The Future

of the
Jet Engine
M.J. Benzakein

GE Aircraft Engines
Cincinnati, OH, USA
 GE Aircraft Engines

100 Years of Propulsion Innovation

Engine Specifications
Bore: 4 inches
Stroke: 4 inches
Displacement: 201 cubic inches
Compression Ration: 4.7:1
Horsepower: 25 hp GE90-115B
Cooling: Liquid Circulated by thermosiphon and radiator Specifications
Lubrication: Splash system, circulation by pump and gravity Thrust Class (lb) 115,300
Dry Weight: 180 pounds Length (in) 218
Bypass Ratio 7.1
Pressure Ratio 42.2

AT – 030905/2 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Propulsion Driving Industry Advances

JT3C
0.90
Turbojet Low Bypass High Bypass 2nd Gen High Bypass
Turbofan Turbofan Turbofan

JT3D-1
0.80
CJ805 JT8D-9
SFC 35K/0.8Mn Uninstalled

JT8D-217
0.70 TAY 620

JT9D-7A
JT9D-3A
CFM56-2
CF6-6D RB-211-524D
V2500 A1 CFM56-5A BR 715
JT9D-7R4G2
0.60 CF6-80A RB-211-535E4 CF6-80C2-B6F
PW2037 PW4056 CFM56-5C4
CF6-80E1-A2
PW4168 PW4098
PW4084 TRENT 895

GE90-85B
GE90-115B
0.50

0.40
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

AT – 030905/3 – 25-May-06
Certification Date
 GE Aircraft Engines

Noise Reduction Advancements

Turbojet
120
• Normalized to 100,000-lb. thrust
• Noise levels are for airplane/engine
configurations at time of initial service
707-100

110
Noise DC-9-10 Second Generation
Level,
EPNdB 737-200 Turbofan
(1500-ft. 727-200
sidelines)
100
747-200 737-200 A321
A310
First Generation 747-400 A330
DC-10-30
Turbofan 737-300

90
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year of Initial Service
AT – 030905/4 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Emissions
ICAO NOx Standards
120 1981 standard

100 CAEP/2 - 1996

Tr
CAEP/4 - 2004

en
80

d
NOX 60

40

20
Current GE Engines

0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Engine pressure ratio

AT – 030905/5 – 25-May-06
Emissions Stringency Increasing
 GE Aircraft Engines

21st Century Vehicle Systems

Safe, Environmentally Friendly, Longer Range
Commercial and Military Transportation

Regional 100-150 pax 250+ pax Global Reach

Transport

Overland Capable, Environmentally Friendly, Supersonic

Commercial Transport / Military Strike

Supersonic Supersonic Long Range

BisJet Transport Strike Aircraft
AT – 030905/6 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

21st Century Vehicle Systems

Heavy-Lift Runway-Independent Aircraft

Apache V-22 Osprey High Lift Vehicle

Uninhabited Air Vehicles

AT – 030905/7 – 25-May-06
Predator Sensorcraft
 GE Aircraft Engines

21st Century Vehicle Systems

Safe, Low-Cost Access-to-Space Vehicles / Spaceplane

AT – 030905/8 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Simplicity
Low Emissions

Customer
Satisfaction

Reliability
Low Cost of
Ownership
Low Noise

Performance

AT – 030905/9 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

GENY – The Next Step

Goals
CO2

Ultra Clean: NOX and CO2

• 20% reduction in engine CO2
(fuel burn) relative to current
(GE90) technology
• 85% reduction relative to
1996 ICAO
Ultra Quiet
• 55% Reduction in
noise relative to
today’s aircraft Ultra Intelligent
• 50% reduction in engine
• 33 EPNdB below in-flight failures
Stage 3
• 50% reduction in delays
and cancellations
• On-condition maintenance

21st Century Aeropropulsion Preeminence

AT – 030905/10 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

GENY Technologies

Hybrid/Ceramic Intelligent
Advanced Bearings Engine Controls
Composite Fan and Adv. Sensors

