Tomar Project File

TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE USING
AEROBIC MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR

(MBBR) TECHINQUE
A Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
AADITYA KOTHARI(131000001) DIVYANSHU TOMAR (131000084)
AKASH JAIN (131000012) MOHIT KUMAR (131000132)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. RAISUL ISLAM
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GLA UNIVERSITY, MATHURA
2013-2017
CERTIFICATE
The undersigned certifies that Aaditya Kothari (131000001), Akash Jain (131000012),
Divyanshu Tomar (131000084) and Mohit Kumar (131000132) are registered for the B.Tech
programme in Department of Civil Engineering.
I hereby informed that the dissertation entitled “TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE

USING AEROBIC MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR) TECHINQUE” be
accepted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for evaluation and award of the B.Tech
degree.
Date: Mr. Raisul Islam

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
ii
DECLARATION
We hereby declared that the work which is being presented in the dissertation titled
“TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE USING AEROBIC MOVING BED
BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR) TECHINQUE” towards the partial fulfillment for the award
of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Department of Civil Engineering, GLA University,
Mathura, is an authentic record of our work carried out under the supervision and under the
guidance of Mr. Raisul Islam, Assistant Professor, Department of civil engineering, GLA
University.
Aaditya Kothari Divyanshu Tomar

(131000001) (131000084)
Akash Jain Mohit Kumar

(131000012) (131000132)
Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mr. Raisul Islam, Asst. Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, GLA University, Mathura for his excellent guidance, constant
inspiration, and motivation and above all for their ever co-operating attitude that enabled us in
carrying up this thesis in the current form.
We also wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Sarvesh Chandra, HOD, Department
of Civil Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, and respected departmental facilities for
providing us an opportunity to work on this project.
We are also greatly thankful to Mr. Imran Khan, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, GLA University, Mathura, Mr. Vinod Kumar Kushwah, Lecturer, University
Polytechnic, GLA University, Mathura and Dr. Gaurav Pant, Asst. Professor, Department of
Biotechnology, GLA University for providing valuable suggestions and support in Microbial
Examinations of bacteria involve in microbial degradation. Mr. Sandeep Gupta, Managing
Director, SIMA Lab, Mr. Y.C. Mittal, Head, Marketing SIMA Lab, Mr. Ajeet Singh, Design
Engineer SIMA Lab, Mr. Gaurav, Execution Project, Mr. Amit Phauri, Operator GLA STP also
helps a lot in understanding of the design, working and operation of Sewage treatment plant. We
also appreciate help of Mr. Rajesh Verma, Civil Engineer GLA University, Mr. Tribhuvan and
all the staff members of the civil construction & maintenance of GLA University for providing
materials for our model.
Last but not least we thank our parents, entire well-wishers, friends and classmates for their
inspiration and help to complete this project work.
AADITYA KOTHARI (131000001)

AKASH JAIN (131000012)
DIVYANSHU TOMAR (131000084)
MOHIT KUMAR (131000132)
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ABSTRACT
In recent years, the strict effluent quality requirement given by environmental regulations around
the world have pushed the development of space and cost-effective waste water treatment
technologies with high performance.
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) is a highly effective biological treatment process that was
developed on the basis of conventional activated sludge process and fluidized-bed reactor. It is a
completely mixed and continuously operated biofilm reactor, where the biomass grown on small
carrier elements that have a little lighter density than water and are kept in movement along with
a water stream inside the reactor The fluidization inside a reactor can be caused by aeration in an
aerobic reactor During the past decade it has been successfully used for the treatment of many
industrial effluents It has also been applied for biological phosphorus removal. Researchers have
proven that MBBR possesses many excellent traits such as high biomass, high COD loading,
strong tolerance to loading impact, relatively smaller reactor and no sludge bulking problem.
Lab scale model was prepared to analyze the sewage treatment efficiency of MBBR reactor.
Suitable media was used to provide growth surface for microbial culture.
After analysis it was found that MBBR reactor removes 60 % BOD, 2.98% Alkalinity, 15.9%
Hardness, 11.5% TDS, 37.5%Nitrate, 53.33%turbidity, 40%Nitrite, 88% Iron, 79.25% Phosphate
at HRT of 10-12 Hours at media filling ratio of 25% of the reactor volume.
The Advantage of MBBR is the utilization of whole reactor volume in organic matter
degradation, with no dead space or short circuiting. The process has good treatment efficiency
and produces a consistent high quality effluent.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Sources ............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Earth’s Water .................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Waste Water ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Types of waste water ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.3 Yellow Water ................................................................................................................................ 5
1.5 Waste water treatment .................................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Municipal water treatment processes ............................................................................................ 6
1.6.1 Pre & Primary Treatment ............................................................................................................. 6
1.6.2 Secondary Treatment................................................................................................................... 6
1.6.3 Tertiary Treatment ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Types of Secondary Treatment ....................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Biological treatment........................................................................................................................ 6
1.9 Growth and food utilization ............................................................................................................ 7
1.10 Attach culture system ................................................................................................................... 8
1.11 System biology .............................................................................................................................. 8
1.12 Microbial Identification ................................................................................................................. 9
1.13 MBBR........................................................................................................................................... 10
1.14 Operation and Maintenance ....................................................................................................... 11
1.15 Design parameters for MBBR...................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 12
LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 16
MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................ 16
3.1 Experimental setup ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Reactor operation process ............................................................................................................ 24
3.3 Waste water characteristics.......................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 29
BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF MICROBES IN MBBR REACTOR ............................. 29
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Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 32
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 45
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT .................................................................................................................. 45
6.1 RESULT .......................................................................................................................................... 51
Chapter 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 52
DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................... 52
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 8 ..................................................................................................................................... 54
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 54
vii
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Distribution of Earth Water ........................................................................................... 2

Figure 1.2 Types of Waste Water ................................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.3 Food Biomass Curve ..................................................................................................... 8
Figure 1.4 Process of Sewage Treatment ........................................................................................ 9
Figure 1.5Streptobacillus Bacteria identified on slide under microscope .................................... 10
Figure 3.1 Side view of old design ............................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.2 Top view of old design ................................................................................................ 18
Figure 3.3 Front and Back view of old design .............................................................................. 19
Figure 3.4 Experimental working model ...................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.5 MBBR- I ...................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.6 MBBR- II..................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.7 Bottom slope of secondary clarifier ............................................................................ 22
Figure 3.8 Baffle in secondary clarifier ........................................................................................ 22
Figure 3.9 Air Diffusers connected to MBBR-I ........................................................................... 22
Figure 3.10 Equalization Tanks connected bottom to bottom ...................................................... 23
Figure 3.11 Stand preparation for MBBR model.......................................................................... 23
Figure 3.12 Preparation of net for MBBR media ......................................................................... 24
Figure 3.13 Filling the net with MBBR Media ............................................................................. 25
Figure 3.14 Filling the net with MBBR Media ............................................................................. 25
Figure 3.15 Suspending the net into Aeration Tank ..................................................................... 26
Figure 3.16 Net is suspended in Aeration Tank ............................................................................ 26
Figure 3.17 Bacterial growth on media......................................................................................... 27
Figure 3.18 Untreated Waste Water.............................................................................................. 28
Figure 4.1 Bacteria Colonies......................................................................................................... 29
Figure 4.2 Streptococcus Bacillus Bacteria identified under microscope. ................................... 30
Figure 4.3 Blood Agar plates ........................................................................................................ 31
Figure 5.1 Nitrite test .................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 5.2 Color of Nitrate............................................................................................................ 40
Figure 5.3 Color of Fluoride. ........................................................................................................ 41
Figure 5.4 Dissolved oxygen test .................................................................................................. 42
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Figure 5.5 Waste water test. .......................................................................................................... 43
Figure 5.6 Titration during Dissolved oxygen test. ...................................................................... 44
Figure 6.1Chart of pH ................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 6.2 Chart for Alkalinity ..................................................................................................... 46
Figure 6.3 Chart for Hardness ....................................................................................................... 46
Figure 6.4 Chart for Chloride........................................................................................................ 47
Figure 6.5 Chart for Total Dissolved Solids ................................................................................. 47
Figure 6.6 Chart for Iron ............................................................................................................... 48
Figure 6.7 Chart for Nitrite ........................................................................................................... 48
Figure 6.8 Chart for Nitrate .......................................................................................................... 49
Figure 6.9 Chart for Phosphate ..................................................................................................... 49
Figure 6.10 Chart for Fluoride ...................................................................................................... 50
Figure 6.11 Treated waste water of third day ............................................................................... 50
Figure 6.12 Treated waste water of sixth day ............................................................................... 50
ix
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Typical process design parameters for a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. ...................... 11
Table 1.2 Typical operating parameters for a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor. .............................. 11
Table 3.1 Dimensions of old design ............................................................................................. 16
Table 3.2 Dimensions of experimental working model. ............................................................... 20
Table 3.3 Characteristics of raw waste water. .............................................................................. 27
Table 6.1 Characteristics of treated water..................................................................................... 45
x
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The most essential element to life is water. It is the only substance that occurs naturally as solid
(ice), liquid and a gas (water vapour). It covers about 71.4% of the Earth. It occurs in nature as
glaciers, icebergs, snow, clouds, fog, ice packs, dew, aquifers, and atmospheric humidity. It is
indispensable to the continuance of all forms of life.
The chemical formula of water is H2O means that the water molecule contains one oxygen and
two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds.
On Earth, out of the total water 96.5% of the planet's crust water is found in seas and oceans,
0.9% as other saline water and 2.5% as fresh water. Now out of this fresh water we have 68.7%
of glaciers and the ice fields of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction of 1.2% in
surface/fresh water bodies and some ground water percentage. This 1.2% of surface water has
rivers, swamps, marshes, atmospheric humidity and soil moisture.
Along with many things water also plays an important role in world economy. Today is the
world of globalization and urbanization and in all this run we are forgetting about our natural
resources. There are limited resources of water and in this industrialization period we are just
destroying the resources.
1.1 Sources
There are mainly two Sources of water
 Surface water
 Ground water
1.1.1 Surface Water

