Modeling of Deepwater-Type

Rectangular Tuned Liquid

S. Kaneko
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
The University of Tokyo,
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
0. Yoshida
Technical Research Institute,
Obayashi Corporation,
Tokyo 204-0011, Japan
Damper With Submerged Nets
An analytical model for describing the effectiveness of deepwater-type tuned liquid
damper (TLD) with submerged nets for suppressing horizontal vibration of structures is
proposed. TLD is a damping device for suppressing the vibration of long-period structures
such as high-rise buildings, tall towers, the pylons of cable-stayed bridges, and so on. The
damping force is created by the hydrodynamic force caused by the sloshing of water
contained in rectangular tanks located on top of such structures. In this study, we
proposed the dynamical model for analyzing deepwater-type TLD (DTLD) where the
liquid depth is deep compared with the length of the rectangular tank. In particular, the
effect of hydraulic resistance produced by submerged nets installed in the tank is
examined intensively. In the analysis of DTLD, employing finite amplitude wave theory,
we obtained the hydrodynamic force and the dissipation energy by using Galerkin method,
taking the effect of submerged nets into account. The calculated results thus obtained are
compared with experimental results, by which the validity of the modeling methodology is
confirmed. Finally, the case in which DTLD with nets is installed on an actual structure
is investigated both theoretically and experimentally and the the performance of DTLD is
illustrated.

1 Introduction middle of the rectangular liquid container. In the analysis of

Tuned liquid damper (TLD) is a device using the sloshing
resonance of liquid tank, often used for suppressing the horizontal
vibration of structures. This type of damper has been used for
marine vessels (Matuura et al., 1986), and more recently used for
ground structures such as towers and tall buildings (Tamura et al.,
1988; Wakahara et al., 1991) and pylons of cable-stayed bridges
(Hagiuda, 1988; Steel Structure and Civil Engineering Division,
1991; Yoneda et al., 1991). TLD has several advantages; it is
effective for small-amplitude vibrations, easy to tune to the natural
frequency of the structural system, and low cost of maintenance. It
is expected that for TLD device there exists an optimal damping
factor, as is the case for tuned mass dampers. Usually, plain water
is used as working liquid, but it gives lower damping compared
with the optimal value. To obtain this optimal damping factor,
using rough walls to increase more boundary frictions (Fujino et
al., 1988a, b), adding surface contaminations (Fujino et al., 1990),
and the use of submerged nets (Noji et al, 1988, 1990) and
inserted poles (Nakagaki et al, 1990) have been reported. These
approaches were based on experimental work, and techniques for
designing optimal TLDs are still lacking. To estimate the perfor-
mance of TLDs accurately, we need an appropriate computational
model which describes the nonlinear transient behavior of the
oscillating liquid in a tank. Although theoretical studies on the
shallow water wave problems in connection with TLDs (Chaiseri
et al, 1989; Fujino et al., 1989, 1991; Kaneko and Ishikawa, 1992;
Lepelletier and Reichlen, 1988; Sun et al., 1989; Williams and
Wang, 1992) have been reported, the computational model of
deepwater-type TLD (DTLD) where the liquid depth is deep
compared with the representative length, such as the length of a
rectangular tank or the diameter of a cylindrical tank, is not yet
proposed.
In this paper, the calculation method is developed to study the
performance of DTLD with a submerged net installed in the
DTLD, employing finite amplitude wave theory (Hutton, 1963)
with tanking account of the effect of a submerged net, hydrody-
namic forces, and dissipation energies were obtained by using
Galerkin method. Based on these proposed methodologies for the
dynamical modeling of DTLD, the effect of external excitations,
such as forcing amplitudes and forcing frequencies and the effect
of hydraulic resistance produced by a submerged net on the per-
formance of DTLD, is examined. The calculated results thus
obtained are compared with experimental results, by which the
validity of the modeling methodology is confirmed. Finally, the
case in which DTLD with a net is installed on an actual structure
is investigated both theoretically and experimentally and the per-
formance of DTLD illustrated.
2 Theoretical Analysis
2.1 Coordinate System. As shown in Fig. 1, a rectangular
tank with length 2a, width b, and mean liquid depth h is subjected
to horizontal base motion xs. Here, we define dimensionless mean
liquid depth 8 = hi a.
2.2 Formulation Based on Finite Amplitude Theory. As-
suming that the liquid damper in a tank is irrotational, inviscid, and
incompressible and the flow is two-dimensional, the equations of
continuity and boundary conditions on the walls are as follows (the
effect of damping induced by the boundary layer is not addressed
here and will be introduced later):
d2<P
=0 (1)
3cJ>
(2)
dx

