Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Modern Pharmacology with Clinical

Applications
Progress in Therapeutics
1. Progress in Therapeutics: Contributions of Many Cultures - Answer (click
here)
2. Drug Control And Development - Answer (click here)
3. Modern Drug Legislation - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Testing of Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Phases of Clinical Investigation - Answer (click here)
6. Special Populations - Answer (click here)
7. Adverse Reaction Surveillance - Answer (click here)

Mechanisms of Drug Action

1. Receptors - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Receptors and Biological Responses - Answer (click here)
3. Second-Messenger Systems - Answer (click here)
4. The Chemistry of Drug-Receptor Binding - Answer (click here)
5. Dynamics of Drug–Receptor Binding - Answer (click here)
6. Dose–Response Relationship - Answer (click here)
7. Equations Derived From Drug–Receptor Interactions - Answer (click here)
8. Drug Antagonism - Answer (click here)

Drug Absorption and Distribution

1. Properties of Biological Membranes that Influence Drug Passage -
Answer (click here)
2. Mechanisms of Solute Transport Across Membranes - Answer (click here)
3. Absorption of Drugs From the Alimentary Tract - Answer (click here)
4. Factors Affecting Rate of Gastrointestinal Absorption - Answer (click here)
5. Absorption of Drugs From the Lung - Answer (click here)
 6. Absorption of Drugs Through the Skin - Answer (click here)
7. Absorption of Drugs After Parenteral Administration - Answer (click here)
8. Factors Influencing Drug Distribution - Answer (click here)
9. Human Available Distribution Volume - Answer (click here)
10. Binding of Drugs to Plasma Proteins - Answer (click here)
11. Selective Accumulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Physiological Barriers to Drug Distribution - Answer (click here)

Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs

1. Oxidative and Reductive Enzymes: Phase I Reactions - Answer (click here)
2. Conjugative Enzymes: Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
3. Tissue Specificity of Human Drug Metabolism Enzymes - Answer (click
here)
4. Pharmacogenetics of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes - Answer (click here)
5. Excretion of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Renal Excretion - Answer (click here)
7. Pulmonary Excretion - Answer (click here)
8. Excretion in Other Body Fluids - Answer (click here)

Pharmacokinetics
1. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Concentration-Time Profiles and Basic Pharmacokinetic
Parameters - Answer (click here)
3. Additional Pharmacokinetic Parameters - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics of Single Versus Multiple Dosing - Answer (click here)
5. Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)

Drug Metabolism and Disposition in Pediatric and Gerontological

Stages of Life
1. Drug Disposition in Pediatric Patients - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Disposition in Geriatric Patients - Answer (click here)

Principles of Toxicology
1. Principles of Toxicology - Answer (click here)
2. Manifestations of Toxicity - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Poisonings - Answer (click here)
4. Exposure to Nontherapeutic Toxicants - Answer (click here)
5. Applications of Toxicological Principles - Answer (click here)
Contemporary Bioethical Issues in Pharmacology and
Pharmaceutical Research
1. Biomedical Ethics in Pharmacology: An Introduction and Framework -
Answer (click here)
2. Biomedical Ethics and Clinical Research - Answer (click here)
3. Conflicts of Interest and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)

General Organization and Functions of the Nervous System

1. General Organization and Functions of the Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
2. Anatomic Differences Between the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous
Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Autonomic Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
5. Innervation of Various Organs by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Nervous Systems - Answer (click here)
6. The Adrenal Medulla - Answer (click here)
7. Transmission of the Nerve Impulse - Answer (click here)
8. Steps in Neurochemical Transmission - Answer (click here)
9. Receptors on the Autonomic Effector Cells - Answer (click here)

Adrenomimetic Drugs
1. Adrenomimetic Drugs: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Adrenomimetic Drugs: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacodynamic Actions of Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and
Isoproterenol - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacological Actions of Dopamine - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Uses of Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
6. Other Adrenomimetic Agents - Answer (click here)

