Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Elettromagnetica
Roberto Sacchi
EMC seminar
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Agenda
Introduzione alle misure EMI
Terminologia;
Sistema di misura (antenna, LISN, ricevitore, etc.);
Detectors;
Normative europee ed internazionali
Soluzioni Agilent
Introduzione al nuovo ricevitore EMI Full Compliance Agilent MXE
Uso degli analizzatori Agilent della Serie-X per misure EMI pre-compliance.
Sorgenti per i test di immunita’
Software applicativo
Soluzioni complete tramite i nostri partners
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Pre-compliance vs. Full compliance measurements
Pre-compliance measurements
Evaluate the conducted and radiated
emissions of a device using correct
detectors and bandwidths before going
to a test house for compliance testing
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What is EMC?
All EMI receivers require a pre-selector at lower frequencies to limit the input energy
and maintain sufficient dynamic range to meet the CISPR 16 requirements.
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Definitions
EMC –
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMS –
EMI – ElectroMagnetic
ElectroMagnetic Susceptibility
Interference (aka Immunity)
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EMI measurement system
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Compliance EMI receiver requirements
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Receiver requirements above 1 GHz
excellent sensitivity
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What is an EMI Receiver?
Let’s begin with a spectrum analyzer
Spectrum Analysis
•Display and measure amplitude versus frequency for RF & MW signals
•Separate or demodulate complex signals into their base components (sine waves)
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Overview
Types of Tests Made
Modulation
EMC Noise
Distortion
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Architecture of Modern Spectrum/Signal Analyzers
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Theory of Operation
Swept Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
RF input
IF filter
attenuator IF gain envelope
(RBW)
mixer detector
Input
signal
Pre-Selector
Log
Or Low Pass Amp
Input Filter video
filter
local
oscillator
sweep
generator
Crystal
Reference ADC, Display
Oscillator
& Video
Processing
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Traditional Spectrum Analyzer
Scalar analysis
Digitizing the video signal Product detector
loss of phase
information
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Digital IF Spectrum/Signal Analyzer
Vector data CAN be preserved (mag/phase or I/Q)
Digitizing the IF Signal
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Overview
Different Types of Analyzers
f1 f2 f f1 f2 f
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Specifications
Resolution: RBW Type Determines Sweep Time
280 sec
134 sec
13.5 sec
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Speed Improvements
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Modern spectrum analyzer
Resolution BW Selectivity or Shape Factor
3 dB
3 dB BW
60 dB
60 dB
BW
Selectivity = 60 dB BW
3 dB BW
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Specifications
Resolution: RBW Type and Selectivity
Typical
Selectivity
Analog 15:1
ANALOG FILTER Digital ≤5:1
DIGITAL FILTER
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Digital Filter Shape
Better shape factor, biggest selectivity benefit for different signal levels
Equivalent selectivity at a wider, faster-sweeping RBW
digital filters swept an additional 3-4x faster
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CISPR Bandwidth Requirements
Bandwidth -6dB
-20dB
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MIL-STD-461 Bandwidth Requirements
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Modern Spectrum Analyzer Accuracy
Some modern analyzers approach accuracy of power meter + sensor
• Even better for low-level signals, with narrower noise bandwidth and
the benefit of frequency selectivity
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Modern Spectrum Analyzer Accuracy Examples
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Line Impedance Stabilization Networks (LISN)
Purpose of a LISN:
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LISN
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LISN
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Transient Limiter
The purpose of the limiter is to protect the input of the EMC analyzer from
large transients when connected to a LISN. Switching EUT power on or off
can cause large spikes generated in the LISN.
LISN
Limiter
DUT
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Field Strength Unit
Radiated EMI emissions measurements measure the
electric field. The field strength is calibrated in dBμV/m.
Pt = total power radiated from an isotropic radiator
Pd = the power density at a distance from the isotropic radiator
(far field >λ/2π)
Pt E2 Pt
Pd
4 r 2 R 4 r 2
R 120 [ohm]
E2
Pd
R Pt 30
E [V/m]
r
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Field Strength and Antenna factors
Radiated EMI emissions tests measure the electric field. The
field strength is calibrated in dBμV/m.
Log units:
AF(dB/m) = E(dBμV/m) - V(dBμV)
E(dBμV/m) = V(dBμV) + AF(dB/m)
Notes:
Antenna factors are not the same as antenna gain.
dBμV = dBm + 107
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Antennas used in EMI emission measurements
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Detectors: Convert IF Samples to Display Bins or
“Buckets”
Volts
Sample
Screen Shot “Detector 3types”
Neg Peak
Time
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Detectors
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Peak vs. Quasi-peak vs. Average
V Peak Detection
Quasi-Peak Detection
Average Detection
time
V Peak Detection
Quasi-Peak Detection
Average Detection
time
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Peak ≧ QP ≧Average
Peak Detector
• Initially used
• Faster than QP and Average modes
• If all signals fall below the limit, then the product passes and no future
testing is needed.
QP
• For CW signal, Peak = QP
• Much slower by 2 or 3 order magnitude compared to using Peak detector
• Charge rate much faster than discharge rate
– the higher repetition rate of the signal, the higher QP reading
Average
• Radiated emissions measurements above 1 GHz are performed using
average detection
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Close field probe
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Test example
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International emissions regulations (summary)
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CISPR changes…
RMS-Average
CISPR 22 to 6 GHz
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European Norms example
Limit line use depends upon the power rating of the item.
EN55014 distinguishes between household appliances, motors
less than 700W, less than 1000W and greater than 1000W.