The water present above the surface of earth is said to be surface water. It is naturally obtain by
precipitation and naturally lost by the action of infiltration, evaporation, groundwater recharge
and evapotranspiration. The water present in rivers, lakes and in wetlands is also the surface
water.
Mostly all the industries, municipalities use surface water for the continuity of their production.
Because of the use of subsurface water they have to do some activities like digging, boring and
then they can get water. All this process is so expensive by including charges like labor charge,
machine charge etc.
The most important thing is the availability of water at the time of need. Like in winters there is
less use of water in the farms but in summer or spring there are some crops that needed a large
quantity of water. To overcome this situation at the time of summer or spring a surface water
system may require a large storage capacity to collect water throughout the year and release it in
a short period of time.
1
The natural surface can be anytime by using the pipelines or the canal system. They are full
through the year.
1.1.2 Groundwater
The water which is not visible to eyes or present below the earth’s surface is said to be
groundwater. It is the fresh subsurface water present between the pores of soils and rocks. It is
also the water that is flowing within the aquifers below the water table.
It can be understand using three terms: inputs, outputs and storage. As inputs are way through
which water gets discharged into the ground. The flow of water within the ground is so slow that
the groundwater storage is much larger (in volume) than the inputs.
Humans can also cause groundwater to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.
Humans can increase the input to a groundwater source by building reservoirs or detention ponds
or by doing rain water harvesting.
1.2 Earth’s Water
Figure 1.1 Distribution of Earth Water
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1.2.1 Use of Water
The amount of water used by a household or the particular amount allocated for a work is said to
be water use. There are three fields mainly in which the water is use i.e. agricultural use,
industrial use and municipal use. These are further classified as bathing, cleaning, recreation,
construction and so on.
80% of the total supplied water gets converted into waste water. Rest of the 20% water is used in
the purpose drinking, cooking, bathing etc. Some of the fraction of this gets evaporated.
Wastewater can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial, commercial
or agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and from sewer inflow or infiltration and
precipitation.
Above discussed all the sources and usages of water what we all are returning back to the nature
is pollution only. Pure water is odorless and colorless but once it gets polluted it is the most
dangerous substance to the human life. There is air, water, noise pollution from which we have
to deal with to save our environment. These all are broad subjects in itself but what we are
studying is the pollution from the households like in the way of waste.
Waste and wastes are unwanted or unusable materials. It is any substance which is discarded
after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no use. Similarly, in the case of water,
wastes that result from the production or manufacture of goods in the industries are classed as
industrial waste. Liquid-carried wastes from stores and service serving the community, termed
commercial wastes but when it contains the toilet debris such as toilet paper, urine, poop or soap
suds then it can be turned to be as sewage.
Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, which is intended to be removed
from a community. It is also known as municipal or domestic waste. It consists of grey, black
and yellow water. It has noticeable sewage smell. Nowadays the term sewage is to be considered
as an old term and is being replaced by ‘wastewater’. The wastewater from residences and
institutions, carrying bodily wastes (primarily feces and urine), washing water, food preparation
wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste products of normal living, are classed as domestic or
sanitary sewage.
As we already know 80% of the total supplied water gets converted into waste water. It is such a
great quantity that either we can let it go or we can reuse it by treating this water.
Sewage treatment is the process of removing the pollutants from the contaminated water,
primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical and biological processes to
remove the contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated water.
The major source of pollution is industries. There are more than 200+ categories of industries
like poultry, power, rubber, aluminum industries etc. These all are using natural sources of water
for the production of their products and discharging their waste products in the river, lakes, open
dumping and so on. From all these activities our soil, air, and water gets polluted. There are
1.015 billion numbers of vehicles in the world. In this great number there is every type of vehicle
which is polluting our nature in every possible way. The particulate matter in the atmosphere is
increasing day by day means air is extensively poisonous to inhale. According to the World
3
Health Organization the air in these cities contains high levels of dangerous particulate matter,
small enough to enter the human bloodstream through the lungs a problem that contributes to an
estimated 7 million premature deaths each year.
As same as air pollution, water pollution is also major global problem which requires ongoing
evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels. In India, an estimated 580 people
die of water pollution illness every day. About 90 percent of the water in the cities of China is
polluted. As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water. Every country
is taking steps towards saving the world by shutting down the industries, farms and companies
which are breaking the norms by polluting the water.
1.3 Waste Water

Waste water is can be referred to the effluent coming from the commercial infrastructure,
industries, households etc. It also includes the storm water, horticulture and aquaculture runoff,
etc.
Effluent refers to the sewage or liquid waste that is discharged into water bodies either from
direct sources or from treatment plants. Influent refers to water, wastewater, or other liquid
flowing into a reservoir, basin or treatment plant.
Sewage also contributes to the waste water. It is the waste originating from bathrooms and
toilets, laundry, kitchen, and the dirty water produced from many public sources.
In simple terms, the waste water is the dirty water coming from municipal sources. Black, Grey
and Yellow water are considered in waste water. All dirty water coming from schools,
restaurants, commercial establishments, hospitals, farms, floodwater and all the possible dirty
water you can think of is considered wastewater. Some wastewater contain hazardous dissolved
toxins and chemicals, whiles others contain particles, sediments and suspended matter of all
sizes.
1.4 Types of waste water

There are mainly three types of waste water-
1- Black Water
2- Grey water
3- Yellow water
4
Figure 1.2 Types of Waste Water
1.4.1 Black Water

This type wastewater originates from toilet fixtures, dishwashers and food preparation sinks. It is
made up of all the things that goes down the toilets, bath and sink drains. It include poop, urine,
toilet paper and wipes; body cleaning liquids, anal cleansing water, etc. It is highly contaminated
with dissolved chemicals, particulate matter and is very pathogenic.
1.4.2 Grey Water

The wastewater that originates from non-toilet and food fixtures such as bathroom sinks, laundry
machines, spas, bathtubs etc., is known as grey water. Basically it is sewage that does not contain
poop or urine. Gray water is treated very differently from black water and is usually suitable for
re-use.
1.4.3 Yellow Water

This is basically urine collected with specific channels and not contaminated with either black
water or gray water.
1.5 Waste water treatment

Waste water is treatment the process of converting wastewater which is not usable for any kind
of work into usable water by different treatment processes. The main objective of wastewater
treatment is to allow household and industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to the
health of living being or unacceptable damage to the natural environment. The treated water is
mainly disposed in the big water bodies like sea, river etc. so it is very important to treat the
water well because if the water is not treated it will pollute the natural water bodies. The
untreated water is very harmful for any type of living being and for the water bodies as it
completely destroys the nutrients present in the water bodies. The water coming from municipal
is call sewage and the treatment is known as sewage treatment.
5
1.6 Municipal water treatment processes
1.6.1 Pre & Primary Treatment
In preliminary treatment the separation of floating materials which are bigger in size like dead
animals, dead plants, papers, etc. takes place. It also consist removal of the oils and greases from
the sewage. Preliminary Treatment reduces the BOD of sewage up to 15 to 30 %. It uses process
like-
a- Screening- For the removal of bigger floating particles from the sewage
b- Grit Chambers- For removing the grit and sand from the sewage
c- Skimming- Tanks are used for the removal of oils and greases from.
1.6.2 Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment is done to the effluent coming from the primary sedimentation tank. It is
done for the biological decomposition of the organic matter present in the sewage. In this process
the bacteria is developed which decomposes the organic matter into biomass which can be easily
removed by simple sedimentation process. The BOD left after is only about 5-10% of the
original.
1.6.3 Tertiary Treatment