Adrenoceptor Antagonists
1. Adrenoceptors - Answer (click here)
2. Classification of Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. alpha-Receptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
4. beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Drugs With Combined and Βeta-and Αlpha Blocking Activity - Answer
(click here)
Directly and Indirectly Acting Cholinomimetics
1. Directly and Indirectly Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)
2. Direct-Acting Parasympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)

Muscarinic Blocking Drugs

1. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
4. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion -
Answer (click here)
5. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Antimuscarinic Poisoning - Answer (click
here)
7. Muscarinic Blocking Drugs: Contraindications and Cautions - Answer
(click here)

Ganglionic Blocking Drugs and Nicotine

1. Ganglionic Transmission - Answer (click here)
2. Ganglionic Stimulants - Answer (click here)
3. Ganglionic Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Individual Agents - Answer (click here)

Pharmacological Management of Chronic Heart Failure

1. Chronic (Congestive) Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
2. Myocardial Excitation–Contraction Coupling - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiac Glycosides - Answer (click here)
4. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
5. Hydralazine and Nitrates - Answer (click here)
6. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
8. cAMP-Elevating Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Antiarrhythmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Transmembrane Potential - Answer (click here)
11. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Ionic Basis for the Membrane Action
Potential - Answer (click here)
12. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Automaticity - Answer (click here)
13. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Cardiac Conduction - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Refractory Period - Answer (click here)
15. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click
here)
16. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Enhanced Automaticity - Answer (click here)
17. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Triggered Activity - Answer (click here)
18. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Reentry - Answer (click here)
19. Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
20. Quinidine - Answer (click here)
21. Procainamide - Answer (click here)
22. Disopyramide - Answer (click here)
23. Moricizine - Answer (click here)
24. Lidocaine - Answer (click here)
25. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
26. Tocainide - Answer (click here)
27. Mexiletine - Answer (click here)
28. Flecainide - Answer (click here)
29. Propafenone - Answer (click here)
30. Propranolol - Answer (click here)
31. Acebutolol - Answer (click here)
32. Esmolol - Answer (click here)
33. Bretylium - Answer (click here)
34. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
35. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
36. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
37. Ibutilide Fumarate - Answer (click here)
38. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
39. Digitalis Glycosides and Vagomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
40. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
41. Magnesium Sulfate - Answer (click here)
42. Drug–Device Interactions - Answer (click here)

Antianginal Drugs
1. Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. The Therapeutic Objectives in the Use of Antianginal Drugs - Answer
(click here)
3. Organic Nitrates Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Calcium Entry or Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
The ReninAngiotensin Aldosterone System and Other Vasoactive
Substances
1. The Renin–Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
2. Angiotensin Receptors - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
4. Antagonists of the Renin–Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
5. Aldosterone - Answer (click here)
6. Bradykinin - Answer (click here)
7. Endothelin - Answer (click here)
8. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
9. Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)

Calcium Channel Blockers

1. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
2. Calcium Antagonism - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacological Effects on the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click
here)
4. Therapeutic Applications - Answer (click here)
5. Calcium Channel Blockers: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
6. Calcium Channel Blockers: Toxicity - Answer (click here)

Antihypertensive Drugs
1. Antihypertensive Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Diuretics - Answer (click here)
3. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
4. Vasodilators: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
5. Vasodilators: Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
6. Vasodilators: Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
7. Vasodilators: Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
8. Vasodilators: Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
9. Drugs That Impair Sympathetic Nervous System Functioning - Answer
(click here)
10. Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. Adrenergic Neuron Βeta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs that Interfere with Norepinephrine Storage - Answer (click here)
13. Drugs that Interfere with Norepinephrine Synthesis - Answer (click here)
14. Ganglionic Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Centrally Acting Hypotensive Drugs - Answer (click here)
Diuretic Drugs
1. Diuretic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Body Water and Electrolyte Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Thiazide Diuretics - Answer (click here)
5. Hypokalemia and Potassium-sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
6. High-Ceiling, or Loop, Diuretics - Answer (click here)
7. Osmotic Diuretics - Answer (click here)
8. Uses of Diuretics - Answer (click here)