Contributed by the Pressure Vessels and Piping Division and presented at the =0 (3)
dz
Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference (Joint with ICPVT), Minneapolis, Minne-
sota, June 19-23, 1994, of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.
Manuscript received by the PVP Division, September 17, 1998; revised manuscript The dynamical and kinematical boundary conditions at the free
received August 1999. Technical Editor: S. Y. Zamrik. surface are as follows:

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 1 C, = KX6AXC2 + KX7A2CX + KXSAXC2X + o>2xAx (11)
J

1 */{• z=0
A2 = K2XAXC] + K22A\-

C2 = K23AxCx + a>2A2
C2 (12)

^tl" A3 = K3XAXC2 + K32A2CX + K33AXC\ + K34AXA2

(13)

z=-h
x=0 x =a + K3iA2Cx + K3sxs-C3 (14)
-2- Xs
C3 = K36AXC2 + K31A2CX + KnAxC2 + mJA, (15)
Fig. 1 Coordinate system
where we took account of the terms up to the third order (Hutton,
1963) and K„m are given in Appendix A.
2
b§ 1 d<t> 1 d<f> Eliminating An from the foregoing equations, the following
+ 2 + ^JC + gz = 0 (z = T)) (4) simultaneous equations described only by generalized coordinates
3f 2 V dx Jz
of wave height Cn (n = 1, 2, 3) are obtained as
3T) 8(j> ST; B4>
= 0 (z = T?) (5) C, + a)?C, = QXXC] + QX2CXC] + QX3CXC2
~d7 a , a / ^
Velocity potential 4> and wave height 17 can be presented as + Ql4CxC2+Qxsxs (16)
follows using a series of natural modes obtained by free oscillation C2 + (o2C2=Q2lC2+Q22C (17)
response analysis:
2
cosh {k}(z + h)} C3 + w\C3 = Q3XC] + Q32CXC + Q33CXC2
4>(x, z, t) = Ax (f) sin (£,x)
cosh (&I/J) + Q34CxC2 + Q3Sxs (18)

cosh {k2(z + h)} where Qm„ are given in Appendix B.

+ A2(t) cos (k2x) Then, we introduce the fluid damping terms associated with the
cosh (k2h)
energy dissipation due to the side wall and bottom plate friction as
cosh {fc3(z + n)} follows:
+ A,(*)sin(M) c o s h f e ^ (6)
la
•+ 1 + 2k„a\ 1
TJ(A:, ;) = C,(f) sin (fe,^) + C 2 (t) cos (fc2x) *=" 2a V2w,
+ C3(f) sin (jfe3jc), (7)
X cosech (2k„h) + k„a coth (knh) \ (19)
where k„ is a wave number of nth mode, given as follows:
where f„ (n = 1, 2, 3) is a modal damping ration (Miles, 1967).
K„ (n = 1, 2, 3) (8) Adding these damping terms to Eqs. (16)—(18) yields the fol-
lowing coupled mode nonlinear simultaneous ordinary differential
equations:
and natural frequency of nth mode is given as follows:
C, + 2f1o>,C1 + w 2 C, = QXXC\ + QX2CXC\ + QX3CXC2
o)„ = yjgk„ tanh (knh) (n = 1, 2, 3). (9)
+ QnCxC2 + Qxsxs (20)
Then, Galerkin method is applied to obtain ordinary differential
equations with generalized coordinates A„ and C„. Substituting 2 2
C2 + 2f 2 w 2 C 2 + co C2 = Q2XC + Q22C 2
(21)
Eqs. (6) and (7) into Eqs. (4) and (5) and after multiplying sin
(kxx), cos (k2x) and sin (k3x), respectively, and integrating with x C3 + 2£3a)3C3 + a>lC3 = Q3XC\ + Q32CXC2 + Q33CXC2
from —a to a, the following simultaneous ordinary differential
equations are obtained: + Q34CxC2 + Q3Sxs (22)

