Appendix K3

SOIL AND ROCK STRENGTH DEFINITIONS

Tabl e 1", Relativ e Dens ity of Gran ular Soil Tabl e 2' , Con s istenc y of Co hes io nless Soil
No. of Standard No. of Sta ndard
Relative Density Relativ e Density Angl e of Internal Relativ e Density
Pen etration Blows Penetr ation Blo ws
Classific atio n D,(%) Fric tion ,. (deg) Classific atio n
(N) (N)
0-5 Very Loose 0- 20 <28° 0-5 Very Loose
5 - 10 Loose 20 - 40 28° - 30° 5 - 10 Loose
10 - 30 Medium Dense 40- 60 30° - 35° 10 - 30 Medium Dense
30 - 50 Dense 60 - 80 35° _ 40° 30- 50 Dense
>50 Very Dense 80 - 100 >40" >50 Very Dense

Table 3' " , Emp irical Values for Coh esive Soil based on SPT Table 4' Con sistency of Coh esive Soil
No. of Standard
Pen etration Blows Consi st ency Ysa' Con si st ency Undrained Shear
(N) (kN/m ' ) Descript ion Str ength (kPa)
0- 2 Very Soft Very Soft <20
2- 4 Soft 16 -1 9 Soft 20 - 40
4 -8 Firm 17 - 20 Firm 40 -75
8-16 Stiff Stiff 75-1 50
16 - 32 Very Stiff 19 - 22 Very Stiff 150 - 300
>32 Hard Hard >300

Table 5' , Consisten cy of Organic So ils Table 6' , Rock Fractu re State
Tenm Field Identification Tenm RQD(%)
Firm Fibers already pressed toget her Very Poor 0 - 25
Spongy Very compressible & open structure Poor 25 - 50
Plastic Can be moulded in hand & smears on fingers Fair 50 - 75
Fibrous Plant remains recognizable & retains some strength Good 75 - 90
Amorphous Recognizable plant remains absent Excellent 90 - 100

Tabl e 7" Rock Str en gth Classifi cation

Unconfined
Tenm Field Defin ition
Compressive
Strength (MPa)
Very Weak Gravel size lumps can be crushed between finger & thumb <1.25
Weak Gravel size lumps can be broken in half by heavy hand pressure 1.25 to 5
Moderately Weak Only thin slabs' corners and edges can be broken by hammer blows 5 to 12.5
Moderately Strong When held in the hand, rock can be broken by hammer blows 12.5 to 50
Strong When resting on a solid surface, rock can be broken down by hamme r blow 50 to 100
Very Strong Rock chipped by heavy hammer blows 100 to 200
Fxtramely Strnno Rock riogs on hammer blows. Only broken by sledge hammer >200

Table 8**, Elastic Param eters for Various Soils

Type of Soil Modulus of Ela sticity (MN/m') Poisson's Ratio, IJ

References:
Loose Sand 10.35 - 24.15 0.20-0.40 ' BS 5930
Medium Dense Sand 17.25 - 27.60 0.25 - 0.40 " Principal of Foundation Engin eering
Dense Sand 34.50 - 55.20 0.30 - 0.45 - Braja M. Das, -t' edition
Silty Sand 10.35 - 17.25 0.20 - 0.40 '" Foundation Analysis & Design
Sand and Gravel 69.00 - 172.50 0.15-0.35 - Joseph E. Bowels
Soft Clay 4.10- 20.70
Medium Clay 20.70 - 4 1.40 0.20 - 0.50
Stiff Clay 41.40 - 96.60

FRM.136 Issue #01 Rev #00, Issue Date 08-03-2015

 _ '-':I ;) .""l . i ~ ' l~ wa ·",~

. . . ."".4N w Y 5TRUCrU RALDES!(jN lj UiDELINES- BUILDIN(:; STRUCTUHES

D4~~~
2-4-4 DES!S;. : ODES 4· Ap plied standa rds in lo adin g and d esign .

1. 8S gl1~ : ' Str uctural Use o f Concre te' ----@.. 5· Materials properties : Conc rete & rei nforcemen t grades .
modul us of elasticity, shea r mo dulus, den sity of b loc k
~ 2. ACI 318: 'Bui ld ing' Code' Requ ir emen ts fo r Stru ctur al Concrete' ....Qb wor ks, et c
3· ACI M anu al of Con cret e Prac tice -th e latest edi ti on.
6. Fire resistance requirem ents: Fire rating, concrete cover

4· AISC 3 60
to rein for cem ent, mi nim um rein forcement , etc

5· UBC 1997, Vo lu me 2, 'Stru ct u ral Engine ering Desig n Prov isi ons'
7· Durability requ ir ements: Design life o f t he stru cture,
concre te quality for sub an d sup er struct ure, min imum
6. BS 80 04: 'Fo undati o ns'
cove r to rei nforcem ent, pr ot ecti on measures fo r con­
as 5950: ' St ruct u ral Use o f Stee lw o rk in Buil din gs'
crete b elo w an d above grou nd. crac k width & defl ecti on
7·
con tr ol.
8. BS 8007 : 'Des ig n o f concre te st ruct ures for re tai ning aqu eou s

liq uid s'

