Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Pearson
40 Analog and Digital Interfaces ' Rod Hallen ~100 The One Percent Forecasting Method .. Stan Tishler
46 The "EI Cheapo" EPROM Programmer Dr. Ward J. McFarland, Jr. 104 Too Many Variables? . .... Robert C. A. Goff
52 Is Your Video Monitor Dangerous? . . . . Sherman P. Wantz 108 Kilobaud Klassroom No. 17: I/O V ...........•.... . Peter A. Stark
58 Thoughts on the·'SWTP Computer System... .. Peter A. Stark 114 The Electric Pencil ..... ... Rod Hallen
62 PET User Port Cookbook. . . . .. . . . . . .. . Gregory Yob 116 How to Talk to Your 8080... . Ken Knecht
76 Chess Pawn . . Edward E. Ewald, Jr. 122 Programming the 1802 .... Dr. Robert J. Cotter
80 Home Computer Exterior Ballistics. . David S. Dixon 128 Keyboard Interrupt for the TRS·80. . Paul Klinger
82 Heath·H9 Page Erase. .: .William C. Richter 130 The OSI Model 500. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . F. R. Ruckdeschel
84 The SKIP II Microcomputer . . Thomas G. Bohon 134 Sleep Better with a Microcomputer Phil Wilkinson
90 Ultra Banner . Jonathan Rotenberg 138 T,:lpar Thermal Printer Chuck Carpenter
Publisher's Remarks-6, Guest Editorial-> 7, Output from Instant Software-8; <;ontest!-8, Calendar-8, PET ·pourri-9, Books-l 4,
New Products-16, Letters 20, Classifleds=- 142, Corre~ctions-:::-142, Dealer Dire.ctory-l 74
Somedav all terminals will be smart. •.•...
• 128 Functions-software controlled .82 x 16 or 92 x 22 format-plus graphics
• 7 x 12 matrix, upper/lower case letters • Printer output port
• 50 to 38AOO baud-selectable • "CH E R RY" keyboard
CT-82 Intelligent Terminal, assembled and tested $795.00 ppd in Cont. U.S.
The C1P MF
S99S
Complete mini·floppy computer system
10K ROM and 12K RAM
Instant program and data retrieval Or Start with the C1 P
The Challenger 1P Mini-disk system features CASSETTE BASED
Ohio Scientific's L~ltra-fast BASIC-in-ROM, full
graphics display a.apability and a large library
Computer for just $349.
of instant loading personal applications soft- The cassette based Challenger 1P offers the
ware on rniru-Itoppies including programs for
same great features of the mini-disk system
entertainment, education, personal finance, including a large software library except it has
small business and now home control! 4K RAM and conservative program retrieval
time. Once familiar with personal computers,
you'll be anxious to expand your system to the
more powerful C1P MF.
You can move up to mini-disk performance at
any time by adding more memory and the disk
drive. Contact your local Ohio Scientific dealer
or the factory today.
*Both systems require a video monitor, modified TV or RF
converter and home television for operation. Ohio Scientific
offers the AG-3 combination 12" black and white TV/monitor
for use with either system at $115.00 retail.
The C1 P MF configuration is very powerful.
However, to meet your growth needs it can be All prices, suggested retail.
REMARKS
As our data-processing needs can be handled remotely.
grow, so does our need for a data- People are also needed in
processing manager. This job marketing, advertising and other
would entail seeing to it that we aspects of Instant Software sales.
Wayne Green had the programmers needed to If any of these positions sound
handle all of the data processing made to order for you, and you
damned checkbook and with tax required for the magazines and don't smoke, write to me and
Help Your Library preparation. We may like to have Instant Software. We'd be using convince me that I can't do
a little program that will tell us the Prime, if we could ever get it without you. I think we can make
Your local library subscribes to how much we actually net from a to do more than one thing at a a lot of money, and I'm looking
magazines that are requested by salary increase, should such an time without bogging down ... for the people who can make this
customers, so the next time you event threaten. and as many microcomputers as happen. If you are salary
are near a library, please stop in In the office we need programs we can put on line. You may be oriented, work-hours oriented,
and ask if they have Kilobaud for showing sales, for projecting sure that we will be making much title oriented, need close supervi-
MICROCOMPUTING. If they inventory needs, for keeping ado over any systems that can be sion, prefer an IBM-style office,
get a few requests we'll be hearing track of phone calls, for looking used for work. then this will be a waste of your
from them with a subscription. up names and addresses or phone In addition to a good micro- time and mine. If you are looking
It is even more important to be numbers, for keeping a diary. computer technician to set up and for a place to grow, where the
sure that the magazine is in as Almost any small firm would test new hardware-and have it in possibilities are almost unlimited,
many school libraries as possible. rush out and buy a computer working order to check out sub- where you will be working with a
What better way to help new- tomorrow if it would keep track mitted programs-we also need group of other career-oriented
comers to computing to get an of all of the phone calls made and an editor-in-chief for the project. people, where the final result is
understanding of the field? You list the number called, the The editor would be responsi- what is important, then you really
can help bring enjoyment to a lot amount of time talked, the exten- ble for working with program- should write. If you are too im-
of people (not to mention me) by sion originating the call ... and mers to help them develop needed portant to empty a wastebasket,
helping to get us into as many then could check the number programs for publication. He to help carry some boxes of
libraries as possible. against an authorized list ... all would also be in charge of magazines, to write your own let-
Many schools are now exposing for under $2000. That's equal to checking submitted programs ters, try IBM.
kids to computers, so there is a about $50 a month, and most and running them through the as- Write a letter in your own
strong need for the information firms would save far more than sociate-editor system. His re- words and make it good. One of
in MICROCOMPUTING. Make that on non-business phone calls. sponsibility would end with the the first tests when you get here
this information easy to get by How about a program for a acceptance of the finished and de- will be to make sure you are able
having it in your local library. If two-terminal system ... one on bugged program for publication. to read and write English. You'll
you are a teacher, be sure to keep the boss's desk and one with his The job would be quite similar have to sit down at a typewriter
after the school librarian. secretary? This could provide the to that of a magazine editor who and answer a couple of letters of
boss with all that telephone- had to work for the development complaint. This will tell me
number data and also act as a of articles for publication. whether you have learned to write
private communication system The editor would have to make or not and whether you are used
What to Write between them. The secretary sure that there was as little dupli- to a typewriter. How can a com-
could list calls to be made, calls cation of programs as possible, puter person or a journalist-or
Programmers call up and ask waiting, appointments, things to that the best of each type was ac- even an executive-get along
what kind of programs are need- be done and meetings. You can cepted ... and that programmers without being able to write and
ed for microcomputers. In view bet that a system like that would are made aware of what types are type?
of the dearth of programs so far sell zillions of systems, including needed. You already know that Peter-
being published, this is akin to the software. Are you busy A familiarity with BASIC, borough is a good place to live, so
asking, "Gee, what can a com- writing yet? Let's say that the assembly and machine language I won't dwell on that. The air is
puter do?" Besides business, con- program to allow a TRS-80 with would constitute a good back-
trol, home, game, educational, two terminals and a couple of ground for such a job. The more (continued on page 22)
scientific and systems programs, disks to do the above would sell
honestly I can't thing of much for $200. That would mean a
that is needed. royalty of at least $20,000 per Reader Responsibility
Now that we have disks for the month, if the hardware people
TRS-80, is someone working on a could keep up with the demand.
nice file-handling program? We. Hey ... where did you go? One of your responsibilites, as a reader of Kilobaud MICRO-
do need a good operating system COMPUTING, is to aid and abet the increasing of circulation
for the 80, one that mijlht allow and advertising, both of which will bring you the same benefit: a
us to set up any files we want in a larger and even better magazine. You can help by encouraging
data-base manner and then access Career Opportunities your friends to subscribe to Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTING. Re-
them at will. We might want to member: Subscriptions are guaranteed-money back if not de-
keep recipes-just to reach into The staffs at Kilobaud lighted, so no one can lose. You can also help by tearing out
the cliche barrel-or a Christmas MICROCOMPUTING and In-
one of the cards just inside the back cover and circling replies
card list, an index to ir teresting stant Software are growing every
you'd like to see: catalogs, spec sheets, etc. Advertisers put a
magazine articles, a list of credit month, yet attractive career posi-
lot of trust in reader requests for information. To make it more
cards or serial numbers of equip- tions are still open. For instance,
worth your while to send in the card, a drawing will be held each
ment and appliances in case of we need a good microcomputer
month and the winner will get a lifetime subscription to
theft. The list of lists is fndless. technician-someone experi-
enced in working with a number Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTlNG!
In the home we need lists of
books in our library, of music on of different systems, who can
records, of friends, of things we keep our many microcomputers This time around, the winner of a lifetime subscription is
plan to do. We need help with our in good shape and set up new Norman Lingren of McGuire AFB.
6
detracts from the material that is
, MICROCOMPUTlNG
"Review That Book!" is a guest editorial by Kilobaud MICROCOM- sophisticated for the intended au-
Publisher/Editor
PUT/NO Associate Editor Rod Hallen. dience or superior graphics. Any- Wayne Green
thing that you feel weighs one Executive Vice President
way or the other should be men- Sherry Smythe
With the enormous number of Magazines pay money for book tioned. Assistant Publisher/Editor
Jeffrey D. DeTray
newly published books aimed at reviews. I happen to know that If the author champions some MaAaging Editor
the personal computer user com- Kilobaud MICROCOMPUT/NO particular point that happens to John Barry
ing on the market, it is almost im- needs book reviews right now. be a pet peeve of yours, don't tear Editorial Assistants
possible to keep up with the titles, They are also looking for reviews Dennis Brisson
the entire book apart because of Susan Gross
let alone buy and read them all. of various hardware and software it. Drop the book and try another Administrative Assistant
How can you determine which items, but that is another story. if you can't be objective. Dotty Gibson
ones are worth owning and which All right then, how do you get Production Department
If it is a "read and do" type of
Manager:
ones to pass up? started? That should be easy with book that requires you to per- Lynn Panciera-Fraser
You can, of course, browse the information I'll cover before form some function such as Staff:
your local computer store book we're through here. The first creating programs to solve prob- Craig Brown
Gayle Cabana
rack. But unless you are prepared thing most hobbyists do when lems, answering questions, etc., Robert Drew
to spend a great deal of time at it, they become interested in a par- then do it. Look at a book the James H. Gray II
you can't possibly study many ticular subject is to buy some Bruce Hedin
same way a first-time reader Dion Owens
books to any great depth. That's magazines and some books about would. Noel R. Self
where the book reviewer comes that subject. If you have any You might also suggest possi- Robin M. Sloan
into the picture. Let him do your computer-oriented books on Typesetting
ble improvements. Remember Barbara J. Latti
book-rack perusing for you. I say your home bookshelf, you are that a book is only one author's Sara Bedell
him, but I really mean many hims halfway there. If you can borrow and/or one publisher's opinion Mary Kinzel
(or hers) because no one person them from your public library, Holly Walsh
on a given subject. However, Photography
can do it all. that is OK too. don't try to give the impression Bill Heydolph
It is not so much my intention that you could have written a bet- Tedd Cluff
to turn you on to book reviews as ter book on the subject yourself. Associate Editors
John Arnold
a source of buying information as If you could have, why didn't Phil Feldman
it is to turn you on to them as a What to Look for you? Steve Fuller
source of knowledge and money. Rod Hallen
Tom Rugg
This commentary's designed to What do you look for while Peter Stark
interest you in writing book reviewing a book, and how do Sherman P. Wantz
review~. you present what you want to say The Manuscript Dick Whipple
Ken Widelitz
WhX should you consider a about it? First, study some of the Bookkeeper
career~?) as a book reviewer, and reviews in the magazines that you The mechanics of writing and Knud E. M. Keller
what i~ in it for you? If you have read. In each case the person who submitting a manuscript are Marketing/Circulation Mgr.
wrote the review wanted to con- Robert LaPointe
ever wanted to be a writer, here is relatively simple, but there is a set
Bulk Sales Mgr.
a way Ifor you to get started. It vey his impression of the contents routine. Handwritten articles are Judy Waterman
won't take up a lot of your spare and value of a book. Take one of frowned upon. Always type, dou- Ass\, Circulation Mgr.
time. Unfortunately, while it is a the books that you have in your ble spaced, on white 8Yz by 11 Mary Beth Stanek
personal library and read it again. Circulation
paying occupation, you will never non-erasable paper. Minor pen
Pauline Johnstone
get rich pursuing it. However, Start with one you were satisfied and ink corrections are OK as Customer Service
there are other benefits you with and one you feel would be of long as they are legible. Margins Joyce Tarr
should consider. interest and assistance to other of about 1Y2 inches left, right, Computer Programming
Richard Dykema
One of these benefits is free hobbyists. top and bottom leave the editor Instant Software
books. Many publishers are quite Do not pick a book that is way room to make notes or changes. Micro Lab
willing to provide sample copies over your head. While you might The first page should include William F. Gollan
Alan Anderson
of their latest creations to get something out of it, it will be the name of the book, the author, Shirley Mahoney
established reviewers. When I say difficult for you to effectively the name and address of the Scott Spangenberg
"established;" I mean a writer evaluate it. I have an APL pro- publisher or distributor and the Cida Teixeira
Palmer T. Wolf
who is objective and one who can gramming manual that I think is copyright date. Give a physical Stan Wszola
get his reviews printed. This outstanding, but since I don't description of the book and the Advertising
means that you can't just write to have APL running on my SOL, I price-for instance, "softbound, Marcia Stone
Nancy Ciampa
a publisher and request a copy of don't really feel qualified to 9x 12inches, 301 pages, $12.95." Rita Rivard
a book that interests you until judge the manual. By the same Your name, address, the title of Bill York
you first establish yourself. But token, if you are fairly well ad- your review and a page number European Marketing Dlr.
Reinhard Nedela
once you have had a few reviews vanced you might find it hard to should appear at the top of every
Australian Distributor
appear in the various computer read and review a basic page. Katherine Thirkell
magazines, then you can point to beginner's book because you no Some editors desire or require a
them as proof that you are longer have the point of view of a count of the number of words an Cover: DISCUS/2D by Thinker Toys.
Berkeley CA. (Photo: H. Olson, P.
capable. novice. article contains, but I have never Gorchoz)
Another benefit is the number As you reread the book, keep a had one rejected because I omit-
Kilobaud MICROCOMPUTING (USPS ~90) Is pub-
of interesting and educational pencil and paper by your side to ted that item. Almost all editors lished monthly by 1001001, Inc., Pelerbol'ough NH
03458. Subscription rates in U.S. and canada are $18
books that you get to read. I have jot down thoughts as they occur require that an SASE (self- lor one year and $45 for three years. In Europe: Kilo-
baud ersehelnt montatlleh bel Fachzeltschrlltenver·
never read a book that didn't to you. Indicate points where you addressed stamped envelope) ac- trleb Monlka Neoete, n18 Markdori, Mar1o;str.3. Aus·
teach me something; therefore, had some difficulty understand- company each manuscript you tralla: For subscriptions write-Katherine Thlrkell,
Sontron Instruments, 11 Arawatta St., carnegie, Vie.
the more I read the more I learn. I ing the author's meaning and submit. Otherwise, they are 3163 Australia. Please write for other foreign rates.
Second-class postage paid lit ~terborough NH 03458
believe that in order to be a writer points where you feel he did an under no obligation to return it to and at additional mailing offices. Publlclltion No.
346690. Phone: 603-924-3813. EnUre contents copyright
you must be a reader, and I make especially good job of getting his you if they decide not to use it. 1919 by 1001001, Inc. INCLUDE OLD ADDRESS AND
ZIP CODE WITH ADDRESS CHANGE NOTIFICATION.
my living writing. thoughts across to you. Finally, a short cover letter in-
I also mentioned money. Note anything that enhances or troducing yourself and your
7
review would be appropriate. much ground that there is no were given a free review copy. If chase or rejection. If you want to
Naturally, since I am a con- reason for your readers to buy the it's not too good, don't be afraid qualify your reasoning in some
firmed computer hobbyist, I do book, but don't be so brief that to say so. Honesty is an obliga- way-for instance, good buy for
all of my writing and rewriting on you don't really say anything. tion: to the author, the publisher, an advanced hobbyist but too
the video screen. Then my Elec- your readers and above all to steep for the beginner-then by
tric Pencil word-processing yourself. all means do so. Above all, this is
system formats and prints the Conclusion The final part of a book review a personal opinion, say what you
final manuscript error free on my should always include your judge- think.
Teletype Model 43 KSR. I don't As a book reviewer it is your ment as to its value. Don't count And just because you've seen a
even own a conventional type- right (and responsibility) to ex- on the comments you make during review on a particular book in
writer. press your viewpoint. Also keep the review to completely clarify one of the magazines, don't let
How long should a review be? in mind that it is not necessary or your point of view. Recap your that stop you. Send yours to an-
As long as it takes to say what you honest to say a lot of nice things reasons pro and con and then other. After all, two opinions
want to say. Don't try to cover so about a book just because you make a recommendation for pur- are better than one.
8
gram is put out by the same peo- zero you are declared dead. This
ple who publish PETABLE, exciting game is well worth
9
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to fight any monster that attacks mediate access. I only have one
you. The intricacies of this game program per tape, with the origi-
75 ?"lIo you understand?
are explained in the accompany- nal version on side A and my im-
77 ?"If you say Yes everything you have jus t r e ad will be er-as ed ing manual. The manual also re- proved/modified version on side
lates the background story to the B. I use only highest quality Agfa
80 POKE 525,0:UAlT 525,1:GET OS:IF O$-(>Y THEN RUN: REM read "',ain
game. tape in a well-made cassette
89 REM erase lines LIp to 99 follows In addition, Fantasy Games housing.
Software has several other ex- Acceptable C-IO tapes are
90 POKE 59409.52 : F=l : L=99
cellent games that are almost available from Dr. Daley (425
92 B=92:?" [CLR. [lOUN, [lOWN J": FOR I=FTOF+8: IF I>LTHENB= 1 (10 ready for distribution. Grove Ave., Berrien Springs Ml
Last is Hunt by Mike Richter. 49103) for $1.25 each or 84 cents
: NEXT:?" POKE 5 9409,60: GOT 0600 40
It has been renamed since last each for 100 or more. The best
93 "1 :NEXTI :?"F="F+9" :L="L" :GOTO"B month when I mentioned it as tapes I have seen and used are
Hypergame 1. It is a game that from a store in Madison WI, Full
94 POKE 525,10: FORN=OT09: POKE 527+N, 13: NEXTN:?" [HOME J": ENII
really is a class in itself, a meta- Compass (55 N Dickinson, Wash-
100 REM your prograM s t ar t s here. game (in the sense of metaphys- ington Square Complex). Their
ics). The context is a search for a tapes are the best and cost only 47
Example 1. (Lines 75, 77, 80 are merely lead-ins.) defined object. The object, the cents each for 100 or more.
names and natures of the search- Always rewind your tapes after
ers, the names and effects of the each use before storing. For
antagonists and the properties of $2.59, Radio Shack sells well-de-
100 PRINPFil'st l e t s er~lse lines
r lip to 100 to"
110 f'RINTIII'IClke rOOM for r unn i nq the '3aMe." the space in which the hunt is con- signed cassette folders that look
120 REM CURSOR UP PRINTS AS A "1", SO ducted (up to 16 regions) are all like a book and hold 12 cassettes.
130 REM PART OF THE NEXT LINE SHOULD
variables defined by a data tape. I use over 60 of these folders for
140 REM BE KEYED AS:
150 REM 160 PRINT"HIT A KEY [UPJ" •••• Huntwriter, the second inter- my programs. If you have printed
160 PRINT"HIT A KEY ":GET AS:IF AS="" GOT0160 active program in this set, helps listings or instructions you would
170 REM"DYNAMIC KEYBOARD"
define and create data tapes to be like to keep with your tapes, you
180 REM NEXT INSERT THE FIRST AND
190 REM LAST LINES TO BE ERASED used with Hunt, which changes will be interested in a three-ring
200 FIRST LINE=l :LAST LINE=22 with each new data tape. With the binder with cassette folder built
210 REM***** **********:t*:~****:t***:I<***:I<*:I< into its inside front and back.
aid of Huntwriter, you can change
220 REM THE NEXT LINE NUMBER SHOULI'
230 REM BE THE FIRST LINE OF THIS or construct new worlds for Hunt. They are available from 20th
240 REM SUBROUTINE - USUALLY IT'S And no knowledge of any com- Century Plastics (3628 Crenshaw
250 REM OWN LINE NUMBER
puter language or adherence to Blvd., Los Angeles CA 9(016) for
260 BEGIN=260
270 REM*******:~* :f.::t:******** *** *********** the formalisms of programming $7.50 each or $5.50 each for 6.
280 REM THE POKE VALUE OF RETURN is required (although it does de- You also can get clear plastic pro-
290 REM IS 13
mand clear thought). tectors for your listings or docu-
300 CARRIAGE RETRN=13
310 REM*********,t::I:*:U******************* Firstworld, Filmworld of Oz mentation. They hold typing-
320 REM KEY NEXT LINE AS: and Haunted House are three of paper-size sheets and have three-
330 REM 350 PRINT"[CLR,DOUN,DOWNJ"
340 REM READY TO PRINT LINE NUMBERS
the data tapes available now for ring binder holes on the side.
350 PRINT" " Hunt and Huntwriter. Thus with They cost 20 cents each for 100 or
360 REI1* *:. ***** **:.**:~ **:t:*** **:+:****:f:***:~:f: less than 8K of RAM you can more from 20th Century Plastics.
370 REM I IS THE LINE NUMBERS TO
380 REM BE ERASED
travel with Frodo through Middle You may also want full-size cas-
390 FOR I=FIRST LINE TO FIRST LINE+S Earth or trace adventures of King sette labels so you can neatly type
400 REI1***** ***:f:***********:t,******:~***** Arthur's court. And the user can your program names. Ray Jacobs
410 REM IT STOPS ERASING AFTER I IS
420 REM GREATER THAN YOUR CHECK LINE set up this world without having Audio (1419 Santa Fe Ave., Long
430 REM SET BEGIN TO THE NEXT LINE OF to write a program. Beach .CA 90813) sells rolls of
440 REM YOUR PROGRAM TO BE EXECUTED Hunt is more than a fantastic 1000 cassette labels for $15.
450 IF DLAST LINE THEN BEGIN=1000
460 RE11**** ***** ********** ** ***********
interactive adventure. It is one
470 REM NEXT PRINT THE LINE NUMBER way to involve non-programmers
480 PRINT I in software. It also is educational,
490 REH******** **********:~*:~***:t:*****:Ic* Programming Hints
500 NEXT I both in the playing (map drawing,
510 REH******* **** *** *:II**:~'II*****:~*:t:**** organization) and in the creating.
520 REM DELETED, ALL VARIABLES ARE
The parent and child can create As promised last month, I will
530 REM SET TO 0 - NEXT WE PRINT THE
their own world, or a freshman explain how you can alter a
540 REM INFO NEEDED TO CONTINUE THIS
550 REM SUBROUTINE history project can 'recreate an era BASIC program while it is run-
560 PRINT"FIRST LINE=" FIRST+9; in history. ning. PET has a special buffer
570 PRINT" :LAST L1NE=" LAST" :GOTO" BEGIN
If you are interested in Hunt, (memory) for the keyboard. Last
580 REtt **** **** *** *** **~* **** *** ******* month we touched on this with
590 REM NEXT THE KEYBOARD BUFFER IS Huntwriter and any sample data
600 REM FILLED WITH RETURNS
tapes for them, please contact the the short routine:
610 REM THESE RETURN THE BLANI:
PET Gazette, 1929 Northport Dr., POKE 525,0: WAIT 525,1: GET A$
620 REM LINES NUMBERS WE JUST PRINTED
630 PoKE525,10:FoR N=O TO 9 Room 6, Madison WI 53704. Location 525 tells the PET how
640 POI:E527+N,CARRIAGE RETRN many keys have been hit since it
650 NEXT N:REH*********:~****:t:********** last looked. By POKEing a 0
660 REM KEY LINE 730 AS:
670 REM 730 PRINT"[HOMEJ":END there, PET thinks that no keys
680 REM THIS PUTS THE CURSOR TO THE Sidelines were hit. WAIT tells it to wait un-
690 REM HOME POSITION AND ENDS THE
til a certain condition is met, and
700 REM PROGRAM. THUS PET tloU LOOKS
710 REM AT IT'S KEYBOARD BUFFER TO You may not have almost 400 then to continue. Try this short
720 REM SEE WHAT KEYS HAVE BEEN HIT cassettes of PET programs to example:
730 PRINT"":END
store, as I do, but most PET users 10 POKE 525,0: WAIT 525.3 : INPUT A$
7 40 REM** **** *******:t:*:~:t:*:t::~**:u:.******
750 REM THE LINE ERASING ROUTINE should have an organized and ef- The PET won't do anything until
760 REM IS OVER NOU ficient method of storing pro- three keys are hit, but it remem-
1000 PROGRAM CONTINUES HERE
READY.
grams on cassettes. I recommend bers what those keys were.
using C-I0 cassettes (5 minutes The keyboard buffer is from
each side). Since rewind time is locations 527 to 536. By POKEing
Program A. Automatic line-erasing routine. minimal, you can keep one pro- the correct values into this buffer
gram on each side for almost im- and setting the counter at loca-
12
AMERICAN DATA INTRODUCES
PRODUCTS TO EUROPE.
CONTACT YOUR NEAREST DEALER.
BELGIUM Mutek BISY
International Electronic Center Quarry Hill Rheinstrasse 2
Avenue Charles Plisnier 37 Box, Corsham 4040 Neuss 1
B 1070 Brussels Wiltshire SN14 9HT Telephone: 02101-28124
Telephone: 521-1620 Telephone: 0225-743289 Telex: 8517931
Telex 85055
Thames Personal Computers LC-Rechenzentrum
13 Wilmot Way Bernhardstrasse 71-73
UNITED KINGDOM
Camberley, Surrey D 55 Trier
Abacus Computers, Ltd.
Telephone: 0276-27860 Telephone: 0651-31026
62 New Cavendish Street
Telex: 847851 Telex: 472621
London W.1
Telephone: 01-580-8841 U Microcomputers
Telex 8813085 PO Box 24 GREECE
Northwich, Cheshire CW8 IRS Compumak, Ltd.
Calderbrook Technical Services 117 Solonas Street
Telephone: 0606-75627
1 Higher Calderbrook Athens 142
Littleborough, Lancs. FRANCE Telephone: 363-2952
Telephone: 0706-79332 Computer Shop Janal
COMP Computer Components 12 Rue Pasquier ITALY
14 Station Road 75008 Paris Edi Consult SRL
New Barnet Telephone: 329-6237 Via Caccini 12
Herts. EN5 1QW Telex: 203919 20052 Monza
Telephone: 01-441-2922 Telephone: 039-38-9850
Electronic JL
Telex: 25769 97 Rue de Chantiers Skylab
Linn Products 78000 Versailles Via M. Gioia 66
235 Drakemire Drive Telephone: 950-2820 20125 Milano
Castelmilk, Glasgow Telex: 260717 Telephone: 688-38-06
G45 95Z Scotland Telex: 32271
Telephone: 041-634-3860 GERMANY
Telex: 77301 Balu Electronics NETHERLANDS
Burchardsplatz 1 Ingenieursbureau Koopmans
2000 Hamburg 1 Joh. Vermeerstraat 7
Telephone: 330935 3351 BN Paperdrecht
MER ICAN Telex: 2161373 Telephone: 078-56033
=-
=i!