Anticoagulant Antiplatelet and Fibrinolytic Thrombolytic Drugs

1. Hemostatic Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
2. Coagulation Systems - Answer (click here)
3. Anticoagulant Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Indications for Anticoagulant Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Antiplatelet Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Fibrinolytic System - Answer (click here)

Hypocholesterolemic Drugs and Coronary Heart Disease

1. Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease as the Goal - Answer (click here)
2. When to Treat Hypercholesterolemias? - Answer (click here)
3. Management of Hyperlipidemias With Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Management of Hyperlipidemias With Drugs: Other
Hypocholesterolemic Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. When to Treat Hypertriglyceridemias - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology

1. Review of Basic Neuroscience - Answer (click here)
2. Central Nervous System Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
3. Blood-Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)

General Anesthesia Intravenous and Inhalational Agents

1. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics Influencing the Clinical - Answer (click
here)
2. Intravenous Anesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
4. Etomidate - Answer (click here)
 5. Propofol - Answer (click here)
6. Ketamine - Answer (click here)
7. Intravenous Anesthetic Techniques Managed with Opioids - Answer (click
here)
8. α2-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
9. Inhalational Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacokinetic Characteristics - Answer (click here)
11. Development of the Partial Pressure of a Gas in Solution - Answer (click
here)
12. A Concept of Anesthetic Dose Based on Partial Pressure–Minimum
Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
13. Factors Affecting the Rate of Development of Anesthetic Concentration
in the Lung - Answer (click here)
14. Halogenated Hydrocarbon Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
15. Nonhalogenated Inhalational Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
16. Mechanism of Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)

Opioid and Nonopioid Analgesics

1. The Nature of Pain - Answer (click here)
2. Nonopioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
3. Salicylates - Answer (click here)
4. p-Aminophenol Derivatives - Answer (click here)
5. Indoles (indomethacin) and Related Compounds - Answer (click here)
6. Fenamates - Answer (click here)
7. Arylpropionic Acid Derivatives - Answer (click here)
8. Pyrazolone Derivatives - Answer (click here)
9. Oxicam Derivatives - Answer (click here)
10. Acetic Acid Derivatives - Answer (click here)
11. COX-2 Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
12. Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
13. Opioid Analgesics: Pharmacological Effects - Answer (click here)
14. Opioid Analgesics: Morphine - Answer (click here)
15. Opioid Analgesics: Codeine and Other Phenanthrene Derivatives -
Answer (click here)
16. Opioid Analgesics: Meperidine and Related Phenylpiperidine
Derivatives - Answer (click here)
17. Opioid Analgesics: Fentanyl, Sufentanil, and Alfentanil - Answer (click
here)
18. Opioid Analgesics: Levorphanol - Answer (click here)
19. Opioid Analgesics: Methadone - Answer (click here)
 20. Opioid Analgesics: Propoxyphene - Answer (click here)
21. Opioid Analgesics: Opium-Containing Preparations - Answer (click here)
22. Opioid Analgesics: Heroin - Answer (click here)
23. Mixed Opioid Agonist–Antagonists or Partial Agonists - Answer (click
here)
24. Opioid Analgesics: Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
25. Opioid Analgesics: Drugs Used Predominantly as Antitussives - Answer
(click here)

Local Anesthetics
1. Properties of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Esters - Answer (click here)
3. Amides - Answer (click here)
4. Topical Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Agents Affecting Neuromuscular Transmission - Answer (click here)
6. Enhancement of Acetylcholine Release - Answer (click here)
7. Depression of Acetylcholine Release - Answer (click here)
8. Depression of Postjunctional Response to Acetylcholine - Answer (click
here)
9. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacology of Antispasticity Agents - Answer (click here)

Central Nervous System Stimulants

1. Central Nervous System Stimulants - Answer (click here)
2. Analeptic Stimulants - Answer (click here)
3. Psychomotor Stimulants - Answer (click here)
4. Xanthines - Answer (click here)

