inhibitors - Answer (click here)
21. Angiotensin II receptor blockers - Answer (click here)
22. Antilipemic drugs - Answer (click here)
23. Bile-sequestering drugs - Answer (click here)
24. Fibric acid derivatives - Answer (click here)
25. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
26. Nicotinic acid - Answer (click here)

Hematologic drugs
1. Drugs and the hematologic system - Answer (click here)
2. Hematinic drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Hematinic drugs: Iron - Answer (click here)
4. Hematinic drugs: Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
5. Hematinic drugs: Folic acid - Answer (click here)
6. Hematinic drugs: Erythropoietin agents - Answer (click here)
 7. Anticoagulant drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Heparin - Answer (click here)
9. Oral anticoagulants - Answer (click here)
10. Antiplatelet drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Direct thrombin inhibitors - Answer (click here)
12. Factor Xa inhibitor drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Thrombolytic drugs - Answer (click here)

Respiratory drugs
1. Drugs and the respiratory system - Answer (click here)
2. Beta2-adrenergic agonists - Answer (click here)
3. Anticholinergics - Answer (click here)
4. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
5. Leukotriene modifiers - Answer (click here)
6. Mast cell stabilizers - Answer (click here)
7. Methylxanthines - Answer (click here)
8. Monoclonal antibodies: Omalizumab - Answer (click here)
9. Expectorants: Guaifenesin - Answer (click here)
10. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
11. Mucolytics: Acetylcysteine - Answer (click here)
12. Decongestants - Answer (click here)

Gastrointestinal drugs
1. Drugs and the Gastrointestinal (GI) system - Answer (click here)
2. Antiulcer drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Systemic antibiotics - Answer (click here)
4. Antacids - Answer (click here)
5. H2-receptor antagonists - Answer (click here)
6. Proton pump inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Other antiulcer drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Adsorbent drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Antiflatulent drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Digestive drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Obesity drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Antidiarrheal and laxative drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Opioid-related drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Kaolin and pectin - Answer (click here)
15. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists - Answer (click here)
16. Hyperosmolar laxatives - Answer (click here)
 17. Dietary fiber and related bulk-forming laxatives - Answer (click here)
18. Emollient laxatives - Answer (click here)
19. Stimulant laxatives - Answer (click here)
20. Lubricant laxatives - Answer (click here)
21. Antiemetics - Answer (click here)
22. Emetics - Answer (click here)

Genitourinary drugs
1. Drugs and the genitourinary system - Answer (click here)
2. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
3. Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics - Answer (click here)
4. Loop diuretics - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium-sparing diuretics - Answer (click here)
6. Osmotic diuretics - Answer (click here)
7. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Urinary tract antispasmodics - Answer (click here)
9. Erectile dysfunction therapy drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Hormonal contraceptives - Answer (click here)

Anti infective drugs

1. Selecting an antimicrobial drug - Answer (click here)
2. Antibacterial drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Aminoglycosides - Answer (click here)
4. Penicillins - Answer (click here)
5. Cephalosporins - Answer (click here)
6. Tetracyclines - Answer (click here)
7. Lincomycin derivatives - Answer (click here)
8. Macrolides - Answer (click here)
9. Vancomycin - Answer (click here)
10. Carbapenems - Answer (click here)
11. Monobactams - Answer (click here)
12. Fluoroquinolones - Answer (click here)
13. Sulfonamides - Answer (click here)
14. Nitrofurantoin - Answer (click here)
15. Antiviral drugs - Answer (click here)
16. Synthetic nucleosides - Answer (click here)
17. Pyrophosphate analogues - Answer (click here)
18. Influenza A and syncytial virus drugs - Answer (click here)
19. Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
 20. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
21. Nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
22. Protease inhibitors - Answer (click here)
23. Antitubercular drugs - Answer (click here)
24. Drug regimens for treating TB - Answer (click here)
25. Antimycotic drugs - Answer (click here)
26. Polyenes - Answer (click here)
27. Flucytosine - Answer (click here)
28. Imidazole - Answer (click here)
29. Synthetic triazoles - Answer (click here)
30. Glucan synthesis inhibitors - Answer (click here)
31. Synthetic allylamine derivatives - Answer (click here)
32. Drotrecogin alfa - Answer (click here)

Anti inflammatory anti allergy andimmunosuppressant drugs

1. Drugs and the immune system - Answer (click here)
2. Antihistamines: Histamine-1 receptor antagonists - Answer (click here)
3. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
4. Glucocorticoids - Answer (click here)
5. Mineralocorticoids - Answer (click here)
6. Other immunosuppressants - Answer (click here)
7. Uricosurics - Answer (click here)
8. Other antigout drugs - Answer (click here)

Psychotropic drugs
1. Sedative and hypnotic drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
3. Barbiturates - Answer (click here)
4. Nonbenzodiazepines-nonbarbiturates - Answer (click here)
5. Antianxiety drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Antidepressant and mood stabilizer drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Tricyclic antidepressants - Answer (click here)
9. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
10. Miscellaneous antidepressants - Answer (click here)
11. Lithium - Answer (click here)
12. Antipsychotic drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Atypical antipsychotics - Answer (click here)
14. Typical antipsychotics - Answer (click here)
 15. Stimulants - Answer (click here)

Endocrine drugs
1. Drugs and the endocrine system - Answer (click here)
2. Antidiabetic drugs and glucagon - Answer (click here)
3. Insulin - Answer (click here)
4. Oral antidiabetic drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Glucagon - Answer (click here)
6. Estrogens - Answer (click here)
7. Natural and synthetic estrogen - Answer (click here)
8. Pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Anterior pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Posterior pituitary drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Thyroid drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Antithyroid drugs - Answer (click here)

Drugs for fluid and electrolyte balance

1. Drugs and homeostasis - Answer (click here)
2. Electrolyte replacement drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Potassium - Answer (click here)
4. Calcium - Answer (click here)
5. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
6. Sodium - Answer (click here)
7. Alkalinizing and acidifying drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Alkalinizing drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Acidifying drugs - Answer (click here)

Antineoplastic drugs
1. Drugs and cancer - Answer (click here)
2. Alkylating drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Nitrogen mustards - Answer (click here)
4. Alkyl sulfonate - Answer (click here)
5. Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
6. Triazenes - Answer (click here)
7. Ethylenimines - Answer (click here)
8. Alkylating-like drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Antimetabolite drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Folic acid analogues - Answer (click here)
11. Pyrimidine analogues - Answer (click here)
12. Purine analogues - Answer (click here)
13. Antibiotic antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Hormonal antineoplastic drugs and hormone modulators - Answer (click
here)
15. Aromatase inhibitors - Answer (click here)
16. Antiestrogens - Answer (click here)
17. Androgens - Answer (click here)
18. Antiandrogens - Answer (click here)
19. Progestins - Answer (click here)
20. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues - Answer (click here)
21. Natural antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
22. Vinca alkaloids - Answer (click here)
23. Podophyllotoxins - Answer (click here)
24. Monoclonal antibodies - Answer (click here)
25. Topoisomerase I inhibitors - Answer (click here)
26. Targeted therapies - Answer (click here)
27. Unclassifiable antineoplastic drugs - Answer (click here)
28. Arsenic trioxide - Answer (click here)
29. Asparaginases - Answer (click here)
30. Procarbazine - Answer (click here)
31. Hydroxyurea - Answer (click here)
32. Interferons - Answer (click here)
33. Aldesleukin - Answer (click here)
34. Altretamine - Answer (click here)
35. Paclitaxel and docetaxel - Answer (click here)