After the word is described and
its use explained, a test program
(sometimes several) consisting of
from four to 12 lines is given. By
entering the test program
your computer and comparing
your results with the sample run
into
"caught" enough
The BASIC Handbook
of it to make
Sherman P. Wantz
Sebring FL
~~~-B-O-O-K-S-
provided, you will be able to
determine precisely how your
machine's BASIC interpreter The Incredible Secret Money
responds to that word. Machine
A particularly useful section Don Lancaster
that appears under many BASIC Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc.
words is entitled: "If Your Com- Indianapolis In, 1978
puter Doesn't Have It." As that
guage;" this book provides the title implies, it is sometimes possi- This is the first "nontechnical"
The BASIC Handbook key that can open your computer ble to achieve a desired pro- book by Don Lancaster that I've
David A. Lien to programs written in BASIC gramming result by using a com- ever seen, and it fully lives up to
Compusoft Publishing dialects supplied with more than bination of BASIC terms. his previous reputation. If you
San Diego CA 92119 50 of the world's most popular For example, under the MAT want to make money from some-
Softcover, 360 pp., $14.95 computers. Covered are language PRINT statement explanation, thing that you like to do, run out
variations used by Radio Shack, the author describes how you can and buy The Incredible Secret
Who among us computer hob- Commodore, Altair, Imsai, assign values to each element of Money Machine now. You won't
byists hasn't felt totally Apple, SWTP, Heathkit, Ohio an array even if your computer regret it. Like his other work, this
frustrated when that "neat" pro- Scientific, Control Data, Digital doesn't recognize "MAT book comprises solid informa-
gram we copied from a magazine Group, North Star, DEC, IBM, PRINT." His recommendation: tion at a reasonable price ($5.95
article failed to run in our own etc. use FOR-NEXT loops in combi- list). That may seem like a lot of
computers? The program was Two hundred seventeen com- nation with PRINT statements. money for 159 pages, but remem-
written in BASIC, wasn't it? Our mands, statements and functions A paragraph beneath each ber-there's no nonsense in
computer's language is BASIC, are described in detail. In addi- word identifies (sometimes by Don's stuff.
isn't it? So why won't the pro- tion, the uses of 34 operators computer manufacturer's name) Each chapter in Money Ma-
gram run? (symbols such as the comma, co- "Variations In Usage" of the chine is dedicated to a particular
We'll assume that we entered lon and plus sign) are covered. word. For example, under the phase of establishing your own
the program correctly. It prob- These explanations are intended SPACE function, used to insert a "money machine" and keeping it
ably failed to work as predicted to supplement, not replace, those specified number of blanks, you functioning. Don has covered not
by the magazine article writer contained in your computer man- are told that some BASIC inter- just what you should do (along
because his computer and ours ufacturer's instruction manual. preters require you to place a "$" with examples that are taken
speak different BASIC dialects. Each BASIC word is described after SPACE. from his own experience, or so it
Remember that over the years, in a uniform manner. The word Author Lien and Editor Dave seems) but also what you should
more than 100 such BASIC itself appears at the top right- Gunzel admit to one important avoid like the plague. He tells you
dialects-or variations-have hand edge of the page in bold let- omission. BASIC words used to the whys, too. Some of this ad-
been developed. ters centered on the picture of a control peripheral devices such as vice seems to run counter to what
The BASIC Handbook was video monitor. Since all words tape machines, disk drives and the local chamber of commerce
written by Dr. David A. Lien are listed alphabetically, you can printers have not been included in or business school might want
(author of Radio Shack's popular quickly locate the particular word this, the first issue of the en- you to believe, but my own ex-
BASIC primer, "TRS-80 User's you are seeking by riffling the cyclopedia. They claim that at perience says that he's right every
Manual For Level I") to help you edges of the book's pages. this time so little uniformity exists time.
translate BASIC programs from "ANSI" appears to the right of in the use of such words that their If you want to get into business
one dialect to another. For exam- the word if it has been recognized inclusion would be premature. for yourself, this book is an ab-
ple, if you wanted to translate a as being a part of the minimum Both author and editor expect solute must. You'll learn some
BASIC program written for BASIC vocabulary by the Na- to enlarge the list of BASIC basic strategy and tactics and
Radio Shack's TRS-80 computer tional Bureau of Standards' words covered in future printings then how to get things rolling in
to run on Commodore's PET American National Standards In- of their encyclopedia. "BASIC the first three chapters. Chapters
machine, the Handbook would stitute. A notation appearing keeps expanding. We can only 4, 5 and 6 go into the nitty-gritty
help you do it. beneath the word identifies its chase it," they lament, "but of finding the information you
Subtitled "An Encyclopedia of purpose (command, statement, never catch it all."
the BASIC Computer Lan- function or operator). In my opinion, they have (continued on page 140)
14
CompuSoft ™ Publishing Proudly Announces .
$1495
(360 pages - Soft Cover)
From the author of the highly acclaimed TRS·80 Learner's Manual comes the
book you've been asking for! THE BASIC HANDBOOK is THE definitive
reference and "idea" book which explains in detail the BASIC language as used
in over 50 micros, minis and mainframes.
16
Music Kaleidoscope-uses in-
put (such as from your stereo) to
create a color light show ($9.95).
The Talking Calculator-
transforms the Apple II into a
talking 10-digit calculator
($12.95).
Apple-Lis'ner-make your
own programs with voice recog-
nition ($19.95).
17
Intel/National SBC-80, DEC models: the LA34, which accepts
LSI-III2 and Motorola Exorci- either roll paper or individual
sor, feature memory-mapped ad- sheets, and the LA38, which uses
dressing, which allows the full conventional, tractor-fed print-
power of the processor's instruc- out paper. DECwriter IV models
tion set to be used for display include a choice of four character
data manipulation. The 12810ca- spacings and can output 132 col-
tion character generator features umns of type across an 8 \/, inch
the full ASCII set including upper wide piece of paper at the most
and lowercase characters as well compressed setting.
as limited graphics. A 5 x 7 dot DEC's high-speed terminal is
matrix in a 6 x 10 dot cell is used, the new DECwriter III, which
resulting in a non-interlaced, prints copy bidirectionally at 180
The CIT-PME-16. completely flicker-free display. cps, has a choice of eight charac-
All models operate from a single ter spacings, employs a lK char-
+5 V power supply. A compati- acter input buffer and has micro-
package by Roger O. Littge, ble family of graphics controller processor-controlled logic to per-
16-Bit PASCAL Computer mit more than 45 settings by key-
M.D., which provides emergency cards with variable resolutions
advice in the event of accidental ranging from 256 x 256 to board selection.
poisoning in the home. Written in The CIT-PME-16 PASCAL 512 x 256 points is also available. Digital Equipment Corpora-
BASIC, the program uses word Microengine is the world's first Price is $295. tion, 129 Parker St., PK
recognition to identify the names 16-bit PASCAL computer system Matrox Electronics Systems, 3-1/A4I, Maynard MA 01754.
of household products or sub- that directly executes PASCAL 2795 Bates Rd., Montreal,
stances, then provides instruc- object programs. The system Quebec, H3S IB5, Canada.
tions for essential emergency comes complete with desktop
treatment. The package comes CPU, 64K of RAM memory, THE SYSTEM
complete with two disk utilities to dual 8-inch floppy disk sub-
enable expansion of the recogniz- system, 60 cps line printer, CRT DEC Terminals SYSTEM I features a custom
able vocabulary to 2400 names with upper and lowercase letters console, keyboard, S-100 bus
(single density, single-sided and the PASCAL Operating Sys- The DECwriter IV from Digi- motherboard, 16 Amp power
North Star diskette). Maximum tem on diskette. Also included tal Equipment Corporation supply, fan, 64x 16 upper and
search time is 6 seconds. Annual are complete documentation and (DEC) is the company's first lowercase video/graphics board
updates of the vocabulary will be technical manuals. The UCSD table-top hard-copy unit. With and the MD-690A CPU board.
provided free of charge. (University of California, San the look, weight and feel of an of- Besides combining the 6800 pro-
World Simulation is a popula- Diego) version of PASCAL soft- fice typewriter, the DECwriter IV cessor (6802) with the S-IOObus,
tion and ecologic computer simu- ware package includes the BASIC 30 cps terminal employs special- the MD-690A includes a 2400
lation. The two versions included and PASCAL compiler, file man- purpose microcircuitry to permit baud cassette interface and
on the diskette are completely in- ager, editor and debugging aid. the user to determine such re- interrupt-driven keyboard input.
teractive and are suitable for sixth If you don't want to order the quirements as the number of This CPU permits such options as
grade through college studies in complete system, you can pur- characters per inch for each line, 8K BASIC in on-card PROM,
ecology, economics, system dy- chase the PASCAL Microengine margin and tabular settings and multitasking and time-sharing.
namics or international policy. as a complete computer without vertical spacing between lines. There is even 2400 real-time clock
Based on the user's suggested peripherals. The computer costs DECwriter IV comes in two circuitry provided. The MD-
changes in birth rate, food pro- $2995; the complete system is
duction, etc., the model projects $8000.
the trends of 15 system vari- Computer Interface Tech-
ables-population, natural nology, 2080 South Grand,
resources, pollution ratio, quality Grand Centre, Santa Ana CA
of life, capital investment, pollu- 92705.
tion generated, food ratio,life ex-
pectancy, birth rate, crowding
ratio, material standard of living,
natural resource usage, capital in-
vestment ratio, capital invest- Transparent Memory
ment ratio in agriculture and Video Display Board
capital investment agricultural
fraction-from the year 1900 to The ALTR-2480, a new 24 line
the selected endpoint and prints x 80 character alphanumeric
any of three different graphs or a video interface card for the S-l 00
tabular listing of all variables. bus, features a new concept,
Home Poison Control is avail- called transparent memory, that
able on North Star diskette with solves the classic memory-
manual and complete source contention problem common to
listings for $28 (manual only with all CRT displays. The CPU can
source listings costs $8) or on access the refresh memory at any
CBASIC version 8 inch diskette time, the display is completely
with manual for $32. The World glitch free, and the CPU is never
Simulation program package is interrupted. The method is com-
provided in either North Star pletely general and does not rely
BASIC on 5 y,. inch diskette, $28 on the peculiar timing character-
(manual only with North Star istics of a particular CPU, so it
listings costs $8), or CBASIC on 8 can be used with most micro and
inch diskette, $32. Both versions minicomputers.
require 16K of memory and are All cards, incorporated into
supplied with complete source three industry standard buses be-
files. sides the S-I00 bus including the DECwriter IVs (background) and a DECwriter III (foreground).
18
residents, add 4 percent tax.
F & D Associates, 1270 Todd
Rd., New Plymouth OH 45654.
19
"Horizon" heading in the 1978 both recording format (Kansas
Index. I can only find two articles City, etc.) and data formats (In-
that have "North Star" In the ti- tel's object format, etc.). What
tle. I can only find two ads that kinds of floppy disk systems
offer NS BASICsoftware. should I support? What kind of
I really do not regret having services would be desirable?
plunked down money for a three- Possibilities here include copying
year subscription to Kilobaud from one medium to another,
M!CROCOMPUTING. It really printing listings from cassettes,
lives up to its motto. However, paper tape, etc., running
we users of NS BASIC would ap- assemblies or disassemblies, sort-
encoder. Operation from the key- preciate a little more attention. ing data such as mailing lists and
PET Peeve board was adequate, but when I programming PROMs and listing
attempted operation from a tape, Richard Kennon their contents.
I just received the January 1979 the result was a complete muddle, Sunnyvale CA How much would people be
issue of KiiobaudMICROCOM- when any printout resulted at all. willing to pay for some of these
PUTING arid wish to express my Last month, we exhorted OS! and
I decided that the voltage was too services? Would there be enough
appreciation for your continuing Apple owners to let us hear from
low for the sliding contact on the people using these services for me
high-quality. magazine. But I am them. (Oh, say, OS!-ers, see page
commutator. I revised the input to stay in business? Is anyone else
somewhat confused about your 130.) Well-how about you North
circuit to a series connection to considering starting a hobbyist
editorial policy with the inclusion Star owners? (Meanwhile, check
the 37 volt supply througha 5.6k service bureau? Please let me
of the first of a series written by out Bob Goff's article on p. /00.)
Ohm resistor, with a shunt to know about any ideas or sugges-
Len Lindsay and titled "PET- -Editors.
ground of lk Ohm across the in- tions you may have.
pourri." As a biased and satisfied put filter: This inverted the
owner of the TRS-80 computer signal, so I added an extra in- James R. Howell
system, I think back to the July Fresh Perspective 5472 Playa Del Rey
verter.
1978 Editor'S Remarks, "Where San Jose CA 95123
Have All the Forums Gone?" in Gerald Matthews I'm II years old and I read my
which John Craig noted that the .. Lanaka Harbor NJ father's computer magazines.
editors "decided to concentrate I've also read Jade's catalog. I've Cassette Tapes Revisited
on articles .for the variety of We feel that Mr. Matthews' drawn some pictures on what I
systems and do away with col- note is worth publishing. Al- think they mean (see below).
I wish to clarify a point made in
umns for certain ones" (p. 7). though we did not have any such
Amy Dolcourt my December 1978 article, "The
Thus the TRS-80 Forum, as well trouble with our tape reader, I
Sunnyvale CA Care and Feeding of Cassette
as columns focused on other sys- can see that a slightly dirty com-
Tapes," which was brought to
tems, was discontinued. mutator would cause input prob-
my attention by a Mr. B. Chud-
Now don't misunderstand me. lems as mentioned by Gerald.
nor of Indiana. (I've misplaced
I think that "PET-pourri" is a Our trouble was not too low in-
Service Sought his envelope and, consequently,
well-written, interesting and im- put voltage, but noise from the
his address; feel free to write me
portant addition to the informa- selector magnets. I feel that you
The article "A Service Bureau again, sir!)
tion available for both owners should warn users to use the
for Hobbyists" in the January I mentioned that the quality of
and non-owners of the PET com- higher-voltage scheme only if
1979 issue of Kilobaud M!CRO- remanence in tape is the same in
puter. It is my hope that this they have problems with poor
contacts in the Baudot. COMPUTING caught my inter- all brands. May I repeat the word
editorial inconsistency will be est. Because of it, I am seriously quality, for every tape brand has
cleared up. One way is to rein- W. B. Reed considering starting such a ser- differing levels of this quality
state the TRS-80 Forum. The Redwood City CA vice. Initially, I plan to support depending on how it is used.
TRS-80 is the most cost efficient I must also mention retentivity,
cassettes, paper tape and prob-
and widely owned microcomput- ably a few types of floppy disks. another term used in judging
er system and should be repre- No North? magnetic tape, and its definition.
Other initial services are likely to
sented (as I said I am biased). include printed listings and Retentivity is the ability of any
Alternati vely, the original What has North Star done PROM programming. substance to retain a magnetic
editorial decision should be wrong? They buy full-color ads in I am interested in hearing from charge. The soft iron core of a
honored and a wide variety of ar- almost every issue, don't they? people with ideas on what ser- transformer, for example, has
ticles should be published with no Look in the December issue. No vices they would like. For exam- high magnetic properties when
focus on anyone system. Instant Software· in North Star ple, what data formats are widely current is flowing, but does not
David L. Whelchel BASIC. No "North Star" or used? For cassettes this includes remain magnetized after the cur-
Pullman WA
Due to the continuing lack of sup-
porting documentation from
Commodore, we felt that some Ribbon cable.
method of disseminating the se-
crets of the PET was need-
ed. =Editors.
Making Contacts
20
HARDCOPY NOW!
TRS-80*
Why pay half the price of your computer for
hardcopy output? Keep cost down with GPA's
Hardcopy Interface! It plugs into the 40 pin
expansion connector provided with your TRS-80*
That's right, you don't need an expansion
interface. Ifyou have an expansion interface that's
ok. Our Hardcopy Interface works with or without!
You get a 3M' 40 pin connector with attached
ribbon cable, a OB-25 connector for your terminal,
and an internal power supply.
There is a simple software routine that we supply
to initialize the output port and get character.
Using Level II "Basic" Print & List commands you
are ready to print: Mailing lists, Form letters, Data
tables, Inventory reports, Manuscripts, etc.
RS-232-C or 20ma. current loop available.
PET*
GPA's Hardcopy Interface for the PET* uses the
"IEEE-488" bus provided by Commodore.
Parallel signals are converted to serial signals by a
5v single supply UART (universal asynchronous
receiver transmitter). All logic signals are
converted to the proper levels. For output, you get
a standard OB-25 connector. All lines are tri-state
buffered for extra reliability. Best of all you still
retain the IEEE bus! GPA has provided you with
another "IEEE" edge connector that allows you to
extend the bus for additional devices.
Disk Utility Packages for 9427H hard disk, provide 10 will also run. IMDOS II is com-
NEW CP/M or Cromemco-includes
LISTF, which lists the directory
megabytes of formatted on-line
storage per unit. The 9427H is a
patible with other versions of IM-
DOS and CP/M version 1.33.
PRODUCTS to a disk file in the form of a SUB- high-performance, random ac- Imsai Manufacturing Corpora-
MIT or BATCH file, COPY, cess storage device that uses a tion, 14860 Wicks Blvd., San
which copies and verifies an en- single fixed disk for 5 megabytes Leandro CA 94577.
(from page 19) tire diskette in less than one of storage. An industry standard
minute on PerSci drives, TRAK- 5440-type removable disk car-
grams on disk for the Radio TEST, which tests each track and tridge provides an additional 5
Shack TRS-80. The first release, sector for reading and writing, megabytes of storage. This
Disk Payroll, is an interactive DISKTEST, which completely removable media capability
payroll system that handles any tests a diskette by writing and allows for file backup and unlim- PuBLISHER'S
number of employees. The pack- reading bit patterns, and COM- ited off-line storage. Average
age features completely auto- PARE, which compares two random access time is under 35 REMARKS
mated file handling, output op- diskette files. The entire package milliseconds.
tions for the TRS-80 line printer supplied on diskette complete HD-1O is compatible with all
(from page 6)
and a comprehensive manual with documentation costs $50. Imsai 8080/85-based microcom-
containing step-by-step instruc- Bl ac k iack-c-in s t r uct s the puters. The system employs a sin-
tions. Disk Payroll sells for player on the basic strategy gle S-JOObus 110 board to inter- clean ... not too cold in winter
$59.95. originated by Professor Edward face with up to two external disk and not too hot in summer. It is
Thorp against a single deck using controllers. Each controller sup- beautiful up here in the moun-
Las Vegas rules. Runs under ports up to four hard disks. tains. Peterborough is a small
Network Software CBASIC or Microsoft BASIC Therefore, any Imsai system may town and it is going to stay a
and is supplied on diskette or be expanded to 80 megabytes of small town. Most of the people
New software releases from the listing for $25. hard disk storage with only one who work here live in neighbor-
Network, 495 Third Avenue, San All programs are available at 110 card. ing communities where they have
Francisco CA 94118, include: Database, PO Box 22212, San Included with the 'HD-IO sys- plenty of land so they can live a
CP/M for Cromemco Com- Francisco CA 94122. tem is the new 1MDOS II operat- rural life instead of all piled
puters-A CBIOS for Cromemco ing system. Any applications together in suburban tracts or
4FDC controller allows you to written under IMDOS will run apartment houses.
run all CP/M software on all under IMDOS II with little or no Salaries? We'll pay enough for
Cromemco computers. Supplied Hard Disk from Imsai modification. Simply assign the you to make do, and when we
on diskette with implementation hard disk as the logical device make money you'll share in it in
instructions for $50 or sold with HD-IO Hard Disk Systems, used by the application. All of proportion to your contribution
CP/M ready to run for $150. featuring the CDC Hawk Model Imsai's utilities and languages to that prosperity.
22
Level II TRS-80 + The LIBRARY 100
You shouldn't have one without the other!!
PAMIII ~!"I"'IlJIIIlY PRllllM.I!!IEirn
tUIIlR PRl!lI,,"-PII\'IlI!I f'IMIl!I PfI'IIU{I
III mes,] 353.58 58.57 2'1!.BI
I:M 37140.6 ;53.58 S'J.IH l'M,loI
135 31881.1 35J,:i8 ~.5 l'M.e8
136 lIW.2 353.:iII :;I.W
III 68.45
138 69,93
ll9 ~ .• 353.:.e
1'1& 36m.S l5l.58 ~I.~ 2'>1.\.8
t(l ~.1151.58 6l.l'l 291.1'
IQ 36657.2 lS3.58 U.1Il 19O.1
1(3 :lI.m.e ;53.58 6.).28 ~.1
1401 ~.i 15l.:.e (,3.811 m.7
ru«\fL~ 12 l~rlltlbil1Ulll!SR1!.~l
Plll:SSOOUtlOto!ln'LI10~lOI(tll'.
Finance: Present Value of a Future Sum-Simple Interest for Days-Future Value of a Present Sum-Amortization Schedule-Interest
Rate: Compound Interest-Interest Rate: Installment Loan-Days Between Dates-Term of an Installment Loan-Present Value of a
Seriesof Payments-Real Estate Capital Investment-Nominal and Effective Interest Rates-Internal Rate of Return-Future Value of
Regular Deposits-Regular Depositsfor Future Value-Depreciation Amount: Rate; Salvage Value; Schedule-Bond Present Value-
Bond Yieldto Maturity-Sale-Cost-Margin-Day of the Week-Moving Ad.
Education: Multiplication& Division-Add-Subtract-Fraction & Decimal-States & Capitals-States & Order of Entry-States & Ab-
breviation- Inventors & Inventions-World Capitals & Countries- Urban Areas& Population- Authors & Books- Presidents& Order-
States & Largest City-Basenum.
Graphics: Left Right- Random Ad-Graphic- Blocks- Fireside-Snow-Step Ad-Step Ad 2- Launch- Ratrace- War Game- Weird
- Herring- Blinker-Snoopy.
Home: MessageBoard-Expense Account-Nutrition-Mileage-Remember-Phone Codes-Night Check Off-Drunkometer-Perpet-
ual Calendar-Babysitter-Calculator-Bartender-Christmas List- Vacation Check Off-Conversion.
Games: Speedy-Odd One-R. Roulette-Star Blazer-Search-Spyship- Tiger Shark-Jumble 2-Sting Ray-Stars-Sketch-Flipper
-Scissors-Horse-Doomsday-Craps-Jumble I-Mem. Quiz Letters=Mem. Quiz Numbers-Wheel of Fortune-Decision-Un-
jumble- Fifteen- Towers- Life-Star Trek-Race Track-Count - Roachrace- Gypsy.
The Library 100 is the best buy in software history! We do have one problem, though. Some people cannot believe that we can
give you so much for only $49.50. We suggest that if you don't believe it, you ask your friends who have purchased this software
package or go to your local computer store and ask to see it.
The Library 100 is a collection of 100 original, quality programs, plus a new, easy programming language for your TRS-80,
Tiny PILOT (TPILOT).
It took us 37 pages in our manual just to say a little about each program, so we cannot describe them all here. We did list
them. How many can you use?
You've read the announcements in Kilobaud and Creative Computing. It is here and it is real. A value in excess of $500.00 for
only $49.50 plus $2.00 postage and handling (plus 4% for Georgia residents).
Watch for future software announcements. Hardware? Calculator? Business systems? Write and tell us what you want next.
Mail: $49.50 + $2.00 P & H + 4% if shipped to Call: 24-hour order service (404) 939-6031.
Georgia. See: Your local computer store or Radio
Shack Associate Store.
Here's a first look at part of Don Lancaster's latest Sams book, Son of Cheap Video. The TV
6-5/8 he talks about is a full graphics update of the original TVT-6L we ran in the June 1977
issue of Kilobaud, is a PAIA kit and is detailed in Lancaster's Cheap Video Cookbook.
ou'll find things more chal- the hardware and software dif- is more important than mini- can change only once every two
Y lenging when
cheap video to an 8080 or Z-80
you add ferences will
check into a general-use
be. Then we'll
80801
mizing the total words of scan
coding.
microseconds. This is only half
as fast as we need for a reason-
system, compared to the easy Z-80 adapter that goes between Be forewarned that what we able number of characters or
6500 conversions. There are your computer and the TVT are going to look at has only chunks on a line.
several new hassles involved 6-518. Finally, we'll show you been tested on the Benton Har- 3. Clocking and timing signals
that will get in your way and the software you will need to bor 50-pin bus. While there is no are different.
somehow have to be resolved. put cheap video on a Heathkit obvious reason why you can't 4. Literal translation of scan
In most cases, these hassles H8. do the same thing on an 8-100 programs will be far too slow.
will take extra coding, more We'll assume your system is bus system or with a Z-80, we In general, we'll get around
low-cost ICs and very careful bus oriented and that your have not tried it just yet, and hassle #1 by latching and hold-
attention to your system timing. cheap video system is to be a neither should you ... unless ing both address and upstream
The bottom line is this: Cheap piggyback add-on to an exist- you have a good triggered scope tap data lines using suitably
video should go on most any ing RAM plug-in card. We'll fur- on hand and thoroughly under- spaced timing. We'll beat #2 by
8080 or Z-80 system, but it will ther assume the usual 2 MHz stand the 8080 CPU timing. adding a "speed doubling" cir-
take more effort, more code 8080 speed. Your RAM should Our main 8080 hassles are cuit that creates the illusion of
and more parts to get compara- be fast enough that it does not these: a once-per-microsecond pro-
ble results. use the READY command to 1. The address bus has gar- gram counter advance. This il-
Let's see just what these hold up CPU time. We'll also as- bage on it at times. lusion will appear only at the
hassles are. First, we'll look at sume your system is big enough 2. The program counter usually display memory and then only
an 8080 in general to see what that nonvolatile scan firmware
2p.SEC
FROM DISPLAY
MEMORY
(0) CPU STATES
UPSTREAM ------ ------+--l
TAP
AI2-AIS
(b) ADDRESS BUS RIGHT
IdI OBIN
* SEE TEXT
14LSOO
(el MI
(I) MEMR
(gl ¢2 CLOCK
~~----x----~~ CUT FOIL
Fig. 1. The H8 is a typical 2 MHz 8080A system. Here are the Fig. 2. Minimum 8080A-TVT 6-5/8 interface is limited to 2 usec
waveforms involved in reading a NOP command out of RAM. character or chunk times.
24
outputting valid data. The that gives us an external nega-
theory here is that output en- tive logic OR combination of
ables and bus access can take the old display memory chip
place during the same time that select and the one needed for
the memory is still accessing it- TVT scanning. A foil cut is in-
self, so long as everything ends volved here. The chip select in-
up stable by the start of DBIN put, CSI, is shown permanently
CALL RET time. A final waveform we will enabled. Depending on your de- ;
find useful is the 02 system code PROM, this can go to a
clock shown in Fig. 19. TVT enable switch, do nothing
A. JlJUl or be used as an internal chip
A8 500KHz A8 The least we can get away
A7 SQUARE A7
DISPLAY DISPLAY
A6 MEMORY
WAVE A6 MEMORY with and still get cheap video select combiner, eliminating
A5 A5
A4 A4 on an 8080 is latching the upper the external gate.
A3 A3
A2 A2 four address lines. If we don't The TVT is only allowed to
AI AI
AO
do this, all the commands out gain data bus control during a
AO
of our TVT instruction decoder scan and then only when the
(oj NORMAL 8080 OPERATION (b) A9 SWITCHED 8080 OPERATION PROM, including the row com- computer wants to read it. To
DURING A SCAN I ADDRESSES DURING A SCAN ,500 KHz CLOCK ON
ADVANCE ONLY ONCE EVERY A9 LINE PROOUCES NEW ADDRESS mands and the sync pulses, will do this, we use the computer's
TWO MICROSECONOS. TOO SLOW EACH MICROSECOND; CHARACTERS
TO OUTPUT CHARACTERS. OUTPUT AT PROPER RATE. have big holes chopped in memory read MEMR c?mmand
them. and NAND it with the decode
Fig. 3. A stock 8080 system can't change display memory ad- enable, DEN, to get a suitable
Fig. 2 shows a minimum 8080-
dresses each microsecond. Here's how to use A9 switching for
to-TVT 6-5/8 interface. In this scan enable SEI input.
speedup. .
?ircuit, + 5, ground, blanking, MEMR also goes to the clock
the upstream tap and the data input of the TVT 6-5/8. But,
during a TVT scan. Everything quarter of the time, the address bus are connected in the USUal since our load command in the
else stays the usual speed. bus has invalid information on way. Address lines A 12 through TVT is derived from the falling
Hassle #3 goes away when we it. Now, if we address a memory A 15 are connected to a latch edge of VCl, it is the trailing
solve #2. Finally, we can get with the wrong address, we will, that catches the valid ad- edge of MEMR that loads our
scan software that is fast of course, get the wrong infor- dresses. This is done on the video shift register. The time
enough by "using the powerful mation out of the memory. leading edge of the memory difference of about 750 nano-
register-to-register commands Worse still, since the memory read command, MEMR. seconds gives our character
. of the 8080 or by using brute has its own access time to con- Our chip select output CSO generator more than enough
force (all ROM, non-modifying) tend with, the amount of time is shown going to an AND gate time to produce a valid output.
coding. that useful information comes
On to the fine print. out of the memory is even
shorter than the time the ad-
Hardware dress bus is valid (Fig. 1c). So, A.