A, = KXXAXC2 + KX2A2CX + KX3AXC\ + KUAXA2 2.3 Damping Produced by Submerged Nets. We consider
the case in which a submerged net with the resistance coefficient
+ KX5A2CX+Kxsxs-Cx (10) I is installed in the middle of a rectangular tank. If we write Ux for

Nomenclature
a = length of rectangular tank g = gravitational acceleration A-n = wave height difference across net
A „ = generalized coordinate of velocity h = mean liquid depth f = resistance coefficient of net
potential (rath mode) k„ = wave no. (nth mode) f„ = damping ratio (nth mode)
A, — amplitude of kinematic excitations m,„ = mass of contained liquid £r = equivalent damping ratio generated
b = width of rectangular tank p = pressure by net
C„ = generalized coordinate of wave P = momentum in direction of x 17 = wave height
height (nth mode) v, w = velocity in direction of x, y, v = coefficient of dynamic viscosity
/ = reactive force of rectangular tank xs = horizontal base motion p = density of liquid
/„, = fluid force generated by sloshing 8 = dimensionless mean liquid to = angular forcing frequency
fd = inertial force due to deadweight of depth = hla w„ = natural angular frequency of liquid
contained liquid A£ = dissipation energy per cycle sloshing (nth mode)
/ = free area coefficient of net Ap = pressure loss caused by net 4> = velocity potential

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 Q = Ci sin k,xdx = - (29)

c« = Ci sin fc.xrfx (30)

Cn where C, is the generalized coordinate of the first mode sloshing.

1—r^r-11 In the same manner, the average height of the first mode
-1CL' sloshing including the effect of the pressure loss at the left side of
An/2" ,
the net C'L and right side of the net C'R can be calculated as
Stu,
Fig. 2 Modeling of hydraulic resistance
CL C\ sin k,xdx = — (31)
k,a

the average velocity passing through the net at the point where the
net is installed, the pressure loss Ap caused by the net can be C'K C\ sin k,xdx (32)
k,a
written as

pU\ where C\ is the generalized coordinate of the first mode sloshing,

Ap = C x (23) including the effect of the pressure loss caused by the net.
Assuming that the relations between C'L and CL and that be-
Then, the wave height difference across the net due to the pressure tween C'R and CR are given by
loss can be formulated by
AT/
C',.= C t + sign[t/,] (33)
Ap CV\
AT) = — = -T- (24)
Pg 2g AT/
C'K=CK- sign [{/,] (34)
where AT/, p, g denote the wave height difference across the net,
the density of the liquid and gravitational acceleration, respec-
then, from Eqs. (29)-(34), we can find that C\ and C, can be
tively.
related by the following equation:
In the following, we describe how to introduce the effect of the
resistance of a submerged net into the formulation based on finite C", C, AT/
amplitude theory. = (35)
If we assume that the wave height difference AT/ written as Eq. M M"Si8ntt/|]^
(24) can be expressed as the difference between the average wave Substituting Eq. (28) into Eq. (35), we now obtain the relation
height at the left side of the net and that at the right side of the net, between C, and C\ as follows:
then, the average horizontal velocity at the point where the net is
installed can be given by
C, = C\ + -= C, C,. (36)
710
4/%/iSg
1 d</>
U0 = dz (25) From Eq. (36), we can find that the modal displacement without
h + T)„ dx
a net is composed of the displacement with a net and the compo-
nent proportional to the square of the modal velocity caused by the
where T/0 is the wave height in the middle of the container. damping effect of the net. Based on this consideration, we can
The relation between U, and U0 is simply written by assume that the effect of the net can be included as a nonlinear
damping term proportional to the square of the modal velocity.
Substituting C, into the third term of Eq. (20) yields the fol-
lowing coupled mode nonlinear simultaneous ordinary differential
equations, taking account of the damping caused by a submerged
where / denotes the free area coefficient of the net. Combining net:
Eqs. (6), (25), (26) allows us to find the relation between Ux and
C, as follows: C, + 2(f, + Ww.C, + oifC, = QUC] + QnC£]
+ Q{3ClC1+QHClC1 + Qisxs (37)
(27)
fk\h C2 + 2£2a>2C2 + co\C2 = Q2lC] + Q22C] (38)