It is the final treatment or the advanced treatment. In this process the leftover organic load which
is left after the secondary treatment is removed and it is done mainly to eliminate the pathogenic
bacteria. Chlorination is the main process done in tertiary treatment. It is done when the treated
sewage is to be discharge is a water body like river or when it is to be reused.
1.7 Types of Secondary Treatment

Aerobic Conditions- In this the decomposition is allowed in the presence of oxygen. The aerobic
bacteria are known as aerobic biological unit.
Anaerobic Conditions- In this the decomposition is done in the absence of oxygen. The bacterial
is known as anaerobic biological unit.
Aerobic bacteria are preferred because it does not produce bad smell and are also more active
than the anaerobic bacteria.
The treatment can be done by many methods which are broadly classified as-
(i)- Filtration
(ii)- Activated Sludge Process
1.8 Biological treatment

In this treatment, the microorganism present in the sewage uses the organic matter as food supply
and then converts them into biomass or biological cells. This biomass is removed from the
wastewater after the treatment process. As this wastewater contains a lot of different types of
organic material so there is a requirement of a wide variety of microorganism or a mixed culture.
6
1.9 Growth and food utilization
The relationship of the growth of cells and the food utilized by them can be shown by a simple
batch reactor. Let us take a known quantity of food contain all kind of necessary nutrients. Place
it in a bottle and inoculate it with a mixed culture of microorganism. If S represents the quantity
of soluble food and X represents the quantity of biomass, the rate of utilization of food dS/dt and
the rate of biomass growth dX/dt can be represented by curve as shown in fig- When the
microorganism are put into the waste water, the microorganisms take some time to acclimate to
the surroundings. This time period is known as lag phase. This lag phase is very brief and once
the growth has been initiated, it will grow rapidly. The bacterial cell reproduces by binary fission
i.e. cells divide into segments that become two independent cells. The maximum growth of cells
take place at logarithmic rate and the segment 2 is known as log-growth phase. The segment 3 of
the curve is known as stationary phase which represents the time during which the production of
new cellular material is roughly offset by death and endogenous respiration. The final phase is
endogenous phase in which the biomass slowly decreases, approaching zero asymptotically after
a very long time.
There are several different segments in the biomass curve, the microorganism must first become
acclimated to their surrounded environment and food provided, and the acclimation period called
the log phase is represented by segment 1 on the curve and will vary in length dependent on the
history of seed organisms. If the organisms have been accustomed to a similar environment and
similar food the lag phase will be very brief. Once the growth has been initiated it will precede
quiet rapidly. Bacterial sale reproduced by binary fission. The regeneration time or the time
required for a sale to mature and separate depends on environmental factors and food supplied
and may be as short as 20 minutes. When maximum growth is occurring the rate of reproduction
is exponential according to the equation.
N=2n-1
Where N is the number of organisms produced from one individual after n regeneration time.
Maximum growth occurs at a logarithmic rate and segment 2 on the growth curve is called log
growth phase.
Maximum growth cannot continue indefinitely the food supply may become limiting,
environmental conditions may change (i.e. overcrowding, waste product buildup) and a
population of grazers may develop. Cells that are unable to obtain food from external sources
become endogenous catabolism, or the catabolizing of stored protoplasm for maintenance energy
other cells die and lyse or break open, releasing their protoplasm which adds to the available
food. Segment 3 of the curve the stationary phase represent the time during which the production
of new cellular material is roughly equal to death and endogenous respiration. Endogenous
respiration and death predominate in segment 4 of the curve. In this final endogenous phase,
biomass slowly decreases approaches zero after a very long time.
7
Figure 1.3 Food Biomass Curve
1.10 Attach culture system

Attach culture system uses reactor in which waste water is contacted with microbial film
attached to surface. Surface area for biofilm growth is increased by placing a porous medium in
the reactor. In addition to biological reactor, an attach culture system usually include both
secondary and primary clarifier.
1.11 System biology

Biological organisms that attach themselves to the solid surface of the medium come from
essentially from the same group as those in activated sludge system. Most are heterotrophic
organism with facultative bacteria being predominant. Fungi and protozoa are also abundant and
algae are present near the surface where light is available. Nitrifying organisms are found in
similar number only when the carbon content of the waste water is low.
The organism attaches themselves to the medium and grows into dense films of a viscous jelly
like nature. Wastewater passes over this film in thin sheets with dissolved organism passes into
the biofilm due to concentration gradient within the film. Suspender particles and colloids may
be retaining on the sticky surface where they are decomposed in soluble products. Oxygen form
wastewater and from air in the void spaced of the medium provides oxygen for aerobic reaction
at the biofilm surface. Waste products from the metabolic processes diffuse outward by the water
or air current.
The rate of food removal in attached growth system depends on many factor is include
wastewater flow rate, organic loading rate, rates of diffusivities of food and oxygen into the
biofilm and temperature. Oxygen diffusivity is usually the limiting factor. Aerobic zones of the
biofilm are usually limiting to a depth of 0.1-0.2 mm with the remaining thickness being
8
anaerobic. Design equations for attach growth system have been derived largely on an empirical
basis.
Figure 1.4 Process of Sewage Treatment
1.12 Microbial Identification

Biomass culture from the aeration tank of the activated sludge process was collected from the
existing STP of the University campus. Bacterial culture was analyzed in microbiological lab.
Bacterial culture was grown in agar media. It was kept in incubator from 24 hrThen bacterial
colony was counted using light microscope. The concentration of bacterial colony was 2.72x
109/L. Then bacterial colony was stained using gram staining and bacteria was found to be Gram
Positive. The bacterial strain identified where bacillus, streptobacillus, streptococcus,
staphylococcus.
9
Figure 1.5Streptobacillus Bacteria identified on slide under microscope
1.13 MBBR
The Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology is a leading-edge biological solution for
wastewater treatment, based on a core understanding of microbiology and treatment processes
and intensive Research & Developed by Prof. Odegaard and his team. This simple biological
treatment process is suitable for specific wastewater treatment processes – nitrogen reduction,
high BOD/COD removal, including difficult industrial wastewater requirements. At the core of
the technology, specially designed polyethylene biofilm carriers provide a large surface area for
micro-organisms to grow on and perform specific biological treatment functions. Carriers are
kept in suspension in the reactor either by the aeration system (aerobic zone) or mixers (anoxic
zone). Bacteria from the wastewater attach themselves to the floating carriers. The very compact
configuration helps to achieve a highly active biomass concentration in the reactor and a low
settling load in the downstream solids separation process. Biofilm wastewater treatment
technologies are very robust, especially when compared to conventional technologies like
activated sludge.
It’s a combination of activated sludge process (suspended growth) and bio filter processes
(attached growth). Moving Bed Biofilm Bioreactor (MBBR) process uses the whole tank volume
10
for biomass growth. It uses simple floating media, which are carriers for attached growth of
biofilms. Biofilm carrier movement is caused by the agitation of air bubbles. This compact
treatment system is effective in removal of BOD as well as nitrogen and phosphorous.
1.14 Operation and Maintenance

A constantly operating MBBR does not require backwashing or return sludge flows. It has
minimal head-loss. Coarse-bubble aeration in the aeration zone in the wastewater treatment tank
provides ease of operation at low-cost. Agitation continuously moves the carrier elements over
the surface of the screen thus preventing clogging. Maintenance of MBBR system includes
screening, influent equalization, clarifier system, sludge handling and integrated control system.
Skilled labor is required for routine monitoring and operations of pumps and blowers.
1.15 Design parameters for MBBR