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The compliance measurement process
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General Process for Making EMI Measurements
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Conducted Emissions Measurements
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The challenge of measuring radiated emissions
1 - Azimuth
2 - Antenna Height
3 - Field Strength
1500.260MHz
218.120MHz
4 - Frequency
41.2563MHz
Radiated Emissions Measurements
1. Connect the antenna
to the EMI receiver and
separate the antenna from
the DUT as specified by the
regulation requirements
4. With DUT OFF, measure the ambient emissions and store them
5. Switch on the DUT and find signals above limits by using peak detector (only those
not present during the ambient scan). Rotate the DUT to maximize the emissions.
6. Measure all signals above limits with quasi-peak and average detectors
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Open Area Test Site (OATS)
EUTs are measured in an open area test site (OATS) or anechoic chamber.
ANSI C63.4 and CISPR 16-1-1 specify the requirements for an OATS, including:
Preferred measurement distances
of 3, 10, and 30 meters
Note: 10 meter anechoic chambers and GTEM cells can also be used for radiated
compliance measurements.
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1. Select the measurement range
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2. Load Corrections factors
Amplitude at
point circled
Amplitude
referenced to
blue line
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3. Load Limit line
Circle indicates
the position of
the amplitude
frequency pair
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4. Scan for signals above the limits with peak detector
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5. Quasi-peak and average measurements
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Troubleshooting
Use the close-field probe to locate the sources of the radiated signals
exceeding the limit lines
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Immunity test setup
Radiated Immunity
30 MHz – 18 GHz
Amplifiers
HF-Switch
Conducted Immunity
100 kHz – 1 GHz
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Agilent Solutions
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What is a CISPR 16-1-1 Compliant Receiver
CISPR is a subcommittee of the IEC
CISPR 16-1-1 is the document that defines the
functionality of an EMI receiver
Frequency
Detectors response
X-Series CISPR 16
signal compliant
analyzer EMI receiver
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N9038A MXE EMI Receiver
in 30 seconds
CISPR 16-1-1 2010 Compliant
Compliant EMI Receiver Preselection 20 Hz
to 3.6 GHz in both
EMI Receiver
Mode and SA
Mode on
Both Inputs
INB
20 Hz -1GHz
CFB
DDS
RFB
Noise Source
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Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
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Instrument Architecture
Modern Spectrum Analyzers Architecture (PSA, X-Series)
FFT
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“All Digital IF” Advantages
IF/BB Section
RF Section ADC on ASIC
FFT
Flexibility:
RBW filtering in 10% steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept, FFT, VSA, NFA)
Accuracy:
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors; increased repeatability
Speed:
When Swept mode is slow, go FFT
Techniques for Reducing DANL, Improving Dynamic
Range
Reduce attenuation
Add preamp
Reduce RBW
Add external filtering
Better/shorter cables, connectors
Move analyzer closer
Time averaging (where possible, not measurement avg.)
Measurement processing (take advantage of Moore’s Law)
• Noise power subtraction/noise correction/NNC
• Noise floor extension (NFE) leverages deep knowledge of
analyzer/circuit behavior
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CW Signal Measured Near Analyzer Noise Floor
Apparent
Signal
Displayed
S/N
Actual S/N
CW Signal This is
Ampl & Freq fundamental, and
Axes Expanded often missed
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Noise Floor Subtraction
PobsS+N = PobsN + PS
PS = PobsS+N − PobsN
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Noise Subtraction, “Noise Floor Extension”
New technique “NFE” improves D.A.N.L.
analyzer noise power calculated/subtracted real time
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Analyzer Noise Floor with NFE
Source still off, green trace shows analyzer noise level with NFE
Other measurement conditions unchanged
Note high variance result from subtraction of small, noisy numbers
Analyzer DANL now far enough below source for minimal
(0.2 - 0.4 dB) error
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A Closer Look
Pink trace adds to blue trace; result is yellow trace (NFE not used)
Green trace is included in blue trace but resulting error very small
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EMC Features standard in all X-Series Spectrum
analyzers
• Limit Lines (2000 pts)
• Amplitude correction (2000 pts)
• 40001 sweep points
EMI Roadmap
Page 70 6/28/2011
Option EMC in X-Series spectrum analyzer
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W/N6141A EMC measurement application
Full Featured Pre-compliance Application
Available in all X-Series models
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Realtime
Meters
Log Display with any 3
Simultaneous
Auto-detect peaks Detectors
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N6141A measurement: Frequency Scan with Log Display
- same functionality as E7400 Signal List
Meters tune
to selected
signal
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N6141A measurement: Strip Chart Patent
Applied
• Time record For
of zero span
data scrolls
to left
• Up to three
different
detectors
• Can be used
to make
“click”
measure-
ments
EMI Roadmap
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Option EDP (Enhanced Display Package) for the SA
• Spectrogram
• Trace Zoom
• Zone Span
Group/Presentation Title
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Agilent Restricted
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N6141A EMI Measurement Application
PXA
MXA
Pre-compliance
Compliance
EXA
CXA
Agilent MXE N9038A
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Agilent products for Immunity test (EMS)
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Solution partners for EMC
Complete solution:
1. Automation software
2. Chambers
3. GTEM
4. Antennas
5. Power amplifiers
6. Accessories
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Per documentazione su prodotti ed applicazioni EMI/EMC
visitare il sito
http://www.agilent.com/find/EMC
Contatti:
Giuseppe Savoia
Signal Analysis and Generation Sales Specialist
E-mail: giuseppe_savoia@agilent.com