Substituting Eq. (27) into Eq. (24), finally, the relation between AT/ C3 + 2f3a)3C3 + wjC3 = QMC\ + Qi2CxC] + Q,3CXC2
and C, can be derived as
+ QuCtCi + Q3SXS (39)

ATJ = (28) where we omitted (') of C\ and f, is defined by

2gfk\hi
Assuming that the wave height difference is caused by only the L c, (40)
&f%hSg
first mode sloshing, as shown in Fig. 2, the average wave height of
the first mode sloshing at left side of the net CL and right side of 2.4 Calculation of Reactive Force and Dissipation. In
the net CR can be calculated as what follows, we derive the equation expressing the hydrodynamic

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 force and dissipation energy when the rectangular container is
subjected to move harmonic base motions.
The equation of motion of the contained liquid in the direction Motor Gear
of x-axis is written as

du 8u du 1 dp
— + w — +vv — = xs (41)
dt dx dz p dx
where the friction term is neglected.
If we rewrite this with the following equation of continuity:

du dw
0 (42)
dx dz

the following conservative form can be obtained:

du du2 duw 1 dp
xs (43)
dt dx dz p dx

Integrating Eq. (43) with x from - a to a and with z from —h Fig. 3 Experimental apparatus
to 7), we obtain
3 Experiment
dt) 3T) 3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure. To show the
udzdx " ^ > ~dt + " ^ Jx ~ w
^Hdx
at validity of the proposed modeling methodology and to study the
performance of TLD, a forced excitation experiment was carried
out. A rectangular tank was excited horizontally by a shaking
1 1
p\I=adz + p\x=~adz — 2ahxs (44) table. Experimental apparatus and measuring system are shown in
P Fig. 3. To measure the fluid force generated by sloshing, two load
cells LI and L2 were used to cancel the inertial force due to the
Multiplying Eq. (44) by the width of the container b yields the TLD container itself and the deadweight of the contained liquid.
following equation: Output L1-L2 is the reactive force of TLD purely due to the liquid
sloshing. The displacement of the shaking table was measured by
(45) a electromagnetic displacement meter. A rectangular tank with
f = U+U length 2o = 1.30m and width b = 0.4 m made of 2.0-cm acrylic
where /, /,„ and fd denote the reactive force, the fluid force plates was used. In the experiment, the tank was partially filled
generated by sloshing, and inertial force due to the deadweight of with water corresponding to the desired liquid depth ratio. A single
the contained liquid m„, respectively, and are expressed as fol- submerged net was installed exactly in the middle of the tank. At
lows: the start of the experiment, the TLD was quiescent. The amplitude
of shaking table was set 0.33 cm and the excitation frequency was
varied in the range of 0.9 < w* < 1.1, where w* is the forcing
f=b dz- b p\x=-adz (46) angular frequency nondimensionalized by the natural fundamental
angular frequency of the liquid sloshing.