Table 1.1 Typical process design parameters for a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor.
Parameter Unit Range of Values
Aerobic detention time H 1.0-1.2
Biofilm area m2/m3 200-250
BOD loading Kg/m3.d 1.0-1.4
Secondary clarifier hydraulic m/h 0.5-0.8
application rate
Table 1.2 Typical operating parameters for a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor.
Parameter Unit Range of values
Biofilm surface area M2/m3 300-350
Organic load Kg BOD/m3.d 4.0-7.0
MLSS concentration Mg/L 2500-4500
Source: Matcaff and Eddy Waste Water Engineering. Page no.- 100
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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The MBBR is a complete mix; continuous flow through process which is based on the biofilms
principle that combines the benefits of both the activated sludge process and conventional fixed
film systems without their disadvantages. The basic principal of the moving bed process is the
growth of the biomass on plastic supports that move in the biological reactor via agitation
generated by aeration systems (aerobic reactors) or by mechanical systems (in anoxic or
anaerobic reactors).The moving bed processes come from the current trend in wastewater
treatment, from the use of systems that offer an increased specific surface in the reactor for the
growth of the biomass, achieving significant reductions in the biological reactor volume. Reactor
can be operated at very high load and the process is insensitive to load variations and other
disturbances.
Odegaard et al. (1994) stated that the Moving Bed Bio film Reactor (MBBR) process was
developed in Norway during the late 1980 and early 1990. He concluded that the Moving Bed
Bio film Reactor (MBBR) represented a different spectrum in advanced wastewater treatment.
MBBRs were operated similarly to the activated sludge process with the addition of freely
moving carrier media. According to Odegaard et al. (2000), the fundamental characteristic of the
MBBR was the specially designed Biofilm carriers, for which the geometry, sizing and materials
of construction had been considered carefully to maximize performance. This was a key
difference from the activated sludge process where treatment performance was more directly tied
to reactor volume. In the MBBR, surface area could be increased by designing carriers with a
higher specific surface area or by adding a greater quantity of carriers to a reactor volume. This
offered flexibility for future treatment capacity upgrades without requiring the construction of
additional reactors. BengoaGorkaZalakain showed several advantages of Moving Bed Biofilm
reactor from the operational point of view for small community compared to other conventional
biological treatments. Processes studied had taken into account of Moving Bed Biological
Reactors (MBBRTM) and hybrid processes (HybasTM).
Ødegaard and Rusten (1995) gathered data from various small full-scale wastewater treatment
plants and the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor systems started to develop. However, later, organic
matter removal MBBR treatment systems were developed. Currently, MBBR systems are used as
stand-alone treatment solutions and in tandem with other treatment processes including AS and
membrane bioreactors for high strength organic wastewaters MBBR processes. Brinkley John
investigated processes that would treat variable high strength wastewater in a small footprint and
provided provisions for future expansion. He selected the MBBR process due to the success the
process had for treating high strength wastewater for comparable pharmaceutical applications.
The 0.5 million gallon per day (mgd) MBBR process consisted of two reactors operated in series
designed to treat an influent and effluent Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) of 3,197 mg/L
and less than 75 mg/L, respectively.
Maurer M. et al., (2001) performed detailed investigation on denitrification in a full-scale
installation and a pilot plant for moving-bed biological treatment (MBBT). Two different types
of carriers were used in conventional activated sludge reactors: foam cubes and plastic tubes
(Kaldnes®). Both investigated carriers showed the same behavior with regard to denitrification
12
capacity, temperature dependency and maximum COD and nitrate turnover. In contrast to the
plastic tubes (Kaldnes®), the sponge cubes stored remarkable amounts of substrate. The
maximum denitrification rate with acetate as a substrate was 420 g Nm–3 d –1 at 10ºC and 730 g
Nm–3 d –1 at 20ºC. An average denitrification rate of 240 g Nm–3 d –1 (10ºC) was achieved
with wastewater. A maximum of 37% of the COD in the influent was denitrified with a
volumetric loading rate in the anoxic zone of 2.2 kg COD m–3 d –1.
KaramanyHesham (2001) built a laboratory model simulating both suspended growth
biological reactor and attached growth biological reactor in order to investigate the performance
of the combined reactor. The RBC with fill and draw cups simulated the attached growth reactor,
while the diffused air simulated the suspended growth reactor. He investigated the rate of oxygen
transfer for four different configurations, three of them were tested using tab water and the fourth
set of experiment was made using primary treated wastewater. First configuration investigated
the oxygen transfer rate while the rotating disks operate alone. The second configuration
investigated the oxygen transfer rate while the diffused air are in operation alone, and the third
configuration investigated the oxygen transfer rate while both of the rotating disks and the
diffused air are in operation together. The forth configuration investigated the oxygen transfer
rate while both of the rotating disks and the diffused air are in operation together, but using
primary treated wastewater sample instead of the tab water that had been used for the first three
sets of experiments. Within the combined reactor the study showed better oxygen transfer rate
can be get from the rotating biological contactor fill and draw rather than that of the diffused air
system.
Borghei et al., (2004) used Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors in treating different domestic and
industrial wastewaters. Currently, there are more than 400 units of full scaled wastewater
treatment plants based on this process.
Åhl et al., (2006) explained that the aeration system also supplied sufficient oxygen so that at
least the outer layers of the bio films were aerobic and thus were capable of proving relatively
rapid biodegradation. The bio films grew and partially eventually detached from the carrier and
the detached segments were carried by the liquid into the secondary clarifier for separation. The
biologically-produced solid production by this system was 10 times less than that of the AS
systems.
Odegaard, (2006) operated MBBRs similarly to the activated sludge process with the addition
of freely moving carrier media.
Kermani M., et al (2008) conducted the study to evaluate the organics, phosphorus and
nutrients removal from synthetic wastewater by a laboratory scale moving bed biofilm process.
For nutrients removal, moving bed biofilm process had been applied in series with anaerobic,
anoxic and aerobic units in four separate reactors. Moving bed biofilm reactors were operated
continuously at different loading rates of nitrogen and Phosphorus.
Delnavaz et al., (2008) suggested that MBBR is a suitable alternative for common activated
sludge reactors in treating domestic and industrial wastewaters in commercial scale. Three
moving bed biofilm reactors were used to treat synthetic wastewater of aromatic amine
compounds. The reactors with cylindrical shape had an internal diameter and an effective depth
of 10 and 60 cm respectively. The reactors were filled with light expanded clay aggregate as
13
carriers and operated in an aerobic batch and continuous conditions. Evaluation of reactor’s
efficiency was done at different retention time of 8, 24, 48, 72 hours with an influent COD from
100 to 3500 mg/L. the filling ratio was 50%. The maximum obtained removal efficiency was
90% (influent COD= 750 mg/L), 87% (influent COD= 1000 mg/L), 75% (influent COD=
750mg/L).
AygunAhmet et al., (2008) studied moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), where biomass was
attached to small carrier elements which were moving freely along with the water in the reactor,
and tested it for organic matter removal at five different organic loading rates. A lab-scale reactor
with a volume of 2L was built and fed continuously with synthetic wastewater. The reactor was
filled with the Kaldnesbiomedia K1 which was used in the patented Kaldnes Moving Bed
biofilm process at 50% of the volume of empty reactor. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) in the
reactor and in the settler were adjusted to between 8 and 4 hours, respectively. A start-up period
of about 4 weeks for biofilm growth on the carrier was followed by 10 weeks of testing period.
By changing the wastewater composition, the operation of the system was adjusted, one after the
other, to five different organic loading rates: 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 g COD/m2 .d. Organic removal
efficiency decreased with increasing organic loading rate, ranging from 95.1%, 94.9%, 89.3%,
68.7% and 45.2% as the organic loading rate was increased from 6 to 96 g COD/m2.
d. Kermani M., Bina B., et al (2009) conducted an experimental study to evaluate biological
nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by a lab scale moving bed biofilm
process. Also, kinetic analysis of the process with regard to phosphorus and nitrogen removal
was studied with different mathematical models. For nutrient removal, the moving bed biofilm
process was applied in series with anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic units in four separate reactors
that were operated continuously at different loading rates of phosphorus and nitrogen and
different hydraulic retention times.
Sombatsompop et al., (2011) aimed to comparatively study the efficiency of piggery
wastewater treatment by the moving-bed sequencing batch reactor (moving-bed SBR) system
withheld medium, and the conventional sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system, by varying the
organic load from 0.59 to 2.36 kg COD/m3.d. The COD treatment efficiency of the SBR and
moving-bed SBR was higher than 60% at an organic load of 0.59 kg COD/m3.d and higher than
80% at the organic loads of 1.18-2.36 kg COD/m3.d. When the organic load was increased, the
moving-bed SBR system yielded better treatment efficiency than that of the SBR system.
Yang Qiqi, et al, (2012) proved Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology as an
alternative and successful method to treat different kinds of effluents under different conditions.
Because there was a need to investigate how the bio solids dynamics were influenced by process
changes relevant to applied wastewater treatment systems and suggested new routes to reactor
design and optimization, the biofilm growth, detachment and modeling of MBBR were continue
to draw significant research attention.
MahmoudkhaniRouhallah et al, (2012) made the study which aimed at treatment of waters
around Tehran Refinery contaminated with petroleum compounds. During study period a
laboratory scale with a total liquid volume of 550 L was used. The reactor was filled with 85%
Polyurethane elements, occupying 3% of the reactor’s liquid volume. Pilot conditions were as
follows, Temperature= 15 to 25 ° C, pH= 6.7 to 7.5, dissolved oxygen = 4 to 5 mg/lit, MLSS=
1400 to 1700 mg/L Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) = 240 minutes and unlimited Solid
14
Retention Time (SRT), after suspended oil removal by oil separation system, COD, NO3-N and
PO4-P removal efficiencies for the MBBR, filtration and activated carbon was 99, 94 and 58%,
respectively. The result of the average effluent from each reactor showed that denitrification
process in the preceding the aerobic MBBR, filtration and activated carbon occurred and in pre-
denitrification system in filtration, consumed most of the biodegradable organic matter. In case
of formaldehyde, phenol and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) parameters, they were removed
in the pilot up to 96, 79 and 94%, respectively.
Javid, A.H., et al, (2013) investigated feasibility of upgrading and retrofitting municipal
wastewater treatment plants at laboratory scale using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
process. For this purpose, an aerobic pilot was operated for nearly one year in different
conditions, in which a moving bed carrier with a specific biofilm surface area of 500 m2 / m3
and a filling rate of 60% was utilized. System efficiency in removal of BOD5 and COD was
examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 h. The obtained
result indicated high ability of the system to tolerate organic loading and to remain stable at a
high food to microorganism (F/M) ratio. The system produced effluents with good quality at low
HRTs and led to an average BOD5 removal efficiency of nearly 88% during the operational
period. The Organic Loading Rate (OLR) applied to the system had a range of 0.73-3.48
kgBOD5/m3.day and 2.43-11.6 gBOD5/m2.day, at which the reactor showed a good
performance and stability. After thorough evaluation of the related literature, it can be revealed
that most of the work on Moving Bed biofilm reactors was carried out by using specially made
Biomedia carriers. Certain experiments are done on Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors by taking
nanofibres, diatomous earth, Biochips, porous material as media. It has also shown some positive
result. But very rare work has been done by taking the stone bed in aeration tank. Literatures
regarding the use of Stone bed as a media during the treatment processes are available in very
less amount. Also very less information is available about the study carried out to access the
performance of reactors fitted with different categories of aerators in combination, effect of
change of flow regime on process performance, effect of air/ oxygen introduction in the system
though different aerators. Hence the study is required to be undertaken to analyze the overall
performance of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors under such variable conditions by taking different
combinations, trials and errors.
15
Chapter 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental setup