SOURCE
Suppose we have a normal, the bad news is that both data
functional H8 executing a string and address have all kinds of
A9 TO
DISPLAY
of no operations (NOP) from a holes in them and don't seem MEMORY
SE!
this timing look like? How can There are some system-level
MEMR
we trick the H8 into using the signals that may help us out of
same sort of timing-with add- this bind. Signal DBIN in Fig. 1d 52
ons-to run a TVT 6-5/8? Fig. 1 determines the time when the
gives us some clues. CPU must have valid data; but
Execution of a NOP takes this Signal is not available on
two microseconds (actually, the system bus ... for a very
slightly less than this on the good reason. Anyone who tries
H8). Four CPU states (Fig. 1a), to use this Signal will be cutting
each taking around half a mi- into the CPU's own processing
crosecond, are involved. The time and degrading perfor-
object of these four states is to mance. Instead, two signals are
put the program counter on the derived for bus use. These sig-
address bus, read an addressed nals occur early enough so that
!-------VDO-VD7
memory location, enter it into enables, decoding, settling
the CPU and then act on the times and so on are complete FROM
cs
command. When the CPU finds before the CPU needs" valid DECODER
out the command is a NOP, it data. These signals are called ~CS!
will spend the tail end of the M1 (Fig. 1e) and MEMR (Fig. 1f).
cycle essentially doing nothing. M 1 starts after the address is
Our first hassle appears in valid but ends before DElIN.
Fig. 1b. We see that the ad- MEMR includes both the M1
dress bus only has the correct and DBIN times. Unfortunately,
information on it three-quarters both M1and MEMR start before Fig. 4. Speed-doubling 8080A- TVT 6-5/8 interface gives 1 usec
of the time. For the remaining we are sure that the memory is character or chunk times.
25
Now, this is a quick and dirty lusion of a microprocessor
circuit that you may want to try speedup at the display memory tc l CPUSTATE
good enough for final system enough to not use the READY
use. command. If you do run faster, (d) MEMR
ments of your data bus or ad- sure you have enough process-
dress bus available. We'll soon ing time for your character (f) 01
verters or inverting gates can vance at the display memory. (k) ~~G~~TSEH~FT
LOAD
also be used to invert bus, Fig. 3 gives us details on how
clock, data or control lines as this works. We break our most (I) SET II
needed. significant display space ad-
The big hassle is that the dress line and connect it to a
Fig. 5. Speed-doubling waveforms.
character or chunk times will carefully timed 500 kHz square
be two microseconds each, wave during a scan. For a 16 x
For instance, say your dis- in Fig. 5 are as before. Wave-
rather than just one. This 64 or a 12 x 80 alphanumeric
play memory starts at 000 000. form (e) is a \1)2clock, which has
means that, so far, even a 32 display, this will be address line
The next character or chunk to be an inverted replica of the
character line won't run at nor- A9.
will be at 002000. Your charac- Heath bus 02 clock signal.
mal horizontal scan frequen- Now, a 500 kHz square wave
ters will follow in this order: waveform (f) shows us the 500
cies. Beating this particular is low for one microsecond and
1st character 000 000 kHz square wave that results
hassle soundly about the head high for another one. While all
2nd character 002 000 when we clock MEMR. Since
and ears is the key to practical the regular addresses below A9 3rd character 000 001
4th character 002 001 the clocking is delayed from
cheap video on the 8080. are changing at their usual two-
5th character 000 002 the MEMR leading edge, the
But how? microsecond rate, A9 is busy 6th character 002 002
flip-flop's output is wider than
addressing one character or
Speed Doubling MEMR and is almost a micro-
chunk location on the first rnl-
Via A9 Switching second long. This results in a
crosecond and another loca- 1022nd character 003 376
square wave that is low for one
We want to get our chunk tion on the second. Thus, we 1023rd character 001 377
1024th character 003 377 microsecond and high for the
and character times down to a get characters or chunks out of
next, locked to (but following)
decent rate of one microsecond. our display memory at a one- This seems awful, but it
MEMR.
We can either speed up the mi- per-microsecond speed. works. And it is a simple way to
croprocessor or else do some- But why on earth use A9? double the apparent memory This particular flip-flop is
thing else that creates the it- Wouldn't it be simpler to use AD access speed of an 8080 so we only allowed to run during a
instead? If we do this, we would can get information out of RAM scan. Otherwise, it is held high
have to add an address multi- once per microsecond under by DEN. The uppermost two
plexer to all inputs of the dis- block access. And all it takes to gates combine the old A9 Inter-
AVAILABLE FOR
NORMAL USE play memory-a 10-pole double do the job is' some simple hard- mation with the speed-doubling
throw switch or its Tri-state ware between computer and new A9 signal, acting as a single
340 000
equivalent. This is obviously TVT, a few software words and pole, double throw selector
something we want to avoid if one extra foil cut on the memo switch. During computer times,
300 000
RESERVED FOR we are piggybacking video onto ory. The hardware involved is the display memory A9 line is
TVT USE DURING
A SCAN OR WHEN an existing memory card. All A9 shown in Fig. 4, along with the connected to the computer.
TVT IS ENABLED
240 000
switching takes a single foil cut timing details of Fig. 5. During scan microinstruction
and some add-on wires to the Two new D-flip-flops are times, the display memory A9
200 000
memory card. added to our interface. The first line is connected so it is low for
There is a catch. It is a "yeah- delays and expands the MEMR one microsecond arid high for
140 000 but" rather than a "gotcha." signal to give us a controlled the next.
The characters and chunks are phase 500 kHz square wave we Waveform (g) shows us the
no longer in the display mem- can use for the speed doubling one megahertz clock we get by
AVAILABLE FOR ory in sequential order if you A9 address switching. The sec- dividing down \1)2.This clock is
NORMAL USE
use A9 switching. So, your cur- ond divides the system clock by used to sample and latch the
sor or controlling loader soft- two and is used to latch the display memory output immedi-
ware has to have a few words video data and to provide a TVT ately after the data is valid and
added to complement A9 each clock. then latch again one microsec-
Fig. 6. HB address map. successive location. Waveforms (a), (b), (c) and (d) ond later, well after the A9
26
I 6SB-HOB I 0<"0" .<"1" Our speed doubling interface refer to the computer memory
PROM NUMBER I POSITIVE LOGIC) takes two foil cuts on the mem- map shown in Fig. 6. A block of
USE FOR TVT 6-5/8 ON AN 8080 SYSTEM WITH INVERTED ory board-one on the A9 ad- addresses from 6K to 60K is re-
AI2, A13. A14. AIS LINES. dress line and one on the chip served for TVT use when the
CG LINE "2" IS USED AS GRAPHICS "BLANKING" OUTPUT. select line. All other connec- TVT is enabled. On the H8, this
CG LINE "4" IS USEO AS GRAPHICS "UPPER-LOWER" CHUNK tions are add-ens derived from leaves Hie bottom 8K for the
SELECT OUTPUT.
signals available on a typical PAM monitor and operating
plug-in memory card. Five low- system and 16K for enough
INPUTS OUTPUTS
Q8 Q7 Q6 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q2 QI cost integrated circuits are in- RAM to hold a display memory
w u volved in this particular adapter. and run Extended BASIC at the
a:
.. .. ..
w z
w >-
WHAT DOES Q ..J <f) OJ - same time. The uppermost 4K
THIS WOAD
0
o
m Z
W
..J " Software of addresses are also available
~ DO? c, t-
:>
z
W W U
;;;
a:
w
Z
w
Z
w
Z
0 Q
;:: :::; :::; ..J
Q
0 z Let's take a look at the PROM as needed.
a:
0
;0
~
:z;
<f)
o
~ § ::;> ~ " " "
<f) Q U U U
firmware and some of the soft- Should you want more ad-
0
I
NORMAL
VERTICAL SYNC
C~
d~
•• •
••
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ware involved in getting cheap dress space for other uses, you
2
3
LINE
LINE
7
6
SCAN
SCAN
27
26
0
0
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
•••
•• 0
video on your 8080A system.
F·orright now, we'll stick to the
can use the TVT enable to free
addresses during non-display
4
5
LINE
LINE
5
4
SCAN
SCAN
25
24
0
0
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
• •
•
0
0 0 older address-mapped and sub- times. You can also go the
6
7
LINE
LINE
:3 SCAN
2 SCAN
23
22
0
0
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
••
•• 0
routine-scanned methods we Scungy Video route and use I/O
t-
> 9
B LINE
BLANK
I SCAN
SCAN
21
20
0
0
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
used in the Cheap Video Cook-
book. Most likely you can sim-
instructions and a parallel port
instead of address mapping the
t-
10 NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 plify things a great deal by row commands. Yet another al-
"
12 NORMAL CO
• 0 0 0 0 0 0
going to the Scungy Video' ternative is to use further de-
13
14
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 route of break-mapping and in- coding to activate the TVT only
15
16
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
terrupt-scanning. The strong In- during valid display memory
17
18
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
put/Output commands in the
8080A make this a very attrac-
addresses. For instance, if you
are only using 1K of display
19
20
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 tive idea. memory, 3K of all the scan
§ 21
22
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
If you use address rnappmq, blocks can be used for other
'"
;;;
C
23
24
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'Scungy Video is an alternate method and isdetailed in Chapter 1 of Son of Cheap Video.
t-.
>
25 NORMAL CO
•• 0 0 0 0 0 0
I- 26
27
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I 658-HS64 I
PROM NUMBER
0:"0"
(POSITIVE
.~"I"
LOGIC)
28
29
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 USE FOR TVT 6-5/8 ON AN 80S0 SYSTEM WITH TRUE AO-A7
30
31
NORMAL
NORMAL
CO
CO
••
••
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LINES AND INVERTED DATA BUS. NO REPACKING
INPUTS OUTPUTS
08 Q7 06 05 04 03 Q2 QI
Fig. 7. Truth table for 8080 Decode PROM having inverted address
inputs (used on Heathkit H8). w
Q
WHAT DOES
0
THIS WORD u
~ co> d.
0
a: x •.. ~ 0
'"'"
0
;0
w
:z; '"
Q Q
'" ~
~ " ~ ~
OJ
<D
Q
'"
a
first sample gives us an A9 = 0 We initialize this clock-divid-
data value, while the second ing flip-flop by inverting MEMR
0
I
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
••••••••
•••••• ••
handles the A9 = 1 case. The and using the leading edge to 2 NOP FF
••••••• •
TVT's video shift register is SET the divide flip-flop to· the
3 NOP FF
••••••••
- - -- ---- - -- -- --
•••••
••••••
4 NOP FF
--.- - - --
18 NOP FF
slower interface of Fig. 2. We
Our A9-generating flip-flop enable the TVT Scan Enable In-
19
20
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
•••••
• •••••
~
automatically initializes itself put (SEI) only during MEMR
21 NOP FF
•••• ••
-- - -- --- -- -- -- --
••••••••
22 NOP FF
on MEMR since it is simply de-
laying this signal. But the clock-
time to give us data for a scan
microinstruction only when it is
23
24
NOP
NOP
FF
FF
••••••••
25 NOP FF
••• • ••
••••
dividing flip-flop can be in either
state at the beginning of a scan
microinstruction. Unless we
somehow initialize this flip-flop
to the right state, we'll get gar-
called for and only when the
computer will allow data bus
access. The display memory
chip select is a negative logic
OR of the computer's chip
26
27
28
29
30
31
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
RET
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
36
- -- ------ - ---
•
• • •
•••••
0
•
•••
• ••
•
0 0 D
bage out of the display memory select and the CSOthat the TVT Fig. 8. Truth table for 8080 Scan PROM having no repacking, true
caused by sampling at the provides. address inputs and inverted data outputs.
27
I 658-HS80 I 00"0" .0"1" PROM coding we might like to change once every two micro-
PROM NUMBER (POSITIVE LOGIC) use, depending on whether we seconds, and everything comes
USE ONLY FOR 80 CHARACTER REPACKED LINES ON AN 8080 are using "binary" line lengths out even.
SYSTEM WITH TRUE AO-A7 LINES AND INVERTED DATA BUS.
or are repacking "non-binary" This means that, in general
line lengths for maximum mem- on an 8080 system, the Scan
INPUTS OUTPUTS
Q8 Q7 Q6 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q2 QI
ory efficiency. Fig. 8 shows a PROM's inputs are usually con-
Scan PROM coding intended nected to one address line less
WHAT DOES
w
Q
for 64 character lines, but than usual for a 6502 system.
THIS WORD 8 usable for 32 character lines, Fig. 10 shows our address line
DO? .a.
'~" 0
t-, e eo most graphics and other management for an 8080 adapt-
0 ~ m '"
m '"
m m m
N
m a; 0
m
;0 I Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
lengths without memory re- er. It also shows how two new
a
I
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••••••
••••••••
packing. This is numbered 658- switches can be added along
HS64. with a gate to let you use either
2 Nap FF
••••••••
3
4
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••••••
••••••••
We use a Nap to advance the a 658-HS64 or a 658-HS80 Scan
program counter in the comput- PROM on an 8080 system with-
5
6
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
•••••••
••••••••• er and an RET coding to return out needing any rewiring.
7 Nap FF
•••••••• from the called scan microin- Several examples will show
$
s
NOP
Nap
FF
FF
•••••
••• •••
••••• struction. Since we are output- how this address management
10 Nap FF
•••••••• ting complemented data, these works.
12
II RET
Nap
36
FF
0
•• ••
••••••
0
••
0 0
outputs are inverted. On the H8, 1. For 32 character lines using
13 Nap FF
•••••••••• address lines AOthrough A6 are
••••••
speed doubling, use PROM 658-
14 Nap FF
••••••••
15
16
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••
• ••• •
available in true form, so we do
not have to complement the ad-
HS64 and set your switches to
17
18
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
•••••
••••••••
••• dress inputs. Thus, our Scan
A4 =" +," A5 =" +" and "32."
2. For 64 character lines using
I.
20
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
•••••••
••••••••• PROMs run "frontwards" but speed doubling, use PROM 658-
21
22
RET
Nap
36 0
FF
••
•••••••
0
•••
0 0 output complemented code.
We can use the 658-HS80
HS64 and set your switches to
A4 = "A4," A5 =" +" and "32."
23 Nap FF
••••••••
24
25
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••••••
••••••••
Scan PROM truth table in Fig. 9
for memory repacked scans of
3. For 80 character lines using
26
27
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••••••••
•••••••• 80 characters per line, three
speed doubling and memory re-
packing, use PROM 658-HS80
28
2.
Nap
Nap
FF
FF
••
••••••
••••
•••
•• lines per page. Once again, this and set your switches to A4 =
30 Nap FF
•••••••• PROM coding is driven by true "A4," A5 = "A5" and "64."
31 RET 36 0
•• ••
0 0 0
addresses and outputs comple-
In our first example, the up-
Fig. 9. Truth table for 80 character 8080 Scan PROM (true address mentary data directly to the H8
per half of a Scan PROM is
inputs, inverted data outputs). data bus.
cycled through in 16 counts
Our address lines are con- lasting 32 microseconds. In the
nected differently on an 8080 second example, the entire
purposes if you add suitable row commands of the charac-
system than on a 6502. Remem- Scan PROM is cycled through
decoding. ter generator or else routes
ber that we used every second in 32 counts lasting 64 micro-
A quick look at the H8-3 mem- blanking and selection com-
address change on the 6502 to seconds. In the final example, if
ory board shows that only some mands to a graphics data-to-
advance our Scan PROM one we wanted to, the entire Scan
of the address and data lines video converter. The Decode
count. On an 8080 we use every PROM could be scanned in 32
are available in their true form; PROM also outputs system
address change to advance the counts lasting 256 microsec-
most of them are inverted. The controlling signals DEN, SEa,
Scan PROM one count, but use onds. But with memory repack-
data-out buffer on this memory CSO and the vertical sync VRF
A9 switching to get two charac- ing and A9 switching, we only
card must be disabled for the pulses.
ters out of memory per one use slightly under a third of the
upstream tap needed by cheap Since we are using comple-
Scan PROM count advance. 80 line Scan PROM per scan,
video. This means that the out- mented address inputs, this
Either way, the Scan PROM re- ending up with ten counts per
put of our Scan Microinstruc- PROM runs "backwards" from
sponds to an input address scan lasting 80 microseconds.
tion PROM has to directly drive the earlier PROMs we looked at.
the system data bus and thus The net result of a "frontwards"
must output inverted (negative PROM with true address inputs ADDRESS 1321
LINES .I +
logic) data. We also see that ad- or a "backwards" PROM with A6 __ ~ ~I~IA~5~1 _
dress lines A13, A14 and A15 inverted address inputs is the A5--~------------~~~,~~--------~
i IA41
aren't avallabteexcept as com- same. I IA31
A4 --~----~~ I
plements. The simplest way out Holding the CSI line positive A3 __ ~ ~:~IA~2~1 ~
of this situation is to code our disables the TVT and frees I IAII
A2
Decode PROM to respond di- most all addresses for other I
I
rectly to complemented ad- uses. Grounding CSI enables I ( ).OLD TVT 6 5/8 CALLOUT. NOT
I MEANINGFUL IN 8080 SYSTEM
dresses. the TVT scanning and reserves AO I USE.
28
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[J 3
®ADD
RESISTOR
so that you can reset under any
conditions.
This switch will most likely
not be needed when your prop-
Your turn: Why?
Don't ever try going
this test if the test fails.
beyond
If you
cannot read the proper return
erly designed and debugged from a scan microinstruction, it
scan software is operational.
will not execute, and anything
You probably can eliminate it else you add in the way of soft-
~
(VADD SWITCH from the final use circuitry. ware or time or effort will only
The obvious question is how compound the felony.
to use software instead. We
Test sequence Fig. 12b lets
have a good old 01, or "disable
GND
you transfer control of the H8
interrupts," command in the
from computer to TVTscanning
+5V 8080 instruction set. Can't we
and back again. Note that the
simply use this?
Fig. 11. A switch to temporarily defeat the HB front panel display
test coding differs for each
Unfortunately, there is one
will be useful for TVT debugging and checkout. Scan PROMand that each Scan
very noisy gotcha that may
PROM has to have the address
keep you from doing this-
switches set as shown.
A. To verify that the Scan Microinstruction is alive and well: unless you are careful.
The scanning process is ad-
If you try an immediate 01
read justed to output a TV horizontal
command in an H8 program,
300 '376 for 000 (NOP) scan at normal scan frequen-
300 377 for 311 (RET) the speaker will latch on and
cies. In a completely working
301 000 for 000 (NOP) stay on. That little beep you get
system with a disabled front
Either the HS64 or the HS80 Scan PROM may be used. when you hit the GO key-or
The address switches may be in any position.
panel, you'll get a continuous
any other key-needs two more
series of vertical stripes. This
B. To pass control to and from the Scan Microinstruction at a TV Horizontal rate: interrupts after your program
corresponds to the seventh dot
For Scan PROM HS64 starts. No interrupts, no stop-
row of a random character load.
=" +" and A4 = "A4" ping. The two interrupts time
Set switches to "32"; AS A wildly wrong horizontal scan
START~040 100 CALL 315 010 320 Scan seventh dot row
out a four millisecond tic for the frequency usually means the
L040 103 JMP 303 100 040 Repeat horn circuit.
wrong switch settings or the
For Scan PROM HS80 The H8 front panel monitor wrong Scan PROM. Vertical
Set switches to "64"; AS = "AS" and A4 = "A4" needs a few milliseconds after stripes that have teeth in them
START ~040 100 CALL 315 030 320 Scan seventh dot row it is exited before you can dis- may be caused by erratic data
L040 103 JMP 303 100 040 Repeat able any interrupts, If you dis- latching or improper speed-
This will display continuous vertical stripes that correspond to the seventh dot
able an interrupt too soon you doubling operation.
row of a random character load. The front panel should be switch disabled will lock the speaker on. While these two tests appear
during viewing times.
You can use the 01 command trivially simple, don't overlook
H8 Scan time is 63 microseconds for a horizontal scan frequency of 1S.898 kHz.
to turn off the front panel, but them as major debugging aids.
There is no vertical sync.
you must delay at least five mil- If these two won't go, no other
Fig. 12. Two test routines useful in BOBO/TVT debugging. liseconds after your program software will run either.
30
Self-Modifying easier to write, modify and de- foot. Then we sequentially call repeats for the next field.
vs Brute Force Scans bug. But, as usual, there is a dot rows 1 through 7 of the Unlike a 6502, an 8080 can
The obvious next thing to do price. Brute force coding can characters to be displayed. take an even or an odd number
is take the old 6502 scan soft- be much longer than self-modi- This live scanning is followed of half microseconds to com-
ware programs and literally fying coding . .On a one-line dis- by a vertical sync pulse. plete an instruction. In most
translate them, replacing a play, this turns out to be a no- After this, a word that sets scan programs, some equaliza-
CALL for a JSR and so on. But hassle 43 words versus the 30 the number of blank scans is tion will be needed to make up
we really get into trouble in a words we needed on a KIM with loaded in the accumulator (365). for this half-microsecond jitter.
hurry if we try this. First, some self-modifying code. But on a As many blank scans as needed The command MOVAA, or
commands will be longer or long and involved program are generated in turn. Each time "move the accumulator to it-
shorter than their 6502 counter- such as a 24 x 80 double- a blank scan is completed, the self," takes 2.5 microseconds
parts, messing up the critical stuffed scan, it could take 600 accumulator word is decre- and is a benign instruction.
horizont aI-edg e-to-horizo ntal- or more words of code to get us mented till the word hits zero. This lets us shift timing by half
edge timing. Worse yet, the by. Still, that's only little over At that time, the program jumps a microsecond if used once and
execution time of an 8080 work- half a 2708 or slightly over a to the top line blank scan and by one microsecond if used
ing with literally translated quarter of a 2716 EPROM and
6502 commands is pitifully no real big deal these days. FLOWCHART:
slow-so slow that the critical Let's use this brute force ap- {040 1001
["
135 CALL 315 011 140 Do blank scan
than looking them up. This, in 040 140 DCRA 075 One less scan
turn, meant that the scan pro-
040 141 MOVAA 177 Equalize 2.5 microseconds
gram had to be in RAM during 040 142 JNZ 302 (135)(040) One more blank scan?
final operation, at least on a 040 145 MOVAA 177 Equalize 5.0 microseconds
040 146 MOVAA 177 con tLnu ed
·KIM.
Usually our 8080 systems 040 147 Dr 363 Shut off horn
~040 150 JMP 303 (100)(040) Go to live scans
have enough RAM and PROM
Mods:
available that we needn't worry To relocate display space, use program jumpers on memory card or else
too much about minimizing change starting address of dot scans.
To put both halves of display space closer together, use A4 switching rather
code. So, why not use brute than A9 switching.
force coding that calls each For double height characters, repeat scan of each dot row twice.
scan address as it is needed? Notes:
We can store the whole scan .TVT 6·5/8 must be connected via an 8080adapter, and both the 658·H08 and 658·HS64PROMsmust be in circuit for the program
to run.
program in ROM or PROM this • Horizontal frequency 15.174kHz; Vertical frequency 59.976 Hz. 2500 second hum bar.
way and never have to load it .Address switches must be in "32", AS=" + ", and A4 = "A4" positions.
• Character sequence goes 340 004; 342004; 340005; 342 005; 340006; 342 006; 340007.
again ... or worry about it
.() denotes an absolute address that is program location sensitive.
bombing when something bad • This program is not self-modifying and may be placed in PROM or ROM.
happens in RAM.
Brute force coding will also Fig. 13 Program for a one line, 56-character, no-interlace TVT 6-5/8 8080 raster scan.
be much faster. It will be much
31
Fig. 1.4. Program for a 12 line, 80-character-per-line, full-interlace, double-stuffed TVT 6-5/8 raster scan. twice. This is the purpose of
those strange "177" instruc-
uP·8080A Start·RUN 040 100
System-H8 End·RST/O tions in the program.
Displayed 340 010 to 343 377 In step 040 147, we disable
Program Space 040 100 to 042 007 (455 words)
the interrupts. This turns off
(even field) our front panel but does so late
START 040 100 CALL 315 023 140 Do short blank scan enough that we will not lock the
040 103 CALL 315 010 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 1 speaker on. Since the code is
040 106 CALL 315 010 200 2 1 not self-modifying, you can put
040 III CALL 315 010 240 4 1
040 114 CALL 315 010 300 6 1 it in your choice of RAM, ROM,
040 117 CALL 315 010 140 Do blank scan PROM, EPROM or E2PROM.
040 122 CALL 315 060 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 2 Naturally, you'll want to check
040 125 CALL 315 060 200 2 2 things out in RAM first before
040 130 CALL 315 060 240 4 2
040 133 CALL 315 060 300 6 2 committing yourself to perma-
040 136 CALL 315 060 140 Do blank scan nent code.
040 141 CALL 315 130 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 3 Your turn: Show the coding
040 144 CALL 315 130 200 2 3
040 147 CALL 315 130 240 4 3 needed for 1 x 32, 1 x 64 and
040 152 CALL 315 130 300 6 3 1 x 80 scans.
040 155 CALL 315 130 140 Do blank scan
As a hint that will save you
040 160 CALL 315 210 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 4 lots of trial and error or calcula-
040 163 CALL 315 210 200 2 4
040 166 CALL 315 210 240 4 4 tions, keep your blank initial
040 171 CALL 315 210 300 6 4
CALL 315 210 140 scan nine counts short of the
040 174 Do blank scan
live scans and keep the retrace
040 177 CALL 315 260 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 5
CALL 315 260 200 blank scans five counts short
040 202 2 5
040 205 CALL 315 260 240 4 5 of your live scans. A stationary
040 210 CALL 315 260 300 6 5
CALL 315 260 140 Do blank scan or near-stationary hum bar is
040 213
picked up by adjusting 040 134
040 216 CALL 315 330 140 Scan dot row 0, character line 6
CALL 315 330 200 as needed. A more obvious
040 221 2 6
040 224 CALL 315 330 240 4 6 route to shorter scans is to sim-
040 227 CALL 315 330 300 6 6
040 232 CALL 315 330 140 Do blank scan ply use the 1 x 56 and load
blanks as needed in unused
040 235 CALL 315 010 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 7
040 240 CALL 315 010 201 2 7
character locations.
040 243 CALL 315 010 241 4 7
040 246 CALL 315 010 301 6 7
040 251 CALL 315 010 141 Do blank scan TV Retrace Hassles
040 254 CALL 315 060 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 8 Calling and returning from a
040 257 CALL 315 060 201 2 8
040 262 CALL 315 060 241 4 8 subroutine takes around 13.5
040 265 CALL 315 060 301 6 8
CALL 315 060 141 Do blank scan microseconds on a typical
040 270
8080. Two of these microsec-
040 273 CALL 315 130 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 9
CALL 315 130 201 onds are spent on the live scan,
040 276 2 9
040 301 CALL 315 130 241 4 9 leaving us with a retrace time of
040 304 CALL 315 130 301 6 9
040 307 CALL 315 130 141 Do blank scan 11.5 microseconds. Since the
H8 is slightly faster than this,
040 312 CALL 315 210 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 10
040 315 CALL 315 210 201 2 10 our available retrace time is
040 320 CALL 315 210 241 4 10 around 11.2 microseconds.
040 323 CALL 315 210 301 6 10
040 326 CALL 315 210 141 Do blank scan Naturally, we would like to
keep our retrace times as short
040 331 CALL 315 260 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 11
040 334 CALL 315 260 201 2 11 as possible. This lets you put
040 337 CALL 315 260 241 4 11 more characters on the line for
040 342 CALL 315 260 301 6 11
040 345 CALL 315 260 141 Do blank scan standard horizontal rates or
lets you run long character
040 350 CALL 315 330 141 Scan dot row 0, character line 12
040 353 CALL 315 330 201 2 12 lines with more nearly normal
040 356 CALL 3f5 330 241 4 12 horizontal frequencies.