8P 4
Calculated and Experimental Results
L (47)
~ ~~dt Calculation was performed with the case that the dimensionless
mean liquid depth was set 8 = 0.349. and a single net with
fa = -mjts. (48) resistance coefficient £ = 0, 0.496, 0.855 was installed in the
middle of a rectangular container. The rest of the calculation
The fluid momentum in the direction of x-axis can be calculated condition are the same as experimental ones. Figures 4(a), 5(a),
as 6(c) show calculated fluid force generated by liquid sloshing
against the displacement of base motion as a form of force-
" d(j> displacement diagram, where xs,fw is nondimensionalized by 2a,
P= dzdx (49) /o = S(2pabh)g/2, respectively. Figures 4(b), 5(b), 6(b) show the
dx
corresponding experimental results. Comparing the calculated re-
sults with experimental ones, good agreement is found.
Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (49) and from Eq. (47), we can Figure 7 shows dissipation energy per cycle against forcing
finally calculate the fluid force generated by sloshing f„ as a frequency, which corresponds to the enclosed areas in the force-
function of generalized coordinates of wave height C„ (n = 1,2, displacement diagram where AE is nondimensionalized by A.E0 =
3), written as 8a(2pabh)g/2. Good agreement between calculated and experi-
mental results is also found. In the case of £ = 0, we can hardly
f„ = Ri C, + R2C, + R3CXC2 + R,CXC2 + R5C\ expect dissipation energy because the dissipation source available
2 in this case is only the friction on the side walls and the bottom
+ R6ClC l + Rsxs (50)
plate. In the case of £ = 0.496, we can obtain larger dissipation
where R„ are given in Appendix C. energy than the case of £ = 0.855 so that the existence of the
If the tank is subjected to harmonic base motion of xs = Ar sin optimal value of f can be expected.
cot, the dissipation energy per cycle can be calculated as follows:
5 Performance of Vibration Suppression
To show the effectiveness of the proposed method of calculation
A£=(D -fjsdt' - f„Aru> cos u>tdt (51) for estimating the performance of TLDs, we calculate for two

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 &)• = 0308 CO* = 0928 0>' •= 0346 a* = 0.908 w * = 0.928 co» = 0.946

<«>• = 0366 <»' « 1966 <»* = UB06 <u* « 1366 <»• « 0.986 <o* • 1JM6

K ^

6>* • 1 3 1 6 «• - UW6 w* ' L064 (U* ' 1 0 1 6 a' ' L046 id* = L064

(a) CALCULATED RESULTS (b) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

ABSCISSA: x s (-0.005to0.005)
ORDINATE: fw (-1.0to 1.0)
at*' 1384
<*>• °\m
Fig. 4 Phase relation between base motion and reactive force (S = 0.349, £ = 0)

cases: 1) the case where TLDs are installed on top of an actual
pylon of a cable-stayed bridge, and (2) the case where a TLD is
installed on a single degree of freedom structure. Comparison
between calculated and experimental results is made with the latter
case.
5.1 Calculation of the Performance of TLD Installed on a
Cable-Stayed Bridge. Calculation of vibration control effect is
performed in the case of TLDs with a single submerged net
installed in the middle of a rectangular tank set on a top of a pylon
of a cable-stayed bridge. Assuming that the main structural system

a* =0.908 <a* « 1328 a? " 1946 <u* « 0308 a * ' 0328 a' = 0.946

• ^

.
o)' ' 0366 «o* - 1986 <a* » 1306 a>* •= 0366 w ' = 0386 <a* = 1.006

*^___ =»,

a* - 1326 a*'UK <a* • 1364 a* ' 1326 a' = 1346 &>' °= 1.064

(a) CALCULATED RESULTS (b) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

ABSCISSA: x s (-0.005to0.005)
ORDINATE: fw (-1.0to 1.0)
J
w* « 1384 6i* « 1384

Fig. 5 Phase relation between base motion and reactive force (8 = 0.349, £ = 0.496)

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 0.908 0.946 0.908 0.928 0.946

tt* = 0.966 0.906 1.006 a' « 0366 u' • 0.986 or = 1JM6

_p

a* ' W& 6)' - 1.046 a* = U064 <u* = 1J026 U* ' 1.046 w* = 1X64

(a) CALCULATED RESULTS (b) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

ABSCISSA: x s (-0.005to0.005)
ORDINATE: fw (-1.0to 1.0)

at • 1084 <u* * U084

Fig. 6 Phase relation between base motion and reactive force (S = 0.349, ( = 0.855)