3.1.1 Old model setup
A lab scale experimental setup based on MBBR technique has been designed which consist of
following reactors and dimensions.
Dimensions of old design.
Table 3.1 Dimensions of old design
Model Unit Dimensions/specifications
Equalization Tank 65x50x50 cm3
MBBR Reactor I & II 0.014 m3
Secondary Sedimentation Tank 0.056 m3
Outlet Collection Tank 20x20x20(+3cm FB) cm3
MBBR Media (PVC material) 0.0042 m3
Fine Bubble Diffuser (PVC material) 15 nos.
Peristaltic Pump 0-6.0 liter/hour
The lab scale working model based on MBBR technology for our project has 5 tanks i.e. 2
MBBR reactors, 1 Secondary Settlement Tank, 1 equalization tank and 1 treated water collection
tank.
Each MBBR reactors are of 15 cm in diameter and have the total length of 25 cm.
The effective depth of first reactor (MBBR-I) is 22 cm and the depth of second reactor (MBBR-
II) is 21 cm.
The secondary sedimentation tank has the diameter of 15 cm and the total depth of 25 cm which
has free board of 5 cm. It has two 3-D figures i.e. a cylinder having a conical base of 5 cm in
height.
The Equalization Tank is cubical in shape with height of 50cm, length of 65 cm and width of 50
cm. It has total effective volume of 150 l.
Collection Tank has cubical shape with dimension of 20 cm with a volume of 10 l.
Peristaltic Pumps are used for controlling the flow from Equalization Tank to the MBBR
Reactor. The flow rate of these pumps varies from .1-26 ml/min/channel with 2 m silicon
platinum coat tube of 2 mm diameter. It is adjustable by adjusting revolution/min (rpm) knob.
Flow meter and control range from 0-10 LPM is used for controlling flow of air through diffuser.
Both the MBBR reactors as well as secondary sedimentation tank are made up of acrylic/plexi
glasses.
Calculation of discharge of pump is 3.1 L/hr.
16
Figure 3.1 Side view of old design
17
Figure 3.2 Top view of old design
18
Figure 3.3 Front and Back view of old design
3.1.2 Design of working experimental model

Three circular tanks each of capacity 19 l of an average radius of 28 cm and effective height of
31 cm was used for inlet of sewage water into the MBBR tank. Two circular MBBR tanks were
used each of capacity 19 l, diameter of 28 cm and effective height of 31 cm. One secondary
clarifier was used for sludge sedimentation. The bottom of Secondary clarifier having average
slope of 1:3.5.A hollow cylinder is used inside the secondary clarifier is used as baffle for better
sedimentation and settling of sludge. The diameter of this circular cylinder was approx. 15 cm.
Flow rate of 3.16 l/hr. was maintained during experiment to maintain hydraulic retention time
(HRT) of 12 hr. in both the MBBR tanks. Plastic MBBR media was fill in both the MBBR tank
with filling ratio of 25% of the volume of the tank to increase the surface area.
The density of plastic MBBR media was 0.95 g/cm3. Diameter of media was 2 cm
Three air blowers, each of capacity 3.5 l/hr. was used in each MBBR tank for bottom aeration to
supply oxygen for biodegradation.
19
The entire three inlet tanks are at the same head and connected through pipe through the bottom.
The pressure head of 20 cm was used b/w third equalization tank and first MBBR tank. A head
of approx. 5 cm was used b/w MBBR-1 and MBBR-2to transfer water from MBBR-1 to MBBR-
1 and a head of 2 cm was used b/w MBBR-2 and secondary clarifier to transfer treated sewage to
the clarifier. An opening is installed in the center of the secondary clarifier from the bottom to
collect the settled sludge. Treated water is collected from the secondary clarifier through another
outlet pipe at the top of the tank.
HRT of 12 hr. was used in secondary clarifier. Outlet bucket was used to collect treated sewage
from the secondary clarifier. Water is pumped from 3rd equalization tank to MBBR-1.
Table 3.2 Dimensions of experimental working model.

Model Unit Dimensions/Specifications
Equalization Tank 28 cm in diameter & 30 cm of effective height

28 cm in diameter & 31 cm of effective height
MBBR Reactor I & II
( capacity- 19 liters each)
Secondary Sedimentation Tank
with bottom slope (capacity-16.5liters approx.)
Outlet Collection Tank
Fine Bubble Diffuser 6 nos. used of capacity 3.5 liter/hours each
Peristaltic Pump Not used
20
Figure 3.4 Experimental working model
21
Figure 3.5 MBBR- I Figure 3.6 MBBR- II
Figure 3.7 Bottom slope of secondary clarifier Figure 3.8 Baffle in secondary clarifier
Figure 3.9 Air Diffusers connected to MBBR-I
22
Figure 3.10 Equalization Tanks connected bottom to bottom
Figure 3.11 Stand preparation for MBBR model
23
3.2 Reactor operation process
A moving bed biofilm reactor was made up of plastic containers. Inlet untreated sewage was
collected from existing sewage treatment plant after primary treatment. The collected sewage
then filled in first equalization tank from where it enters the second tank connected through a
robber pipe at its bottom. From second equalization tank, inlet sewage moves to the third
equalization tank. These all movements occur under gravity due to pressure head. From third
equalization tank sewage is pumped into the first MBBR tank and the rate of flow was controlled
through the knob of dosing syringes. The flow rate was fixed at 3.1 mg/l. plain sedimentation
occurs in all the equalization tanks. From MBBR-1 sewage enters MBBR-2 and from MBBR-2
to the secondary clarifier. A cylindrical baffle was provided in the secondary clarifier to reduce
short circuiting of water and to increase the rate of settlement. Bacterial Biomass settled in the
bottom of the tank and the clear water appears at the top which in then collected continuously in
the outlet tank through opening at the top and the settled sludge was collected through sludge
opening at the center of the bottom slope of sedimentation tank. In both the MBBR tanks oxygen
is provided by air diffuser at the bottom to maintain aerobic condition. MBBR media is present is
floating condition due to continuous aeration and Bacterial mass developed gradually over it.
Bacterial seeding was done by inoculating bacterial culture from the recirculated biomass of
aeration tank of Activated sludge process (ASP) present in the GLA university campus. DAP and
urea was added regularly added in both the MBBR tanks to enhance Bacterial culture.
Regular Physico-chemical tests were done for analysis of treatment process. Untreated as well as
treated sewage were tested for a week. Results are shown in the next chapter.
Figure 3.12 Preparation of net for MBBR media
24
Figure 3.13 Filling the net with MBBR Media
Figure 3.14 Filling the net with MBBR Media
25
Figure 3.15 Suspending the net into Aeration Tank
Figure 3.16 Net is suspended in Aeration Tank
26
Figure 3.17 Bacterial growth on media
3.3 Waste water characteristics