Counterrotating
Vaneless
LPT
Fluidics for
Noise Reduction
and High
Ceramic
Stage Loading
Matrix Composite
Liners, Blades,
& Vanes
Nano
Material Active
Blade/Structure Combustor
Technology Controls for
High Ultra-Low
Hi Temp. Pressure Ratio Emissions
Rotor Materials Compressor

Technology to Revolutionize the State of the Art

AT – 030905/11 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Nano-Phase Aluminum Blades and Vanes

20 nm

200nm

120
Nano-Al

Yield Strength (ksi)

Goals
80

40 Conventional
7xxx Alloys

0
0 100 200 300 400
Temperature (F)

Improved Strength and Fatigue Capability Using Advanced Al Alloys

AT – 030905/12 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)

CMC Combustor Liner CMC Vane CMC Blade

2200°F Capability 2200°F Capability
50% Cooling Air Reduction 70% Weight Reduction
50% Weight Reduction Reduced Cooling Air
20% NOx Reduction Increased Efficiency

CMC’s Reduce Weight and Improve Performance

AT – 030905/13 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Nitrided Bearing Material Technology

Microhardness
71
70
69 70 HRC
68 Nitrided Case
67
66
HRC

65
64 Nitrided Surface
63
62
61
60
60 HRC
59 Base Hardness
58
57
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
distance from edge (mils)

!Leading Cause of Bearing Failures Due to Hard Particle Contamination

!Nitriding Significantly Increases the Surface Hardness

AT – 030905/14 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Airfoil Materials Trendline

Gen III
CMC Vane &
Coating System
300

g MX4/TBC-2 Gen IINb-Si &

250 tin
a Coating System
y Co
l l o i er
∆ Temp. 200 e
A r
d ar
n c lB Gen I
a
Capability, d va rm MX4/TBC-1.5
A he
°F T N6/TBC-1.5
150 e d
nc N6/TBC-1
d va N5/TBC-1
A
100 MX4
N5/Baseline TBC
N6

50
N5
N4

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Introduction Date, NPI TG6

Turbine Airfoil Material Advancements Pushing the Envelope

AT – 030905/15 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Chevron Nozzle Technology Development

Chevron Nozzle

Flight Tested on Bombardier CRJ700

AT – 030905/16 – 25-May-06
Production Nozzle on CRJ900
 GE Aircraft Engines

NOx Reduction
Goal: Levels 85% Below CAEP 2

Lean Blowout Detection & Avoidance Microelectromechanical

Local Flow Control
Low NOx Production

Improved Emissions/Operability/Reliability
AT – 030905/17 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Intelligent Engine
Fault Detection & Mission Service
Accommodation Optimization Optimization

Detect and Isolate Adjust Operation Predict Service Need

Revolutionary Improvement in Reliability

AT – 030905/18 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Improved Thrust-to-Weight and Reduced Engine

Envelope
Relative Engine Size At Equal Thrust
Engine Technology Improvements
• Reduced Volume
• Reduced Weight
• Improved Fuel Consumption
• Reduced Cost
• Improved Thrust-to-Weight

Year 1960 1980 2000 2020

T echnology J79 F404 F414/F120 VAATE Aircraft
T hrust-to-Weight 4.5 7 9 20 Benefits

• Lowered Acquisition Cost

• Reduced Fuel Burn
• Smaller Spot Factor
• Reduced Vulnerability

AT – 030905/19 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Adaptive Cycle Engine

Features
• Versatile Core with Core Drive Fan
– Lower Low Spool Temperatures
– Fixed Nozzle Capability
• FLADE
– Inlet flow control (simpler/lighter inlets)
– Improved installed SFC
– Smaller diameter / reduced drag
– Nozzle cooling
• Multiple Nozzle Configuration Capability
Payoffs
• Highly Integrated Engine/Airframe
– Fixed/Simpler Inlets/Nozzles
• Extended Range
• Significantly Improved Survivability
• Low Community Noise
• Improved Durability – Turbines,
Exhaust System