Sedative hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs

1. Sedative–hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Azapirones - Answer (click here)
3. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
4. Other Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
5. Sedatives and Anxiolytics With Other Major Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Older Sedative–Hypnotic and Anxiolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Nonprescription Drugs - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Neurodegenerative Disorders

 1. Parkinson’s Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Therapy of Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
3. Alzheimer’s Disease - Answer (click here)

Antiepileptic Drugs
1. Antiepileptic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Clinically Useful Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Sodium Channel Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs That Primarily Enhance the Action of GABA - Answer (click here)
5. Agents That Block T-Calcium Channels - Answer (click here)
6. Agents Whose Mechanism of Action Is Not Known - Answer (click here)
7. Anticonvulsant Drugs and Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
8. Treatment of Febrile Seizures - Answer (click here)
9. Treatment of Status Epilepticus - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Mood Disorders

1. Treatment of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
2. Treatment of Major Depression: The Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment of Major Depression: Miscellaneous Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
4. Treatment of Major Depression: Tricyclic Antidepressants - Answer (click
here)
5. Treatment of Major Depression: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer
(click here)
6. Treatment of Manic-Depressive Illness - Answer (click here)

Antipsychotic Drugs
1. The Disease of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
2. Antipsychotic Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Antipsychotic Drugs: Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
4. Antipsychotic Drugs: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
5. Antipsychotic Drugs: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
6. Antipsychotic Drugs: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)

Contemporary Drug Abuse

1. Contemporary Drug Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Opioids - Answer (click here)
 3. Stimulants - Answer (click here)
4. Nicotine - Answer (click here)
5. Sedative–Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
6. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Ethanol - Answer (click here)
7. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Marijuana - Answer (click here)
8. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Hallucinogens - Answer (click here)
9. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Inhalants - Answer (click here)
10. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Designer Drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Contemporary Drug Abuse: Anabolic Steroids - Answer (click here)

Antiinflammatory and Antirheumatic Drugs

1. Antiinflammatory and Antirheumatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. The Inflammatory Process - Answer (click here)
3. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Methotrexate - Answer (click here)
7. Sulfasalazine - Answer (click here)
8. Antimalarials - Answer (click here)
9. Leflunomide - Answer (click here)
10. TNF-α : Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
11. Interleukin-1 Antagonists - Answer (click here)
12. Gold Compounds Drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Other Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy - Answer (click here)
14. New Approaches to the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answer (click
here)

Drugs Used in Gout

1. Drugs Used in Gout - Answer (click here)
2. Chemistry of Uric Acid - Answer (click here)
3. Renal Urate Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
4. Relationship of Uric Acid Levels to Gout - Answer (click here)
5. Role of Phagocytosis in Acute Gouty Arthritis - Answer (click here)
6. Principles of Gout Management - Answer (click here)
7. Colchicine - Answer (click here)
8. Uricosuric Agents - Answer (click here)

Histamine and Histamine Antagonists

1. Histamine - Answer (click here)
 2. Histamine Antagonism and Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Asthma

1. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs Used in Asthma: Treatment Strategy - Answer (click here)
3. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
4. Adrenomimetic Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Theophylline - Answer (click here)
6. Anticholinergics - Answer (click here)
7. Antiinflammatory Agents - Answer (click here)
8. Alternative Therapies - Answer (click here)
9. Status Asthmaticus - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Gastrointestinal Disorders

1. Introduction to Normal Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs That Increase GI Motility - Answer (click here)
3. Drugs That Decrease GI Motility - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacological Modulation of Diarrhea - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacological Modulation of Vomiting - Answer (click here)
6. Drugs that Decrease or Neutralize Gastric Acid Secretion - Answer (click
here)
7. Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
8. Miscellaneous GI Drugs - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Dermatological Disorders