The inlet raw sewage was collected from existing sewage plant of GLA University, Mathura.
The waste water was tested in Environmental Laboratory. The results were as follows:
Table 3.3 Characteristics of raw waste water.
Parameters Units Value
pH 7.9
Alkalinity (mg/l) 620
Hardness (mg/l) 600
Chloride (mg/l) 620
TDS (mg/l) 2268
Iron (mg/l) 0.5
Nitrite (mg/l) 0.1
Nitrate (mg/l) 60
Phosphate (mg/l) 0.4
Fluoride (mg/l) 3.6
DO (mg/l) NIL
BOD (mg/l) 60
Turbidity (NTU) 15
27
Figure 3.18 Untreated Waste Water
28
Chapter 4
BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF MICROBES IN MBBR

REACTOR
Bacteria present in MBBR reactor is identified using bacteriological examination of waste water.
Waste water sample containing bacteriological culture in suspended form is collected in the
sterilized test tube and bacterial culture is grown on agar media in petri plate using Pore plate
method. The media is incubated for 24 hours in the incubator. After 24 hours bacterial colony is
counted. Following observations were found:-
Average number of bacterial colony=273.16 colonies per micron liter. Colonies were counted
using colony counter.
Figure 4.1 Bacteria Colonies
29
Bacterial colony is separated and stained using gram staining method and the stained bacteria
was identified using compound microscope. Identified bacterial stain was streptococcus
bacillus. It is a gram negative bacteria.
Figure 4.2 Streptococcus Bacillus Bacteria identified under microscope.
The culture is again incubated in blood agar plate by well method and bacterial clear zone was
identified. The width of clear zone was 1.8cms.
Figure 4.3 Clear zone on blood agar plate
30
Figure 4.3 Blood Agar plates
31
Chapter 5
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Physico-chemical parameters of the influent as well as outlet sewage were analyzed regularly to
monitor the treatment efficiency of the MBBR media.
Following experimental procedure was used for analysis
pH
It is positive hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale is used to express the concentration of
hydrogen ions in a liquid. The pH scale ranges from 1 to 14 i.e. most acid to most alkaline. The
hydrogen ion concentration is an important parameter in determining the quality of water and
wastewater. The pH of the water/wastewater sample is measured by pH meter. A pH meter
consists of a measuring probe connected to electronic meter that measures and displays the pH
reading.
Principle: The electro chemical potential between a known liquid inside glass electrode and
unknown liquid outside. The meaning of pH is potential of hydrogen (H).
Apparatus: pH meter
Procedure:
1. Rinse the probe with distilled water. Calibrate the pH meter using reference solution.
2. Rinse the probe with sample and dip the pH measuring probe in sample and read the value of
pH on the screen of the pH meter.
3. Rinse the probe with distilled/deionised water between samples.
4. Thoroughly rinse the probe in distilled water after measurement, keep it in distilled water
when not in use.
Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of suspended matter that affects the light scattering /light absorption
properties of water. Jackson (light absorption principle) and Nephelometric (intensity light
scattering principle) meters are mostly used to measure turbidity of water samples. The units of
turbidity are Jackson turbidity unit (JTU) and Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU). Principle:
Turbidity is measured photo-metrically by determining the percentage of light of a given
intensity is scattered or absorbed.
Apparatus: Turbidity meter; sample tube.
Reagents: Reference standard turbidity solutions (0.02, 20, 100 and 800 NTU).
Procedure:
1. Switch on turbidity meter and wait for few minutes till the instrument warms up.
32
2. Shake the standard solution present in the cell/bottle before keep it inside the sample
chamber/holder and measure the turbidity of the reference standard solutions.
3. Incase, any deviation in reading the reference solution, calibrate the instrument using
calibration switch.
4. Shake the sample before keep it inside the sample chamber/holder and note down the turbidity
of the sample.
Alkalinity
The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids i.e. to absorb hydrogen
ions, without significant pH change. The alkalinity in water is primarily due to the presence of
-
sal of weak acids and strong bases. It is caused by presence of hydroxides (OH ), carbonates
--
(CO ) and bicarbonates (HCO3).
- 2- -
Principle: Alkalinity can be obtained by neutralizing OH ,CO3 and HCO3 with standard
H2SO4. Titration to pH 8.3 or decolourisation of phenolphthalein indicator will show complete
- 2-
neutralization of OH and ½ CO3 , while to pH 4.4 or sharp change from yellow to pink of
methyl orange indicator will indicate total alkalinity.
Apparatus: Burettes, volumetric flasks, conical flasks and beakers.
Reagents: 0.05N standard sodium carbonate solution: Dry 3 to 5g of sodium carbonate

(Na2CO3), at 250°C for 4 hour and cool in desiccators. Accurately weigh 2.5±0.2g to the nearest
mg, dissolve in distilled water and make to 1litre.
0.1N Standard H2SO4 solution: Dilute 2.8 ml concentrated sulphuric acid to 1 liter Standardize
against 40.00 ml 0.05N Na2CO3 with about 60 ml distilled water, in a beaker by titrating
potentiometrically to pH 5. Lift out electrodes, rinse into the same beaker and boil gently for 3 to
5 min under a watch glass cover. Cool the solution to room temperature, rinse cover glass into
the beaker and finish titration to pH 4.3. Calculate normality of sulphuric acid Normality, N =
(A×B)/(53.00 × C) where: A = g Na2CO3 weighed into the 1 liter-flask for the Na2CO3 standard
B = ml Na2CO3 solution taken for standardization titration C = ml acid used in standardization
titration.
0.02N standard sulphuric acid solution: Dilute the approximate 0.1N solution to 1L. Calculate
volume to be diluted as: ml volume = N/20 where: N = exact normality of the approximate 0.1N
solution.
Phenolphthalein indicator solution, alcoholic, pH 8.3.Dissolve 5 g phenolphthalein in 500 ml
95% ethyl alcohol. Add 500 ml distilled water Mixed indicator Dissolve 20g of methyl red, 100
mg of bromocrysol green in 100ml 95% ethyl or isopropyl alcohol.
33
Procedure Phenolphthalein alkalinity: 1.Take 25 to 50 ml sample in a conical flask. 2. Add 2
to 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. If it turns pink (pH > 8.3), titrate with 0.02 N H2SO4 to
disappearance of the color. Record ml of titrant used.
HARDNESS
It is the property of water that requires considerable amount of soap to produce a foam or lather
and produces scales in the hot water units. Hardness in water is caused by multivalent metallic
cat ions.
Principle: In alkaline solution ethylene diamine tetra acetate EDTA, Ca and Mg to form a
soluble chelated complex. Ca and Mg ions develop wine red color with Erio chrome black T
under alkaline condition. When EDTA is added as titrant, Ca and Mg divalent ions get complex
resulting in sharp change from wine red to blue which indicates end point of the reaction.
2+ 2+ PH +-0.1
Ca + Mg + EDTA Ca EDTA + Mg EDTA
Apparatus: Burette, pipette, conical flask Reagents Buffer solution : Dissolve 16.9g NH4Cl in
143 ml conc. NH4OH. Add 1.25g magnesium salt of ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA) and
dilute to 250 ml with distilled water. Store in a air tight plastic bottle for up to one month.
Complexing agent: Magnesium salt of 1,2 cyclohexane diamine tetra acetic acid. Add 250mg
per 100 ml sample only if interfering ions are present and sharp end point is not obtained.
Indicator: Eriochrome Black T sodium salt. Dissolve 0.5g dye in 100 ml triethanolamine or 2
ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. The salt can also be used in dry powder form by grinding
0.5g dye with 100g NaCl.
0.01M Standard EDTA solution: Weigh 3.723g di-sodium salt of EDTA, dihydrate, and
dissolve in distilled water and dilute to 1000 ml. Store in polyethylene bottle.
Standard Calcium Solution: Weigh 1.000g anhydrous CaCO3 in a 500 ml flask. Add 1ml HCl
slowly through a funnel till all CaCO3 is dissolved. Add 200 ml distilled water and boil for a few
minutes to expel CO2. Cool and add a few drops of methyl red indicator and adjust to the
intermediate orange color by adding 3N NH4OH as required. Transfer quantitatively and dilute to
1000 ml with distilled water, 1 ml = 1mg CaCO3.
Procedure Total hardness:

1. Take 25 ml of sample in a conical flask. Add 2 ml of ammonia buffer and 2 drops of
erichrome black T to it. The sample will turn to wine red in color.
2. Titrate the sample with 0.01 N EDTA till the wine red color turns to blue. Note down the
volume of EDTA used (V1).
34
3. Repeat the procedure with blank sample and note down the volume of EDTA used (V2).
Calcium hardness:
1. Take 25 ml sample in a conical sample. Add 1 ml of NaOH to the sample to raise pH to 12.
Add a pinch of muroxide indicator to it. The sample will turn to pink in color.
2. Titrate the sample with 0.01 N, EDTA till the pink color turn to purple color. Note down the
3. Repeat the experiment for blank sample and note down the volume of EDTA used (V4).
Permanent hardness:
1. Take 25 ml of sample in a conical flask. Add 2 ml of ammonia buffer and 2-3 drops of EBT to
it. The sample will turn to wine red in color.
2. Titrate the sample with 0.01 N EDTA till the wine red color turns to blue. Note down the
3. Repeat the procedure with blank sample and note down the volume of EDTA used (V6).
Chlorides
Chlorides present in water and wastewater in varying concentration. Various sources such as
mineral contents, sea water droplets, human excreta discharging to natural water bodies
contributes chloride concentration to water.
Principle: Chloride ion concentration in the water can be determined by titration with silver
+
nitrate. As the silver nitrate solution is slowly added, a precipitate of silver chloride forms. Ag
–
(aq) + Cl (aq) → AgCl (s) the end point of the titration occurs when all the chloride ions are
precipitated. Then additional silver ions react with the chromate ions of the indicator, potassium
+ 2–
chromate, to form a red-brown precipitate of silver chromate.2Ag (aq) + CrO4 (aq) →
Ag2CrO4 (s) Titration should be carried out under conditions of pH 6.5 – 9. At higher pH silver
ions may be removed by precipitation with hydroxide ions, and at low pH chromate ions may be
removed by an acid-base reaction to form hydrogen chromate ions or dichromate ions, affecting
the accuracy of the end point.
Apparatus: Weighing balance, burette, pipettes, conical flasks, beakers, measuring cylinders.
Reagents Indicator: 5% potassium chromate (K2CrO4): 1.0 g of K2CrO4 was dissolved in 20

ml of distilled water.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important constituents of natural water system. It indicates
the pollution status of river. The dissolved oxygen in water depends upon its temperature,
35
solubility. Low DO value indicates the presence of organic matter in water. At least 4 mg/l of
DO is required for fish and other species.
Principle: It is based on the principle that oxygen present in the sample is oxidizes the divalent
manganous to its higher valency under alkaline conditions and manganese in higher states of
-
valencies is capable of oxidizing IO to I2 under acidic conditions. Thus the amount of I2 released
is equivalent to the dissolved oxygen present. The iodine is measured using standard sodium
thiosulphate solution. If no oxygen is present, a pure white precipitate of Mn(OH)2 forms Mn2+
- + -
2OH → Mn(OH)2 (s) ( white precipitate) If oxygen is present Mn2 + 2OH + 2 → MnO2 (s) +
- + +
H2O Under low pH MnO2 + 2I + 4 H → Mn2 + I2 + 2H2O I2 is rather insoluble in water, but
forms a complex with the excess iodide present reversibly forms the more soluble tri-iodate thus
-
preventing escape of I2 from the solution I2 + I ↔ I3
Apparatus: 300 ml BOD bottles, burette, pipette, conical flask etc.
Reagents Manganous sulfate solution: Dissolve 480g MnSO4 4H2O, or 400g MnSO4 2H2O, or
364g MnSO4 H2O in distilled water, filter and dilute to 1 litre. This solution should not produce a
blue color with starch indicator when added to an acidified potassium iodide (KI) solution.
Alkaline-iodide-sodium azide solution: Dissolve 500g NaOH (or 700g KOH) and 135g NaI (or
150g KI) in distilled water and dilute to IL. Add 10 g NaN3 dissolved in 40 ml distilled water.
Starch indicator solution: Use either an aqueous solution or soluble starch powder mixture.
Prepare an aqueous solution by dissolving 2 g of laboratory grade soluble starch powder and 0.2
g of salicylic acid (as a preservative) in 100 ml of hot distilled water.
Sodium thiosulfate standard solution, 0.0250 N: Dissolve 6.205 g Na2S2O3 5H2O in distilled
water. Add 1.5 ml 6 N NaOH or 0.4 g solid NaOH and dilute to 1 litre. Standardize with bi-
iodate solution.
Procedure
1. Collect the sample to be tested in a 300 ml BOD bottle taking special care to avoid adding air
to the liquid being collected. Fill bottle completely and add stopper.
2. Remove bottle stopper and add 2 ml of the manganous sulfate solution at the surface of the
liquid. Add 2 ml of the alkaline-potassium iodide-sodium azide solution at the surface of the
liquid. Replace the stopper, avoid trapping air bubbles and shake well by inverting the bottle
several times.
3. Repeat shaking after floc has settled halfway. Allow floc to settle a second time.
36
4. Add 2 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid and close the bottle with stopper. Rinse the top of the
bottle to remove any acid and shake well until the precipitate is completely dissolved (uniform
yellow color).
5. Take 203 ml of sample from the BOD bottle into a conical flask and titrate with 0.0250 N
sodium thiosulfate until the solution is a pale yellow (straw) color.
6. Add a small quantity (approximately 1 ml) of starch indicator continue the titration with
0.0250 N sodium-thiosulfate until blue color disappears (blue to colorless). Record the ml of
sodium-thiosulfate used.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

It is defined as the amount of oxygen required by bacteria while stabilizing decomposable
organic matter under controlled aerobic conditions. This test is widely used to determine the
pollution strength of domestic and industrial wastes in terms of the oxygen demand. The BOD
test relies on measurable depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) over a specified period of time,
o
generally 5 day at 20 C incubation. The BOD is considered complete after 20 days. The 20 days
is too long to wait. The 5 days is a reasonable period for most (70-80 %) of the total BOD to be
exerted.
Principle: The BOD is measured by determining the oxygen consumed (by the bacteria) from a
sample placed in an air-tight container and kept in a controlled environment for a preselected
period of time.
Apparatus: BOD bottles, Burette, pipette, conical flask, BOD Incubator
Reagents Phosphate buffer solution: Dissolve 8.5 g KH2PO4, 21.75 g K2HPO4, 33.4 g
Na2HPO4 7H2O, and 1.7 g NH4Cl in about 500 ml distilled water and dilute to 1 litre. The pH
should be 7.2 without further adjustment. Alternatively, dissolve 42.5 g KH2 PO4 or 54.3 g
K2HPO4 in about 700 ml distilled water. Adjust pH to 7.2 with 30% NaOH and dilute to 1 litre.
Magnesium sulfate solution: Dissolve 22.5 g MgSO4 7H2O in distilled water and dilute to 1
litre. Calcium chloride solution: Dissolve 27.5 g CaCl2 in distilled water and dilute to 1 litre.
Ferric chloride solution: Dissolve 0.25 g FeCl3 6H2O in distilled water and dilute to 1 litre.
Dilution water: Place desired volume of distilled water in a suitable bottle and add 1 ml each of
phosphate buffer, MgSO4, CaCl2, and FeCl3solutions/L of water. Seed dilution water, if desired.
pH of the dilution water should be between 6.5- 8.5 ( it is customary to buffer the solution by
means of a phosphate system at about pH 7) calcium and magnesium sal are added to give
buffering capacity and proper osmotic conditions also serve to provide with any of these
elements that are needed in growth and metabolism. Ferric chloride and magnesium sulphate
supply the requirements for iron sulphur and nitrogen. The phosphate buffer furnishes any
37
phosphorous that may be needed. The nitrogen should be eliminated in cases where nitrogenous
oxygen demand is being measured.
Procedure:
1. Dilute the settled sewage provided to 30-40 times using aerated tap water.
2. Fill the BOD bottle in duplicate with diluted sewage by taking care that no air bubble entraps.
3. Determine the DO (Do) of aerated water and fill the bottle with aerated tap water.
0
4. Incubate both the sample and blank BOD bottles at 20 C. After 5 days take the bottles having
sewage and blank and measure DO calculate BOD5.
Chlorination
Water used for drinking and cooking should be free of pathogenic (disease causing)
microorganisms that cause illnesses such as typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, and
gastroenteritis. Purification of drinking water containing pathogenic microorganisms requires
specific treatment called disinfection. Several disinfection methods eliminate disease-causing
microorganisms in water, among them chlorination is the most commonly used. Principle:
Chlorine combines with water to form hypochlorous and hypochloric acid. Hypochlorous acid
-
dissociates to give the OCl and HOCl depending upon pH of the solution. Hypochlorides also
-
give the OCl ions, HOCl rupture the cell membrane of microbes (disease producing organisms).
These also react with the impurities like ammonia, oxidizable organic matter like ferrous ions,
nitrites, etc. to form chloramines and stable ions of the latter respectively.
Apparatus: Beakers, conical flasks, burette
Reagents: Standard chlorine solution, acetic acid, potassium iodide, 0.025N standard sodium
thiosulphate solution, starch indicator.
Procedure:
1. Take 200ml of samples in six jars and add varying amount (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 mg/l) chlorine
solution to each jar.
2. Stir the sample with a glass rod/mechanical mixer for complete mixing. Allow 20 minutes
contact time for chemical reaction.
3. Take 25 ml of sample in a conical flask and add 5 ml of acetic acid and 1 gram of potassium
iodide and allow the reaction to complete.
4. Titrate the sample with 0.025 N standard sodium thio-sulphate solution until the yellow color
of the liberated iodine is almost faded out.
5. Add 1 ml of starch indicator, the solution turns blue. Continue the titration till the blue color
disappears. Note down the volume of sodium thio-sulphate consumed (A).
6. Repeat the procedure for blank sample (B).
7. Determine the available residual chlorine in the sample using following equation:
38
{(A-B)*N*35.45*1000}/volume of sample in ml.
8. Plot graph between concentration of chlorine added and residual chlorine to find out the break
point chlorination
.
Figure 5.1 Nitrite test
39
Figure 5.2 Color of Nitrate.
40
Figure 5.3 Color of Fluoride.
41
Figure 5.4 Dissolved oxygen test
42
Figure 5.5 Waste water test.
43
Figure 5.6 Titration during Dissolved oxygen test.
44
Chapter 6
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
Following parameters were analyzed for visualizing bacterial degradation process
Table 6.1 Characteristics of treated water