AT – 030905/20 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision

Compression
•High Stage
Space Loading
•Flow Controlled Airfoils
•Core Drive Fans
•Passive
Supersonic
& Active Stability
Subsonic
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
Hypersonic
•Blisks

AT – 030905/21 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision
Compression
•High Stage Loading
•Flow Controlled Airfoils
•Core Drive Fans
•Passive & Active Stability
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
•Blisks

Combustion
Space
•Low Emission Research
•High Mach Combustion
•High Heat Sink Fuels
Supersonic
Subsonic
•Coke Barrier Coatings
Hypersonic
•Active Combustion Control

AT – 030905/22 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision Combustion
Compression
•High Stage Loading
•Flow Controlled Airfoils
•Core Drive Fans
•Passive & Active Stability
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
•Blisks
•Low Emission Research
•High Mach Combustion
•High Heat Sink Fuels
•Coke Barrier Coatings
•Active Combustion Control

Turbines
Space

•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks

•Advanced Cooling
•Wake/Shock
Supersonic Management
Subsonic
•Clearance Management
Hypersonic
•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics

AT – 030905/23 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision Combustion
Compression
•High Stage Loading
•Flow Controlled Airfoils
•Core Drive Fans
•Passive & Active Stability
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
•Blisks
•Low Emission Research
•High Mach Combustion
•High Heat Sink Fuels
•Coke Barrier Coatings
•Active Combustion Control

Space
Turbines
•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks Mechanical Components
•Advanced Cooling
•Wake/Shock Management •High DN Bearings
•Clearance Management
•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics •Magnetic
Supersonic
Bearings
Subsonic
•Air-Oil Brush Seals
Hypersonic

AT – 030905/24 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision Combustion
Compression •Low Emission Research
•High Stage Loading •High Mach Combustion
•Flow Controlled Airfoils •High Heat Sink Fuels
•Core Drive Fans •Coke Barrier Coatings
•Passive & Active Stability •Active Combustion Control
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
•Blisks Materials
Turbines
•High Space
Temp. Ni Alloys
•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks•CMC’s
•Advanced Cooling
•Wake/Shock Management
•Clearance Management
•PMC’s
•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics •Nano Structures Subsonic
Supersonic

•Smart Materials & Structures

Hypersonic
•Advanced NDE
•Accelerated Implementation Methods
Mechanical Components
•High DN Bearings
•Magnetic Bearings
•Air-Oil Brush Seals

AT – 030905/25 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision Combustion
Compression
•High Stage Loading
•Flow Controlled Airfoils
•Core Drive Fans
•Passive & Active Stability
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
•Blisks
•Low Emission Research
•High Mach Combustion
•High Heat Sink Fuels
•Coke Barrier Coatings
•Active Combustion Control

Turbines
Inlet /Space
Nacelle/ Nozzle Materials
•High Temp. Ni Alloys
•CMC’s
•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks
•Advanced Cooling
•Light Weight Structures •PMC’s
•Nano Structures
•Wake/Shock Management
•Clearance Management
•Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures •Smart Materials & Structures
•Advanced NDE
•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics •TiAl Structures Subsonic
Supersonic •Accelerated Implementation
Methods
•Fluidic Mixing
Hypersonic
•Fluidic Vectoring

Mechanical Components
•High DN Bearings
•Magnetic Bearings
•Air-Oil Brush Seals

AT – 030905/26 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision Combustion
Compression
•High Stage Loading
•Flow Controlled Airfoils
•Core Drive Fans
•Passive & Active Stability
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
•Blisks
•Low Emission Research
•High Mach Combustion
•High Heat Sink Fuels
•Coke Barrier Coatings
•Active Combustion Control

