Human Neuroanatomy(Fundamental and

Clinical)
Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Human Neuroanatomy(Fundamental

and Clinical)
Introduction to Neuroanatomy
1. Introduction to Neuroanatomy - Answer (click here)
2. What is Neuroanatomy? - Answer (click here)
3. Divisions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Tissues constituting the nervous system - Answer (click here)
5. How the Nervous system can be affected by disease - Answer (click here)
6. Neuron Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Elementary Structure of a Typical Neuron - Answer (click here)
8. Grey and White Matter - Answer (click here)
9. Variability in Neuron Structure - Answer (click here)
10. Role of axoplasmic transport in spread of disease - Answer (click here)
11. Some features of dendrites - Answer (click here)
12. Sex chromatin in neurons - Answer (click here)
13. The Synapse - Human Neuroanatomy - Answer (click here)
14. Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
15. Classification of Synapses - Answer (click here)
16. Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
17. Basic Structure of Peripheral Nerve Fibres - Answer (click here)
18. Classification of Fibres in Peripheral Nerves according to Diameter and
Velocity of Conduction - Answer (click here)
19. Incisures of Schmidt Lanterman - Answer (click here)
20. Nodes of Ranvier - Answer (click here)
21. Some facts about myelination - Answer (click here)
22. Degeneration and Regeneration of Neurons - Answer (click here)
23. Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
24. Astrocytes - Answer (click here)
 25. Oligodendrocytes - Answer (click here)
26. Microglia - Answer (click here)
27. Functions of Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
28. Tumours of Nervous Tissue - Answer (click here)
29. A Brief Review of Techniques used in the Study of Neuroanatomy -
Answer (click here)
30. Early Development of Nervous system - Answer (click here)
31. Faulty formation of neural tube - Answer (click here)
32. Formation of neurons and neuroglial cells - Answer (click here)
33. Neural Crest - Answer (click here)

The Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy and Some features of Internal

Structure
1. The Spinal Cord : Gross Anatomy and Some features of Internal
Structure - Answer (click here)
2. Spinal Nerves & Spinal Segments - Answer (click here)
3. Segmental Innervation: Dermatomes - Answer (click here)
4. Segmental Innervation of Muscles - Answer (click here)

Basic Neuronal Arrangements

1. Classification of neurons and of nerve fibres in peripheral nerves
according to function - Answer (click here)
2. Somatic Efferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
3. Special Visceral Efferent Neurons (Branchiomotor Neurons) - Answer
(click here)
4. General Visceral Efferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Afferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
6. Arrangement of Neurons within the Central Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
7. Projection, Association and Commissural Fibres - Answer (click here)

Sensory Receptors and Neuromuscular Junctions

1. Sensory Receptors - Answer (click here)
2. Exteroceptive Receptors - Answer (click here)
3. Proprioceptive Receptors - Answer (click here)
4. Neuromuscular Junctions - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of a Typical Motor End Plate - Answer (click here)
6. Some Facts about Muscle Action - Answer (click here)
7. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord
1. Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
2. Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
3. Subdivisions of Grey Matter - Answer (click here)
4. Significance of Neurons in Grey Matter of Spinal Cord - Answer (click
here)
5. Spinal Reflexes - Answer (click here)
6. Myotatic or Stretch Reflexes - Answer (click here)
7. Superficial Reflexes - Answer (click here)
8. Development of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
9. Preliminary Review of the Brainstem - Answer (click here)
10. The Medulla: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)
11. The Pons: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)
12. The Midbrain: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)

Preliminary Review of the Brainstem

1. Preliminary Review of the Internal Structure of the Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
2. Subdivisions of Neural Tube - Answer (click here)

Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum

1. Subdivisions of the Cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
2. Grey matter of the cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
3. White matter of the cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
4. Cerebellar Peduncles - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum - Answer (click
here)
5. Development of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)

Gross Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres

1. Exterior of the Cerebral Hemispheres - Gross Anatomy of The Cerebral
Hemispheres - Answer (click here)
2. Inferior Surface of Cerebrum - Gross Anatomy of The Cerebral
Hemispheres - Answer (click here)
3. An Introduction to Some Structures within the Cerebral Hemispheres -
Answer (click here)
4. Development of the Cerebral Hemisphere - Answer (click here)
 5. Important Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
6. White Matter of Cerebral Hemispheres - Answer (click here)
7. Anomalies of the Brain and the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)

Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem

1. Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer (click here)
2. Descending Tracts ending in the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
3. Descending Tracts ending in the Brainstem - Answer (click here)
4. Disorders of Motor Function - Answer (click here)
5. Ascending Tracts - Answer (click here)
6. Pathways connecting the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex - Answer (click
here)
7. Ascending pathways ending in the brainstem - Answer (click here)
8. Sensory Disorders - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer (click
here)
9. Spinocerebellar Pathways - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
10. Disorders of Equilibrium - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
11. Involvement of Spinal Cord in Disease - Answer (click here)