040 361 CALL 315 330 301 6 12
040 364 CALL 315 330 141 Do blank scan But 11 microseconds may
not be enough time for your
040 367 MVIA 076 006 Delay 48.5 microseconds
040 371 DCRA 075 continued monitor or TV set to cleanly get
040 372 JNZ 302 (371)(040) continued from the end of one line to the
040 375 LDA 072 000 340 Output //VERTICAL SYNC// pulse beginning of the next. For most
041 000 CALL 315 363 140 Do short blank scan monitors and some TV sets, 11
041 003 LDA 072 000 000 Delay 6.5 microseconds
041 006 MVIA 076 175 Load # of vertical blank scans microseconds will be just barely
enough.
g:i gi~ CALL
DCRA
315 015 140
075
Do //BLANK
One less
VERTICAL
blank scan
SCANS//
If you are having trouble dis-
[ 041 014
041 015
MOVAA
JNZ
177
302 (010)(041)
Equalize 2.5 microseconds
Repeat blank scans if not done
playing all the characters, here
are some hints that may help
041 020 MOVAA 177 Equalize 5 microseconds you:
041 021 MOVAA 177 continued
041 022 DI 363 Shut off horn • Your simplest out is to adjust
32
the display centering so that
the first character is always
legible. Always stop short of
the maximum display length on
[::: 023
041 100
JMP
CALL
303 (100)(041)
Do short
to odd
blank
field
scan
your statements. 041 103 CALL 315 010 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 1
041 106 CALL 315 010 220 3 1
• Use the maximum possible 041 III CALL 315 010 260 5 1
041 114 CALL 315 010 320 7 1
width. Raising the width coil in-
041 117 CALL 315 010 140 Do blank scan
ductance (see Cheap Video
041 122 CALL 315 060 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 2
Cookbook, Fig. 3-33)can length- 2
041 125 CALL 315 060 220 3
en the needed retrace time. 041 130 CALL 315 060 260 5 2
041 133 CALL 315 060 320 7 2
• Use a longer-than-needed 041 136 CALL 315 060 140 Do blank scan
character line and put perm a-
041 141 CALL 315 130 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 3
nent blanks where they are 041 144 CALL 315 130 3 3
220
called for. 041 147 CALL 315 130 260 5 3
041 152 CALL 315 130 320 7 3
• Add equalization to lengthen 041 155 CALL 315 130 140 Do blank scan
each CALL sequence. While
041 160 CALL 315 210 160 S"an dot row 1 , character line 4
this is the obvious and cleanest 220
041 163 CALL 315 210 3 4
route, it can add many words to 041 166 CALL 315 210 260 5 4
041 171 CALL 315 210 320 7 4
a brute force scan program. 041 174 CALL 315 210 140 Do blank scan
.If you thoroughly understand
041 177 CALL 315 260 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 5
TV horizontal scanning and 041 202 CALL 315 260 3 5
220
have a decent scope and full TV 041 205 CALL 315 260 260 5 5
041 210 CALL 315 260 320 7 5
documentation, modify the fly- 041 213 CALL 315 260 Do blank scan
140
back capacitor value as needed
041 216 CALL 315 330 160 Scan dot row 1, character line 6
to get a faster retrace. But, be 041 221 CALL 315 330 220 3 6
careful to not exceed the peak 041 224 CALL 315 330 260 5 6
041 227 CALL 315 330 320 7 6
allowable horizontal output 041 232 CALL 315 330 140 Do blank scan
transistor voltage when you do
041 235 CALL 315 010 161 Scan dot row 1, character Lf.n e 7
this. 041 240 CALL 315 PI0 221 3 7
041 243 CALL 315 010 261 5 7
041 246 CALL 315 010 321 7 7
More Characters 041 251 CALL 315 010 141 Do blank scan
Our 1 x 56 scan has several 041 254 CALL 315 060 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 8
obvious limitations. From this 041 257 CALL 315 060 221 3 8
041 262 CALL 315 060 261 5 8
starting point, we'll want to add 041 265 CALL 315 060 321 7 8
interlace, double stuffing and 041 270 CALL 315 060 141 Do blank scan
041 273 CALL 315 130 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 9
lots more characters. 041 276 CALL 315 130 221 3 9
The optimum number of char- 041 301 CALL 315 130 261 5 9
041 304 CALL 315 130 321 7 9
acters or chunks per line seems 041 307 CALL 315 130 141 Do blank scan
to be 56 for an H8 system using
041 312 CALL 315 210 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 10
A9 switching for speed dou- 041 315 CALL 315 210 221 3 10
bling. This 56-character length 041 320 CALL 315 210 261 5 10
041 323 CALL 315 210 321 7 10
lets you use a standard horizon- 041 326 CALL 315 210 141 Do blank scan
tal frequency. You can display
041 331 CALL 315 260 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 11
on either a color or a black and 041 334 CALL 315 260 221 3 11
white set. 041 337 CALL 315 260 261 5 11
041 342 CALL 315 260 321 7 11
But there seems to be some- 041 345 CALL 315 260 141 Do blank scan
thing magical about 80 charac-
041 350 CALL 315 330 161 Scan dot row 1, character line 12
ter lines that appeals to people, 041 353 CALL 315 330 221 3 12
even though this many charac- 041 356 CALL 315 330 261 5 12
041 361 CALL 315 330 321 7 12
·ters are hard to read and are 041 364 CALL 315 330 141 Do blank scan
rarely, if ever, needed. So, to
041 367 LDA 072 000 340 Output //VERTICAL SYNC// pulse
prove it can be done, we're 041 372 MVIA 076 175 Load # of vertical blank scans
going to show you how to dls- 374 CALL 315 015 140 Do //BLANK VERTICAL SCANS//
play 80 character lines on your [041
041 377 DCRA 075 One less blank scan
042 000 MOVAA 177 Equalize 2.5 microseconds
H8 and then put those lines on 042 001 JNZ 302 (374 )(041) Repeat blank scans if not done
a TV with unmodified video
042 004 MOVAA 177 Equalize 5 microseconds
bandwidth or over an rf modula- 042 005 MOVAA 177 continued
tor. Remember, though, that 042 006 Dr )6) Shut off horn
042 007 JMP )0) (100)(040)
we'll have to run at a reduced
horizontal. rate, which will take Notes:
width and hold modifications eTVT 6·518must be connectedviaan 8080 adapter,and boththe658·HD8 and 658·HS80 PROMs must be incircuit
fortheprogram
to run.
to your small-screen, trans- eAddress switchesmust be in"64";A5 = "A5";and A4 = "A4" positions.
former-operated, Photofact- e Horizontalfrequency= 11.191kHz Vertical
frequency= 60.006Hertz.166 second hum bar.
eThis program Isnotself-modifyingand may be placedinPROM or ROM.
available, black and white set.
e Charactersequences goes 340 000;350 000;340 001;350 001;340 002;350 002;340 003.
Furthermore, your wrong choice o denotes an absoluteaddressthatisprogram locationsensitive.
33
FLOWCHART:
two 60 Hz fields of 186.5 lines PROM compatible. Try: (1) using
040 100
each. only one vertical blanking se-
The 658-HS80 Scan PROM quence and minimizing blank
lets you repack the 80 charac- sequences and unused code
040 100- 041 100- ter lines so you can use your words; (2) using 110commands
040 366 041 366
display memory space effi- to free address space; (3) using
ciently. Fig. 15 shows how the interrupt rather than subrou-
040 367- 041 367-
041 007 041 373 characters are arranged in tine mapping.
RAM. While this looks like a Note that you'll use the HS64
royal mess, a few extra cursor PROM for 64 and shorter char-
041 010· 041 374· words are all we need to acter lines and most graphics,
041 014 042 000
straighten things out. This is while the HS80 PROM is usually
often a reasonable trade-off for reserved for 80 character lines.
041 015- 042 001·
041 025 042 all letting us do long lines with an You can do 40 character 'lines
(ODD FIELDI
8080 in the first place and free- with the HS64 without repack-
(EVEN FIELDI
ing up 600 or so words of sys- ing, or else you can use your
Fig. 14a. Program flowchart. tem RAM for other uses. memory more efficiently by
Your turn: Show the coding for going to a specially coded
24 x 80, 32 x 80, 16x56,32x56, HS40 PROM that uses repack-
of set could sing objectionably. You'll find the 12x80 pro- ing. Repacking saves you RAM
16 x 64 and 32 x 64 scan pro-
gram shown in two separate grams. Show ways of signifi- space but heeds a few extra
12 Lines of 80 Characters fields. We have an even field cantly shortening the 12 x 80 words in the cursor program
A brute force, interlaced, that puts down the even dot and takes a special Scan
scan program while staying
double-stuffed 12 x 80 scan rows of all the characters and
program appears in Fig. 14.You an odd field that puts down the
can easily modify it for 24 x 80 odd dot rows of all the charac- •..
0 0 s o 0 0 •..
or even 36 x 80 displays if you ters. When combined, these 0
0 s 0
0
'" 2 N ~ ~ ~
like. With the double stuffing, fields form an interlaced and 340
IHim;1 10 20 30 40 50 60
We've shown you this scan about the same way the earlier '----------' '----..---J
ONE CHARACTER LINE UNUSED
program with its memory space 1 x 56 program did. First, there
CHARACTER SEQUENCE IS obobob ...
at 340010 to 343 377. This as- is a short blank scan; then we
sumes you have at least two put down the even dot rows of Fig. 15. Display memory map for 12 x 80 scan.
RAM cards in your H8 and have all the characters. Then we
put this particular one "out on equalize, followed by a late ver-
top" with the-"56K" jumper on tical sync pulse, at the same FROM PARALLEL ASCII KEYBOARD
the memory card. You may time taking up one entire extra
want to relocate things later, horizontal scan time. Then we
but this is a handy place to run the usual blank vertical
start. scans, completing the field.
The TVT 6-5/8 is attached to When the field is finished, we
the memory card by way of an jump to the odd field, run a
8080 adapter similar to Figs. 4 short blank scan and put down
and 10.The TVT does place cer- all the odd dot rows of all the
tain use restrictions on the 340 characters. After this, we run
000 to 360 000 computer ad- an early vertical sync pulse and
dress space, since any activity go on to the usual number of
here also gives you a vertical vertical blank scans. The scan
sync pulse that might disrupt sequence repeats by jumping
an enabled display. You can to the start of an even field.
use this space for a display The early and late vertical
memory RAM; you should not sync pulses differ by half a hori-
use this area for the scan pro- zontal line. When you combine
gram or the computer stack. If this half a line With the extra
you do use this page for display horizontal line picked up only in
memory RAM, you will have to the even scan, you end up with TO HB-5 OR OTHER
SERIAL INPUT PORT
watch your cursor program an interlaced scan of 373 whole
carefully if transparent charac- lines taking one 30 Hz frame. Fig. 16. This keyboard serial adapter lets you connect a keyboard
ter entry is important to you. This 30 Hz frame consists of to a serial computer input.
34
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+5V
------------_-+5V SOURCE
the H8-5 serial interface and The H8 has to be software-
ICl33 feeding + 5 volts and optionally programmed to use your new
+5V -12 volts to your existing key- adapter. A simple test sequence
~-- ••••
\ 6
board. Your existing keyboard that will enter the last-pressed
__ ~_tl~I~2~/-
OINT
OFF
outputs are most likely avail- key into the accumulator and
(REMOVED)
able in parallel or "all-at-once" display it for you is shown in
(b) PICTORIAL form. These parallel outputs Fig. 18.
and a normally-high keypressed The H8-5 is first initialized
strobe are routed to the trans- with a mode instruction. You
mitter side of the UART in the can use 312 and output it to
adapter. This UART also bor- port 373. This picks two stop
rows a 16X baud clock from the bits, ignores parity, uses a
H8-5. seven-bit word and runs with a
When you press a key, a serial 16X clock. Next, you continue
output is generated by the to initialize the H8-5 by giving a
UART.This serial output is then command instruction to the
routed to your computer's serial same port. This time, use 004
interface and received just as if and once again output it to port
it came from a terminal. 373. This command instruction
HB-5 SERIAL You may need as many as will enable only the receiver in
I/O CARO
five leads between your adapter the H8-5 interface.
and the H8-5. One is ground, After the mode instruction
300 •••
two are for power, one is the and the command instruction
85- 2026
16X baud rate clock that goes are routed to the interface, you
to the adapter and the final is are free to read characters. You
Fig. 17. Connecting your keyboard serial adapter to an H8-5 inter- the serial output that comes do this by inputting from port
face. from the adapter. Fig. 17 shows 372. The final loop in the test
program does this continuous-
ly.
uP·8080A Start·JMP 040100 As you press a key, its ASCII
System·H8 + H8/5 End·RST/O value will appear in the left
Program Space 040 100to 040 113(13words)
three digits of the "AF" Regis-
ter display. For instance, a
~040 100 MVIA 076 312 Initialize mode instruction
040 102 OUT 323 373 continued lowercase "b" will read 142,
040 104 MVIA 076 004 Initialize command instruction while an uppercase "8" will
040 106 OUT 323 373 continued
read 102.
040 110 IN 333 372 Read Keyboard There are a few gotchas in
L 040 112 JMP 303 (1l0)(040) Loop
this simple test program, so
you'll want to improve it for ac-
Notes:
• This test program displays a pressed key received via the Keyboard Serial Adapter. To run the program, use:
tual use as part of a cursor. Note
RST/O·REG·PC·Al TER·0·4·0·1·0·0·Al TER·REG·AF·GO. that this simple program con-
• ASCII characters should appear as the three leftmost digits on the display. For instance, '"A'" = 101, "a" = 141, "6" = 066, and tinuously rereads characters
'"CR" =015.
• ( ) Denotes an absolute address that is relocation sensitive. instead of reading each one
just once. To beat this, there is
Fig. 18. Keyboard serial adapter test program. available a "character ready"
(R x ROY)flag that is set when
36
the character first arrives and is uses two stop bits and has an RS-232or Teletype current loops computer end.
reset as soon as the computer eight-bit word length. You can for a short interface connection.
uses the character for the first change any or all of these by re- If you really want to get fancy,
time. programming the hard-foil con- Your turn: Show how to use use ultrasonic or infrared trans-
To use a character only once, nections of pins 33 through 39 your keyboard serial adapter ducers to give you zero connec-
input from port 373, AND what of the UART. Our circuit as- with only two wires between tions between keyboard and
you get with 002 and test the re- sumes the keyboard outputs computer and keyboard, includ- computer. This will, of course,
sult. A nonzero result means positive logic and uses a nar- ing al/ power supply connec- take batteries inside the key-
you have a new character ready row goes-to-ground-from-posi- tions. Hint: Use the IM6403 with board, or will it?
to enter. A zero result says you tive-high strobe that is low only a crystal and a CMOS-encoded
have already used the charac- when data is valid. The output keyboard. Change the current 8080 Cursor Software
ter on-hand and should ignore is a simple TTL logic level. when you want to send a zero Many of the ideas we have al-
it. We'll see an example on this There is no need to convert to and sense this current at the ready used for our previous cur-
shortly.
The UART doing the trans-
mitting (in the adapter) and the
Fig. 19. Program for a one-line, 56-character TVT 6-5/8 8080 raster scan integrated minimum cursor.
one doing the receiving (in the
H8-5) must agree on the baud
uP·SOSOA Slarl-JMP 040100 Displayed 340 004 10 340 037
rate and the baud clock factor.
systern-Hs End-RSTIO 342 004 10 342 037
Usually, the H8-5 will be set on Program Space 040 100 to 040 341
600 baud and 16X clocks with Registers Used - B. H. L
37
Enter Character and Increment Subroutine: 2nd character . 342 004
3rd character 340 005
4th character 342 005
~040 300 MOVMA 167 Store character at cursed location
040 301 MOVAH 174 Get upper cursor word 55th character 340 037
040 302 XRI 356. 002 Change address A9 56th character 342 037
040 304 MOVHA 147 Replace upper cursor word
Now every time we enter a
040 305 ANI 346 002 Is address A9 now zero?
307 RNZ 300 No, return character, we want to go on to
~040
040 310 INXH 043 Yes, increment HL (cursor address) the next one. So, we first change
@!2)---040 311 RET 311 Return to Processing
A9. To do this, we use an exclu-
LXIH 041 (004)(340) Home Cursor sive OR 002 of the H register.
~g:g ;;~
040 325
MVIA
CALL
076 040
315 (300)(040)
Load Space
Enter space via ECI subroutine This will automatically make
040 330 MVIA 076 040 Is it the end of the screen? A9 a one for a particular charac-
CMPL 275 continued ... ter, a zero for the next charac-
040 332
040 333 JNC 302 (323)(040) No, add more spaces ter, a one for yet the next char-
040 336 LXIH 041 (004)(340) Yes, home cursor
RET 311 Return to Processing acter and so on.
~040 341
If A9 goes from a zero to a
Notes: one, we need do nothing fur-
• TVT 6·5/8 must be connected via an 8080adapter and both the 658·HD8and 658·HS64PROMs must be in circuit for the program to ther. If A9 goes from a one to a
run. Character entry via keyboard, a keyboard serial adapter and the H8·3 serial interface card.
• All characters and all control commands are entered on the screen, except for carriage return (CR),which clears the screen. zero, however, we need to move
• Horizontal frequency is 15.174 kHz;Vertical frequency is 59.976 Hz. 2500 second hum bar. onto the next pair of character
• Address switches must be in "32"; A5 =" + "; and A4 = "A4" positions.
slots in memory. To do this, we
• Character sequence goes 340004; 342 004; 340 005; 342005; 340 006; 342 006; 340007 ..
.This program is not selt-rnodityinq and may be placed in PROM or ROM. Register "8" is used for temporary storage; Registers increment the HL register that
"HL" are used to hold the cursor address. contains the cursor.
• To aid in debugging, replace 040147 with 000 and manually defeat front panel interrupt. To shorten number of characters dis-
played for a tv with limited width, use 040 337 value of 005 or higher.
So, we change A9 every new
• () denotes an absolute address that Is program location sensitive. character but increment our HL
cursor only every second char-
acter. All the A9 switching
sors will carryover to 8080 cur- as needed to give us a line of ment, or ECI, subroutine. This mess is magically eliminated
sor design. One new hassle characters. ECI subroutine is fancier than with nothing but eight or so pro-
we'll pick up is the straighten- After the characters are the ones we used before, since gram words.
ing-out process needed to undo down, we test to see if a new we have the A9 switching to Your turn: Show en all-the-bells-
the A9 speed doubling. But this key has been pressed. If not, we contend with. Some new rules and-whistles cursor for a
is more than offset by the easier output a vertical sync pulse, and a few extra code words 24 x 80 display, including a visi-
and simpler code using all the run the blank vertical retrace take care of this for us. ble cursor, full equalization and
available 8080 registers, partic- scans, and then jump up and re- Remember that the A9 transparency, all cursor mo-
ularly the 16-bit wide HL regis- peat everything for the next switching was used to let us tions and the usual goodies.
ter that is ideal for cursor loca- field. Note that we do not re-ini- get characters out of the 8080 As with the 6502 systems,
tion storage. tialize the serial interface each fast enough to be useful. To do there is virtually no limit to how
Let's look at a simple cursor time. We simply loop back to this, the display characters are fancy your cursor programs
that ties the keyboard input to the start of the next field. out of order. Specifically, for can become. All it takes are ex-
an 8080 display. We'll use the Now, if a key has been our 1 x 56 display, the charac- tra words of machine-language
1 x 56 display to keep things pressed, we jump to the new ter sequence goes like this: code to do almost anything you
simple. The program and a Cursor Processinq subroutine 1st character.... 340 004 can dream up.•
flowchart are shown in Fig. 19. at 040220 through 040 251. This
For convenience, we've left cursor processing subroutine (MAIN SCAN) (CURSOR PROCESSING)
terface so it will accept a key- If any key but the carriage re- ALL LOCATIONS PREFIXED 040- XXX
board input by way of the key- turn is pressed, the character is
board serial adapter. Our brute entered. This is done by way of
force scans are called for next an enter-character-and-Incre- Fig. 19a. Program flowchart.
38
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land of Ithaca, (607) 277-4888. JOHNSON CITY: Micro World, (607) 798-9800. NEW YORK CITY: Computer Mart of New York, (212) 686-7923. SYRACUSE: Computer Shop of
Syracuse Inc., (315) 446-1284. OH: CINCINNATI: Digital Design, (513) 561-6733. DAYTON: Computer Solutions, (513) 223-2348. OK: OKLAHOMA CITY: Micronics, (405) 942-
8152. PA: FRAZER: Personal Computer Corp .. (215) 647-8463. STATE COLLEGE: Microcomputer Products Inc., (614) 236-7711. TN: KNOXVILLE: Eastern Microcomputer, (615)
584-8365. TX: AUSTIN: Computerland, (512) 452-5701. DALLAS: KA Electronic Sales, (214) 634-7870. GARLAND: Digital Research Corp., (214) 271-2461. HOUSTON: Houston
Computer Mart, (713) 649-4188. UT: OREM: Johnson Computer Electronics, (801) 224-5361. VA: ALEXANDRIA: Computers Plus, (703) 751-5656. ARLINGTON: Arlington
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Schellingstrasse 33, 8000 Munchen 40 Microcomputer Shop, Toelzerstr, 8, 0-815 Holzkirchen. ISRAEL: HAIFA: Microcomputer Eng Ltd., Haifa 31-070.
When he wrote this, Rod said: "My latest interest is digital and analog interfaces. This
two-part article tells the story of my education and application of these interfaces. "
Rod Hallen In other words, the digital levels to digital Signals and vice Opening S1 and closing S2 will
Road Runner Ranch computer recognizes two versa. This is the purpose of the cut the circuit resistance in half
PO Box 73 states, 0 (or ground or low) and analog-to-digital converters (64 Ohms instead of 128 Ohms),
Tombstone AZ 85638 1 (or +5 V or high), while the (AOC) and the digital-to-analog twice as much current will flow
level of an analog signal can be converters (OAC) that we will and the voltage out of IC1 will
any value. At first the two don't discuss in this two-part article. double.
O ne thing
interface your
you quickly
cover when attempting
personal
dis-
to
com-
seem compatible.
trying to use a digital
parallel port
For example,
to directly
serial or
mea-
These converters
both directions
can be com-
bined to provide translation
or can be used
in
Closing bofh S1 and S2 will
triple the current
pared to S1 closed
flow as com-
by itself,
puter with its surroundings is sure the voltages in a power separately. since 128 Ohms and 64 Ohms in
that this is an analog world we supply would not work. How- parallel equal 42.67 Ohms,
live in, and analog is a language ever, if you wanted to speak to Theory- Digital-to-Analog which is 1/3 of 128. In fact, the
that is foreign to a digital com- someone from a foreign country Conversion current will continue to in-
puter. In the digital' concept and neither of you spoke the Fig. 1 is the schematic of a crease in a binary fashion as
everything is yes or no, on or other's language, you would simplified digital-to-analog more switches are closed. Add
off, black or white, while the get an interpreter to translate. converter. Closing S1 will cause the binary values of the closed
analog world allows for an in- What we need is an interpret- a current that has a value deter- switches and you will know
finite number of shades of gray. er that will translate analog mined by the resistor in series how much the current has in-
with it to flow. Operational am- creased as compared to S1
plifier IC1 will convert this cur- closed by itself. See Table 1a.
rent flow to a voltage level. You can see that 256 steps are
REFERENCE
VOL TAGE
III
~'I S8
2ll VOL TAGE OUT Switches Decimal Binary
Value Value
4ll
S1 1 00000001
8ll lei =LM3QI OR SIMILAR
S2 2 00000010
R " 3000 TO 50Dan. TYPICAL S3 4 00000100
16ll S4 8 00001000
S5 16 00010000
32ll S6 32 00100000
S7 64 01000000
64ll
S8 128 10000000
12SfI.
SI
Table 1a. Binary and decimal value of the switches in Fig. 1. Clos-
ing any switch will multiply the output voltage of IC1 by the output
Fig. 1. A simplified digital-to-analog converter. The voltage at the when only S1 is closed. If S1 closed equals .01 volts output, then S5
output of IC1 is dependent upon the binary sum of the switches closed equals .16 volts output. If more than one switch is closed,
that are operated. The reference voltage is usually taken from the the values of all the closed switches are added together and then
+ 5 volt supply and is fed through a variable resistor for calibration multiplied by the base value (S1 only). OperateS2, S4 and S7, and
purposes. the output will be .74 volts ((2 + 8 + 64) *.01) = .74.
40
possible (1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 amp IC1. Most op amp data TO PARALLEL OUTPUT PORT
00000000 0 0 REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
00000001 1 .01
00000010 2 .02 rC3'" MCl408
!C4=LM301 OR SIMILAR
00000011 3 .03 IC5-LM311 OR SIMILAR
00000100 4 .04 R '" 3000 TO 5000 OHMS TYPICAL
41
Voltage Decimal Binary
Equivalent Equivalent 18 REN~RANP METHOD OF AID CONVERSION
01111111
28 LET X=Il
+2.54 127
38 LET X=X+I
+2.52 126 01111110 48 IF X>255 THEN PRINT "VOLTAGE TOO HIGH I": GOTO 108
+2.50 125 01111101 58 OUT 24,X
6" LET Y=INP(24)
78 IF Y=I THEN GOTO 38
88 IF X=I THEN PRINT "VOLTAGE TOO LOU I": GOIO 108
+0.06 3 00000011 98 PRINT X*.81;"VOLTS DC"
+0.04 2 00000010 18e END
+0.02 1 00000001
0.00 0 00000000 Program A. Written in Processor Technology's Extended
-0.02 255 11111111 Cassette BASIC to implement the ramp method of analog-to-
-0.04 254 11111110 digital conversion. Line 30 steps the variable X by 1, and if X ex-
-0.06 253 11111101 ceeds 255 without a match being made, the out-of-range
message in line 40 will be printed. Line 50 sends the value of X
to the parallel port, and lines 60 and 70check to see if we have a
match. If not, we go back to line 30, increment X and try again.
-2.52 130 10000010 When Y goes to 0 in line 70 (indicating a match), the value and
-2.54 129 10000001 message in line 90 is printed unless X = 1, in which case the er-
-2.56 128 10000000 ror message in BOis printed. With a fast BASIC and a slow OIA
converter it might be necessary to insert a short pause between
Table 2. Voltage-to-binary-and-decimal conversion in the 0 + 7A lines 50 and 60 to allow time for the conversion process to take
110board. The voltage shown on the left when applied to one of the place.
AID ports produces the decimal or binary equivalent shown on the
right. When the decimal value is sent to one of the OIA ports, the
voltage shown results. The table runs in .02 volt steps from + 2.54
to - 2.56 volts. Most of the intermediate values have been omitted, plied to the negative input, the when we output 169 (1.69 volts
but they can easily be found by multiplying positive decimal values output will be a logical 1. When to the comparator is greater
by .02. Negative voltages can be figured by using the formula the voltage at the negative in- than 1.687); the output of the
(256 - 0) *.02, where 0 is the decimal value. put exceeds that of the posi- comparator will change to 0,
tive, the output will be a logical and the software knows that we
O.'in other words, the compara- have a match. If we multiply the
So far this is the same as the . DAC is tied to negative input tor is comparing the two volt- digital output of 169 by .01, we
circuit we discussed in Fig. 2. and the output of the compara- ag~s and letting us kriow which get 1.69,which is close to 1.687.
However, if we add a compar- tor is tied to one data line (DO) is greater. The answer should always be
ator (IC5, an LM311, for in- of a parallel input port. Let's look 'at the first soft- within .01 since we are compar-
stance), we have a whole new A comparator looks like an ware intensive analog-to-digital ing in .01 volt steps.
ball game. The analog voltage op amp but has an unusual conversion method. It is called A BASIC program to imple-
we want to convert to digital is property. As long as the voltage the "tamp" method. For conti- ment the ramp method of ana-
tied to the plus input of the applied to the positive input is nuity we'll use the same current log·to-digital conversion might
comparator, the output of the greater than the voltage ap- ~nd voltage values that we look like the listing in Program
used to explain tlie DAC in Fig. A. Using 1.687volts as our ana-
TO PARALLEL INPUT PORT 1.Say that the Voltage we've ap- log value, the program would
:----------r------------l plied to the analog input is print 1.69 volts dc.
