3.0 Energy requirement during construction and operational stages.

Currently, concern about climate change and resource depletion issues is increasing around the
world. The building and construction sectors have been identified as one of the major contributors
to global environmental impact due to their high energy consumption.
In sectors such as residential and the commercial sector the major part of the energy consumption
takes place buildings. This includes energy used for controlling the climate in buildings and for
the buildings themselves, but also energy used for appliances, lighting and other installed
equipment. Energy is used in buildings for various purposes: heating and cooling, ventilation,
lighting and the preparation of hot sanitary water among them. In residences and commercial
buildings, installed equipment and appliances require energy, as do removable devices like mobile
phone chargers and portable computers.
Subdivision of energy consumption can be particularly difficult in the cases of electricity, where
air-conditioners, appliances, lights, pumps and heating installations all draw electricity and often
from the same metering.
Sri Lanka is one of a developing country in Asia, the events of urbanization, industrialization and
globalizations are indeed taken into a major consideration by the respective authorities.

3.1 Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) – Manufacture Phase and Operation Phase

Life cycle energy analysis is an approach that accounts for all energy inputs to a building in its life
cycle. The system boundaries of this analysis (Fig. 1) include the energy use of the following
phases: manufacture, use, and demolition. Manufacture phase includes manufacturing and
transportation of building materials and technical installations used in erection and renovation of
the buildings. Operation phase encompasses all activities related to the use of the buildings, over
its life span. These activities include maintaining comfort condition inside the buildings, water use
and powering appliances. Finally, demolition phase includes destruction of the building and
transportation of dismantled materials to landfill sites and/or recycling plants. Energy use in each
phase is discussed below.
Embodied energy
Embodied energy is the energy utilized during manufacturing phase of the building. It is the energy
content of all the materials used in the building and technical installations, and energy incurred at
the time of erection/construction and renovation of the building. Energy content of materials refers
to the energy used to acquire raw materials (excavation), manufacture and transport the building
site. Embodied energy is divided in two parts.
  Initial embodied energy
Initial embodied energy Initial embodied energy of a building is the energy incurred for
initial construction of the building.
 Recurring embodied energy.
A large variety of materials are being used in building construction. Some of them may
have a life span less than that of the building. As a result, they are replaced to rehabilitate
the building. In addition to this, buildings require some regular annual maintenance. The
energy incurred for such repair and replacement (rehabilitation) needs to be accounted
during the entire life of the buildings.

Figure 1: Three stages of life cycle energy

3.2 Life cycle assessment

LCA is a process whereby the material and energy flows of a system are quantified and evaluated.
Typically, upstream (extraction, production, transportation and construction), use, and
downstream (deconstruction and disposal) flows of a product or service system are inventoried
first. Subsequently, global and regional impacts are calculated; based on energy consumption,
waste generation, etc. LCA allows for an evaluation of impacts of different processes and life cycle
stages on the environment. As per international organization for standardization, LCA studies
generally consist of four phases: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI), impact
assessment and interpretation of results. The goal and scope define the purposes, audiences, and
system boundaries. The LCI involves data collection and calculations to quantify material and
energy inputs and outputs of a system, and the impact assessment evaluates the significance of
potential environmental impacts based on the LCI. In other industrial sectors, life cycle analysis is
currently widely used to assess the life cycle environmental impact of products. In order to use
LCA methods to assess the environmental impact, it is necessary to perform an inventory analysis.
However, in the construction industry, the materials used in construction, operation, and
demolition are varied and the range of environmental criteria that are relevant to buildings is
potentially enormous. This may serve as a severe limitation to the use of LCA methods in the
building industry. Modern day buildings are typically largescale projects utilizing different kinds
of building materials, so their constructions have a great impact on many other industrial sectors.
Building materials production processes are much less standardized than most manufactured goods
because of the unique character of each building. There is limited quantitative information about
the environmental impacts of the production and manufacturing of construction materials, or the
actual process of construction and demolition. All these factors make environmental assessments
of the building industry a challenging task.

3.3 Energy requirement during operational stages.

3.3.1 Energy requirement for the Hotel

 For Rooms

No. of hours Energy

Electric
No. of units used per a consumption KWh Annual
Appliances
day (W) per Day KWh
Tv 1 8 30 0.24 87.6
AC 1 15 1000 15 5475
Lights 6 7 14 0.588 214.62
Refrigerator 1 16 180 2.88 1051.2
Water heater 1 2 4000 8 2920
Iron 1 2 1100 2.2 803
Hair Dryer 1 1 1500 1.5 547.5
WIFI Router 1 24 6 0.144 52.56
Phone Charger 1 3 5 0.015 5.475
Total 30.567 11156.96
  For Reception hall

No. of hours Energy

Electric KWh Annual
No. of units used per a consumption
Appliances per Day KWh
day (W)
Air conditionar 8 8 1000 64 23360
Lights 100 12 14 16.8 6132
Sounds 1 12 5000 60 21900
Total 140.8 51392

 For Restaurant and Kitchen

No. of hours Energy

Electric
No. of units used per a consumption KWh Annual
Appliances
day (W) per Day KWh
Toaster 4 8 1200 38.4 14016
Blender 4 10 500 20 7300
Coffee Maker 4 12 800 38.4 14016
Microwave 4 10 1200 48 17520
Hot plate 5 8 1200 48 17520
Frying Pan 4 8 1200 38.4 14016
Dishwasher 4 8 1200 38.4 14016
Ceiling Fan 4 16 75 4.8 1752
Refrigerator 4 15 180 10.8 3942
Deep Freezer 3 15 500 22.5 8212.5
AC 6 16 1000 96 35040
Sounds 1 16 250 4 1460
Total 407.7 148810.5