Controls
Space Materials
•High Temp. Ni Alloys
Turbines
•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks •Intelligent Controls •CMC’s
•PMC’s
•Advanced Cooling
•Wake/Shock Management •Distributed Control System •Nano Structures
•Smart Materials & Structures
•Clearance Management
•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics •Prognostic Sensors
Supersonic
•Advanced NDE
•Accelerated Implementation
Subsonic
•MEMS Methods

•Wireless Hypersonic
Communications
Mechanical Components
•High DN Bearings
•Magnetic Bearings
•Air-Oil Brush Seals
Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle
•Light Weight Structures
•Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures
•TiAl Structures
•Fluidic Mixing
•Fluidic Vectoring

AT – 030905/27 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range

Propulsion Vision Combustion Controls
Compression •Low Emission Research •Intelligent Controls
•High Stage Loading •High Mach Combustion •Distributed Control System
•Flow Controlled Airfoils •High Heat Sink Fuels •Prognostic Sensors
•Core Drive Fans •Coke Barrier Coatings •MEMS
•Passive & Active Stability
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
Modeling
•Active Combustion Control •Wireless Communications
•Blisks
•Physics-based Tools
Space Materials
Turbines •Time Unsteady Aero •High Temp. Ni Alloys
•CMC’s
•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks
•Advanced Cooling
•Aeromechanics •PMC’s
•Nano Structures
•Wake/Shock Management
•Clearance Management
•CFD Design Tools •Smart Materials & Structures
•Advanced NDE
•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics
•Combustor Codes
Supersonic
Subsonic •Accelerated Implementation
Methods
•Digital Engine Model
Hypersonic
•Noise Prediction Tools
Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle
•Manufacturing Modeling•Light Weight Structures
•Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures
Mechanical Components •TiAl Structures
•High DN Bearings •Fluidic Mixing
•Magnetic Bearings •Fluidic Vectoring
•Air-Oil Brush Seals

AT – 030905/28 – 25-May-06

Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range
Propulsion Vision Combustion Controls
Compression
•High Stage Loading
•Flow Controlled Airfoils
•Core Drive Fans
•Passive & Active Stability
•Composite High Speed Airfoils
•Blisks
Turbines
•Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks
•Advanced Cooling
•Wake/Shock Management
•Clearance Management
•Highly Loaded Aerodynamics
Supersonic
Modeling
•Physics-based Tools
•Time Unsteady Aero
•Aeromechanics
•CFD Design Tools
•Combustor Codes
•Digital Engine Model
•Noise Prediction Tools
•Manufacturing Modeling
AT – 030905/29 – 25-May-06
GE Aircraft Engines
•Low Emission Research •Intelligent Controls
•High Mach Combustion •Distributed Control System
•High Heat Sink Fuels •Prognostic Sensors
•Coke Barrier Coatings •MEMS
•Active Combustion Control •Wireless Communications
Space Materials
•High Temp. Ni Alloys
•CMC’s
•PMC’s
•Nano Structures
•Smart Materials & Structures
•Advanced NDE
•Accelerated Implementation
Subsonic
Methods
Hypersonic
Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle
•Light Weight Structures
•Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures
Mechanical Components •TiAl Structures
•High DN Bearings •Fluidic Mixing
•Magnetic Bearings •Fluidic Vectoring
•Air-Oil Brush Seals
 GE Aircraft Engines

Propulsion Vision for the 21st Century

LOCKHEED MARTIN

Academia

Industry

Government

Key to Success is Strong Cooperation Between

Academia, Industry, and Government Agencies
AT – 030905/30 – 25-May-06
 GE Aircraft Engines

Summary
• U.S. Aerospace industry provides export leadership .

• Propulsion key contributor to aerospace superiority.

• Propulsion is a technology – driven business

• Great advances have been made

• Lots of challenges and opportunities ahead

• Great payoffs in the commercial and military fields

• Propulsion requires aggressive short- and long-range

technology development

• A strong Federal Labs /Industry/Academic World

Partnership is key to maintaining U.S. leadership in
Aeronautics .

AT – 030905/31 – 25-May-06