Parameters
Date pH Alkalinity Hardness Chloride TDS Iron Nitrite Nitrate Phosphate Fluoride DO BOD Turbidity
7thMay 8.33 799 525 550 1874 0.1 0.15 30 0.1
8thMay 8.44 600 592 610 2163 0.1 0.1 15 0.3 3.5 2.8
9thMay 8.32 460 550 550 1872 0.1 0.3 40 0.1 2.5 5.2
11thMay 8.21 400 430 640 1764 0.1 0.2 55 0 4
13thMay 8.15 600 450 630 2016 0 0.2 40 0 3.5
14thMay 7 750 480 720 2340 0 0.1 45 0 4 3.6
Average 8.075 601.5 504.5 616.66 2004.83 0.06 0.175 37.5 0.083 3.5 3.86 7
Following are the graphs for different characteristics tested in different days:
Figure 6.1Chart of pH
45
Figure 6.2 Chart for Alkalinity
Figure 6.3 Chart for Hardness
46
Figure 6.4 Chart for Chloride
Figure 6.5 Chart for Total Dissolved Solids
47
Figure 6.6 Chart for Iron
Figure 6.7 Chart for Nitrite
48
Figure 6.8 Chart for Nitrate
Figure 6.9 Chart for Phosphate
49
Figure 6.10 Chart for Fluoride
Figure 6.11 Treated waste water of third day Figure 6.12 Treated waste water of sixth day
50
6.1 RESULT
Lab scale model shows that MBBR reactor removes 60 % BOD, 2.98% Alkalinity, 15.9% Hardness,
11.5% TDS, 37.5%Nitrate, 53.33%turbidity, 40%Nitrite, 88% Iron, 79.25% Phosphate at HRT of
10-12 Hours at media filling ratio of 25% of the reactor volume.
51
Chapter 7
DISCUSSION
In the MBBR-2 biomass growth was remarkably higher than the MBBR-1 due to the biomass
settling. Bio film growth and attachment on new surface media require longer time thus organic
loading should be increase slowly. Nutrient substitute for biomass growth can be added during
initial stage of biomass gro60wth.
At the starting of process when the culture in not sufficiently attached in MBBR media, sludge
recycling may be done to support sufficient culture growth on MBBR Media.
It is also crucial how much active biomass attached to the carrier media. It is essential that the
biomass is permanently fixed on the carrier media to provide an optimum habitat for the required
micro-organism.
A large surface area or a huge quantity of biomass is not beneficial as long as the micro-
organism are not sufficiently supplied with nutrients.
52
CONCLUSION
MBBR as Lab Scale Model shows good performance in BOD and Nitrogen removal as
compared with traditional activated sludge process. The plastic surface media must have a higher
specific surface. MBBR shows very less or no sludge bulking problem and sludge recycling is
also not required. The limit of the MBBR is not the specific biomass activity but the biomass
concentration.
In MBBR the whole reactor effective volume is active, with no dead space or short circuiting.
The process has good treatment efficiency and produces a consistent high quality effluent at
Hydraulic detention time (HRT) of 10-12 hours.
53
Chapter 8
REFERENCES
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horizontal flow biofilm reactor for wastewater treatment, Water Res. 44 (13) (2010) 3819–
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hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanker-Moving Bed Biofilm and rope bed biofilm reactor.
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TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE USING

AEROBIC MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

I hereby informed that the dissertation entitled “TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE

Date: Mr. Raisul Islam

Aaditya Kothari Divyanshu Tomar

Akash Jain Mohit Kumar

AADITYA KOTHARI (131000001)

Figure 1.1 Distribution of Earth Water ........................................................................................... 2

1.1.1 Surface Water

1.2 Earth’s Water

Figure 1.1 Distribution of Earth Water

1.3 Waste Water

1.4 Types of waste water

1.4.1 Black Water

1.4.2 Grey Water

1.4.3 Yellow Water

1.5 Waste water treatment

1.6.2 Secondary Treatment

1.6.3 Tertiary Treatment

1.7 Types of Secondary Treatment

1.8 Biological treatment

1.10 Attach culture system

1.11 System biology

Figure 1.4 Process of Sewage Treatment

1.12 Microbial Identification

1.14 Operation and Maintenance

1.15 Design parameters for MBBR

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Experimental setup

3.1.2 Design of working experimental model

Table 3.2 Dimensions of experimental working model.

Equalization Tank 28 cm in diameter & 30 cm of effective height

Fine Bubble Diffuser 6 nos. used of capacity 3.5 liter/hours each

Peristaltic Pump Not used

Figure 3.9 Air Diffusers connected to MBBR-I

Figure 3.11 Stand preparation for MBBR model

Figure 3.12 Preparation of net for MBBR media

Figure 3.14 Filling the net with MBBR Media

Figure 3.16 Net is suspended in Aeration Tank

3.3 Waste water characteristics

BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF MICROBES IN MBBR

Figure 4.1 Bacteria Colonies

Figure 4.2 Streptococcus Bacillus Bacteria identified under microscope.

Figure 4.3 Clear zone on blood agar plate

Following experimental procedure was used for analysis

Apparatus: Turbidity meter; sample tube.

Apparatus: Burettes, volumetric flasks, conical flasks and beakers.

Reagents: 0.05N standard sodium carbonate solution: Dry 3 to 5g of sodium carbonate

Procedure Total hardness:

Reagents Indicator: 5% potassium chromate (K2CrO4): 1.0 g of K2CrO4 was dissolved in 20

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Apparatus: 300 ml BOD bottles, burette, pipette, conical flask etc.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Apparatus: BOD bottles, Burette, pipette, conical flask, BOD Incubator

Apparatus: Beakers, conical flasks, burette

Table 6.1 Characteristics of treated water

7thMay 8.33 799 525 550 1874 0.1 0.15 30 0.1

11thMay 8.21 400 430 640 1764 0.1 0.2 55 0 4

13thMay 8.15 600 450 630 2016 0 0.2 40 0 3.5

14thMay 7 750 480 720 2340 0 0.1 45 0 4 3.6

Figure 6.3 Chart for Hardness

Figure 6.5 Chart for Total Dissolved Solids