1. Skin Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Percutaneous Absorption - Answer (click here)
3. Practical Considerations in Topical Drug Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Topical Glucocorticosteroids - Answer (click here)
5. Retinoids - Answer (click here)
6. Photochemotherapy - Answer (click here)
7. Photodynamic Therapy - Answer (click here)
8. Aminolevulinic Acid - Answer (click here)
9. Dapsone - Answer (click here)
10. Thalidomide - Answer (click here)
11. Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
12. Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
13. Drugs For Cutaneous Fungal Infections - Answer (click here)
14. Drugs For Cutaneous Viral Infections - Answer (click here)
 15. Drugs Used To Treat Scabies and Lice - Answer (click here)
16. Cytotoxic and Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
17. Topical Immune-Modulating Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Antihistamines - Answer (click here)
19. Doxepin - Answer (click here)
20. Drugs Used to Treat Disorders of Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
21. Recombinant Proteins and Other Biologicals - Answer (click here)
22. Miscellaneous Topical Agents - Answer (click here)
23. Keratolytics - Answer (click here)
24. Sunscreens - Answer (click here)

Drugs for the Control of Supragingival Plaque

1. The Role of Supragingival Dental Plaque in the Initiation of Gingivitis -
Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics of the Oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
3. Antiplaque Agents - Answer (click here)

Introduction to Chemotherapy
1. Introduction to Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. The Patient–Drug–Pathogen Interaction - Answer (click here)
3. Managing Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

Synthetic Organic Antimicrobials Sulfonamides Trimethoprim

Nitrofurans Quinolones Methenamine
1. Sulfonamides - Answer (click here)
2. Trimethoprim - Answer (click here)
3. Quinolones: Nalidixic Acid and Fluoroquinolones - Answer (click here)
4. Urinary Antiseptics - Answer (click here)

Lactam Antibiotics
1. β-Lactam Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
2. β-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. β-Lactam Antibiotics: Mechanisms of Resistance - Answer (click here)
4. Penicillins - Answer (click here)
5. Cephalosporins - Answer (click here)
6. Carbapenems and Carbacephems - Answer (click here)
7. Monobactams - Answer (click here)
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
1. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Chemistry - Answer (click here)
2. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Mechanism of Antibacterial Action -
Answer (click here)
3. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Mechanism of Antibacterial Resistance -
Answer (click here)
4. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
5. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Single Daily Dosing - Answer (click here)
7. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Toxicity - Answer (click here)

Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Macrolides and Lincosamides

1. Tetracyclines - Answer (click here)
2. Chloramphenicol - Answer (click here)
3. Macrolide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
4. Lincosamides - Answer (click here)

Bacitracin Glycopeptide Antibiotics and the Polymyxins

1. Bacitracin - Answer (click here)
2. Glycopeptides: Vancomycin and Teicoplanin - Answer (click here)
3. The Polymyxins - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Tuberculosis and Leprosy

1. Key Concepts in the Treatment of Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
2. First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Second-Line Antituberculous Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Recommendation for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection -
Answer (click here)
5. Recommendations for Treatment of Active Tuberculosis - Answer (click
here)
6. Treatment of Leprosy - Answer (click here)

Antiviral Drugs
1. Viral Infection and Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Antiherpesvirus Agents - Answer (click here)
3. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Acyclovir and Valacyclovir - Answer (click here)
4. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Cidofovir - Answer (click here)
5. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Docosanol - Answer (click here)
 6. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Famciclovir and Penciclovir - Answer (click here)
7. Fomivirsen - Answer (click here)
8. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Foscarnet - Answer (click here)
9. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir - Answer (click
here)
10. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Idoxuridine - Answer (click here)
11. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Trifluridine - Answer (click here)
12. Antiherpesvirus Agents: Vidarabine - Answer (click here)
13. Antiinfluenza Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Antiinfluenza Agents: Amantadine and Rimantadine - Answer (click here)
15. Antiinfluenza Agents: Oseltamivir - Answer (click here)
16. Antiinfluenza Agents: Zanamivir - Answer (click here)
17. Antiviral Agents: Immune Globulin - Answer (click here)
18. Antiviral Agents: Interferons - Answer (click here)
19. Antiviral Agents: Ribavirin - Answer (click here)
20. Antiviral Agents: Lamivudine - Answer (click here)
21. Antiviral Agents: Palivizumab - Answer (click here)

Therapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection - Answer (click here)
3. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
4. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
5. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Drug Therapy of HIV Infection: Protease Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. The Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)

Antifungal Drugs
1. Antifungal Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Amphotericin B - Answer (click here)
3. Nystatin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
4. The Azoles Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
5. Fluconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
6. Itraconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
7. Ketoconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
8. Miconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
 9. Clotrimazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
10. Voriconazole Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
11. Flucytosine Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
12. Capsofungin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
13. Allylamines Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
14. Griseofulvin Antifungal Drug - Answer (click here)
15. Miscellaneous Topical Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)

Antiprotozoal Drugs
1. Protozoal Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Antiprotozoal Drug: Metronidazole - Answer (click here)
3. Antiprotozoal Drug: Iodoquinol - Answer (click here)
4. Antiprotozoal Drug: Diloxanide Furoate - Answer (click here)
5. Antiprotozoal Drug: Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
6. Antiprotozoal Drug: Pentamidine - Answer (click here)
7. Antiprotozoal Drug: Suramin - Answer (click here)
8. Antiprotozoal Drug: Eflornithine - Answer (click here)
9. Antiprotozoal Drug: Arsenicals - Answer (click here)
10. Antiprotozoal Drug: Nifurtimox - Answer (click here)
11. Antiprotozoal Drug: Antimonials - Answer (click here)
12. Malaria - Answer (click here)
13. Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)
14. Antimalarial Drugs In Development - Answer (click here)
15. Selection of Antimalarial Drugs - Answer (click here)

Anthelmintic Drugs
1. Anthelmintic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Treatment for Infections Caused by Nematodes - Answer (click here)
3. Benzimidazoles - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment for Infections Caused by Cestodes - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment for Infections Caused by Trematodes - Answer (click here)

The Rational Basis for Cancer Chemotherapy

1. Concepts in Tumor Cell Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs and the Cell Cycle - Answer (click here)
3. Tumor Growth and Growth Fraction - Answer (click here)
4. The Log Cell Kill Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
5. Cancer Chemotherapy: Drug Resistance - Answer (click here)
 6. Cancer Therapy and the Immune System - Answer (click here)
7. General Toxicological Properties of Anticancer Drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click
here)
9. Combination Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

Antineoplastic Agents
1. Alkylating Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Alkylating Agents: Nitrogen Mustards - Answer (click here)
3. Alkylating Agents: Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
4. Alkylating Agents: Alkyl Sulfonates - Answer (click here)
5. Alkylating Agents: Ethylenimines - Answer (click here)
6. Alkylating Agents: Triazenes - Answer (click here)
7. Antimetabolites: Folate Antagonists - Answer (click here)
8. Antimetabolites: Purine Analogues - Answer (click here)
9. Antimetabolites: Pyrimidine Analogues - Answer (click here)
10. Antineoplastic Agents: Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
11. Antineoplastic Agents: Plant-Derived Products - Answer (click here)
12. Antineoplastic Agents: Enzymes - Answer (click here)
13. Antineoplastic Agents: Hormone Derivatives - Answer (click here)
14. Antineoplastic Agents: Miscellaneous Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Immunomodulating Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Cellular Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
17. New Drug Therapies for Cancer - Answer (click here)

Immunomodulating Drugs
1. Autoimmune Diseases - Answer (click here)
2. Organ Transplantation - Answer (click here)
3. Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
4. General Principles of Immunosuppressive Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Individual Drugs Used to Suppress the Immune System - Answer (click
here)
6. Individual Drugs Used to Stimulate the Immune System - Answer (click
here)

Gene Therapy
1. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
2. Gene Therapy: Definition and Goals - Answer (click here)
3. Antisense - Answer (click here)
 4. Gene Excision and Replacement - Answer (click here)
5. Gene Addition - Answer (click here)
6. Gene Therapy: Delivery Systems - Answer (click here)
7. Disease Application and Future Directions - Answer (click here)