8. Robustness req uir em ent s as per relevan t standards .

BS 5628: ' Code of Practice for Use of M ason ry'

9· Dampin g: Propos ed da m pi ng va lue for seis mic design,
9·
damping valu e for wi nd loading and occ u pa ncy com fo rt
10. IBC 'Intern ati onal Buildin g Code ', exc ludi ng seismi c de sign
cont rol.
provision s.
10. Ana lysis and d esi gn Software, sp rea ds hee ts used for
2·5 PERFORMANCE CRITE RIA desig n or/ and ve ri fi catio n. etc

The followin g mod elling and des ig n cri teria shall be followed . 11. Det ai led calc ulatio ns sh al l in clu de:

2 .5.1 D ESIGN LIFE a. Grav ity load s corr espond 10 di f feren t Flo ors.

1. Unl ess o therw ise s pecifi ed, 50 year de si gn li fe of th e str uctu re b. Basic seism ic par am eters estima te .
sha ll b e adopted.
c. Weight of th e build ing for se is m ic calcu lations .
2 .5. 2 COM PUTER MODELS, STRUCTU RAL ANALYSiS AND
d. Static base s hear.
DESIGN REQUU IREMENTS

e. Vertical co m ponent o f sei sm ic load s.

2 .5. 2 .1 STR UCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
f. Discon ti nuity and vertical irregularity considerati ons .
The desi gn er sha ll subm it d et ailed d esign crite ria as we ll as
design assumption s and sh ould contain at minimum, the follow­ g. Accid enta l torsion calcu latio ns.
ing in fo rmati on (Wh erever is applica bl e):
h. Directional effect of se ismic load s.
1. Descripti on o f the sit e: l.ocati on, BU nam e, pl ot nu mb er ,
Scale fact ors cal cul ations.
proj ect ID, etc
j. Inte rco nnectio n requi reme nts
2. Descripti on o f buildin g: Buildin g size, hei ght, basements,
pod ium flo ors, typi cal floors. se tb acks, flo ors use, etc k. Wind loads parame ters an d coeffi cie nts or wi nd
tunnel study rep or t.
3· Descripti on o f str ucture : Found ati on typ e, ve rtica l
members , lateral forces resisting sys te m. fl oor sla bs Basic loa d combin ations for ultimate and service
sche me, bu ilding sep aration s, etc states design.
 156 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-14) AND COMMENTARY~1318R'14l
CODE
10.5.3 Shear
10.5.3.1 VII shall be calcul ated in accordance with 22.5.
10.5.4 Torsion
10.5.4.1 If t; 2: q-,TtI" where Ttl, is given in 22.7, torsion
shall be considered in accordance with Chapter 9.
~~ 10.6-Reinforcement limits =r'
'."
10.6.1 Minimum and maximum longi tudinal reinforcement
10.6.1.1 For nonprestressed columns ed
columns with avera ge fl'< < 225 psi, rea of longitudinal
reinforcement shall be at least O.OIA, ut'shall not excee
O.OSA /:.
10.6.1.2 For composite columns with a structural steel
core, area of longitudinal bars located within the transverse
reinforcement shall be at least O.OI(Ag -A,"), but shall not
exceed O.OS(A g - Au) .
10.6.2 Minimum shear relrforcetnent
10.6.2.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, A",mill>
shall be provided in all regions where Vu > O.5q-, Vc ,
CO.M.MENTARY
Rl 0.5.4 Torsion-Torsion acting on col umns in buildings
is typically negligible and is rarely a governing factor in the
design of columns.
R10.6-Reinforcement limits
Rl 0.6.1 Minimum and maximum longitudina! reinforcement
RIO.6.1.1 Limits are provided for both the minimum and
maximum longitudinal reinforcement ratios.
Minimum reiliforcemenl-Reinforcement is necessary
to provide res istance to bend ing, which may exist regard­
less of analyti cal results, and to reduce the effects of creep
and shrinkage of the concrete under sustained compressive
stresses. Creep and shrinkage tend to transfer load from the
concrete to the reinforcement, and the resultant increase in
reinforcement stress becomes greater as the reinforcement
ratio decreases. Therefore, a minimum limit is placed on the
reinforcement ratio to prevent reinforcement from yielding
under sustained service loads (Richart 1933).
Maximum reinforcement-s-The amount of longitudinal
reinforcement is limited to ensure that concrete can be
effectively consolidated around the bars and to ensure that
columns designed according to the Code are similar to the
test specimens by which the Code was calibrated. The 0.08
limit applies at all sections, including splice regions, and
can also be considered a practical maximum for longitu­
dinal reinforcement in terms of economy and requirements
for placing. Longitudinal reinforcement in columns should
usually not exceed 4 percent if the column bars are requir ed
to be lap spliced, as the lap splice zone will have twice as
much reinforcement if all lap splices occur at the same
location.
RI0.6.1.2 Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
is necessary to prevent spalling and ensure that concrete
outside the structural steel core behaves as reinforced
concrete. Limitations on longitudinal reinforcement are
necessary for the reasons described in RI 0.6.1.1. Transverse
reinforcement requirements are provided in 10.7.6.1.4.
For composite columns with a concrete core encased
by structural steel , reinforcing bars are not required. The
minimum steel wall thickness of I0.3 .1.6 inherently provides
adequate minimum reinforcement.
RIO.6.2 Minimum shear reinforcement
R1O.6.2.1 The basis for the minimum shear reinforcement
is the same for columns and beams. Refer to R9.6.3 for more
information.
 -f~~ ~ ~'19V\