: ic 8 1 tt 1 t Ie 9 I 1.687 volts dc. 0f course, we The ramp method is easy to
j -L~¢1~!¢1¢1¢141 i don't know that it is 1.687 yet! use, requires minimum soft-
L_____ _1___ __ _J Basically, the ramp method ware and is accurate, but it has
says: Output a. digital value; one serious drawback-it is
07 read the input port, if it's not 0 slow. Depending upon the value
Me 1408 AM 2502
06
then increase th-eoutput value; of the voltage that we want to
DIGITAL
ANALOG
TO
05
SUCCESSIVE read the input port, if. it's not 0, measure, it could take as many
APPROXIMATION
CONVERTER
04
REGISTER increase the output value, etc. as 255 tries before we got a
Specifically, what we'll do is match. A better method, called
D3
output a 1, which the DAC con- :'successive approximation,"
02
verts to .01 volt. This is com- can use the same hardware as
01
I---- FROM CPU CLOCK pared with our; analog voltage above, and all we have to do is
DO
(is .01 greater than 1.687?),and write a little more software.
I we know it isn't greater be-
.
~R
1 - rc 6=-LM301 OR SIMILAR
Ie 7 =LM311 OR SIMILAR cause "'!,es~e a 1 at the parallel
The successive approximation
method always requires seven
ANALOG
INPUT
. IC7
z
tc 8 8 9" SN74125
R 3000 TO 5000
TYPICAL
OH MS input port. 50 we output a 2 (.02 times through a trial loop.
volts to the .cornparator), com- In successive approximation
pare (we're still low), output a 3, we divide our range in half,
Fig. 4. The successive approximation method of analog-to-digital
conversion in hardware. The SAR (successive approximation reg- compare (we're still low), etc. compare our midpoint with the
ister) feeds the OAC trial bytes and reads the results in the same This goes on and on until the analog voltage and, if our mid-
way that Program B does with Fig. 3. When a match is made, the output ~f the DAC does exceed point is higher, discard the up-
SAR gates (lCB and 9) the digital information to the parallel input the analog voltage we are try- per half of our range. If the mid-
port for the processor to read. ing to measure. This will occur point is lower, we discard the
42
118 REM-SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION METHOD OF ADC 2811 REM-STEP VOLTAGE GENERATOR
1211 DIt! V(8) 298 FOR 1=/28 TO 255
1311 FOR J=1 TO 8 ~II" OUT 25,1
1411 READ V(J) 318 FOR J=1 TO 6.11
158 NEXT J 3211 NEXT J
160 DATA 128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1 338 NEXT I
178 LET X=128 3411 FOR 1=11 TO 127
1811 FOR 1=1 TO 7 3511 OUT 25,1
19" OUT 24,X 3'8 FOR J=1 TO '""
208 LET Y=INP(24) 3711 NEXT J
210 IF Y=1 THEN LET X=X+V(I+l) 3811 NEXT I
228 IF Y=8 THEN LET X=(X-V((I»+V(I+l) 39" END
238 NEXT I
248 IF X=255 THEN PRINT "VOLTAGE TOO HIGH I": GOTO 270 Program C. DIA output demonstration program. The output of
25" IF X=1 THEN PRINT "VOLTAGE TOO LOU I": GOTO 270 DIA port 1 Will start at - 2.56 volts and each second will in-
2'" PRINT X*.01;"VOLTS DC" crease its output by .02 volts. The J loop in lines 310-320 and
27" END 360-370 ceuses the one-second delay, and the value of J can be
increased or decreased as desired.
Program B. A successive approximation analog-to-digital con-
version program used in conjunction with Fig. 3. This method
divides the range in half seven times to find the digital equiva-
lent to an analog value. Lines 120 to 160 load the values of each The most significant bit (D7) is and then call them from BASIC.
of the eight digital bits. Line 170 sets the first midpoint, and As mentioned, any of the pro-
zero for positive values and 1
lines 180 to 230 put out the trial, check the result and then
for negative values, The other grams in this article could have
select either the upper or lower half of the test range. After
seven bits (D6 to DO)are com- been written completely in as-
seven trials, X is determined to be the closest digital byte to the
analog value and is multiplied by .01 and printed. If X is too high plemented (inverted) for nega- sembly language.
or too low, then the error message in line 240 or 250 will be tive values. An OUT 25, 127 (127 = binary
printed. This is much faster than Program A. As in Program A, a Processor Technology's Ex- 01111111) wi II cause AID port 1
short pause might be needed between lines 190 and 20P (195 tended Cassette BASIC, and to go to + 2.54 volts, OUT 25, 0
FOR J = 1 TO 2: NEXT J). many others also, allows direct will cause it to go to zero volts
access to'-the input and output and OUT 25,128 (128=binary
ports with 'th~ INP and OUT 10000000) will cause it to go to
statements. Y = INP(24) says to - 2.56 volts. Program C will
lower half of the range. Now we significant bit (D7) until a match assign whatever value is read cause the voltage to change in
take the midpoint of the re- is made, and then the digital re- at input port 24 to the variable .02 volt steps from - 2.56 to
maining half and compare sult is fed to the parallel input Y. OUT 25, ,127:~eans send 127 + 2.54. With a voltmeter con-
again. Doing this seven times port to be read. (in digital form) to output port nected to AID port 1, you can
will zero right in on the analog 25. watch the voltage increase
value, just as the ramp method Hardware- If your E}ASICdoes not allow step by step.
did, only much faster. The Cromemco D + 7A I/O such direct access to I/O ports, What can we use these ports
Program B is tlie successive I am using the Cromemco it will be necessary to write I/O for? Sound for one thing ... or
approximation method written D + 7A I/O board in my SOL, and routines in assembly language better yet, music. In Part 2, un-
in BASIC. When we run,this pro- from now on allreferences will
gram with 1.687 volts applied to pertain to that piece of equip- OUTPUT D/A PORTS
PORTS
our analog input, the answer ment. The D + 7 contains a par: 25
1.69 volts de, which is within .01 put port, seven digital-to-ana- OUTP!.!T
PORT 24
27
28 4 ANALOG OUTPUT
volts of the actual value': This log output ports and seven ana-
29
readout compares extremely log-to-digital input ports (see 30
well with most VOMs and Fig. 5). Quite ,a handful for a 31
VTVMs. In fact, it is almost im- board that retails for $145 in kit PARALLEL DIGITAL TO
OUTPUT PO RT ANALOG CONVERTER
possible to read a mechanical form! It is a g'reat value and a
meter that closely. Either of the great addition to any micropro-
previous BASIC programs could cessor system. See~,he refer- INPUT
PORTS AID PORTS
just as easily have been imple- ences for a review of this kit. 25
28 4 ANALOG INPUT
to-digital conversion that w~'11 MC1408 DAC arid the, bipolar
29
discuss also uses successive approach in its analog port 30
approximation but is all done levels, and the swing is from 31
with hardware. Fig. 4 is a sim- +- 2.54 to -:-2.56 in .02 volt PARALLEL ANALOG TO
INPUT PORT· oml TAL CONVERTER
ple AID converter using a spe- steps, Table 2 compares the a!'jc
cial IC called a successive ap- alcq voltage with its decimal
Fig. 5. A block diagram of the Cromemco D + 7A liD Interface
proximation register (SAR). An a~d bina'ry equivalents; At first
Bqard. f,ight 8080 input and output ports are used. These are
SAR, such as the AM2502, does glance the negative bytes seem shown as ports 24 to 31, but provision is made on the board to
just about the same thing that to be listed backwards until you strap in other addresses if required. Since all conversion is
Program B does. It tries one bit realize that two's complement handled in-herdwere, it is only necessary to output to the board or
at a time st<jrting with the most signed bytes are being used. input from it in' order to implement AID or DIA conversion.
'J
43
der applications, we will dis- method of analog-to-digital con- analog voltage level is accom- References
cuss a programmed function version as discussed in Fig. 4. plished. We've also discussed Linear IC Data Book, Nation-
generator that will produce tri- The only software requirement the same process in reverse. As al Semiconductor Corporation,
angle, square or sine waves at is to read the desired AID port. a practical implementation of 2900 Semiconductor Drive,
any frequency we choose. Two If you ground AID port 1 and these conversions, the Cro- Santa Clara CA 95051.
D/A ports could be used to feed command X= INP(25):PRINT X, memco D + 7A 1/0 board has Linear IC Data Book, Fairchild
the X and Y axes of an oscillo- you should get 0 printed on been introduced. If you still Camera and Instrument Cor-
scope for high resolution your screen. If you tie port 1 to a have any questions about these poration, Semiconductor Com-
ponents Group, 464 Ellis Street,
graphics. Motor control, light + 2.54 volt source and run the processes, it might be advis-
Mountainview CA 94042.
level; temperature manipula- same program again, you able to go back and study Part 1
"MC1408 speclttcatton Sheet,"
tion for a home heating, cooling should get 127 on the screen. A again while waiting for Part 2. Motorola Semiconductor Prod-
or solar energy system and - 2.56 at port 1 would give 128 In Part 2 applications for D/A, ucts, Inc., PO Box 20912,
data transmlsston over phone on the screen. This is in itself a AID and parallel digital ports Phoenix AZ 85036.
lines are some other possibili- + 2.54 to - 2.56 volt high im- wi II be presented and ex- "AID Conversion," Byte, May
ties. pedance voltmeter, and with plained. These will include 1976, p. 70.
The analog-to-digital port~. the proper scaling resistors sense switches, joysticks for "Analog World," Byte, May
The D + 7 AID inports have the and program any range can be variable input, light and tem- 1977, p. 56and June 1977, p. 54.
same range and voltage to digi- measured, as we shall see. perature sensors, a ± 250 volt "Interfacing Analog," Kilo-
oP c01>E
44
~ Osborne & Associates v06
Volume 2 Updates only, 1978 Edition (six issues) $25.00 o All foreign orders" $4.00 per item. for air shipment
o 4th class $0.45 per item (allow 3-4 weeks within USA, not applicable to discounted orders)
Volume 3 Updates only, 1978 Edition (six issues) $25,00
o $0.75 per item, UPS (allow 10 days) in the u.S.
Payment in advance must be enclosed for TOTAL
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purchases of up to $70,00. Invoicing for PLEASE SEND INFORMAT!ON ON:
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available upon approval of your account. AU
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drawn on a U.S. bank. o List of foreign distributors
o More information on Volumes 2 and 3
Fl0
S1002
t/ Reader Service-see page 179 45
The "EI Cheapo"
EPROM Programmer
Another EPROM programmer-but wait a minute; check out how little you'll have to spend.
Dr. Ward J. McFarland, Jr. permanent storage. amperes) is available. A maxi- ble programming pulse to an-
31 High Street The Intel 2758 offers many mum read access time of 450 other pin are required for each
New Haven CT 06511 advantages over other erasable nanoseconds allows full speed location you want to program.
read-only memory chips. The operation with a one megahertz In addition, single locations
device has a capacity of 8192 clock. may be easily programmed in
bits, configured as 8 bits x What really sets this device any desired sequence without
o you believe that you can 1024 bytes. Except while pro-
D make an EPROM pro- gramming, only a single +5
apart from the 2708 and other
similar devices is its ease of
the need to cycle through
entire memory. Both hardware
the
grammer using only two inex- volt supply is needed for opera- programming. No pulsed high and software requirements are
pensive integrated circuits ... tion. A standby mode that al- voltage supplies are needed; minimal and should require
and without using any output lows operation at reduced sup- only 25 volts dc applied to one only a few hours' work.
ports? Until Intel released the ply current (typically 10 milli- pin and a single TTL-compati- Fig. 1 shows the pin configu-
2758 erasable programmable
read-only memory (EPROM),
DATA BUS
this idea would have been
laughable. Now, for as little as
\..-
11.
ADDRESS BUS
$5, you can beef up your system ~
by adding this simple circuit for
putting programs or data into AO- A9 00--07
lC
AD -A9 00- 07
AIO-A05
RAM SELECT
I RAM
TO BE COPIED .25v +5V
ROM TO BE
PROGRAMMED
2758 I AIO -AOS I
ROM SELECT
Lt
DECODING DECODING
ss Vpp pgm cs
A7 2'
vcc
1 l
A6
AO
A8
A9 ~
111 ... 1 CHIP WRITE
ENABLE 111···1
~
j
TO OTHER J K TO OTHER IK
A4 Vpp RAM BLOCKS ROM BLOCKS
A3
ICI rc 20 JL+'IO~SO
IC2b
A2 AR r-<
L.. a L.. T
AI
AD
PD/PGM
07
+ 5V
~E
PROGRAMMER
r ~ 70mS
ONE-SHOT u., IO~S
ONE-SHOT
50mS
ONE-SHOT
~~
50mS
DO 06
01 05 ADDRESS PROGRAM
SETTLING PULSE
02 04 DELAY TIMING
~OCESSOR WAIT LINE
COM 03
46
ration of the 2758, and Table 1 drive without additional buff-
shows its available operating ering.
modes. Pin 19 (AR)has no func- The 2758 is put into a pro-
tion but must be grounded. gramming mode by raising Vpp
With Vpp (pin 21) at + 5 volts, (pin 21)to + 25volts. Applying a
the device operates as a read- 50 millisecond, +5voltpulseto
only memory (ROM); normal or PdlPgm (pin 18) programs the
power-down operation can then data present on the data bus
be selected with PdlPgm (pin into the location selected by
18). In battery-powered sys- the address bus. One pulse is
tems or applications where cur- sufficient to program any loca-
rent must be minimized, the tion, and data can be pro-
power savings using this mode grammed into any location at
can be substantial. any time; all 1024 bytes can be
Pin 20 (CS) serves as a chip programmed in less than a
select line, with the 2758 en- minute.
abled when this line is low. The Although data can be read
data lines float when the device from the 2758 with Vpp at + 25
is not being read or pro- volts for verification, Intel ad-
grammed, allowing direct wired- vises against leaving this line
or connections with the system high for prolonged periods.
data bus. During reading and Note that CS (pin 20) must re-
programming, the data and ad- main high during programming.
dress lines present MOS-type Table 2 summarizes some of
loads (about 10 microamperes), the electrical specifications of
which you should be able to the 2758. Initially and after
erasing, all bits are set to "1." traviolet light (the kind that is
Data is programmed by storing dangerous to unshielded eyes
a "0" in each appropriate loca- and skin).
tion. A "0" can only be reset to If you do not have access to a
a "1" by erasing the entire 8192 .commercial eraser, you can
bits. Erasing the device is sim- purchase a shortwave UV min-
ply a matter of providing suffi- erallamp from a local scientific
cient exposure to shortwave ul- supply house for $50 or $60.
47
The most inexpensive approach the 2758-whenever a location
~~ ~~ I could find was to use a germi- in that area of memory is read,
TM cidal UV lamp (Sylvania G8T5or the processor is forced into a
I~IIAMSYMKM
equivalent) obtained at a local wait cycle until the data is pro-
lighting distributor for $12, plus grammed into the correspond-
$9 for a socket and starter. A ing location (same AO-A9)in the
T~r~~I~II~~~~~~~~~~~®~~ 30-minute exposure with this 2758.
lamp at one inch from the 2758 The sequence of operations
©@[MJ~(VJlJ§~O§lJ ~
11 ~
erases the device easily. occurring during programming
is outlined in Table 3, and a de-
INC
~*****
programmer. sockets, switches and address
If you only need 1K or less ~f decoding).
permanent memory, simply Photo 1 shows the complet-
lBS-80
leave the 2758 in the same ed programmer. Besides the
socket you used for pro- programmer circuitry, sockets
gramming. If you already have for six 2758s are provided,
1ftdSfOBMtD
sockets available for 2708 pro- along with an address decoder
grammable memory chips, for decoding up to E:Jlght1K
simply rewire pins 19 and 21 blocks of memory. Everything
·W\l"
(and pin 18 if you want to pro- is mounted on a 4 1/2 x 6 1/2
gram them in these sockets) to inch (11.4 x 16.5 ern) V~ctor pro-
substitute the 2758. The two totyping plugboard hand-wired
les and the few discrete com-
ponents should easily fit in an
unused corner of a board
with a Vector wiring pencil
(wire-wrap would also work
'BOftss\O"ll
soflWlftt
nicely). A DIP rocker switch
(ADDRESS
DECODING)
AI5
AI4
AI3 'lcUG~{ .
dlS' sottwa<'
s ecialists \0 mlcrocomp ed language and
Li'eboat f>.sso~lat~~~,frst pro'essiona\~~~~Scomputer. Written
AI2
is proud to 0 er ne Radio Snack ackage runs on
All
AID 0'
utilitv package 'or { rs le'Jel \I 6f>.SIC,tne ~ore dri'Jes and
TO
bV Microsott. crea 0 'tn 321<.Rf>.M.one or nd consists ot
SYSTEM
ADDRESS
iRS-SO sVstem WI. upplied on dIskettes a
BUS
~RSOOS,ine so\tVoJareIS S
Ie machine code
Ol11l1 a true rel~<f~a~N)(39 (except
A9
A8 f uer lor ANSI FO
A7
comp PLE)( variables}
AS
A5 COM "'B'11 . K-based
A4
A3
".'&80
111M
lSSEn.. lloglifo~~nemonics
bIer uti\l'lln
macro assem relocatable code
A2
AI
AO oo prodUCing d
a dtandloa.
19 18
I 11."
lUG
101 ,l\ln
lOlOfn D
to lin\<.~d~leslor execution
d assembler m
+5 -.l70mS t- FORIRANan .
TO PROC_ES'-'S-'-OR
O~
--, U81l11 a complete
WAIT LINE
SU81~~!!~tines eoxi~t;.n~:~~~I~~:!~~er
librarYlo modules lor F cision Square
lOmS O.S. 50mS O.S.
+5V \in\<.abe s-eg, double p~eentalS,etc
'-AI program I log transcen
z.. _ o x root. natura ' d modily
FROM
RAM
+5V
CS
A2
lei
74121
0'S11E11 EOnOI to c;~~~~~ as dis\<.
~ 58
5 B
FOR1~A~;~%:~~~~~} ~~~~~~ ~~~~~se
ENABLE
PROGRAM- liles adstOrlor correspon e
MER ·text e 10 .
IK
documents so\tware pac\<.-
ered pro\eSSlonal avaIlable at the
"ThIShlgh-f~Wdocurnentatlon
age WIth u
OISCOutn PRICE OF $ 325 ISEll. COMPU1ER S~S1EM
P
••••
L16
-------------.
Dealer Inquiries invited.
PIN 21 OF 2758
IOV
(Vppl
ZENER
LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES ••
164 West83rd StreetiNewYork'. NY 10024 (212) 580-0082
~~~~~
lRS-80 FORlRAN
~ .-
Package @ $325.00 Address •
(plus $2.00 shipping or
.;';.__.=;_------~
I $5.00 foreign) City, State,Zip •
PIN 18 OF 2758 o Check enclosed
PINIOOFIC2 0 C.O.D. ($1.00 add'l) AC.
ct. No. plres__ •
(PROGRAMMING PULSE)
(PD/PGM)
I [j Master Charge
Enter data to be programmed buffer (with the eight low-order with the 2708, which is now
into RAM buffer area addresses corresponding to available for under $15. (Re-
N';;1024 bytes those desired for the final ROM member its price a year ago?)
location), it should be verified So far, I have used this circuit
and double-checked (unless you to program over 9K bytes for my
+ like reentering all the data after system and others with no
Verify data in RAM erasing the entire chip just for copying errors. As you might
DOUBLE-CHECK! one wrong entry!). suppose, I have been thorough-
Next, the programmer is en- ly sold on the simplicity and re-
~ abled by raising pin 5 of IC1 to liability of the ~~758. Anyone
+ 5 volts, and + 25 volts is ap- ready for the 16K version?
Enable Programmer (S8)
Raise Vpp to +25 V (SO-S7) plied to pin 21 (Vpp). The data to
be programmed is then simply
read from the RAM byte by For those interested in ob-
~ byte; each of these read opera- taining a 2758 to experiment
tions initiates a 70 millisecond with, Applied Autonomics
Read each byte to be
programmed from RAM wait cycle and triggers the pro- Corporation of 31 High
N';;1024 bytes gramming circuit, which pro- Street, New Haven CT 06511,
grams one location of PROM. wil! make the chip available
When all locations are entered, (unprogrammed) for $32.50
+ the data may be read directly plus $1 postage and han-
Return Vpp to + 5 V (SO-S7) from the 2758 to verify ac- dling (Connecticut resi-
Disable Programmer (S8) dents, add 7 percent sales
curacy.
When you are finished pro- tax).
Fig. 5. Flow diagram for programming Intel 2758. gramming, remember to lower
50
~
"INDUSTRIAL"
WIRE WRAPPING TOOL
Model BW 520 is a battery operated wlre-wrapping
tool, also available in reversible models for wrapping
and unwrapping operations. The rechargeable nickel
cadmium battery is self contained in the handle of
the tool. Also available with "Backforce" device to
prevent overwrapping.
Uses any 24AWG thru 32AWG wrapping bits and
sleeves.
~
"INSTALLATION AND FIELD SERVICE"
WIRE WRAPPING TOOL
Model BW 928 is a battery operated wire wrapping
tool, also available in reversible models for wrapping
and unwrapping operations, Exceptionally useful for
installation and field service work, or small produc-
tion jobs. Available with "Backforce" device to pre-
vent overwrapping.
Uses any 24AWG thru 32AWG wrapping bits and
sleeves.
"HOBBY"
WIRE WRAPPING TOOL
For AWG 30, .025" (0.63mm) sq.
post, "MODI FI ED" wrap, positive
indexing, anti-overwrapping device.
If you've ever worried about frying your eyes while you're staring at your CRT, run those
same eyes over this article and see what some ~xperts have to say about the subject.
Sherman P. Wantz may be injurious to the eyes, With encouragement from lished X-radiation Iimits for
424 NW Lakeview Dr. they had claimed, adding that Kilobaud's editors, I re- television receivers under the
Sebring FL 33870
an entire generation was searched that question. In ad- Radiation Control Act of
A .
s is usual each time I
get a new toy, I overdid
it the first time I got my
endanqerinq
viewing.
its sight because
of a daily diet of television
dition to contacting
identifiable U.S. manufactur-
er of television sets and com-
every 1968. This limit is 0.5 rnilli-
roentgens per hour, measured
at a distance of five centi-
SWTP 6800 up and running. I remembered, too, a more puter monitors listed in Stan- meters from any surface of
For five hours I slumped over recent government agency's dard and Poor's Register, I the television receiver." (A
my terminal's keyboard, warning that parents shou Id wrote to several universities roentgen (pronounced rent-
focusing my attention on the not allow their children to lie and federal agencies seeki ng . gan) is a un it of radioactive
s cr e en of my converted on the floor watching TV information on the question dose of exposure; a rnilli-
19·inch television set. The with their legs stretched out of radiation leakage. roentgen is 1000th of a
strain was enough to irritate beneath the television set's roentgen.) 'i
anyone's eyes, and mine felt cabinet. Some sets, the warn- TV Manufacturers Respond "The limit," Aram said,
dry and drawn. ing stated, allowed X rays to Replies from manufac- "was selected on a very con-
I had been sittlnq four feet escape downward from the turers of television sets and servative basis such that the
from the monitor, staring receiver's high voltage power monitors arrived promptly. a ve r age television viewer
directly down the electron supply and could damage Typical of the television using a receiver operating at
gun of its cathode-ray tube those young legs. industry's position was that the limit would receive 5 per-
(CRT) - a tube that used I'm a worrier by nature so expressed by the General cent as much radiation from
15,000 volts to accelerate its I was not too surprised to Telephone and Electronics the television receiver in one
beam of charged particles find myself considering giving Corp., makers of Sylvania year's time as he would re-
directly at my eyes. Little up my new and fascinating equipment . ceive from the natural back-
wonder, then, that my eyes computer hobby. My fears . In a bulletin issued in ground radiation at average
felt tired. intensified when I considered 1969, Sylvania's medical sea-level conditions."
Then, an alarming pair of that X rays are produced director, Harry E. Tebrock, Zenith Radio supplied me
questions came to mind. (1) when electrons, accelerated MD, reported: "Sylvania sub- with a technical paper that
If I continue staring at my by high voltages, strike an jects its television production had been prepared by its
monitor night after night, will obstacle while traveling in a lines to exacting scientific radiation safety officer,
those electrons damage my vacuum - as they do when tests fo rem i ssion and Stanley D. Savic. The paper
eyes permanently? (2) they impinge on the coated X-radiation .... These tests has since been distributed by
Does that electron stream in screen of a CRT. employ stringent government- the U.S. Department of
the CRT pose any other There must be many thou- accepted and industry- Health, Education and Wel-
threat to my health? sands of computer terminal accepted methods of mea- fare.
I recalled the dire warnings monitors in use across the surement. rr Savic's paper described a
that several ophthalmologists country. Hasn't the question Zenith Radio Corp.'s vice- test program conducted in
had issued during the early of potential radiation hazard president for consumer 1968 in which each of 15,157
days of television. Looking to those who work continu- affairs, N. W. Aram, pointed employees working on
intently at a TV picture for ally in front of such monitors out that: "The Bureau of Zenith's television receiver
an extended period of time occurred to others? Radiological Health has estab- production and test lines at
52
three separate plants wore from CRTs." tion and then surveyed the plays, when tested,emit no X
X-ray film badges for ten After having received terminal for X-radiation using rays above normal back-
wor k days. Inspection of the those and similar replies from a Victoreen Model 440F-C ground level X-radiation
film badges at the end of the members of the TV industry, radiation rate meter. (X-radiation present in the
test period showed that I began to feel better about "The results of th is X- environment). which varies
" ... not any single badge my converted television set radiation test showed that on between 0.05 to 0.1 milli-
showed any radiation at or monitor. But, I still had a the zero-to-one milliroentgen roentgens per hour."
above the minimum detect- nagging feeling that there per hour scale, there was no I BM's CRT displays use
able exposure." might be more to the story. indication of any X-radia- high-voltage power supplies
Following that test, 162 Would a TV manufacturer tion," Haeseker reported. that produce up to 16,000
Zenith color-television pro- be likely to admit that his set Hewlett-Packard Com- volts. Even if a circuit failure
duction-line repairmen were produced radiation at levels pany's B_ M. Oliver, vice- were to raise the CRT's anode
provided thermoluminescent harmful to users of his equip- president for research and voltage to 25,000 volts,
ring badges, which they wore ment? An innate skepticism development, pointed out Hamer said, other component
for six months. The object of warned against my accepting that " ... the penetrating failure would result, disabling
this test was to determine that answer. power of an X ray depends the unit rather than increas-
whether any hazard existed on the energy of the electrons ing its X-radiation.
from hand exposure to mal- What Computer Terminal that are stopped at the target,
functioning TV sets. Makers Said in this case the (CRT) screen. Tests by the Bureau of Radio-
Typically, Zenith found Comments received from For 30 kilovolt electrons, a logical Health
that a factory repairman producers of computer fraction of an inch of lead A fter reading Hewlett-
worked on 30 malfunctioning terminals were even more glass provides ample shield- Packard and IBM's replies, I
sets per day, conside rably reassuring than those received ing. Cathode-ray tubes do not became aware that X-radia-
more, the study concluded, from television set manufac- produce gamma rays," he tion in a computer display
than a field serviceman might turers. added. terminal unit is associated
experience in repairing tele- Robert J. Duggan, vice- IBM's Martin J. Hamer with the high-voltage power
vision receivers. Of the 162 president for engineering stated that all of his com- supply as well as with the
ring badges worn during the development, Information pany's CRT displays are CRT itself. This fact was con-
half-year test, only 13 Systems Division, Bunker tested for compliance with firmed by the response I
showed any indication of Ramo, supplied a May 1975 the federal Radiation Control received from John C. Vill-
radiation. Since the test sub- Underwriters Laboratories, for Health and Safety Act of forth, director of the Bureau
jects had been allowed to lnc., (UL) report on one of 1968. of Radiological Health,
wear the ring badges at home his company's terminal units. "Those standards specify Department of Health, Edu-
as well as at work, no scien- Senior project engineer for that X-radiation levels shall cation and Welfare.
tifically acceptable explana- U L, Charles Haese ker, ex- not exceed 0.5 milliroentgens "The X-ray emission of a
tion for the 13 cases of plained in the report that he per hour when measured CRT is strongly dependent on
measurable radiation was had adjusted the Bunker approximately two inches the value of the electron
presented. (All but one Ramo monitor's brilliance from the surface of the unit," accelerating voltage," Vill-
exposure reading was 20 control to its maximum posi- Hamer said. "Our CRT dis- forth said. "The CRTs in the
mi IIiroentgens or less.)
As a result of his test
program, Savic concluded:
"The potential for an acci-
dental overexposure to low
energy X-radiation from
home television receivers to
television assemblers and
repairmen is negligible and
virtually nonexistent."