Hypothalamic and Pituitary Gland Hormones

1. Anterior Pituitary Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)

Adrenocortical Hormones and Drugs Affecting the Adrenal

Cortex
1. Steroid Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Actions of the Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
3. General Pharmacology of Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
4. Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
5. Therapeutic Uses of Steroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
6. Proposed Mechanism of Steroid Action - Answer (click here)
7. Drugs Used in the Diagnosis or Treatment of Adrenocortical
Abnormalities - Answer (click here)

Estrogens Progestins and Specific Estrogen Receptor Modulators

SERMs
1. Natural Estrogens and Progestins - Answer (click here)
2. Natural Estrogens and Progestins: Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click
here)
3. Actions of Estrogens and Progestins in Females - Answer (click here)
4. Synthetic Agents Acting Via Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors -
Answer (click here)
5. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) - Answer (click here)
6. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Clinical Uses -
Answer (click here)
7. Cancer - Answer (click here)
8. Other clinical uses of estrogens and progestins - Answer (click here)
9. Estrogens, Progestins: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
10. Contraindications and Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)

Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants

 1. Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants - Answer (click here)
2. Uterine Stimulants - Answer (click here)
3. Uterine Relaxants - Answer (click here)

Androgens Antiandrogens and Anabolic Steroids

1. Characterization of Plasma Androgens - Answer (click here)
2. Sex Hormone–Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
3. Steroidogenesis - Answer (click here)
4. Regulation of Plasma Testosterone - Answer (click here)
5. Androgen: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
6. Androgens: Pharmacological Actions - Answer (click here)
7. Androgens: Clinical Uses - Answer (click here)
8. Androgens: Adverse Effects - Answer (click here)
9. Androgens: Antiandrogens - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction

1. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology of Penile Erection - Answer (click here)
3. Individual Agents - Answer (click here)

Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs

1. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis, Storage, Secretion, and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones
- Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Action of Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
5. Hypothyroid States - Answer (click here)
6. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
7. Adverse Effects of Treatment With Thyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
8. Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
9. Thyrotoxicosis - Answer (click here)
10. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)

Parathyroid Hormone Calcitonin Vitamin D

1. Calcium Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
2. Parathyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
3. Calcitonin - Answer (click here)
4. Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) - Answer (click here)
 5. Bisphosphonates - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Uses of Parathyroid Hormone - Answer (click here)
7. Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Vitamin D: Adverse Effects - Answer
(click here)

Insulin and Oral Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus

1. Glucose Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
2. Insulin - Answer (click here)
3. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
4. Metabolic Disturbances and Complications of the Diabetic State - Answer
(click here)
5. Clinical Management of Diabetes - Answer (click here)
6. Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
7. Sulfonylureas - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer
(click here)
8. Meglitinides - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click
here)
9. Biguanides - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click
here)
10. Thiazolidinediones - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus -
Answer (click here)
11. α-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Oral Agents For Treating Diabetes Mellitus -
Answer (click here)

Vitamins
1. Dietary Reference Standards - Answer (click here)
2. Vitamins Deficiency Diseases - Answer (click here)
3. Vitamin Toxicity - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological Function and Dietary Sources - Vitamins - Answer (click
here)
5. Vitamins: Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
6. Vitamin–Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Anemia - Answer (click here)

Herbal Medicine
1. Herbal Medicine - Answer (click here)
2. Herbal Medicine Traditions - Answer (click here)
3. Herbal Medicine: Potential Concerns - Answer (click here)
4. Herbal Medicine: Regulatory Issues - Answer (click here)
5. Herbal Preparations: Echinacea - Answer (click here)
 6. Herbal Preparations: Feverfew - Answer (click here)
7. Herbal Preparations: Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract - Answer (click here)
8. Herbal Preparations: Ginseng - Answer (click here)
9. Herbal Preparations: Kava - Answer (click here)
10. Herbal Preparations: Milk Thistle - Answer (click here)
11. Herbal Preparations: Saw Palmetto - Answer (click here)
12. Herbal Preparations: St. John’s Wort - Answer (click here)
13. Herbal Preparations: Soy and Other Phytoestrogens - Answer (click here)