~~4 ~"'-~~~

1 - ~... "i<:_-<,
Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Example 4.20 continued

Mean cross-sectional area of shear surface, A cv' is
[125 x 300 - 1/2(164 + 112)55]/0.3 = 99.7 x 103 mm2/m
Hence shear resistance of concrete, 1)" is
1), = 0.7Asv fy + 0.0311 A cv t: + up ::; 0.811Acvlf:: + up
= (0.7 x 142 x 500 + 0.03 x 1.0 x 99.7 X 103 x 35 + 1.2 x 103 x 280)/10 3 = 490 N/mm
::; (0.8 x 1.0 x 99.7 x 103 .J35 + 1.2 x i 03 x 280) /103 = 808 N/mm OK
1), = 490 N/mm > 1) OK
(Note Pyp = 280 2
N/mm from the steel decking manufacturer's literature.)

Deflection
Since beam is simply supported use the gross value of second moment of area, Ig, of the uncracked section to
calculate deflection.
ABe(Ds - Op)(O + D, + OpF
1 = 1 + Be(Os - OpP
+ ------'------"----­
g s 12cxe 4{Acx e + Be(Ds - Op)}
4 2250(125 - 55P 51.5 x 102 x 2250(125 - 55)(303.8 + 125 + 55)2
= 8520 x 10 + + ------- ---------­
12 x 10 4{51.5 X 102 x 10 + 2250(125 - 55)}
4
= 31873 X 10 mrn"
Mid-span deflection of beam, 0, is

°= 5roL4 =
384fl
5 x (5 x 3 x 9)9 X 10
3

384 x 205 x 103 x 31 873 x 104

12
= 19.6 mm < -
360
L 9000
= - - = 25 mm
360
OK

Therefore adopt 305 x 165 x 40 UB in grade S355 steel.

connections in steel structures. However, at the

There are two principal methods for connecting
together steel elements of structure, and the various
~s, end plates, ~c. also required.
a,S
L Bolting, using ~ or high strength friction
grip C!::!SEQ) bolts, is the principal method of
connecting tog~r elements on site.
2. Welding, principally electric arc weldigg, is an
alternative way of connecting elements on site,
but most welding usually takes place in factory
conditions. End plates and fixing cleats are
welded to the elements in the fabrication yard.
The elements are then delivered to site where
they are bolted together in position.
Figure 122 shows some typical connections used
in steel structures.
The aim of this section is to describe the design
of some c ~monl'y used types of bolted and welded
outset, it is worthwhile reiterating some general
points relating toconnection clesigllgiveJljp clause
6 of~....?22.Q.
The first couple of sentences are vitally import­
ant - 'Joints should be, designed on the ba~?_ of
realistic assumptions of the distribution of internal
forces. These assumptions slioufacorrespond with
ail-ecl load paths through the joint, taking account
of the relative stiffnesses of the various com onents
of the joint'. Before any detailed design is ewparke"d
~fore, a consideration of hoWfurc~swill
~e transmitted thmugh...the_j.ointiL~.
'The connections between members should be
capable of withstanding the forces and moments to
which they are subject ... without i~alidating the
design assumptions". If, for instance, the structure
is designed in 'simple construction', the beam­
column joint should be designed accordingly to
accept.rotations rather than.moments. A rigid joint
would be completely wrong in this .situation.Ias it

218
 Design of connections

Bolted Bolted Flange

end-plate end-plate cover plate Web plate
~------ ~-----

~ ~
)
... ....~
Bolted
web cleat
(
)

r--t )
~ ~

(a) (b)

Fig. 4.50 Typical connections: (a) beam to column; (b) beam to beam.

would tend to generate a moment in the column 4.11.2 FASTENER SPACING AND

for which it has n2..LQ~~n designed. EDGE/END DJSIANCES

--=­
'The ductility of steel ~.s in the. distribution Clause 6.2 of BS 5950 contains various recom­
of forces genera fed within a joint.' This means mendations regarding the distance-between fas­

that residual forces due to initial lack of fit, or due teners and edge/end distances to fasteners, some of

to bolt tightening, do not normally have to be which are illustrated in Fig. 4.J) and summarised

considered. below:

4.11.1 SOCTED CONNECTION CD Spacing between centres of bolts, i.e. Ritch -(p),
F:.S ~ntioned above, two types of bolts commonly in the direction of stress and not exposed to
used in steel structures are ordinary (or black) bolts corrosive influences should lie within the follow­
and HSFG bolts. Black bolts sustain a shear load ing limits:
by ~shea sXLe.ggrh of the bolt s~, ~ .5db ~p ~ 14t \ 'Q\t~ cR< \:lqt&.'"'
whereas HSFG bolts rely on a high te.mjle streqgth
to grip the join~arts tog~theLS.o jightly..that they where rb is the dJe.!n.eter of.holts and .uhe thick­

carmor slide. ­ ~LoLthe thinner pl)L..

' Ther~ are three grades of ordinary bolts, namely Minimum edge distance, !lJ and end distance,

4.6, 8.8 and lQ...2. .!:!§fQ bolts commonly used in ez, to fasteners should conform with the follow­

structural connections confonn...to_th.e_g.eD~mLgrade mg limits:

and may.be parallel shank fasteners designedjcbe olLe...d.>Jl1achine flame cut, sawn or planed

J:!..ori::,sllp in service or waisted shank fasteners de­ edge/end ~ 1.25D h I

signed to be non-slip under factored loads. IT'

referreCl size f ste I Its ar 12., .§, 0, 22, Sheared or h~ame CU~edge/end ~ 1.40Dh \
n· mm 'n diamete enenrlly, in tru cturfil
connections, graae ~ b lts having a diameter njlt
less than 12 mm are recommended, In any case, as
~le, only one size and grade of bolt
should be used on a project,
The nominal diameter of holes for ordinary bolts, Direction
I
--r-0­
I
I
I
-0­
I
I
-0­
I
I =fe,

I
~ is equal to the bolt diameter, ~, plus 1 mm for
+-­ I
of stress I I I
12 mm diameter bolts@mm for bolts between@ -.l-0­
-0­
~ mm in diameter and@mm for bolts II I I I

mm or greater in diameter (Tali.e 33: BS 5950): Dh

1<- Dh=d b + 1 mm ford b= 12 mm . ~I I'" Hole
diameter
i~ D; = db + 2 mm for 16 ~ db ~ 24 mm'
Fig, 4.51 Rules for fastener spacing and edge/end distances
1" n; = db + 3 mm for db ~ 27 mm to fasteners.

219
.~ \:) ~~ 0 jjJJ -d'

1:>"'- '~ \~ ~,
" ~ Y- G .( 6,> kkD -=
~~ 6~~ bc1~ ~~ Ji ~ Y\j)1 '~1 }I~ \<- ","",- _
 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

where Di; is the diameter of the bolt hole. Note

that theedge distance, el> is the distance from
the centre line of the hare to the outside edge of
the plate at right angles ® the direction of the
stress, ''lihereas the end distance,~ is the dis­
Beam
tance from the centre line to the edge of the shear
plate in the direction of stress.
3. Maximum edge distance,~should not exceed
the following:
A
~ 11t£ \
where t is the thickness of the thinner part and
£ =(275/PY/z. (a)

"
+"+

~. 1 1 . 3 . 1 Ordinary bolts
(b)
"
Shear and bearing. Referring to the connection Section p-p
detail shown in Fig. 4.52, it can be seen that the
loading on bolt f: between the web _cleat and the
column will be in shear, and that there are three
principal ways i n-~hich the.joint mayfail. lir,g!y,
the bolts can fa-Ifin shear, for example along sur­
face X1-Yl (Fig. 4. 52(a)). S~dly the bolts can
fail in bearing as the web cleatcuts into the bolts
u:~:zg._4.52(b)J.__ This can only happen when the
bolts are softer than !Q~!!1etaLbeiI1gjgine_d.Thirdly,
the metal being joined, i.e. the cleat, can fail in
bearing as the bolts cut into it (Fig. 4.52(c)). This
is the converse of the abovesituation and can only
Jlappen when the bolts are harder.rhanjhemetal
being joined. (c)
It..follows, therefore, .!J1jip.ij·JlJce~je1i~gI:t.-slnfdlT~~itrc~mMj l
Fig. 4.52 Failure modes of a beam-to-column connection:
:t: c ection oul lJ (a) single shear failure of bolt; (b) bearing failure of bolt;
Shear capacity of the bolt, (:) bearing failure of cleat.

t!s=~
(4.64)
bearing strength of the connected part
2. Bearing capacity of bolt, (Table 4.21)
\!bb = q'b~PPbb\ (4.65) end distance ez
effective area of bolts in shear, normally taken
3. Bearing capacity of connected part, as the tensile stress area, At (Table 4.22)
thickness of connected part
\ PbS =kbsdbtpPbS ::; O.5k bsetpPbs I (4.66)
= 1.0 for bolts in standard clearance holes
where
Ps shear strength of the bolts (Table 4.19) Double shear. If a column supports two beams in
Pbb bearing strength of the bolts (Table 4.20)
~
the manner indicated in Fig~4...53, the failure modes