Cranial Nerve Nuclei

1. Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
2. Somatic Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
3. Special Visceral Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
4. General Visceral Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
5. General and Special Visceral Afferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei -
Answer (click here)
6. General and Special Somatic Afferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei -
Answer (click here)
7. Other Connections of Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
8. Pathway of Hearing & Connections of Cochlear Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
9. Connections of Vestibular Nuclei - Answer (click here)
10. Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus - Answer (click here)
11. Functional Components of Individual Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
12. Olfactory nerve and Optic nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing
- Answer (click here)
13. Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducent Nerves - Damage to Cranial
 Nerves and Testing - Answer (click here)
14. Trigeminal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer (click
here)
15. Facial nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer (click here)
16. Vestibulocochlear nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
17. Glossopharyngeal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
18. Vagus nerve (and cranial part of accessory) - Damage to Cranial Nerves
and Testing - Answer (click here)
19. Accessory nerve (spinal part) - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
20. Hypoglossal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer
(click here)

Internal Structure of Brainstem

1. Medulla - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
2. Pons - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
3. The Midbrain - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
4. Reticular Formation of the Brainstem - Internal Structure of Brainstem -
Answer (click here)
5. Control of Eye Movements - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
6. Development of the Medulla Oblongata - Answer (click here)
7. Development of Pons - Answer (click here)
8. Development of the Midbrain - Answer (click here)

Internal Structure of Cerebellum

1. Basic Structure of the Cerebellar Cortex - Answer (click here)
2. Main Connections of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
3. Connections between Cerebellum and Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
4. Connections between Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
5. Functions of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
6. Few Details about the Cerebellar Cortex - Answer (click here)
7. Few Details of Cerebellar Connections - Answer (click here)
8. Connections of Cerebellar Nuclei: Afferents and Efferents - Answer (click
here)
9. Disorders of Equilibrium - Cerebellum - Answer (click here)

The Diencephalon
 1. The Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
2. Internal Structure of the Thalamus - Answer (click here)
3. Connections of the Thalamus - Answer (click here)
4. Connections of Ventral Group of nuclei - Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) -
Answer (click here)
5. Medial & Lateral Geniculate Bodies - Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) -
Answer (click here)
6. The Hypothalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
7. Subdivisions of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
8. Hypothalamic nuclei - Answer (click here)
9. Connections of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
10. Control of hypophysis cerebri by the hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
11. Functions of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
12. Epithalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
13. Ventral Thalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
14. Subthalamic Nucleus - Answer (click here)
15. Development of the Diencephalon - Answer (click here)

The Basal Nuclei

1. The Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
2. Caudate Nucleus - Answer (click here)
3. The Lentiform Nucleus - Answer (click here)
4. Connections of the Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
5. Ventral striatum and pallidum - Answer (click here)
6. Abnormal Movements - The Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
7. Development of the Corpus Striatum - Answer (click here)

Further Consideration of the Cerebral Cortex

1. Structure of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
2. Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
3. Laminae of Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
4. Further Consideration of Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex -
Answer (click here)
5. Motor and Premotor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
6. Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
7. Visual Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
8. Auditory (acoustic) Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
9. Prefrontal Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
10. Disorders of Memory and Behaviour - Answer (click here)
11. Some Features of Cortical Connections - Answer (click here)
The Olfactory and Limbic Regions
1. The Olfactory Region - Answer (click here)
2. The Olfactory Pathway - Answer (click here)
3. The Limbic Region - Answer (click here)
4. Connections of the Amygdaloid Nuclei - Answer (click here)
5. Septal Region - Answer (click here)
6. Hippocampal Formation - Answer (click here)
7. Fibre bundles of limbic region - Answer (click here)

Internal Capsule and Commissures of the Brain

1. The Internal Capsule of the Brain - Answer (click here)
2. Commissures of the Brain - Answer (click here)

The Visual Pathway

1. The Visual Pathway of the Brain - Answer (click here)
2. The Retina - Visual Pathway of the Brain - Answer (click here)
3. The Visual Field and Retinal Quadrants - Answer (click here)
4. Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasma & Optic Tract - Answer (click here)
5. The Lateral Geniculate Body - Answer (click here)
6. Geniculocalcarine Tract and Visual Cortex - Answer (click here)
7. Reflexes related to the Eyeball: Pupillary and Corneal Reflex - Answer
(click here)

Autonomic Nervous System

1. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. The Sympathetic Trunks - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click
here)
3. Autonomic Plexuses - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons - Answer (click here)
5. Some Further Details of Autonomic Neurons - Answer (click here)
6. Afferent autonomic pathways - Answer (click here)
7. Some Further Comments on Autonomic Afferents - Answer (click here)
8. Autonomic Nerve Supply of some Important Organs - Answer (click here)
9. Some Recent Developments about the Autonomic Nervous System -
Answer (click here)

Ventricles of the Brain

 1. Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
2. The Lateral Ventricles - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
3. The Third Ventricle - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
4. The Fourth Ventricle - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
5. The Cerebrospinal Fluid - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)

Blood Supply of Central Nervous System

1. Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
System - Answer (click here)
2. Arteries Supplying the Brain - Blood Supply of Central Nervous System
- Answer (click here)
3. Arterial Supply of the Cerebral Cortex - Blood Supply of Central
Nervous System - Answer (click here)
4. Arteries Supplying the Interior of the Cerebral Hemisphere - Blood
Supply of Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
5. Arterial Supply of the Brainstem - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
System - Answer (click here)
6. Venous Drainage of the Brain - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
System - Answer (click here)
7. Blood-Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)
8. Control of Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)

Some Investigative Procedures

1. Some Investigative Procedures - Human Neuroanatomy - Answer (click
here)