John Blair, Raytheon
Company's director of re-
search, addressed his remarks
directly to computer terminal
monitors rather than com-
menting on TV sets converted
by hobbyists for use as video
display terminals. "The oper-
ating voltage of CRTs used
for computer displays is
much lower than in color TV
tubes; therefore, X-ray
emission is not any kind of
potential hazard. Conversely,
there is no ophthalmological
evidence of eye damage asso--
ciated with light emission
53
few terminals we have investi- "What's being done about X versitv, the surgeon who Video Display Terminals,"
gated have been operating at rays from home TV sets," operated on the former describes methods and pro-
voltages considerably lower published by the U.S. Depart- airman's eyes, Towne won an cedures used by its engineers
than the voltage at which the ment of Health, Education out-of-court settlement of who tested video terminals at
tube is designed to operate in and Welfare, states: "The $50,000 from Lockheed, the New York Times' offices
a television receiver, and we Surgeon General of the Public company that developed the under conditions of actual
h av e observed no X-ray Health Service has said he equipment Towne had use.
emission." Villforth then believes that TV X rays do worked on. Since most regions of the
introduced a point that is not have much potential for Although Lockheed electromagnetic spectrum
significant to us computer biological damage. In fact, settled the claim, the com- have been suspected of pro-
hobbyists. there is no evidence that TV pany denied any liability for ducing cataracts, the NIOSH
"We recognize," he said, receiver X-radiation has re- Towne's eye condition. It is field team attempted to mea-
"that hobbyists may use and sulted in human injury." significant that the radiation sure all radiation emitted by
adapt color television re- That statement by the blamed for Towne's cataracts the VDT s selected for test.
ceivers for use as CRT mini or Surgeon General should just was microwave, not X rays. To document levels related to
microcomputer terminals." about end our worries that In his program, Wallace eyestrain, luminance measure-
"Of course," he continued, CRT monitors pose a par- also revealed that the Depart- ments were also made.
"it may be possible for ho b- ticular cause for alarm. ment of Labor had paid six
Readings of radio frequen-
byists to modify and redesign Right? disability claims submitted by
cies, infrared, visible light and
the electronic circuits of a Well, not quite. air traffic controllers who had
ultraviolet em issions were
color television receiver so The collective oprnron d ev e loped cataracts. The
taken on the three types of
that they will no longer result among experts in the field claimants and Dr. Zar at, who
terminals used at the New
in a safe situation." "This," today is clear insofar as X-ray supported them, pointed to
York Times.
Vi Ilforth warned, "wou Id hazards are concerned: no nearby radars, not to
have to be done deliberately problem with properly oper- cathode-ray tubes, as the No X-ray measurements
and should be discouraged." ated CRT monitors. principal producer of their were taken by NIOSH be-
According to Villforth, But what about potential eye disorders. cause, earlier in the year, the
strontium and lead have been eye damage? That was my The "60 Minutes" report New York Times' insurer had
added to the glass panels used initial worry - and is yours was directed at exploring the tested 67 of the publisher's
in TV sets and in most moni- too if you've given it any effects of microwave radia- ter m inals for X-radiation
tors to reduce X-ray emission. thought. Until recently, the tion that produces an entirely levels and had found no
"Many, though not all, com- same confident response to different array of problems measurable leakage. Since the
puter terminals use CRTs the question of possible from the ones we computer insurance company's findings
designed for use in television hazard to humans might have hobbyists face in our homes. coincided with NIOSH's pre-
receivers'," he said. been given by the. experts: vious tests made on simi lar
The Bureau of Radiolog- not to worry. NIOSH Field Team's Survey 'terminal devices, NIOSH felt
ical Health conducts and no need to repeat the X-ray
Early in 1977, the Na-
supports studies to evaluate Mike Wallace Investigates tests.
tional Institute For Occupa-
the effects of exposure to Alleged eye damage result- tional Safety and Health The NIOSH evaluation
ionizing radiation. These ing from radiation received (N ros-n. Cincinnati OH, concluded that ••... the
include studies that examine national attention on June entered into a controversy VDTs surveyed do not appear
the delayed effects of ex- 19, 1977, when Mike Wallace between the Newspaper Gui Id capable of producing cata-
posure to low levels of radia- examined the problem on and the New York Times. racts or even present an occu-
tion. CBS's "60 Minutes." I ob- NIOSH agreed to conduct a pational ocular radiation
The Bureau's investiga- tained a transcript of that field survey to evaluate condi- hazard."
tions, thus far, have identified particular program after tions faced by Times em- Of particular significance
increased childhood leukemia several friends told me that ployees who use computer to microcomputer hobbyists
as a risk associated with su b- experts interviewed by monitors. is a section of the NIOSH
jecting the embryo and fetus Wallace had linked cathode- N I 0 SH recogni zed the survey team's report that
during pregnancy to levels of ray tube viewing to eye dis- significance of the Newspaper links video terminal use and
the order of 0.5 to 2.0 RAD orders particularly Guild's complaint. "Video the incidence of eye fatigue
(Radiation Absorbed DOSe). cataracts. display terminals (VDTs) are to the user's age, posture,
The Bureau's studies have Wallace interviewed Joe making inroads into office wearing of eyeglasses and
also revealed an increased risk Towne, a former air force managerial procedures with time spent staring at the ter-
of delayed thyroid neoplasm sergeant, who had developed their ability to rapidly display minal's CRT. The report also
(tumors) when the thyroid cataracts in both eyes. Towne letters, numbers and other links eyestrain with the posi-
gland is exposed to radiation claimed that his cataracts had symbols," the NIOSH survey tion of the monitor and re-
levels of about 6.5 RAD. been caused by extended reported. "Although exact flections produced by over-
But those levels of X-radia- exposure to low-level micro- figures on the numbers of head or other background
tion intensity are far above wave radiation received while such devices are not available, lighting found in the vicinity
the levels we are concerned he served as a technician it is estimated that between of the monitor.
with as we pursue our micro- aboard an air force EC-121 five and ten million units are
computer hobby. flying radar station. currently in use." Not All Fears Allayed
Backed by Dr. Milton N IOSH's . final report, en- Even after the NIOSH
The Surgeon General Speaks Zarat, professor of ophthal- titled "An Electromagnetic report is published and dis-
A brochure entitled mology at New York Uni- Radiation Survey of Selected tributed, doubts are sure to
54
continue. News media revela- posures to X rays involve Summary able to do the same for moni-
tions of scientific experts' only a fraction of a RAD, Dr. The experts' opinions that tor viewing.
inability to predict the long- Silverman notes that there is video terminal viewing is not Positioning the monitor to
term effects of numerous generally a cumulative effect injurious to our health has to reduce or eliminate reflec-
potential dangers from from ionizing radiation (i.e., be regarded as reassuring. tions from competing room
artificial sweeteners to the radiation level tends to But, as usual, not all experts lights, adjusting the monitor'S
insecticides - adds to the build in our bodies as our agree - so we are left in contrast and brightness con-
feeling of unease. Insufficient exposure continues). limbo. Even though it appears trols for comfortable viewing,
evidence exists at present to that we need not be unduly equipping the terminal's CRT
Dr. B. M. Oliver of Hew-
settle the eye-damage ques- worried over X-ray emissions with a glare-reducing filter, if
lett-Packard Company claims
tion. from our CRT monitors, we necessary, and reducing the
that fears about CRT view-
should continue to be con- period during which our eyes
Dr. Charlotte Silverman, ing's effects on the eye are'
cerned about eyestrain. are focused on the screen can
deputy director, Division of misplaced. "With regard to
Considering that most of help to lessen eyestrain.
Biological Effects, Bureau of eye damage, obviously the
Radiological Health, claims ophthalmologists of yester- us have adapted to reading So let's get back to our
that ionizing radiation such as year overstated the hazard," books and magazines and to computers, make those ad-
X rays can cause cataracts if he said. "They were as para- typing - all of which require justments to our terminals to
the exposure involves high noid then as some other focusing our eyes for ex- ease eyestrain, and resume
doses of at least 200 RAD. doctors are today about other tended periods of time at a writing those useful programs
Although most controlled ex- forms of radiation." fixed distance - we should be we all need so desperately. •
# 'Curb damaging Surges & Hash with our ISOLA· 4J: terminal'. (Note: Uses RAM from 0 to 2000H). Justifies left
and right margins, page and chapter headings, page
0;; = =» $50.00
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tr ment Interaction with our unique ISOLATORS. 1r merge files, and append files from disc, and much much '"' = 0;;» $30.00
# 'ISOLATOR (ISO·1A) 3 filter isolated a-prono 41=' more! "TFS" is of great use by anyone that wants perfect • FAMILY PACK: Programs for home and family. Includes
? sockets; integral surge suppression; 1875 W total 1 text and typing with the minimum effort! Includes a Mail List. Phone LISt. aecrce AnalYSIS. Home Budget.
• load, 1 KW any socket. $49.95 70-page user's manual complete with examples, plus a much more.
handy quick reference guide to the "TFS" commands. = =»
1 'ISOLATOR (ISO·2) 2 filter isolated s-prono socket 1 ... > $75.00 •
=
banks (6 sockets total); integral surge suppres- 1 RDA- 1f1. beginners. Tired of not uooeestancnnq Assem. Lang
1 sian; 1875 watt total load, 1 KW load either Data System. A very fast and reliable data base programs? Get ttns course and begin writing your own code
41= bank $49.95 # management system for Northstar. Access time of less =. = =» $30.00
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• PHONE ORDERS 1·617·655·1532 ... > $45.00
! LE7 Electronic Specialists, Inc. (Illinois residents add 5% sales tax) (fllinois residents add 5% sales tax)
• -=-
171 South Main Street, Natick, Mass. 01760
1
111#4N1=!
Dept.KB
v'E36
!111###111! !###111
_
SERVICES CO.
Laser beams, explosions, etc.
Cassette and instruction booklet.
:~~::nSs
$12.95
8~:~~~~~~~~r~e:ep~~al~lg~o~~~!IZot~~~~~~~~'11 ~K
Box 4117, Alexandria, v«. 22303 v'T26 memory might be utilized for the games.
~ (404) 458-4690 ~ Both cassettes for $21.95
703·683·4019 / TLX 89·623
Arizona
Byte Shop: Phoenix. Tempe. Tuscon
California
Byte Shop: Lawndale. San Jose. Citrus
Heights
Capital Computer. Davis
Computer Demo Room: San Rafael.
Sunnyvale
Computer Store. Santa Monica
Computer Merchant. San Diego
Jade Computer Products. Hawthorne
Colorado
As a dot matrix formatted 200 high by 320 wide, it allows high
resolution patterns to be displayed and evaluated. It enhances Computer Tech ..Denver
system performance for data acquisition displays, math equa- District of Col umbia
tion plotting, etc.
Georgetown Computer. Washington
Florida
Computer Age. Pompano Beach
Micro Computer. So.Dtrvtono
Professional Computing. W. Palm Beach
Georgia
Roy Abell & »ssoc .. Columbus
HawaII
MicroComputer Systems.Honolulu
Illinois
lllini Micro. Naperville
Indiana
Data Domain. Bloomington
Iowa
Memory Bank. Davenport
Kansas
For charts and graphs, it is valuable in the educational, Computer System.Wichita
research and business fields. Shown to the right is a single
period of a complex frequency waveform and Its frequency Kentucky
spectrum chart. Pragma Tech. Louisville
Louisiana
Micro Computer. New Orleans
Massachusetts
Computer Mart. Waltham
CPUShop. Charlestown
Michigan
Computer Mart. Royal Oak
Hobby Elec.. Flint
Newman Computer. Ann Arbor
Tri-Cities Computer Mart. Saginaw
United Micro Systems.Ann Arbor
Nebraska
Omaha Computer. Omaha
New Hampshire
Computer Mart. Nashua
For text display, dot matrix is the ultimate. Any character set New Jersey
the user desires is possible. Even subscript and superscript in Computer Mart. Iselin
the same column, and-mixed text and graphics. The improved
man-machine interface for an unskilled operator Increases pro- New York
ductivity. Computer Mart. New York
CompuWorld. Inc .. Rochester
Mini-Micro Mart. Syracuse
Ohio
Cybershop Micro. Columbus
Dayton Computer. Dayton
21st Century Shop. Cincinnali
Oklahoma
Vern St.Products. Papulpa
Oregon
Computer Pathways. Salem
Real Oregon Computer. Eugene
Pennsylvania
Microtronics. Philadelphia
Texas
Byte Shop. Richardson
Graphics allows you to program games with much more ac- Interactive Computer. Houston
curate representation of your game because YOU DETERMINE Micro Mike's. Amarlllo
THE SHAPES on the display, not a ROM character generator.
Our LIFE program allows tremendous creativity in creating Micro Mart. San Antonio
complex colonies for observation of generation growth and Vermont
decay.
Computer Mart. EssexJunction
Virginia
Computer Place. Roanoke
~~f:~~!~~~hael~~~~~~~~U~~f
The K-100B requires only the processor
~crs
;ynS~~a~~ (~8J~~~~,
fAl~T
card and Its power sup-
Computer SystemsStore. McLean
ply to function as a memory. Add a monitor and you have
Computers Plus.A1exandrta
~:~~!c~.1atodo ~e;!:rI~I~~li:~~i~~~6~5 FTI~;~~~~~g~
~~~~o :~~ Washington
Empire Electronics. Seattle
Music Systems (with advanced software), K-1020 Regulated
Wire Wrap card, K·1012 IOlCOMM/PROM/2708 Programmer West Virginia
card, K-1016 16K Memory, all sold assembled and tested or as
bare boards. Write for technical information, prices and terms. Micro Data Systems.Osage
Wisconsin
Overseas orders-include $3.00 for shipping.
Byte Shop. Greenfield
Micro Technology
po. Box 4596 Manchester NH
Unlimited
VM44
03108
@) Integral Data Systems, Inc.
14 Tech Circle, Natick. MA 01760
(617) 237-76tO "...135
socoer
: 1\
be as creative IP-125,
l\
·!::::i: as your imag- A"!T~_'~" A brighter' ..:: : : : :..
i"! ~:~bcd~;:fination. Stretch buy. ·::ii:i.. ::=,:. ~,:;;:,. ":;;:"
57
Peter A. Stark
PO Box 209
Mt. Kisco NY 10549
.Some Thoughts
on the SWTP Oomputer System
Pete has lots of thoughts written on this system-' five installments so far. Here's P?rt 1.
A
I've
fter owning
computer
come across
my SWTP 6800
for over a year,
several im-
number
lamps,
fluorescent
of other
one of which
fixture
germicidal
may fit a
you already
The basic supply
a power
secondary
transformer
windings.
consists
with
The main
two
of goes on.
The problem
nized for some time. For exam-
has been recog-
provements, chanqss, add-ons have. For instance, the G15T8 .winding provides about 7 volts ple, Smoke Signal Broad-
and just plain ideas that may be is a 15-Watt bulb that fits a rms, which is it.ectified by a casting sells a PS·1 Power Sup,
useful to other SWTP owners st~ndard fluorescent desk diode bridge and then filtered ply rnodlflcation kit for $24.95,
as well. lamp. The bulb costs about $13. by a 91,000 uF capacitor to pro- which changes the power sup-
This is the first of several ar- In use, the EPROM must be vide about 7-8 volts dc under ply to provide plus and minus
ticles that will be devoted to placed one inch from the bulb load. This is then supplied to 16 voltsInstead of 14 and add
this popular system. In addi- for about 30 minutes. The ger- each board, where an on-board about a volt to the 7-8 volt sup-
tion, I will also include product micidal bulbs are made of clear regulator reduces this to the ply. This is a modification that
reviews of several pieces of glass and emit strong and +5 volts needed by the ICs on they strongly recommend if you
hardware and software that I dangerous ultraviolet light. that board. buy their EPROM board, which
have used. Since this is a con- Hence you must take some The second winding provides uses 2708 EPROMs that use
venient way of spreading the precautions before you use about 22 volts center-tapped, current from the plus and
news to other SWTP computer them for erasing EPROMs. Re- which is rectified by four minus 14-yolt supplies. Their
users, if you have some other member: They are intended for diodes on the power supply power supply kit avoids a lot of
piece of information you think killing germs; they will also kill printed circuit board. Since the problems in that case.
ought to be covered, please living cells in the eye or on your center tap is grounded, two of Other manufacturers avoid
send it to me for inclusion in my skirj if you let them. the diodes provide about + 14 the problem in other ways, For
future articles. I use mine in a room that has volts, and the other two provide instance, Percom's LFD-400
a lock on the door. I prop up the about -14 volts. This is also . disk system uses a special
Erasing Your EPROMs EPROM on a few small boxes distributed to the boards; each 12-volt regulator using four
Do you have any 2716s for on the desk, directly under the board that needs positive or transistors, rather than a stan-
your CPU board, or are you us- bulb, Then I close my eyes and negative voltage then has an dard IC regulator, to provide
ing an EPROM board? If you turn on the lamp. I can tell by additional 12 volt requlator that good regulation even with low
use EPROMs, then you will the buzzinq when it goes on. reduces the 14 volts to 12 volts. input voltage.
probably need a way of occa- Then I leave the room and lock The problem is that each of For most SWTP systems,
sionally erasjng them. Com- the door behind me so no one these regulators needs an input however, the standard power
mercial EPROM erasers cost else can accidentally go in. A voltage about 2 or 3 volts higher supply has been quite satisfac-
about $45, but ther.e is a way to half hour later, with my eyes than its rated output voltage. In tory ... until recently, SWTP
make your own much more closed, I reenter the room arid other words, providing, 7 volts has recently started selling- a
cheaply. turn the power off before open- to a 5 volt regulator or 14 volts 32K memory board that uses
Erasing an EPROM requires ing IfIY eyes. If you decide to to a 12 volt regulator is margin- the + 14 volt suppty. Even in its
a strong source of ultraviolet use the same method, it may be al. It can be done if there is no 16K form, the board's perfor-
(UV) light. Commercial erasers wise to use a box of some kind ripple on the input yoltage, but mance with the standard power
use a UV fluorescent bulb, to cover the lamp when in use. if there is pgwer supply ripple, supply is rnarqinal: with the full
ballast, socket and other Above all, do not look at the then the voltage will fall below 32K expansion it is downright
assorted 'hardware, plus a bulb or at anything that might the 7 or 14 volt level. terrible.
case. But if you buy your own - reflect light from the bulb. If When that happens, the I played with- it for several
bulb you can make your own. you have any doubts about the board regulators stop regUlat- days before I narrowed the
The bulb used in most setups safety precautions you can ing and their output voltage problem down to the power
is a G4T4 germicidal lamp, observe, buy a commercial also drops. Unfortunately, the supply. Just as I was about to
which is intended for killing eraser instead of trying to make output often drops by more start testing to see which sup-
germs. In the' symbol, the G your own. than the input. Hence a volt of ply it was, SWTP carne out with
stands fqr germicidal, the digit ripple can appear as two or a modification.
.4 means it is four Watts, the T Power Supply Problems more volts of noise on the out- The original SWTP power
stands for tubular and the sec- The power supply on the put. This can be disastrous to supply used 1000 uF capacitors
ond 4 gives the diameter ofthe ~WTP system is capable of run- the proper operation of the in the plus and minus 14-volt
bulb in eight~s of an inch. - ning the entire system, but in system. This also happens dur- supplies for filtering. In most
If you look at the last page of some cases it may become ing summer brownouts or when systems this resulted in ac-
the General Electric small marginal. There are some easy the ac line voltaqe momentarily ceptable ripple levels on both.
lamps catalog, you will see a solutions. drops as a nearby appliance But now, when the 32K board is
58
installed, the ripple on the its voltage adds to the 110·volt then ups the secondary by memory board (which, by the
+ 14-volt line is close to 2 volts. line voltage. (If you find that the about 10 percent, giving closer way, is made for SWTP by
The latest SWTP systems use output is smaller than the in- to 8 volts on the 7-8 volt line. Motorola), .have you wondered
about 30,000 uF on this supply, put, simply reverse the connec- I suspect that Smoke Signal what chips it uses? That's an
and SWTP recommends that at tions to either the primary or Broadcasting uses a similar interesting question, because
least 4000 or 5000 uF be added secondary, not both.) modification in their supply you might then buy only the
to existing systems. When this Although Fig. 1 shows a modification kit; they probably 16K version and get the addi-
is done, power supply ripple switch that can select either substitute a 24-26 volt trans- tional 16K of ICs elsewhere for
drops a lot and memory prob- the normal line voltage of 110, former for the 22 volt winding less.
lems disappear. 116 or 122 volts, depending on and use that winding to up the Actually, there are two ver-
In my unit, I have mounted whether only a half or the entire 7-8 volt power line. In the long sions of the 32K board. The first
the power supply board upright secondary is added, in my run, though, I think my modifi- boards had thirty-two 8K x1
on small L-brackets and system I have the switch per- cation is as good and less ex- ICs; the newer boards will have
mounted an 18,000 uF can-type manently wired to the 122-volt pensive. only sixteen 16K x 1 Motorola
capacitor on the bottom of the position since I have found this There is one thing to watch 6116 chips.
case in the place formerly oc- necessary. With this change, out for. Although raising un- If you call up a Motorola
cupied by the board. Although the line voltage is raised about regulated supply voltages does sales office, they will tell you
this reduces the ripple, the 10 percent and the 7-8 volt sup- not affect the output of the that Motorola does not make
power supply voltages are still ply provides about 7.7 volts in· regulators, which' still provide an 8K x 1 memory IC! That's
marginal, especially if your stead of its former 7.1 volts. The + 5, + 12 and - 12 volts, it does true. The 8K IC is really a defec-
local power company has a 14-volt supplies are also now increase the voltage drop tive 16K x 1 chip, the same 6116
tendency to deliver low voltage. as is used on the newer boards,
For best operation, further except that part of it is bad. The
modifications should be made. 6116 is actually the same as In-
The best solution is to buy a tel's 2116 or Mostek's 4116. The
constant voltage transformer; same 4116 is also used in the
unfortunately, this costs $100 Apple II and the TRS-80 and
and up. Sola Corp., 1717 Busse now sells in the $10 range.
Road, Elk Grove Village IL Rather than throw them
60007, is probably the largest away, Motorola uses these bad
Fig. 1. Boosting the line Voltage.
and best-known maker of such ICs as 8K memories. The same
transformers. They make two idea is used also in the S.D.
models specifically designed closer to 15 volts, whereas across them. This also raises Sales Ex p andor arn board.
for mini and microcomputers; before they were less than 14 the power they must dissipate. Mostek supplies this IC under
their model 63-13-114 will han- volts. Except for the regulators on the number 4116 when it is
dle up to 140 Watts, and model The extra transformer can 4K memory boards, most other perfect and as a 4108 or 4115
63·13·125 will handle up to 250 handle 3 Amperes, so that the regulators run cool enough so when it is partially bad. But
Watts. My fully loaded system circuit can easily handle the en- that the slight extra heat is no Motorola doesn't sell their bad
(not including terminal and 110 tire computer, less printer and problem. But if you have sever- ICs, and so the question is: Can
gear) uses under 100 Watts, so other external 110. My extra al 4K boards, monitor their you expand the SWTP/Motorola
the 140-Watt model would be transformer is temporarily sit- regulator temperature carefully board by stuffing it with Mostek
OK. ting behind the SWTP case but after raising the Voltage. ICs?
These units have very irn- eventually will be mounted on it This is where the difficulty
pressive specs - input voltage or in it. More Power Supply Problems starts. Motorola does not ap-
can vary as much as 15 percent, There are other solutions as This fix was suggested by parently sell their bad chips
output will remain usable even well. Harold Mauch of Percom Tom Quay of Lehigh Computer and so they do not tell you
if the input drops below 75 Data Co. showed me his modifi- Works, Allentown PA. Some which half is bad. Mostek does,
volts, the output will continue cation. He has added a new PR-40 printers give trouble but this is not the whole
even if the input disappears for transformer, about 30 volts because of high ripple on their answer. There is a jumper on
as long as 3 milliseconds, etc. center-tapped, just for the plus power supply. As a result, they : the SWTP/Motorola 32K board
Unfortunately, the cost of the and minus 14 volt supplies, print a checkerboard pattern on to allow 'either half of the IC to
114 and 125 are expensive - which provides close to 20 top of the desired characters, be good; from this we can
$160 and $190, respectively. volts; he then pre-regulates this which makes the printout figure out which half we need,
Another solution is to adjust to about + 15 volts and sends messy and hides the actual but there is more to the prob-
a variable transformer as that to the 14 volt line. Thus he text. lem.
needed to get the proper power has double regulation. Tom has found that the Suppose that the Motorola
supply voltages. This is feasi- Since this frees up the 22 volt power supply filter capacitor chip is divided internally into
ble, but if you accidentally turn 'center-tapped winding on the sometimes increases its series two halves and that the ad-
the knob to maximum, you can main power transformer, he resistance and lets through dress bit A3 is used to select
damage the system. has then connected half of it more ripple. His recommended one half or the other. Mostek's
On my system, I have added (11 volts' worth) in series with solution is to add a few thou- equivalent chip, which may be
a 12.6 volt 3 Amp center-tapped the 110 volt primary winding (in sand more microfarads in par- built differently, may use bit
filament transformer from. series opposing) so that it allel with C1. . A 10 to select one half or the
Radio Shack in series with the would only need 99 volts for other.
input line as shown in Fig. 1. normal operation. Connecting The 32K Memory Board Now even if you know which
The secondary is wired so that it to the full 110 volt line voltage Talking about the SWTP 32K half of the Mostek chip is OK,
59
you may still not be able to tell an interrupt. Of course, one as unplug everything to get the If you have the older MP-B
whether it will work in the never comes. Unfortunately, motherboard out. It also leaves motherboard, you can make the
Motorola board unless you the RESET signal from IC11 pin the baud rate signal unbuffered change by breaking a PC land
know specifically which byte is 3 goes through a gate in IC15, as it goes through the mother- and adding a jumper. On this
bad. And if there are two or which is Tri-stated during this board, which is .not the way to board, pin 5 of IC3 is grounded.
more bad bytes, the chip may time. Hence you can push do the job right. This is an enable pin that must
be completely useless unless RESET for a week and nothing If you need only one or two be low to permit 1/0. If you
you change the board wiring. will happen, because the baud rate signals, the easier break this ground con flection
This is because the two bad RESET pulse can't get to the way is to substitute it for and instead connect this pin to
bytes may both be on the same 6800 through IC15. something you are not using. address bit A 12, then this bit
half of the Mostek chip but may Tom's solution is simple. For instance, very few of us use must be a 0 for the 1/0 to work.
appear to be on different halves There is an extra inverter in 150 or 600 baud. If you need This will happen on addresses
when put into the 32K board. IC10, a 7404. Tom connects its 9600 baud, break the land from starting with an 8 (or 1000 in
In any case, it's a moot point. input, pin 9, to pin 2 of IC15 and the MC14411 pin 8 to the 74L04 binary) but not on addresses
Both Motorola and Mostek, and its output, pin 8, to pin 3 of IC15. buffer and substitute pin 1 in- starting with a 9 (1001).
others as well, are improving This parallels that part of IC15 stead. But the new motherboard
their memory production to the Now the 9600 baud signal is has other interesting changes
point where bad chips are get- being buffered and is traveling as well. It has several extra
ting rare. I have mostly good Baud Rate Pin No_ to the serial iriterface along the unused pads on its address
chips on my 32K board simply 150-baud line. No jumpers on lines; it is designed so that
75 9
because there were not enough 200 6 the motherboard are needed, some time in the future you can
bad ones to go around. If you 1800 5 and on the serial board you cut a few lands, put in some
have an older board with only 2400 3 simply jumper to the 150-baud jumpers and move the 1/0 out of
16K of ICs, you may be able to 3600 16 pad, which has 9600 baud in- 8000 altogether up into high
buy 16 more good 2116/41161 4800 2 stead. This also leaves the UD memory.
6116 ICs by the time this article 7200 17 lines for some other purpose. This is a change that's being
appears for a lot less than 9600 contemplated for some time
you'd suspect. New Motherboard next year when the new
Tab/e 1.