220
 Design of connections

Table 4.20 Bearing strength of bolts (Table 33,

BS 5950)

Bolt grade Shear strength Bolt grade Bearing strength

Ps (Nlmm') Pbb (Ntmm ")

4.6 160 4.6 460

8.8
.......­ si: 8.8 1000
10.9 400 10.9 1300
General grade HSFG ~ M24 400 General grade HSFG ~ M24 1000
to BS 4395-1 ~ M27 350 to BS 4395-1 ~ M27 900
Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395-2 400 Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395-2 1300
Other grades (Ub ~ 1000 Nzmrrr') O.4Ub Other grades (Ub s 1000 Nzmrn") 0.7(Ub + Yb )

Note. Vb is the specifi ed minimum tensile strength of the bolt. Note. Vb is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt
and Yb is the specified minimum yield strength of the bolt.

:fa e 4.21

Steel grade S275 S355 S460 Other grades

Bearing strength Pbs (Nzmrrr') 460 550 670 0.67(Ub + Yb )

Note. Vb is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt and Yb is the specified
minimum yield strength of the bolt.

~enSion . Tension failure may arise in simple con-

Table 4.22 Tensile stress area, At t nections as a result of excessive tension in the bolts
(Fig. 4.54(a) or cover plates (Fig. 4.54(b) . The
Nominal size and thread Tensile stress area;A, tension capacity of ordinary bolts may be calcu­
diameter (mm) (mm') lated using a simple or more exact approach. Only
the simple method is discussed here as it is both
12 84.3 easy to use and conservative. The reader is re­
!.§. ferred to clause 6.3.4.3 of BS 5950 for guidance
U7
--
~2 0
22
24
~5
303
353
on the more exact method.
According to the simple method, the nominal
tension capacity of the bolt, P nom ' is given by
27
30
459
561
j ~~ (4.68)
where

Pt tension strength of the bolt (Table 4.23)

At tensile stress area of bolt (Table 4.22)

essentially remain the same as for the previous case, The tensile capacity of a flat plate is given by
except that the bolts.,ill.) will bein-'double shear'.
This-means that failure of the bolts will only occur P, = aePy (4.69)
o_nce surfaces x1':'-yz' and X1-Y3. exceed the shear where effective net area, a e, is
strengthof the bolt (Fig. . 4.53 (2).
--The shear capacity of bolts in double shear, Psd ' u, = Kea n < ag (4.70)
is given by in which

/' 1~2!:1 (4.67)

K, = 1.2 for grade S275 steel plates

a g gross area of plate = bt (Fig. 4.54)

Thus, double shear effectively doubles the shear an net area of plate = a g - allowance for bolt

strength of the bolt. holes (= Dht, Fig. 4.54(b).

221
 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Section S-S
..-Is
(a) (b)

Fig. 4.53 Double shear failure.

Rupture

".----------;,L--,----,f---,
b _
-!Oh
•
(a) (b)

Fig. 4.54 Typical tension failures: (a) bolts in tension; (b) cover plate in tension.

Combined shear and tension. Where ordinary

Table 4.23 Tensile strength of bolts (Table 34, bolts are subject to combined shear and tension
BS 5950) (Fig. 4.55), in addition to checking their shear and
tension capacities separately, the following relation­
Bolt grade Tension strength ship should also be satisfied:
Pr (Nlmm')
F F
~+-(-:::;1.4 (4.71)
4.6 240 t; e.:
8.8 560 where
10.9 700 F, applied shear
General grade HSFG :::; M24 590 F, applied tension
to BS 4395-1 ~ M27 515 P, shear capacity (equation 4.64)
Higher grade HSFG to BS 4395-2 700 Pnom tension capacity (equation 4.68).
Other grades (Ub :::; 1000 N/mm 2) 0.7Ub but s; Yb
Note that this expression should only be used when
Note. Vb is the specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt the bolt tensile capacity has been calculated using
and Yb is the specified minimum yield strength of the bolt. the simple method.

222
 Design of connections

p The slip factor depends on the condition of the

surfaces being joined. According to Table 35 of
BS 5950, shot or grit bla sted surfaces have a slip
factor of 0.5 whereas wire brushed and untreated sur­
faces have slip factors of 0.3 and 0.2 respectively.