is the damped system with one degree of freedom, we calculate the
free oscillation response with the fundamental mode of the struc-
ture. Denoting P for the fluid momentum in the direction x and m„
for the fluid mass, the governing equation for the free oscillation
response can be written as
dP
(m + m„)xs + cxs + kxs = —
Jt
Parameters for the main structure are given a s m = 217 t, c =
6.59 t/s, k = 2057 t/s 2 , and for the TLD as 2a = 1.6 m, b = 0.5
m, h = 0.275 m. Calculations are performed with the case where
four identical TLDs with five kinds of resistance coefficient I of
the submerged net are installed. The left figures in Fig. 8 show free
oscillation response of the main structure and right ones show
corresponding wave height at the side wall of the tank, where
initial displacement of the structure is set 0.01 m. From these
figures, we can recognize the following mechanism of TLD:
1 In the case that the resistance coefficient f is too small, the
liquid in TLD is free to move; therefore, it cannot dissipate much
energy. Then, the energy is transferring from the main structure to
(52) TLD and vice versa, and as a result, the transient damped beat
vibration is observed.
2 On the other hand, in the case that the resistance coefficient
is too large, the liquid in TLD is not free to move and does not
work as a dynamic damper. Then, the main structural system
behaves as a single degree of freedom.
3 Accordingly, the existence of the optimal resistance can be
expected.

10.0 1 1 10.0 1 1
1 1
0 CM 0.855 CM
8.0
•a *".
K" 0 EXP
8.0
A t = 085! m
6J) 6.0

4.0 4.0
2.0 2.0
•S*^ ""* -o****.
0.0 . o — °-"r
0.0
93 1J) »' 1.1 0.9 U a,' 1.1

10.0
,0.4! CAL
8.0
or 0.4! EXP.'
6.0
X
4J) .<r"
w
< 2.0
!>-
0.0
"0.9 1.0 «' 1.1
Fig. 7 Comparison between experimental and calculated results for dissipation energy (S = 0.349)

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 0.01n r 1.0
t, = 0
.0.0
4|ip^^
-iji"—i—i—i—i—i—i—L—i •
M ,M
ti«e(s> ° U,e( S >
LO —| | I I I | | 1 1 1 1—

t = 0.496
,(U)

-LO" ' ' " 1 1 1 1 i •

0
tl»e(a) 50 wo
tme(s)
LO T I i 1 1 1 r-

t = 0.855 .
,0J)

-LO" •-—' ' ' ' i—i 1 1 i i_

• so mo
Une(s)

LO ~I r"—i 1 1 T 1 1 1 1 r-

t - 1.53
.OJO

-U)L 1 1 1 1 1 i_
50 ,D0
« / x
tlne(s)
OUlr I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r~ LO 'I ' I I' • " ' I " I ••-"[•••' • | , 1 ' 'I 1—

t=3.09 t = 3.09
1M|| ,0.0

-1 I I I I I
-aoi^—•—•—'—'—±—l
_l • • • • I I 1_

100 -u 50 100
0 SO tUeCs) tinete)

STRUCTURAL VIBRATION UQUID SLOSHING

Fig. 8 Calculated free transient oscillation of the free-standing pylon (8 = 0.344)

5.2 Calculation and Experimental Results of the Perfor-
mance of TLD Installed on the SDOF Structure. To make a
comparison between calculated and experimental results, we per-
formed experiments with a simple experimental apparatus briefly
shown in Fig. 9, where one degree of freedom system is consti-
tuted by a rectangular container and four hanging wires, the
lengths of which are 2.5 m, and the natural angular frequency of
which is 1.98 rad/s. Setting the fundamental natural angular fre-
quency of the liquid sloshing equal to that of the main structure,
8 = 0.1077 is determined automatically. Then, we performed
experiments with four kinds of resistance coefficients f = 0, 0.496,
0.669, 0.855 by changing the initial amplitude to examine the
effect of the resistance coefficient and the initial amplitude on the
performance of a TLD. We measured the displacement of the
bottom plate of the container and figured out the damping factor
from free oscillation responses. In Fig. 10, experimental results are
shown with calculated ones where logarithmic decrement is shown
against initial amplitudes with four resistance coefficients. Good
agreement between experimental and calculated results is found in
the range that initial amplitude is less than 30 mm, which means
the method of calculation proposed in this paper is effective in the
range of small initial amplitudes.