In any case, Motorola is Have you noticed that SWTP Motorola 6809 processor is
changing the design of the is now using a new rnother-. available. This will be a 16-bit
board to use only 16 good with an inverter that is always board, the MP-B2? It features processor that will still have an
chips, and SWTP will only sell on, and so the RESET signal some interesting changes that external 8-bit bus but will have
the board with a full 32K on it. can get through even if may be indicative of things to 16-bit internal operations. I
Hence you will not have the op- everything else is Tri-stated. come. have been told by SWTP that
portunity to expand it yourself. Neat. The motherboard basically they plan to offer an updated
But at least you now know has some buffering for the data CPU board for older systems to
where to get a replacement Faster Baud Rates bus on its way to and from the allow us all to switch. Of
memory chip if you ever need it. Do you want to use your 1/0 boards and also has the ad- course, that will involve some
serial interface at a rate faster dress decoder for the eight 1/0 new software as well.
Cure for Sudden Death than 1200 baud? Then read on. ports. This decoding is where When all the software is be-
If you have the older MP-A The baud rate generator on the changes are. ing changed, it will be a good
processor board, this may the CPU board generates baud As you know, port 0 is ad- idea to make some other im-
sound familiar. Does your rate signals up through 9600 dresses 8000-8003; port 1 is provements at the same time,
system sometimes die and baud, but only the rates from 8004-8007, and so on. But ac- such as 'adding a new monitor,
refuse to come back to life? 110 through 1200 are brought tually, the address decoding is new monitor addresses and
Pushing RESET does nothing, on the motherboard to the 1/0 not completely done, and so new 1/0 addresses.
and the only way you can bring boards. Where and how do you each port .really has a whole One of the changes being
it back is to turn off the power, get the others? batch of addresses. For in- considered is to move 1/0 up in-
thereby killing your program. SWTP Newsletter 1a gave stance, port 0 is also 8040-8043 to the high addresses and open
Here is the solution, courtesy the pins on the MC14411 baud and 8080-8083, and so on. On up the entire space from ad-
of Tom Quay. rate generator that provide the the old MP-8 motherboard, all dress 0000 up through BFFF for
During a WAI (wait for inter- other baud rate clock Signals the locations from 8000 to 9FFF memory. This would allow a
rupt) instruction, the CPU (see Table 1). The problem is were used up for the 1/0 ports. total of 48K of contiguous
board releases the bus and how to get these from the CPU This took up a full 8K of memory, up from the present
disconnects itself from it. This board to the I/O boards. memory space. 32K. This seems to be one
is so the bus can be used by The customary way is to use The new MP-B2 board reason for the new mother-
other devices, such as a DMA the UD (user defined) lines on releases the space from 9000 to board deslqn - just plain plan-
device. When the interrupt the motherboard. For instance, 9FFF and uses up only ning ahead. These updates will
comes, it then reconnects itself to get 9600 baud to a port, you 8000-8FFF ior 110. Within that probably be possible for older
again and continues. jumper pin 1 of the MC14411 to space, there is still much boards as well, but they may be
But the SWTP system does the UD1 pin on the CPU board, duplication, but now on.ly 4K of a lot messier to implement.
not generally use interrupts. If then jumper UD1 to UD3 on the memory is used up; This means There will be some more
a program goes crazy - not at motherboard and take the baud that you could now add a 4K hints, as well as reviews of
all unusual, right? - and hap- rate Signal from UD3 on the 1/0 memory board from 9000-9FFF, some of the equipment I have
pens to execute a WAI, then the board. This requires that you which could not be done with run across and used, in my next
computer will stop and wait for put in several jumpers, as well the old motherboard. article on the SWTP systerri .•
60
LEVEL IV
32020 CHEBOYGAN WESTLAND, MICHIGAN 48185 • [313] 326-0386 .,- L 19
FOR THE PROFESSIONAL USE OF THE TRS-80
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General Ledger . This is an impact printer tractor feed . This printer is NEW not used, TESTED not shipped as is. and
Single Entry type. permits you to keep track of your incoming and outgOIng checks $99.00 is sold three way).
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This is a sneak preview of part of The PET Manual by author/publisher Greg Yob. Greg is tak-
ing pre-publication orders now and says the book will go into printing on April Fool's Day.
ist to use in his experimental larization key in your connec- Since this article is con-
Note: Pre-publication orders for The
PET Manual are $16. plus $2 for sntp- projects. Commodore has not tor; I found that it was easy to cerned with the mechanics of
ping; and can be sent to Mind's Eye released much information re- misalign a sawed-off connector using the user port, most of the
Software, PO Box 354, Palo Alto CA
94302. No checks will be cashed until garding the user port, and the with the PC edge, causing vari- examples will be in BASIC.
the book is printed; price will increase ous mysterious glitches. Also, Table 1 shows the memory lo-
after printing.
object of this article is to ex-
plain the user port and its use. be sure that the top and bottom cations for the 6522 in the PET.
Fig. 1 shows the location of connections are really separate At this point I must warn you:
he PET personal computer the user port on the back of the -the upper edge has a variety all 'of the other VIA lines are
T has several expansion ca-
pabilities, including one known
PET and the pin-out of the PC
edge. If you do not have a 12-po-
of signals that will interfere
with the correct operatlon of
used within the PET for internal
uses. If you fail to restore the
as the user port. This is a set of sit ion, 24-contact edge connec- the user port. VIA to its original state when
eight bidirectional lines and tor, use a larger one and cut it The pin designations corre- you are finished, you will find
two handshake lines intended off to the 12-position size. If you spond to those on a MOS 6522 that the PET behaves strangely,
as a parallel port for the hobby- do this, be sure to insert a po- VIA (Versatile Interface Adap- especially when dealing with
ter), which is a complex LSI 1/0 the tape drives.
chip produced by MOS Tech- When I wrote the program for
BACK OF PET
nology. (Write MOS Technology, ,display of the VIA registers
o
950 Rittenhouse Road, Norris- (which you will see later on), I
town PA 19401, for the specifi- didn't save it until I had it de-
cation sheet.) The user port is bugged. The PET wouldn't veri-
connected directly to the VIA fy or even find the copy I had
SCREEN
@ BRIGHTNESS
CONTROL
within the PET, and the lines tried to save, and after hand-
are capable of sourcing or sink- writing the program, I realized
ing one TTL load. If your appli- the next morning that the VIA
cation calls for a high data rate, registers were not in their orig-
note that your cables should be inal states. Fortunately I had
o
USER
IEEE-488
INSTRUMENTATION
short or some buffering will be
required.
left the PET on overnight, and
when I restored the registers, I
As with all of the 650X micro- was able to save the program.
computer systems, the input
and output appear to the micro- The Blinkin' Lights Machine
processor as a group of mem- For experimentation with the
ory locations. PET's BASIC does user port it is convenient to
not have any PRINT or INPUT build a miniature "front panel"
statements for the user port, to indicate the state of each
which requires you to use the line and to control the lines via
PEEK and POKE statements. manual switches. A breadboard
Fig. 1. The user port-location and pin-out. The user port pin-out
This also places another limita- and some $20 worth of parts
as seen from the top. The user port pins are on the bottom of the
tion, that is, BASIC's speed, (bought at the local costly retail
PC card edge. The pins on top carry a variety of signals that are not
related to the user port. Electrically, the lines correspond to one
which limits 1/0 through the outlet) provided a handy "Blink-
TTL source or load, depending on whether the line is in output or in- user port to around 50 charac- in' Lights Machine" that hooked
put mode. Use buffering or short cables if high data rates are re- ters per second. If you want to to the user port and used the + 5
quired. The CB2 line does not have a pull-up resistor, so you may use a more rapid rate, you must volt supply from the second
have to provide one if you are using CB2 in input mode. use machine language. cassette drive.
62
Name Address(hex) Address(decimal) Function
"1..? PA6
0
ample 1 is a short program that PA7 f-
CB2
. counts from 0 to 255 and out- GNoC>----~--_+_+~~+-t-~----_+_+----_+_4~~+_+_~_+_4----+_~'_?r>GNO
puts the count to the user port. ----1
I 2
The Data Direction register 1-8 POSITION
DIP SWITCH
,-
i
-- -- -- -- ---- -- --, r----1
~ I I
,\7 '\7 7 U U ,\7 '\ 7 U U tJ '\7 INVERTORS
TWO 7404s
ARE
'Lff.'r..•...•.
IOO"Ft j OATA DISPLAY HANDSHAKE
with the Blinkin' Lights at-
+5vc>--~f r...•......• J r~1J--...I
DISPLAY
63
Shown What It Represents Line 260 fetches the data register.
from the user port. Since the To detect a condition, such
b SPACE character (when not clear)
o A lowercase character in a square box represents joysticks ground the lines to in-
dicate switch closures, the byte
as the transition of the CA1
line, PEEK the Interrupt Flag
the corresponding graphics character. For example,
@] is the spade graphics character, or SHIFT-A: is complemented. It is then register and AND for the de-
Clear Screen ANDed with 255 to return to sired bit. The bit in the Flag reg-
Home Cursor eight bits, as the integer opera- ister will remain set until other
Cursor Up tions of the PETare 2's comple- actions are taken, usually the
Cursor Down ment for 16 bits. reading or writing of data
Cursor Right In Line 2010, the value for Z through the Data Handshake
Cursor Left
must be shifted right by four register.
INST key
bits. This is done by dividing by If the above sounds confus-
DEL key
16 and truncating. ing, that is because it is confus-
Table 2. PET program listing special characters. Lines 3020 and 3140 place a ing, and with this in mind, you
blank and the cursor, respec- should attempt the examples in
tively, on the screen. The multi- the following sections when
Data Register DATA 59471 plication by 40 for Y is because you try to use the PETuser port.
Data Register, Handshake HDATA 59457 the PETscreen is 40 characters
Peripheral Control Register PCR 59468 wide. If you delete line 3020,the Using CA1
Auxiliary Control Register ACR 59467 motions of the joysticks will The CA1 line is an input-only
Interrupt Flag Register IFR 59469
leave trails and let you draw line usually used to detect the
Table 3. pictures. handshakes for data transfers.
For example, if a device is send-
Transferring Data.
Then, PEEKthe Data register debugging. with Handshakes
and display the result on the The CA1 and CB2 lines per-
PETdisplay screen in a loop. As Joysticks mit data transfer with full hand- 5 REM BY GREGORY YOB, MAY 1978
10 REM DUAL CURSORS FOR JOY-STICKS
you change the switches, the A Simple and enjoyable way shaking for input and output. 20 REM ATTACHED TO USER PORT Ii I TH
30 REM 81 TS AS FOLLOWS,
number displayed will change. to use the user port is to attach The 6522 VIA has a variety of 40 REM LI NE GROUNDED I'EANS SW I TCH IS
Example 3 is a program that a switch-operated pair of joy- options, and these are con- 50 REM CLOSED AND TO MOVE CURSOR
60 REM BIT 7 = LEFT STICK UP
does this. (Note: Table 2 shows sticks to your PET. Each joy- trolled by the registers in Table 70 REM 11 6 = OOWN
80 REM 11 5,= RIGHT
how this article represents PET stick has four switches-one 3. In the 6522, the Peripheral 90 REM 4 = LEFT
100 REM 3 = RIGHT STICK UP
listings.j Line 70 homes the cur- for each direction-that are Control register and the Auxil- 110 REM " 2 = OOWN
120 REM 1 = RIGHT
sor and prints the value of the closed when the stick is pointed iary Control register select the 130 REM
It
" 0 = LEFT
Data register. It then prints a that way. Fig. 3 shows a joy- various options for the opera- 140
150
REM DISPLAY
REM
IS WRAPAROUND
CURSORLEFTand three blanks. stick circuit. tional modes for the VIA. Some 160 REM PUT YOUR OliN CURSORS HERE
170 PRINT"© [!i]"; ,CI=PEEK(32768)
The reason for the CURSOR The program in Example 4 of these bits affect the CA1 and 180 PRINT"© 0"; :C2=PEEK(32768)
190 REM INITIALl2E SCREEN ~ POSITIONS
LEFT is that the PET has an sets up the screen with a solid CB2 lines and will be described 200 PRINT"©";
210 Xl=4,Y1=12,X2=35,Y2=12
oddity when it prints numbers and hollow ball. Each joystick in detail later. 220 POKE 33252,Cl,POKE 33283,C2
onto the screen. When a num- controls one of the balls, and The Interrupt Flag register 230 REM SET UP DATA DIRECTION REG
240 POKE 59459,0
ber is printed, the format is: both balls may be in motion at has bits for the detection of 250 REM LOOK AT PORT
260 P=NOT(PEEK( 59471 I lAND 255
(SPACE or + )(Digits of Nurn- the same time. The switches several conditions that may be 270 REM CHECK RIGHT ~ LEFT
280 IF P AND 15 THEN GOSUB 1000
ber)(CURSORRIGHT). and bit settings are the same as used for interrupts. In the PET, 290 IF P AND 240 THEN GOSUB 2000
300 GOTO 260
When a short number is in Fig. 3. the use of the interrupts is a 500 REM ROUT I NES 1000 ~ 2000 SET UP
printed over a longer one, the Lines 170 and 180 clear the hazardous affair, as the PET 510
520
REM X,Y = POSIT'ION
REM Z = SWITCH SE-TTINGS
printing stops after the CUR- screen and print the character has a 60 Hz internal interrupt, 530 REM C = CURSOR CHARACTER
540 REM FOR ROUT I NE 3000 WH I CH
SOR RIGHT. It is necessary to for the right and left joysticks. which handles various house- 550 REM OOES MOV I NG & WRAPAROUND
560 REM
erase the old numbers with The PEEK sets the cursors (C1 keeping tasks such as scan- 1000 REM RIGHT STICK
1010 X=Xl ,Y=Yl ,Z=P AND 15,C=Cl
some blanks, so the cursor is and C2) to the value needed for ning the keyboard and main- 1020 GOSUB 3000
moved left once and three use by POKE later. The value taining the internal clock. Since 1030
2000
Xl=X,Yl=Y,RETURN
REM LEFT STICK
blanks are printed. This pre- 32768 is the first address in these functions can only be 2010 X=X2,Y=Y2,Z=INT((P AND 240)/161
2020 C=C2,GOSUB 3000
vents spurious numbers, such memory in the display, which handled in machine language, 2030 X2=X,Y2=Y,RETURN
2500 REM
as "328," appearing on the dis- occupies memory locations this article will not discuss how 3000 REM fIOVE CURSOR
3010 REM ERASE OLD ONE
play. (Try it, you won't like it!) 32768 to 33767. to handle the Interrupt Enable 3020 POKE 32768+40'Y+X,32
RUNthis program and try the 3030 REM FIND NEW POSITION
3040 IF Z AND 8 THEN Y=Y-l
manual switches one at a time. 3050 IF Z AND 4 THEN Y=Y+l
3060 IF Z AI~D 2 TIiEN X=X+l
You should see the sequence 0, 3070 IF Z AI~D 1 TIiEN X=X-l
10 REM SIMPLE INPUT EXAMPLE 3080 REM I~RAPAROUND CHECK
1,2,4,8 ... 128 appear on the 20 REM SET DATA DIRECTION TO INPUT' 3090 I F X >39 TIiEN X=O
31001FX(O THENX=39
PET screen. 30 POKE 59459,0
3110 IF Y >24 TI,EN Y=O
40 REM CLEAR SCREEN
If you set all the manual 3120 IFY<.O THENY=24
50 PRINT" © "; 31 30 REM POKE I N NEW CURSOR
switches to zero and discon- 60 REM PEEK DATA REGISTER & SHOW IT 3140 POKE 32768+40*Y+X,C
3150 RETURN
nect one of them with the DIP 70 PRINT" ® "PEEK(59471)" © bbb";
80 REM DO IT AGAIN
switch, the line will go high and 90 GOTO 70 Example 4. Program to
the PET will see the bit as set. move two cursors with the
Be careful of this when you are Example 3. Simple input example for user port. joysticks in Fig. 3.
using the Blinkin' Lights for
64
ing data to the PET, the CA1 that the CA1 line will make a PA 7 UP
line will be used to say that the transition-otherwise your PET PA6
data is now valid. If the PET is will be hung up. For debugging, PA 5 LEFT
sending data, the CA1 line is use the IF-THEN form. For read- PA4 C>-
used by the device to signal ing or writing the HDATA regis- PA3
DOWN
depending on bit 1 in the PCA. toggle the CA1 swich, the Fig. 3b. The byte input from the user port is shown here. This
For a negative transition, Blinkin' Lights will count in design exploits the fact that the PET lines PAO to PA 7 will float to
use: binary. high when they are disconnected. When a line goes low, the cor-
POKE (59468), PEEK(59468)AND 254 Two things should be noted. responding switch is closed.
This is the value the PET initial- First, the bounce of the CA1
izes to when it is powered up. switch will guarantee that both
The reason it uses a PEEK in- transitions occur, so the setting
stead of just POKEing to a 1 is of the transition bit doesn't
that the other bits in the PCR matter. Also, the speed of
should not be changed be- BASIC is slow enough that the
cause they control other bounce of CA1 doesn't cause
things. double or more rapid counts. (If
For a positive transition, use: you try the equivalent program
POKE (59468), PEEK(59468)OR 1 in machine language, your CA1
will count 10 to 25 times each
2. Latching of the input data.
time you flick the switch unless
If the input data is latched, the
you have debounced it.)
values present on the data lines BOTTOM VIEW
will be latched when the CA1 Second, you can shorten
line makes the correct transi- your program by using the in-
tion. If the data is not latched, verse condition in line 110,
the values in the HDATA regis- eliminating line 120:
ter will change as the data lines 110 IF(PEEK(59469)AND2)=OTHEN 110
65
for this lengthy explanation. Be there was a 2-key rollover.
sure your expression is doing The keyboard was then at-
10 REM SIMPLE OUTPUT WITH HANDSHAKE
20 REM SET DDR TO OUTPUT what you want it to, and if you tached to the PET, and the Sim-
30 POKE 59459,255
aren't sure, use parentheses or ple Input via Handshake pro-
40 REM SET POSITIVE TRANSITION FOR CA1
try trial variations and print the gram (Example 6) was tried with
50
60
POKE 59468,PEEK(59468)OR
REM COUNT 0 TO 255
1
.. results on your screen. line 50 changed to a positive
70 FOR J= 0 TO 255
The next thing to try is enter- CA 1 transition. After a short
80 REM OUTPUT TO PORT
90 POKE 59457,J ing a value on the data switches warm-up, each keypress
100 REM WAIT FOR FLAG BIT with the Blinkin' Lights and showed a value, and the roll-
110 IF PEEK(59469)AND 2 THEN 130
120 GOTO 110
have the PET accept the data over worked just fine.
130 NEXT J when the CA1 line is toggled. Now that the keyboard was
140 REM DO IT AGAIN
The program in Example 6 working electrically, a dilemma
150 GOTO 70
shows how. appeared: How can you emu-
Example 5. Simple output with handshake for PET user port. When the program is run, you late all the PET keyboard func-
This program waits for a strobe on CA 1before sending the data may set the switches to a value tions? A careful study of the
from the PET. (be sure your DIP switches are PET keyboard, character set
closed or you will just get 255s), and cursor control functions re-
and when you toggle the CA1 veals that there are 138 func-
10 REM SIMPLE INPUT VIA HANDSHAKE
switch, the count and value will tions and that the ASCII code
20 REM DDR TO INPUT
30 POKE 59459,0 appear at the top of the PET dis- has only 128 characters in it.
40 REM NEGATIVE CA1 TRANSITION play. The count is used so you The solution I chose (feel free
50 POKE 59468,PEEK(59468)AND 254
can tell when you reenter the to choose one of your own) was
60 REM CLEAR SCREEN
70 PRINT" © "; same data value. Though the to let the control character rep-
80 REM WAIT FOR CA1 desired transition for CA 1 is not resent the various non printing
90 IF (PEEK(59469)AND 2) =0 THEN 90
100 REM FETCH DATA & DISPLAY
important in this example, line keys (cursor movements, RVS
110 C=C+1 50 shows the opposite direc- and so on) and to convert all
120 A = PEEK(59457) other characters from the key-
tion from the preceding output
130 PRINT" ® bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb ® ".
140 PRINT"COUNT"C"DATA"A example. In line 140, the de- board to uppercase. Since the
150 GOT090 limiter ";" is ignored because high bit for a given PET charac-
PET BASIC will permit this. ter is set if the character is a
Example 6. Simple input with handshake for PET user port.
graphics character, I decided to
This program waits for a Iowan CA 1 before accepting the data A Keyboard Via the User Port have a Mode flag-if you
and then displays the decimal value of the data on the PET
As an example of a useful pressed ESCAPE, all further al-
screen.
project for the user port, I inter- phanumeric keys would show
faced an ASCII-encoded key- their graphics character, and
REM INPUT ASCII FROM KEYBOARD
board to the PET. Since I am a when you pressed LlNEFEED,
10
20 REM CONVERT & DISPLAY ON SCREEN fair typist, the PET keyboard is the mode would be "normal,"
30 GOSUB 1000: REM INITIALIZE
frustrating for program entry and the character would ap-
40 GOSUB 2000: REM GET CHAR AS A$
50 PRINT A$; and debugging. The following pear.
60 GOTO 40 example is specific to my key- It should be noted that the
1000 REM INITIALIZE PORT & TABLE
board, but almost any full ASCII PET character set is not ASCII
1010 POKE 59468,PEEK(59468)OR 1
1020 POKE 59467,PEEK(59467)OR 1 keyboard and mo~t "Dumb but is similar to ASCII. This re-
1030 DIM TB(31) Teletype" keyboards can be in- sulted in some further transla-
1040 FORJ=OT031
1050 READ TB(J): NEXT J
terfaced in a similar way. tion steps, and the entire con-
1060 MD = 0: RETURN The pin-out for the keyboard version routine used these
1100 OAT A 0,0,0,0,19,145,29,0,0,18,0,0
was determined and wired to steps:
1110 DATA 0,13,0,146,0,147,0,157,0,20
1120 DATA 0,0,17.148,0,0,0,0,0,0
the PET user port as shown in 1. Get the character from the
1130 REM Table 4. Since the keyboard user port and remove the Parity
2000 REM FETCH CHAR & CONVERT
drew 500 mA, it was connected bit.
2010 IF(PEEK(59469)AND 2) =0 THEN 2010
2020 CH = PEEK(59457)AND 127 to a separate 5 volt supply. 2. If it was a control charac-
2030 REM TEST IF CTRL CHAR At this point, the card edge ter (0 to 31), do the following:
2040 IF CH>31 THEN 2130
2050 REM MODE FLAG TESTS
on the Blinkin' Lights was very (a) Find a value in a
2060 IFCH=10THENMD=0 handy. The keyboard was con- 32-element translation array
2070 IFCH=27THEN MD=128 nected to the Blinkin' Lights for the correct PET charac-
2080 REM CONVERT VIA TABLE
2090 CH =TB(CH) and the Blinkin' Lights not con- ter.
2100 IF CH =0 THEN 2010 nected to the PET. Some inves- (b) If the table value is zero,
2110 GOTO 2160
tigation revealed that the key- ignore and go. to step 1.
2120 REM CASE CONVERT
2130 IF CH>95 THEN CH =CH -32 board did encode the parity bit (c) Print the character on the
2140 REM MODE CONVERT and that it had a 2-key rollover. screen and go to step 1.
2150 CH =CH OR MD
2160 A$ = CHR$(CH): RETURN
The CA1 LED would turn on 3. If the character is in the
when a key was depressed and range 96 to 127, subtract 32.
Example 7. Input ASCII from keyboard, convert for all PET keys when a second key was de- (Converts lowercase to upper-
and display on PET screen. This program will accept the ASCII pressed, it would flicker when case.)
codes from the user port and follow the convention in Table 5 the first key was released. This 4. If the Mode flag is set (for
and in the text. indicated that the strobe was a graphics), OR with 128 to set
positive transition and that the highest bit.
66
~OSBORNE & ASSOCIATES, INC. ",06
o I am a dealer interested in purchas- 0 I am an end user interested in run- OUst of foreign distributors
ing CBASIC programs for resale. Please ning CBASIC programs. Please notify o Other O&A publications
send description and order informal:ion me of the closest dealer for:
Payment in advance must be enclosed for purchases
for:
of up to $70.00. Invoicing U.S. purchases over $70.00
o CBASIC Payroll with Cost Accounting
available upon approval of your account. AU foreign
o CBASIC Accounts Payable/Receivable
orders must be prepaid in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S.
o CBASIC General ledger F9
bank.
S1001
choose the meanings for the 160 REM '**' OR '*.... I S NOT FOUND. 1080 DATA"0378 29 02 DO 07 20 6C 03 EA"
170 REM 1090 DATA"0380 4C 7E E6. AD 41 E8 29 7F"
control characters. Some con- 180 REM NOTE: TH I S PGM MORE USEFUL IF 1100 DATA"0388 C9 IF 10 30 C9 OA DO 07"
190 REM EXTENDED TO DATA TAPE FILES. 1110 DATA"0390 A9 00 80 C7 03 FO E5 C9"
trol characters, such as CTRL-M 200 REM 1120 DATA"0398 113 DO 07 A9 80 80 C7 03"
and CTRL-J, were already used 300 PR I NT"© bPET LOADER PROGRAM" 1130 DATA"03AO DO DA AA BD C8 03 FO 04"
310 READ A$: IF A$="END" THEN 950 1140 DATA"03A8 EA AE 00 02 90 OF 02 E8"
for RETURN, LlNEFEED, etc. 315 PRINT" @ @ "A$"@" 1150 DATA"03BO EO OA DO 02 A2 00 8E 00"
320 GOSUS 400 : REM GET ADDR 1160 DATA"03B8 02 4C 7C 03 C9 60 30 02"
Keys were chosen for their con- 330 IF ADDR <0 THEN 950 1170 DATA"03CO E9 20 00 C7 03 DO E2 00"
340FORB=IT08 1180 DHA"03C8 00 00 00 00 13 91 10 00"
venience on the keyboard in 350 GOSUB 500 : REM GET BYTE 1190 DATA"03DO 00 12 00 00 00 00 00 92"
Table 5. 355 I F BYTE = -2 THEN 380 1200 DATA"03D8 00 93 00 90 00 14 00 00"
360 IF BYTE < 0 THEN 950 1210 DATA"03EO 11 94 00 00 00 00 00 00"
The appropriate PET charac- 370 POKE ADDR,BYTE : REM 00 THE DEED 1220 DATA"03E8 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **"
375 PRINT ADDR;TAB( 10) ; BYTE
ter values were then placed in a 380 ADDR=ADDR+1 : NEXT B
20000 DATA"END"
Machlne·Language Source
32-value table for lookup by the 390 GOTO 310
400 REM •• PARSE ADDRESS •• ! FOOL THE PET INTO READING THE USER PORT AS THE
translating routine. A BASIC 410 B$=MID$(A$,l,4) ! COMM'lND KEYBOARD I N PARALLEL WITH THE NORMAL
420 IF B$=" •••• " THEN ADDR=-l : RETURN
program was written to test ! KEYBOARD BY READI NG THE USER PORT WHEN THE 60 HZ
430 GOSUB 600 : REM HEX CONVERTER ! INTERRUPT IS SERVICED. IF A CHARACTER IS
this scheme out (see Example 440 ADDR=HEX ! PRESENT, TRANSLATES ACCORDI NG TO SCHEME DESCRI BED
450 RETURN ! IN USER PORT ARTICLE AND PUTS CHARACTER INTO
7). Note that RETURN is the 500 REM •• PARSE BYTES •• ! THE PET INPUT BUFFER.
same value, 13, as the value 510 B$=MID$(A$,B'3+3,2) ! THIS CODE TAKEN FROM AN IDEA BY RICHARD
520 IF B$="XX" THEN BYTE=-2 : RETURN ! TOBEY. I MPLEMENTED BY GREGORY YOB.
fetching it (i.e., CH is 13 also). In 530 IF B$=""" THEN BYTE=-l :RETURN !
540 GOSUB 600 : REM HEX CONVERTER ! •••INITIALIZATION CODE •••
line 2020, the masking is done 550 BYTE =HEX ! TURN OFF INTERRUPTS, AND SET THE PET
to remove parity when the char- 560 RETURN ! "I NTERRUPT VECTOR" TO POI NT TO THE ACT I VE CODE.