Bearing. The bearing capacity of connected parts

after slip, Pbg, is given by
P bg = 1.5dbtpP bs ~ 0.5 et pP bs (4.74)
where
db bolt diameter
tp thickness of connected part
Fig. 4.55 Bracket bolted to column.
Pbs bearing strength of connected parts (Table 4.21)

4.11.3.2 HSFG bolts e end distance

Ifparallel-shank or waisted-shank HSFG bolts, rather
than ordinary bolts, were used in the connection Shear. As in the case of black bolts, the shear
detail shown in Fig. 4.50, failure of the connection capacity of HSFG bolts, P., is given by
would principally arise as a result of slip between P; = P sA s (4.75)
the connected parts. Thus, all connections utilising
friction grip fasteners should be checked for slip where
resistance. However, connections using parallel P« shear strength of the bolts (Table 4.19)
shank HSFG bolts designed to be non-slip in As effective area of bolts in shear, normally
service, should additionally be checked for bearing taken as the tensile stress area, A t
capacity of the connected parts and shear capacity (Table 4.22)
of the bolts after slip.
Combined shear and tension. When parallel
Slip resistance. According to clause 6.4.2, the shank friction grip bolts designed to be non-slip in
slip resistance of HSFG bolts designed to be non­ service, are subject to combined shear and tension,
slip in service, P sL> is given by then the following additional check should be
carried out:
P sL = 1.1KsflPo (4.72)
and for HSFG bolts designed to be non-slip under Fs F
+~ ~1 b ut F to t < AtP t
_ - (4.76)
factored loads by P sL 1.lPo
P sL = 0.9KsflPo (4.73) where
where F; applied shear
Po minimum shank tension (proof load) F rot total applied tension in the bolt, including
(Table 4.24) the calculated prying forces = PtAt in which
K, = 1.0 for bolts in standard clearance holes Pt is obtained from Table 4.23 and At is

fl slip factor ~ 0.5 obtained from Table 4.22

PsL slip resistance (equation 4.72)

Po minimum shank tension (Table 4.24).

Table 4.24 Proof load of HSFG bolts, Po

Nominal siz e and thread Minimum shank tension 4.11.4 BLOCK SHEAR
diameter (mm) or proof load (kN) Bolted beam-to-column connection may fail as a
result of block shear. Failure occurs in shear at
12 49.4 a row of bolt holes parallel to the applied force,
l.P 92.1 accompanied by tensile rupture along a perpen­
20 144 dicular face . This type of failure results in a block
22 177 of material being torn out by the applied shear
24 207 force as shown in Fig. 4.56.
27 234
Block shear failure can be avoided by ensuring
30 286
that the applied shear force, F t , does not exceed
36 418
the block shear capacity, Pr , given by

223
Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Fig. 4.56 Block shear. (Based on Fig. 22) BS 5950)

(4.77) L, and L; are the dimensions shown in Fig. 4.56

K, is the effective net area coefficient
where k = 0.5 for a single line of bolts parallel to the
Dr is the hole size for the tension face applied shear
t is the thickness = 2.5 for two lines of bolts parallel
to the applied shear

Example 4.21 Beam-to-column .connection using web cleats

(BS 5950)
Show that the double angle web cleat beam-to-column connection detail shown below is suitable to resist the design
shear force, V. of 400 kN. Assume the steel is grade S275 and the bolts are M20, grade 8.8 in 2 mm clearance holes.

5040
L{)
610x229x101 US
r-, grade 8275
C\J
(j)
Q)
50
"0 50
~
60
OJ
60
0
=> 140 60
r-,
r-,
~ 60 400
X
co 140 I< 60
<D
co
x 60
<D
L{) 60 I< 50
co

, Angle cleats 90 x 90 x 10
grade 8275

CHECK FASTEI\IER SPACING AND EDGEjEf\1D DISTANCES

Diameter of bolt, db = 20 mm
Diameter of bolt hole, Dh = 22 mm
Pitch of bolt, P = 140 mm and 60 mm
Edge distance, e1 = 40 mm
End distance, e2 = 60 mm and 50 mm
Thickness of angle cleat, tp = 10 mm

224
 Design of connections

Example 4.21 continued

The following conditions need to be met:

Pitch ~ 2.5d b = 2.5 x 20 = 50 < 140 and 60 OK

Pitch ::; 14t p = 14 x 10 = 140::; 140 and 60 OK
Edge distance e, ~ l.4Dh =
1.4 x 22 30.8 < 40 OK =
End distance e2 ~ l.4D h = 1.4 x 22 = 30.8 < 60 and 50 OK
e1 and e2 ::; 11 tp£. = =
11 x lO x 1 110 < 40, 50 and 60 0K

(For grade S275 steel with t p = 10 mm, Py = 275 N/mm 2

, e = 1.) Hence all fastener spacing and edge/end distances
to fasteners are sati sfactory.

CHECK STRENGTH OF BOLTS CONNECTING CLEATS TO SUPPORTING COLUMN

Shear
6 No., M20 grade 8.8 bolts. Hence As = 245 mrn? (Table 4.22) and Ps = 375 N/mm 2 (Table 4.79). Shear capacity of
single bolt, Ps' is

Ps = PsA s = 375 x 245 = 91.9 x 10 = 91.9 kN

Shear capacity of bolt group is

6Ps = 6 x 91.9 = 551.4 kN > V= 400 kN

Hence bolts are adequate in shear.