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 Fig. 9 Experimental apparatus for measuring the damping effect of TLD
6 Conclusion
In this paper, an analytical model for describing the effective-
ness of deepwater-type TLD with a submerged net installed in the
middle of a rectangular container is first proposed. Calculated
results based on this model and experimental results were exam-
ined following conclusions:
1 Using the formulation based on finite, amplitude theory, the
energy dissipated by deepwater-type TLD with a submerged net
installed in the middle of a rectangular container can be estimated
with good accuracy.
INITIAL AMPLITUDE (mm)
Fig. 10 Comparison between experimental and calculated results for
the damping effect of TLD (S = 0.1077)
420 / Vol. 121, NOVEMBER 1999
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2 Installing a net with a suitable resistance coefficient in a
rectangular container, we can obtain the optimal damping effect.
Acknowledgment
Authors would like to express sincere thanks to Mr. Watanabe
for help in designing the experimental apparatus and his instructive
advice in performing experiments, Mr. Mizota for computer cal-
culations, and Mr. Akane for acquiring the experimental data. The
work reported here is financially supported by Grant No.
B04452152 from the Ministry of Education.
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KnK22 + 772 ^15 + 772 ^18
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Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 37A, pp. 1019-1028.

=
1 1 1
2l4 771 ^16 ~~2 ^M4 + 77/2 ^M7
APPENDIX A ft), ft) ft),

^11 - \82w] Q\s - <>>xKls

_
Kn - 5 S co2 Ql\ - « 2 ^ 2 1 ~~ ^ 2 3

-
K13 = _ I S 22. 2
-I8 k —
u>l 1
G22 ,4 ^ 2 2 + , , 2 *V23
ft) I ft) 1

KH = {-ktk2 + \82ai\u>\ _
231 - ^ 3 7 ^ 2 1 ~~ «>3Ki2K2l - ft)3A"33 - A" 38
2
K]S= -8 (o\k\
ft)3 ft).3
LU 1
=
232 77? K32K22 ~ 4 2 Ki4K2i — w
2, w,2 " 3 7 ^ 2 3
ft) j ft) |ft)2 1 2
K if,
16 —— 2 kik2
2 K-lK-2 2 ^ 1

1 to3 2
Kn — 2k\k2 2k2 774 ^ 3 7 ^ 2 2
ft),
774 ^ 3 5 + 77/2 ^ 3 8
ft) , ft) J

Ku = \S2u2k2 233 —
~~ ^ 3 i K, (O-IKT,]
'3"31 OJ-IK'
3"-32

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology NOVEMBER 1999, Vol. 121 / 421

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 1 &>3 1 2 8 k2 k^w]
= = _
QM 771 ^36 + 77277I ^34 + 775 ^37 ^4 V772 + ^77/2 ~~ /, , . 2 + 7,2,,2,,2
(i)j a)|0)2 w2 Jft)| j(i)2 K|W2 K3W1W2

= W
23S 3^35 S2,,2 S2..2
/C 1 /C 3

7 k2
2 2 2
R55 = ~7 d a> - 77^22 S ^J
APPENDIX 4 ' 4/c

2 2
1
S4 4 2 1 54 2 2 2
2itf " ~ ' ~ 2 ' 2 ^
* i =

2 2
82co2 £2S2W2 /t2S2co2w2 2k]
R2 = Rf,~ 8 + .2 2
4w £,,22 « 22 I" " , , 22 4
4fc «i JLU,
1 1 2 U] kxk2 k]k2co23 S4W>2 g4^2^2
7? 3 --2 + ^ 8 W | + ^ S W]W2 + ^ | - ^ + ^2 4 2 - 4](2 4k2

1 „ „ . 1
^ 8 0,^3 + ^ S ^ , * _, O)

422 / Vol. 121, NOVEMBER 1999 Transactions of the ASME

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