 For Gym

No. of hours Energy

Electric KWh Annual
No. of units used per a consumption
Appliances per Day KWh
day (W)
light 16 15 14 3.36 1226.4
AC 2 4 1000 8 2920
Equipment 5 13 50 3.25 1186.25
Total 14.61 5332.65
  For Elevators

No. of hours Energy

KWh Annual
No. of units used per a consumption
per Day KWh
day (W)
Elevators 4 5 7500 150 54750

 For Lights

No. of hours Energy

KWh Annual
No. of units used per a consumption
per Day KWh
day (W)
Reception 20 24 14 6.72 2452.8
Corridors 40 15 20 12 4380
Outside 20 12 100 24 8760
Parking 25 12 150 45 16425
Total 87.72 32017.8

Total Annual energy consumption for the Hotel

Annual
No. of units KWh per Day KWh
Rooms 20 30.567 223139.1
Reception hall 1 140.8 148010.5
Restuarent and
148810.5
Kitchen 1 407.7
Gym 1 14.61 5332.65
Lights 105 87.72 32017.8
Elevator 4 150 54750
Other 54.79 20000
Total 886.187 632060.55
3.3.2 Energy requirement for the Apartment

 For a single room

No. of Per day Annual

Units W
hours KWh KWh
Lights 8 10 10 0.8 292
Stove and
Oven 1 3 1500 4.5 1642.5
Refrigerator 1 16 100 1.6 584
Washing
Machine 1 1 500 0.5 182.5
Television 1 8 180 1.44 525.6
Iron 1 1 1100 1.1 401.5
Ceiling Fan 2 16 75 2.4 876
WIFI Router 1 24 6 0.144 52.56
Phone
charger 1 6 5 0.03 10.95
Laptop 1 8 120 0.96 350.4
Electric
Heater 1 3 1000 3 1095
Total 16.474 6013.01
  For a double room

No. of Per day Annual

Units W
hours KWh KWh
Lights 10 10 10 1 365
Stove and
Oven 1 3 1500 4.5 1642.5
Refrigerator 1 16 100 1.6 584
Washing
Machine 1 1 500 0.5 182.5
Television 1 8 180 1.44 525.6
Iron 1 1 1100 1.1 401.5
Ceiling Fan 4 16 75 4.8 1752
WIFI Router 1 24 6 0.144 52.56
Phone
charger 3 6 5 0.09 32.85
Laptop 2 8 120 1.92 700.8
Electric
Heater 1 3 1000 3 1095
Total 20.094 7334.31

 For a triple room

No. of Per day Annual

Units W
hours KWh KWh
Lights 14 10 10 1.4 511
Stove and
Oven 1 3 1500 4.5 1642.5
Refrigerator 1 16 100 1.6 584
Washing
Machine 1 1 500 0.5 182.5
Television 1 8 180 1.44 525.6
Iron 1 1 1100 1.1 401.5
Ceiling Fan 4 16 75 4.8 1752
WIFI Router 1 24 6 0.144 52.56
Phone
charger 3 6 5 0.09 32.85
Laptop 2 8 120 1.92 700.8
Electric
Heater 1 3 1000 3 1095
Total 20.494 7480.31
  For Elevators

No. of Per day Annual

Units W
hours KWh KWh
Elevators 6 12 7500 540 197100

 For Lights

No. of Per day Annual

Units W
hours KWh KWh
Cottidor
lights 150 20 12 36 13140
Outdoor
lights 90 120 12 129.6 47304
Ground floor
car park 50 120 14 84 30660

Total annual Energy consumption for the Apartment

Units Per day KWh Annual

KWh
Single Room 10 16.474 60130.1
Double Room 100 20.094 733431
Triple Room 300 20.494 2244093
Corridor
Lights 150 36 13140
Outdoor
Lights 90 129.6 47304
Car park
lights 60 84 30660
Elevator 6 540 197100
Total Energy 846.662 3325858
3.3.3 Energy requirements for the Montessori and Day care center

 For the Montessori

Energy
No. of KWh Annual
Units consumption
Hours per Day KWh
(W)
Lights 35 8 14 3.92 1430.8
Fans 15 8 75 9 3285
Computer 1 8 120 0.96 350.4
Outdoor
Lights 6 10 100 6 2190
Total 19.88 7256.2

 For Day care center

Energy
No. of KWh Annual
Units consumption
Hours per Day KWh
(W)
Lights 15 8 14 1.68 613.2
Fans 5 8 75 3 1095
Computer 3 5 120 1.8 657
Outdoor
Lights 5 10 100 5 1825
Total 11.48 4190.2

Total annual energy consumption

KWh per Day Annual KWh

Montessori 19.88 7256.2
Day Care Center 11.48 4190.2
Total 31.36 11446.4
Total Energy requirement for the Operational stage = Total Annual energy consumption for the

Hotel + Total annual Energy consumption for the

Apartment + Total annual energy consumption for

the Montessori and Day care center

= 632060.55 KWh + 3325858 KWh + 11446.4 KWh

= 3969364.95 KWh