Bearing
Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb , is given by

Pbb = dbtPbb = 20 x 10 x 1000 = 200 X 10

3
= 200 kN

Since thickness of angle cleat (= 10 mm) < thickness of column flange (= 23.8 mm), bearing capacity of cleat is
critical. Bearing capacity of cleat, Pbs, is given by

Pbs = kbsdbtPbs = 1 x 20 x 10 x 460 = 92 x 103 N = 92 kN

::; 0.5k bsetpbs = 0.5 x 1 x 60 x lO x 460 = 138 x 103 N = 138 kN
Bearing capacity of connection is

6 x 92 = 552 kN > V = 400 kN

Therefore bolts are adequate in bearing.

CHECK STRENGTH OF BOLT GROUP CONNECTING CLEATS TO WEB OF SUPPORTED BEAM

Shear
= = 2
6 No., M20 grade 8.8 bolts; from above, As 245 mrn" and p; 375 N/mm • Since bolts are in double shear, shear
capacity of each bolt is 2Ps = 2 x 91.9 = 183.8 kN
Loads applied to the bolt group are vertical shear, V = 400 kN and moment, M = 400 x 50 X 10- 3 = 20 kN m.
Outermost bolt (AI) subject to greatest shear force which is equal to the resultant of the load due to the moment,
M = 20 kN m and vertical shear force, V = 400 kN. Load on the outermost bolt due to moment, Fmb, is given by
M 20 x10 3
F.
m
b = -Z A = 420A
A = 47.6 kN
where A is the area of bolt and Z the modulus of the bolt group given by

-yI = 63000
150
A = 420A mm3

225
 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Example 4.21 continued

in which I is the inertia of the bolt group equal to
2A(302 + 90 2 + 150 2) = 63000A rnrn"
Load on outermost bolt due to shear, Fvb' is given by
FVb = V/ No. of bolts = 400/6 = 66.7 kN
Resultant shear force of bolt, F; is
F, = (F~b + F~br/2 = (66.7 2 + 47.6 2) ' /2 = 82 kl\J
Since F, (= 82 kN) < 2Ps (= 183.8 kN) the bolts are adequate in shear.

Bearing
Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb, is
Pbb = 200 kN (from above) > F, OK
Bearing capacity of each cleat, Pbs, is
Pbs = 92 kN (from above)
Bearing capacity of both cleats is
2 x 92 = 184 kl\J > F, OK
Bearing capacity of the web, Pbs, is
PbS = kbsdbtwPbs = 1 x 20 x 10.6 x 460 x 10- 3 = 97.52 kN > F, OK
Hence bolts, cleats and beam web are adequate in bearing.

SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLEATS

Shear capacity of a single angle cleat, P; is
P; = 0.6pyA v = 0.6 x 275 x 3600 x 10- 3 = 594 kN
where
Av = 0.9Ao (clause 4.2.3 of BS 5950) = 0.9 x thickness of cleat (tp) x length of cleat (ep)
= 0.9 x 10 x 400 = 3600 mrn".
Since shear force V/2 (= 200 kf\1) < P; (= 594 kf\1) the angle is adequate in shear.

BEI\JDING STREI\JGTH OF CLEATS

V 400
M = - x 50 x 10-3 = - x 50 x 10- 3 = 10 kN m
2 2
Assume moment capacity of one angle of cleat, Me' is
Me = PyZ= 275 x 266.7 x 103 = 73.3 X 10 6 I\J mm = 73.3 kN m> M

Z = -tpe~ = 10 x 400
2
3 A
h
were = 266 667 mm. ng Ie c Ieat .IS ad equate In
. bendimg.
6 6

LOCAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE BEAM

Shear capacity of the supported beam, Pv ' is
P; = 0.6p y A v = 0.6 x 275 x 6383.3 = 1053.2 x 103 N = 1053.2 kN > V (= 400 kN)
where A v = t; 0 = 10.6 x 602.2 = 6383.3 mrn". Hence supported beam at the end is adequate in shear.

226
 5
t D

Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950 ~1

~J
rY)Throa{
1 Size or

~
leg length

J J'
Y Throat
I
(b)

f ~
(a)

Fig. 4.57 Types of weld)' (a) butt weld)' (b) fillet weld.

4.11.51'~" However, the design strength of the weld can be

The two main types of welded joints are fillet welds
and butt welds. Varieties of each type are shown
in Fig. 4.57. Essentially the process of welding con­
sists of heating and melting steel in and/or around
the gap between th-e pieces of steel that ar-e being
welded together. Welding rods consist_of a _steel
rod surrounded by a flux which helps the metal to
meri
and flow into the joint. Welding_c an __be.ac­
cornplished using.oxy-acetylene equipmenr..but.the
easiest method uses electric arc-welding.
4.11.5. reng 0 el ""
If welding IS expertly carried out using thecorrect
grade of welding rod, the resulting weld should be
considerably stronger than thepieces held together.
However, to allow for some variation in the quality
of welds, it is assumed that the weld strength for
fillet welds is as given in Table 37 of BS 5950,
reproduced below as Table 4.25. ­
taken as the ~ame ~s_tl1a t fo_r the parent metal if the
joint is a butt w~ld, or alt~xnatively_a_filkLw_elci
satisfying the following conditions:
.1. The weld is symmetrical as shown in Fig.
4.5~
~. It is made with suitable electrodes which will
produce specimens at least as strong as the par­
e.n0netal.
l The sum offo'throat sizes (Fig. 4.58) is not less
than the connected plate thickness.
4.
f
The weld is principally subject to direct tension
0t compressi9n (Fig. 4.58).
4.11.5.2 Design details
Figure 4.57 also indicates what is meant by the
weld leg length, l:> and the effective throat size,
~ which should not be taken as greatcrthan
0.7s.

35 42 50

Nzmrrr' Nzrnm" Nzrnrrr'

S275 220 220· 220·
~355 220 b 220 250·
S460 220 b 250 b 280
-=--­
Notes. a Over matching electrodes.

bUnder matching electrodes. Not to be used for partial

penetration butt welds.

Fig. 4.58 Special fillet weld.

234
 Design of connections

The effective length Q[§Jun of weld should be
taken as the a~Uength,_les~ one leg length for
ea~h end ofthi:w.eld. Where the weld ends at a comer
of' .the metal, iLS.!:l.OJ,lld be continued around the
. ~ll.~I for a distance greater than~. I ~a lapl oint,
the minimum lap length should be not less than 4t,
where t is the thinner of the pieces to 'b~"joinec:r­
For fillet welds, the 'vector sum of the design
stresses due to all forces and moments transmitted
by the weld should not exceed the design strength, P,v'.

Example 4.25 Analysis of a welded beam-to-column connection

(BS 5950)

A grade 5275 steel 610 x 229 x 101 UB is to be connected, via a welded end plate onto a 356 x 368 x 177 Uc. The
connection is to be designed to transmit a bending moment of 500 j<N m and a shear force of 300 kN. Show that the
proposed welding scheme for this connection is adequate. ---==- =­

610 x 229 x 101 UB

0
=:J Beam
r-­
r-,
c 10 mm fillet welds
x E
00 :::J
co 0
co 0
x 15 mm
co end plate
L!)
co 10 mm fillet welds

15 mm stiffeners

Elevation

Electrode strength
42

Plan End view

235
 Design in structural steelwork to B5 5950

Example 4.25 continued

Leg length of weld, 1.= 10 mm. Effective length of weld is

4(-t'w - 25) + 2(hw - 25) = 4(225 - £2:_10) + 2(570 - 2 x 10) = 1920 mm

- -==- - ­
shear force 300
Weld force = = - - - = 0.16 kN/mm
effective length of weld 1920 --=

Weld second moment of area, I"", is

Ixx = 4[1 x (fw - 25)]Y ~ + 2[1 x (hw - 25P/12]

"..

= 4[(205)]293.5 2 + 2[1 x (550P/12]

= 98365812 rnrn"
Weld shear (moment) is
..
10 3 x 293.5
! -My =. 500
Ixx
X
98365812
= 1.49 kN/ mm

where Y = D/2 = 587/2 = 293.5 mm

Vectored force = -11.49 2 + 0.16 2 = 1.50kN/mm
Since the steel grade is 5275 and the electrode strength is~, the design strength of the weld is ~ N/mm 2
(Table 4.25). ­
Weld capacity of 10 mm fillet weld, Pwc. is

Pwc = op; = 9:! x '!Q. x 220 X 10- 3 = 154 kN/mm > 1.50 kN/mm OK

where throat thickness of weld, 0= 0.75 = 0.7 x 10 mm ~ '> c::> ~ ::f fj'
Hence proposed welding scheme is just adequate.

4.12 Summary restrained, lateral torsional buckling. Columns sub ­

This chapter has considered the design of a number
of structural steelwork and composite elements,
including beams, slabs, columns and connections,
to BS 5950: Structural use of steel work in buildings.
The ultimate limit state of strength and the
serviceability limit state of deflection principally
influence the design of steel elements. Many steel
structures are still analaysed by assuming that
individual elements are simply supported at their
ends. Steel sections are classified as plastic, compact,
semi-compact or slender depending on how the
sections perform in bending. The design of flexural
members generally involves considering the limit
states of bending, shear, web bearing/buckling,
deflection and if the compression flange is not fully
ject to axial load and bending are normally checked
for cross-section capacity and buckling resistance.
The two principal methods of connecting steel
elements of a structure are bolting and welding. It
is vitally important that the joints are designed to
act in accordance with the assumptions made in
the design. Design of bolted connections, using
ordinary (or black) bolts, usually involves check­
ing that neither the bolt nor the elements being
joined exceed their shear, bearing or tension
capacities. Where HSFG bolts are used, the slip
resistance must also be determined. Welded con­
nections are most often used to weld end plates
or cleats to members, a task which is normally
performed in the fabrication yard rather than on
site .

236