600 REM HEX CONVERTER ! SET UP THE USER PORT TO READ THE KEYBOARD, AND
acter is read from the user port. 610 HEX=O ! SET THE MODE VARIABLE TO "CHARACTER MODE" (0)
620 FOR H=l TO LEN(S$) !
The Mode flag is set to 0 or 128,
630 H$=MID$(B$,H,l) ! NOTE'" TH I S CODE RES I DES I N THE SECOND CASSETTE
which permits the use of OR in 640 IF H$ <"0" THEN 900 ("0" is zero) ! BUFFER ( 033A TO 03FF )
650 IF H$ >"F" THEN 900 !
line 2150. 660 IF H$ <":" THEN 700 033A 78 XON SE I oI SABLE INTERRUPTS
Though this program is suit- 670 IF H$ <"A" THEN 900 03313 A9 75 LOA 11$75 SET UP NEW
680 D=ASC(H$)-55 : GOTO 710 0330 80 19 02 STA $0219 " INTERRUPT
able for entering data into a
BASIC program, the keyboard
cannot be used in direct mode,
that is, entering BASIC state- executed (by SYS(826)), the other programs, etc. program contain the object
ments or LIST, etc. Example 8 keyboard attached to the user The first program, A BASIC code for the second command
shows a BASIC program which, port will operate "in parallel" Machine-Language Loader, will keyboard program described in
when run, will load a machine- with the PET keyboard. If you load any machine-language the text. To start the machine
language program into the sec- follow the cautions indicated in code in this format: AAAA HH program, enter $YS(826) and
ond cassette buffer. When this Example 8, you will be able to HH HH HH HH HH HH HH. press RETURN. The PET tape
machine-language program is use the auxiliary keyboard for AAAA is the starting address 110 will not work while the ma-
for the first hexadecimal value, chine code is running! Use
HH. Eight hexadecimal values SYS(863) to stop the machine
are permitted per DATA string. code and make the tape 110
Keyboard Pin PET User Port Each string must begin with the workable.
1 INT Key address, and a space must sep-' Input from the second key-
2 RPT Key arate the values. board follows the rules in Table
3 No connection CB2 If the characters in an HH 5 and as described in the text.
4 No connection fielc!.are "XX," the program will It is beyond the scope of this
5 GND GND
not load a value into the corre- article to describe the details of
6 + 5 Volts (separate supply)
sponding byte (skipping it). The the machine-language program.
7 Strobe CA1
characters " ••" in an HH field, A source listing is provided in
8 Parity PA7
9 Bit 4 PA3 or " ••••" in an AAAA field, will Example 8 for those who wish
10 Bit 3 PA2 end the load. to puzzle it out.
11 Bit 1 PAO This data format (except
12 Bit 7 PA6 "XX" and "**","****") is identi- A User Port Monitor Program
13 Bit 2 PA1 cal to the one used by the PET When you are attempting to
14 Bit 6 PA5 TIM monitor, so at a later time interface to the user port, it is
15 Bit 5 PA4 you can easily use the PET often necessary to write several
Table 4. ASCII keyboard to PET user port wiring list. Your key- monitor to directly load this small programs to set and dis-
board will, no doubt, have a different pin-out-just notice the data code from the DATA state- play the VIA registers. The pro-
and handshake lines. If your keyboard requires an acknowledge, ments. gram in Example 9 performs
connect your ACK to CB2. The DATA statements in this these functions and will often
68
0340 A9 03 LOA #$03 VECTOR" 038A 10 30 BPL NCTR IF POS ITI VE, I SN 'T A CONTROL CHAR
0342 80 IA 02 STA S021A 038C C9 OA CMP #$OA
! 038E DO 07 BNE NLFD CHAR ISN'T A LINEFEED
0345 A9 00 LOA #$00 SET UP USER PORT s MODE 0390 A9 00 LOA #$00
0347 80 43 E8 STA $E843 DATA DIRECTION REGISTER 0392 80 C7 03 STA MlDE SET MlOE TO CHARACTERS
034A 80 C7 03 STA MlDE ! MODE CELL 0395 FO E5 BEQ FINISH BEQ SAVES A BYTE
0340 AD 4C E8 LDA $E843 ! PERIPHERAL ca<TROL REGISTER
0350 09 01 ORA #$01 0397 C9 IB NLFD CW #$IB ! ESCAPE?
0352 80 4C E8 STA $E84C ! PeR 0399 DO 07 BNE CTRL ! OTHER CTRL CHARS
0355 AD 4B E8 LOA $E84B ! AUXILIARY CONTROL REGISTER 039B A9 80 LDA #$80 SET MlDE TO
0358 09 01 ORA #SOI 0390 80 C7 03 STA MlDE ! GRAPHICS
035A 80 4B E8 STA $E84B ! ACR 03AO DO DA BNE FINISH ! SAVE ANOTHER BYTE
0350 58 CLI ! ENABLE INTERRUPTS !
035E 60 RTS ! AND RETURN TO CALLER ! PROCESS CONTROL CHARS BY TABLE LOOKUP
save some time and trouble. right and printing the sign of Using the User 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
DDRA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Some comments concerning the result (line 1030). Port Monitor Program
ACR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
the code are in order: Subroutine 2000 is required After you have tried out the PCR 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Lines 70 to 90 hold the reg· to permit you to choose the various commands and are
lFR 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
DATA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ister names, which are similar time to access the Handshake familiar with them, attach the
to, and in the same order as, Data register. The reason is Blinkin' Lights to the user port
those in Fig. 2. that each access to this regis- and run the Monitor program.
Line 210 puts a colon and ter will reset the Interrupt Flag Close all of the Data Isolation
some blanks at the end of each bit. The D (DATA)command will switches and set the Data D=DATA P=POKE S=SHOW
register name for display pur- read this register. H=HELP Q=QUIT T=TOGGLE
switches to low. If you are start-
poses. Subroutine 3000 lets you ing from a reset PET (you The "1" bits are aspects of
Line 250 sets the Flags array change the registers you want haven't changed any of the the registers used internally by
to display the most commonly to see displayed. If you forget user port registers), the PET the PET for its housekeeping
used registers when the pro- the names (I often do), enter a display will look like this: functions. If you set the low
gram starts. meaningless name, such as
Notice the three blanks be- "XXX," and all the names will
tween the 4 and the 3 in line be shown.
310. Since the display is in binary, Character + CTRL PET Function
Line 320 moves the menu to a so is the input (see subroutine Q Clear Screen
position that will not be over- 4500). D Home Cursor
written when the program is Subroutine 4990 provides a E Cursor Up
displaying all 16 registers. "False Cursor," which is handy S Cursor Left
Cursor movements are used in many programs. F Cursor Right
extensively to control the dis- When the CB2line is toggled, X Cursor Down
play. Be sure to count them the original values of the PCR Y INST
carefully. U DEL
and ACR are saved, and after
I RVS on
Lines 1000 to 1050 display a toggling, restored. CB2 is forced
number in binary by moving a both high and low to guarantee
o RVS off
mask bit (variable Z1) to the a handshake pulse. Table 5. Control characters for PET special keys.
69
transition) The CB2 Line
ACR set to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (Enable
10 REM CB2 BLINKER
latching) the CB2line is the most com-
20 POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227
30 POKE 59468,(PEEK(59468) AND 31) OR 192 When you return to the dis- plex of the user port lines. It can
40 FOR J = 1 TO 300 : NEXT be operated in a variety of
play, the IFR may look like:
50 POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 244
60 FOR J = 1 TO 300: NEXT 011 0 0010. If it does, press D modes, including the provision
70 GOTO 30 and then press any key. The IFR of an output handshake and the
will now return to: 0 1.10 0000, serial transfer of data. As most
Example 10. CB2 Blinker program. The CB2 LED in the Blinkin' of the CB2 modes can only be
indicating that the Flag bit was
Lights will blink at about 1Hz.
reset,when the Data with Hand- controlled from machine lan-
shake was read. guage, this article will cover
Set the Blinkin' Lights Data only the two modes that are
four bits on the Blinkin' Lights the DDRA to 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. The switches to some value and usable from BASIC.
Data switches to high, the DATA: is now 000 0 000 O. watch the DATA: on the dis-
CB2 as an Output or Handshake
DATA: line will become. 0000 This is the initial value stored in play. The value will follow the
1 11 1.As you change the switch the PET.Using P again, change switch settings. Now, flick the The CB2 line may be turned
settings, you will notice that the DATA register to some CA1 toggle switch (be sure the off or on directly to provide
there is a lag of about one sec- other value and watch it appear isolation switch is closed), and either a handshake line ora 9th
ond before the display on the LEDs on the Blinkin' the IFR will show bit 1 as set. If output bit for the user port. In
responds. Lights. This illustrates data you now change the Data either case, the shift register
This ilhlstrates how the Mon- output. switches, the DATA: value will modes must be disabled by set-
itor program can show the data If you close the Data Isola- not change. It will remain ting the Auxiliary Control regis-
'you input to the user port. Now tion switches and change these latched until you do the D com- ter (ACR) as follows:
disconnect the Data switches registers with the P command, mand. This illustrates input
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227
by opening the Data Isolation you can demonstrate input via with latching and handshaking.
switches-the DATA: Will now handshake with the CA1 line: Feel free to experiment with (In most cases the ACR is al-
become all ones. DDRA set to 0 0 0 0 00 0 0
other settings for the user port ready zero, so this may be ig-
With the P command, change PCR set to 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 (Negative with the Monitor program. nored. However, safety first!)
10 REM 6522 VIA DISPLAY AND MJNITOR 3000 PRINT"© bb 6522 REGISTER DISPLAY AND CHANGE @Q)
20 REM PROGRAM 3010 PRINT"THIS SHOWS THE VALUES FOR THE PET'S
30 REM 8Y: GREGORY Y08, 1978 3020 PRINT"VIA REGISTERS. YOU CAN LOOK AT ALL OF
40 REM SET UP R$= REGISTER NAMES, 3030 PRINT"THEM. THOSE USED FOR THE USER
50 REM A( )=REGISTER ADDRESSES, 3040 PRINT"PORT ARE SHOWN WHEN THE PROGRAM·
60 REM F( )=SHOW REGISTER IF)O 3050 PR I NT"STARTS. @ C!XbXD THE D I SPLAY I S REFRESHED ABOUT ONCE
70 DATA "ORB", "ORA!I, "DORB" ,I'DORA" 3060 PRINT"PER SECOND. PRESS A KEY TO 00 A COMMAND
80 DATA"T1LC-L","T1C-H","T1L-L","T1L-H" 3070 PR I NT" @ bbbD=oATA RE,~0S ORA WITH HANDSHAKE
90 DATA"T2LC-L", "T2C-H", "SR", "ACR" 3080 PR I NT" P=POKE LETS YOU POKE A REGI STER
100 DATA"PCR"," IFR" ,II IERII,"DATA" 3090 PRINT" S=SHOW SELECTS REGISTERS TO DISPLM
110 REM 'DATA' IS ORA WITHOUT HANDSHAKE 3100 PR I NT" Q=QUI T STOPS PROGRAM
120 DIM R$( 16),A(16) ,F( 16) 3110 PRINT" T=TOGGLE TURNS C82 ON, THEN OFF TO
200 A=59456: FOR J=1 TO 16 3120 PRINT" FORCE HANDSHAKE & THEN
210 READ A$:R$(J)=LEFT$(A$+"bbbbbbbb",6)+";" 3130 PRINT" RESTORES TO PRIOR STATE
220 A(J )=A:A=A+l 3300 PR I NT" @Q)" ; : GOSU84990: RETURN
230 NEXT J 3500 REM CHANGE DISPLAYED REGISTERS
240 REM SET FLAGS FOR INITIAL DISPLAY 3510 PRINT"© SHOW REGISTERS®QXQ)
250 F(4)=1 :F( 12)=1 :F( 13)=1 :F( 14)=1:F< 16)=1 3520 GOSU8 4000
300 REM SET UP DISPLAY 3530 PR I NT"S=SHOW, E=ERASE ,X=F I N I SHED"; :GOSUB 5000
31 0 PRINT'~ (6'bbbbbbbb 7bb6bb5bb4bbb3bb2bb 1bbO" 3540 IF A$="S" THEN F(Z)=1
320 PRINT" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0101010 0 ODD 0 0 0 "; 3550 IF A$="E" THEN F(Z)=O
330 PR I NT"o=DATA P=POKE S=SHOW" 3560 IF A$="X" THEN RETURN
340 PR iNT"H=HELP Q=QUI T T=TOGGLE" 3570 PRINT"~";
400 REM DISPLAY LOOP 3580 GOTO 3520
410 PRINT"®@@ "; 4000 REM GET REG I STER NAME, RETURN Z= INDEX
420 FOR J=1 TO 16 4010 PRINT"®® REGISTER NAME:bbbbbbbbbbbb~";
430 IF F( J)=O THEN 450 : INPUT A$
440 Z=PEEK(A( J) ): PRI NTR$( J); :GOSU81000 4020 RESTORE: FORZ= lT016: REA08$
450 NEXT J 4030 I F8$=A$THEN RETURN
460 REM IF NO INPUT 00 LOOP AGAIN 4040 NEXTZ:PRINT"®QXQ) THE REGISTERS ARE CALLED:
470 GEtA$: IFA$=""THEN 410 ( "" is a null string) 4050 FOR J=lT016:PRINT LEFT$(R.i(JJ,6)"libbb"; :NEXT J
500 REM 00 COMMANDS 4060 PRINT" U U U U U U U U U U U ";: GOTO 4010
510 IF A$="D" THEN GOSU8 2000 4500 REM - GET B I NARY NUMBER
520 IF A$="P" THEN GOSU8 2500 4510 PRINT"8INARY VALUE: ";: INPUT A$ :ZI=128:8=0
530 IF A$="S" THEN GOSU8 3500 4520 IF LEN(A$) < 8 THEN PRINT "@";: GOTO 4510
540 IF A$="H" THEN GOSUB 3000 4530 FOR J=lT08
550 I F A$="T" THEN GOSUB 5500 4540 IF MID$(A$,J,1 )="I"THEN 8=8 OR 21
560 IF A$="Q" THEN END 4550 ZI=ZI/2:NEXT J
700 GOTO 310 4560 RETURN
1000 REM DISPLAY IN 81NARY 4990 PRINT"PRESS A KEY";
1010 ZI =128 5000 GET A$: PRI NT" 0@'; :FOR K=1 TO 20: NEXT K
1020 FOR Z2=1 TO 8 5010 PRINT"b(D"; :FOR K = 1 TO 20: NEXT K
1030 PRINT SGN(Z AND Z1); 5020 If A$=""THEN 5000 ( '''' is a nu I I s+r inq )
70
Then, the CB2 line is set high puts
by: 2. Set CA1 to detect the Hi 5 PRINT" © ";
POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 224 to Low transition 10 POKE 59459,0
20 POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) AND 254
3. Disable the CB2 Shift
and it is set low by: 30 POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227
Register mode 40 POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) OR 1
POKE 59468,(PEEK(59468)AND 31) OR 192
4. Enable latching with CA1 50 POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 224
The parentheses are required 60 IF (PEEK(59469) AND 2) =0 THEN 60
5. Turn CB2 on (high)
70 X = PEEK(59457)
to ensure that the operations 6. Wait for the Interrupt flag 80 POKE 59468, (PEEK(59468)AND 31) OR 192
AND and OR are done correctly. in the IFR 90 PRINT X AND 127;
Example 10 is a short "CB2 100 GOTO 50
7. Read the Data with Hand-
Blinker" that blinks CB2 at shake Example 11. Writehander input program.
about 1 Hz. 8. Mask off the parity bit
and display the data (or
Interfacing the Writehander
whatever)
The Writeharider is a one- was attached to the PET, it in the Auxiliary Control register
9. Turn CB2 off (low)
handed input keyboard manu- wouldn't work! After much tlo- (ACR). Only one of these modes
10. Go to step 5
factured by the NewO Corn- dling, I discovered that the is usable from BASIC. The
These steps were Incorporat-
pany, 246 Walter Hays Drive, Writehander required that the others require the use of ma-
ed into a program, Example 11,
Palo Alto CA 94303 (see Kilo· ACK (CB2) be high before it chine language to be controlled
which was only intended to ac-
baud No. 23, p. 9, for a descrlp- would bring the Strobe (CA1) properly (see the 6522 VIA spec-
cept characters from the Write·
tion of the Writehander). low. Thus CB2 had to be set ification for details).
hander and display their values
The Writehander is a gray high before trying to look for a One nice way to experiment
on the PET screen. See the pro-
plastic ball about six inches character. with this is to use the PET to
gram in Example 7 for a more
across with switches placed so 2. The parenthesis around make "square wave music."
complete processing of the
that the fingers and thumb may the PEEK in line 80 is required Fig. 4 shows two ways to attach
characters. (If you are a real
touch them. By altering the tln- for the CB2 to be set low due to an audio extension to the PET.
diehard, modify the assembly
ger arrangements, you can the precedence relations of Each of these simply uses the
program in Example 8 to pro-
send any of the 128 ASCII codes AND and OR. CB2 line for the audio signal.
vide the required CB2 logic.)
to the computer. When the byte 3. PET ASCII isn't ASCII, so
Lines 30 and 40 can be corn-
is ready, the Writehander pro- the "wrong" character would Checking It Out
bined, but this program keeps
vides a strobe and then reo be displayed (see A Keyboard
them separate to show the dlt- Once you have your audio ex-
quires an acknowledge Signal Via the User Port section for a
fetent things being done. If you tension together, one way to
before it sends the next byte. detailed discussion).
want to show the character check it out is to toggle CB2 in
The wiring to the PET user Handshake mode as fast as
rather than the value, use: CB2as a Shift Register
port Is shown in Table 6. The BASIC will go:
90 PRINT CHR$( X AND 127); The CB2 line may be made to
grounds were connected to-
10 POKE 59467,PEEK(59467)AND 227
gether for the power supply, the I encountered several trus- act as a shift register by setting 20 A = 59468:X = PEEK(A)AND 131OR 192
PET and the Writehander. The trating experiences during the a combination of bits 2, 3 and 4 30 Y = PEEK(A) OR 224
+5V
Line Color Function PET
47n
1 Brown Bit 1 PAO
2 Red + 7 to + 23 V power (unused)
3 Orange Bit 2 PA1
4 Yellow Ground GND
5 Green Bit 3 PA2
6
7
Blue
Violet
+ 5 V (separate power supply)
Bit 4 PA3 C82 ANY HANDY
200 mA
NPN CAPABLE OF SINKING
8 Gray GROUND
71
Data Directions Register dresses are now of interest:
POKE 59459, 255 Set user port to 8 bits output. SR Shift Register 59466
POKE 59459, 0 Set user port to 8 bits input. T2L·W Tlrner-Z 59464
Simple Input and Output (no handshakes) At a rate determined by the con-
(value) = PEEK(59471) Input (value) from user port. tents of Timer-2, the contents of
POKE 59471, (value) Output (value) to user port. the shift register are placed on
the CB2 line. When eight bits
Input and Output with Handshaking
have been shifted out, the shift
POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) AND 254 CA1 will trigger on falling edge.
register is again shifted out.
POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 1 CA1 will trigger on rising edge.
This creates a continuous
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) OR 1 Data is latched when CA1 triggers.
stream of bits that repeats
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 254 Data is not latched.
every eight Timer-2 cycles.
IF PEEK(59469) AND 2 THEN - Three ways of detecting the CA1 Flag Bit.
Be careful with using WAIT. Timer-2 accepts a number
WAIT 59469,2
=
nnn IF(PEEK(59469) AND 2) 0 THEN nnn from 0 to 225 and counts it
(value) = PEEK(59457) Reads from user port, resets CA1 flag bit. down to zero at the PET clock
POKE 59457, (value) Writes to user port, resets CA 1 flag bit. rate. When it reaches zero, the
POKE 59468, PEEK(59468) OR 224 Set CB2 line high. shift register is shifted and the
POKE 59468, (PEEK(59468) AND 31) OR 192 Set CB2 line low. least significant bit (bit 0) is
placed on the CB2 line.
Shift Registery
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227 OR 16 Sets shift register to free running mode. By placing an appropriate
POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227 Disables shift register modes. number into Timer-2 for the
POKE 59466, (value) Puts (value) into shift register. pitch and a 15 into the shift reg-
POKE 59464, (value) Sets timer 2 to (value) ister, square waves at audio fre-
quency will emerge from CB2.
Miscellany
Here is the world's clumsiest
(value) = PEEK(515) Reads matrix value of key pressed.
musical instrument (see Ex-
255 = no keys pressed.
ample 12). Try it and you will
(value) = PEEK(516) Reads shift keys. 1 if pressed, 0 otherwise.
know why. Line 50 inputs a
Table 7. Summary of BASIC statements used to control the PET user port. waveform to be put into the
shift register when a key is
pressed. Line 60 guarantees
40 POKE A,X:POKEA,Y: GOTO 40 Try changing line 40 to: on to the shift register is to that the waveform will result in
Line 10 disables the Shift 40 POKE59468,X:POKE59468,Y:GOTO 40 change the above program as a sound (a 0 or a 255 will come
Register mode, and line 40 follows: out as a dc voltage).
and you will notice that the
turns CB2 on and off. The rea- pitch of the buzz is much lower. 40 Z=515
50 POKE A,X:FOR J = 1 TO PEEK(Z):
Line 90 detects the state of
son that variables are used in (Note:You will also hear a varia- NEXT: POKE A,Y: GOTO 50 the PET keyboard matrix. When
line 40 for the addresses is that tion in the pitch of the buzz.
Pressing different keys will no key is depressed, the value
BASIC runs much faster when This is caused by the PET's in-
vary the rate of clicking. (Note: in this address is 255. Line 100
variables are substituted for terrupt routines "beating" with
Location 515 indicates which puts a zero into the shift regis-
constants. the execution of the BASIC pro-
key is depressed on the PET ter, turning the sound "off."
RUN the program, and a buzz gram.) Then the keyboard is checked
keyboard. This is not in PET
will emerge from your speaker. A last variation before going again.
ASCII but represents·the matrix
position of the key.) If a key is depressed, the
"pitch," or the matrix value of
Shift Register Mode the key, is put into the timer and
10 REM CLUMSY MUSIC MACHINE When the ACR bits 4, 3 and 2 the timbre is put into the shift
20 REM SET S.R. MODE IN ACR register. Now a sound is heard
are "100" the shift register is in
30 POKE 59467, PEEK(59467) AND 227 OR 16
40 PRINT"TIMBRE :"; "free running mode." Two ad- (for most of the keys; some will
50 INPUTTC
60 IF TC<1 OR TC>254 THEN 40
70 REM CHECK FOR KEYPRESSES
80 PRINT"PRESS KEYS FOR TONES"
90 K=PEEK(515) 30 FOR J = 10 TO 255 STEP 10: POKE 59464,J: NEXT
100 IF K = 255 THEN POKE 59468,0: GOTO 90 40 FOR J = 255 TO 10 STEP -10: POKE 59464,J: NEXT
110 POKE 59464,K: POKE 59468,TC
120 K = PEEK(515): IF K = 255 THEN 100 Example 14. Changes in Example 13 for effect 2.
130 GOTO 120
Exemple 13. Program for effect 1. Example 16. Changes in Example 13 for effect 4.
72
make inaudibly high notes). line 100. about two octaves of pitches will turn the squeak off! Exam-
line 120 waits until the key is Some time spent with a cal- that are reasonably close to the ples 14-16show changes to Ex-
released before starting over at culator or scope will yield musical scale(s). Feel free to ample 13.
write your own musical pro-
grams. Summing Up
Since the CB2 line, once in The PET user port is a versa-
10 REM BEITER WOLF
Shift Register mode, will run in-. tile way with which to commu-
20 REM GREGORY.YOB
30 REM CB2 ON USER PORT & AMP dependently of the PET's other nicate between the PETand the
100 POKE 59467,16 :POKE 59466,15 activities, other computations rest of the world. This article
110 FOR L; 180 TO 50 STEP -3:POKE 59464,L:NEXT
111 FORJ;1T06:NEXT
may be done while a tone is has shown you the "nuts and
112 POKE 59466,0 sounded.Anotheraspectisthe bolts" required to interface
115 FOR J; 1 TO 150: NEXT making of sound effects for many devices, including joy-
117 POKE 59466,15
120 FOR L; 150 TO 80 STEP - 2: POKE 59464,L:NEXT games. See Examples 13-17 sticks, keyboards and music
130 FOR L ;90 TO 190: POKE 59464,L and try them out to find out makers, that add to the capabil-
132 FOR J; 1 TO 1170:NEXT
what they do. ities or your PET.
134 NEXT
135 POKE 59467,0 Lines 100and 110 in Example For your convenience, Table
140 PRINT"PRESS KEY TO DO IT AGAIN" 13 provide a way of turning the 7 summarizes the various
150 GET A$: IF A$; ••••
THEN 150
160 GOTO 100 sound off. If you don't do this, BASIC statements used to con-
the PETwill squeak at you after trol the user port. Now let me
.Example 17. you press the STOP key-and see ... robots, turtles, printers,
only a direct version of line 110 my lawn sprinklers ....•
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Granada Hills. CA 91344. USA Ann Arbor. MI 48105 (313) 665-8514
"Innovators to the Microcomputer tndustrv"
Pawn strategy in chfJSS is often overlooked. Look over this article and improve yours;
76
CHESS-PAWN *P2 4
FIRST PLAYER? TED P2 5
SECOND PLAYER? STAN 6
BOARD IS AS FOLLOWS. P1 P3 p4 P5 p6 P7 P8 7
Rl Nl Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 STAN 8
Rl N1 B1 K Q B2 N2 R2 TED
*Pl *P2 *P3 *p4 *P5 *p6 *P7 *P8 2 IT IS TED'S TURN
Rl Nl B1 K Q B2 N2 R2 STAN PI P3 p4 P8 7
8
*Pl *P2 *P3 *p4 *P5 *p6 *P7 *P8 2 Rl Nl .Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 TED *p4
3 IT IS TED'S TURN
6 POSITION? (EXAMPLE 5) ?£
8 Rl Nl B1 K Q B2 N2 R2 STAN P5 P7 p6 P3 p4 P8 P2 PI
Rl Nl Bl K Q B2 N2 R2 TED
IT IS STAN'S TURN 2
7
*P1 *P3 *p4 *P5 *p6 *P7 *P8 2 8
77
2010 PRINT 'IT IS 'BI"S TURN'
2020 LINE INPUT 'MOVE WHICH PIECE? ";PS
2030 P=2:R=0 -0
!
•
t8.:
ci
~ 0 E : 0
2040 LINE INPUT 'TO? (EXAMPLE: Nt) ?"IMS ;g-u -;.gUE . D. III
2050 INPUT 'POSITION? (EXAMPLE: 3) ?';M m - III
2060 IF M>8THEN 2020 ~o~(j §'~§c ~E~.E 'f I ~m
2070 GOSUB 20000:IF R=1THEN 2000 g~:t;':oo1:8.~.E ~~1:~ ~ U ~ l!!
2080 GOTO 1000 w~~~C!C!]~E5
>~"'<:Il0 E<:-"C
~~%~
<~ .•. m
g. w- ~
10000 PRINT "Rl Nl B1 K o £<2 N2 Fl2 "H$,Z~; c<o~;:
o~ot;:~ •• :l:~O(j"
B ~ i· v;cX.~
!!!"&.~-.:;
i •..~
10010 FDR I=1TO 8:FOR J=lTO B ~Zo..~E
-0. e -a-E~~E~=>-g~
... ~0 5
10020 PRINT CI(I,J);
oul?~:c=<l~>-g
~oC)Q.V)-OO
c6§g ~II
U
5l-
0 ¢
III III
10030 NEXT J:PRINT I:NEXT I ~><~~o!i1'l:tO::t z_o o QI
10040 PRINT 'R1 N1 Bl K 0 B2 N2 R'J 'AS,YS o..v>v>~Eo.. u_ _0 _-aU E
~..9~g, q
0
9Ci63g~ Q.EU:] ~ .£ liE III
10050 RETURN !!o8:I: ;;;o~,,~g,::~_Cie 1:l1li::IIII'
20000 REM "* FIND POSITION OF PIECE *** z->< c~'O;~~~-~C Q.
1: I'l UI
20010 ES=" "tPSt' ':FI=','tPSt' ':FOR I=ITO 8:FOR J=1TO 8 ~x~~';:~8§~E~3~";c
wCl><'3"6 ;;;<3£ ~ 5 E ~-:g 5 ~ OJ x ~
..
co V) wu!;?>G.I..t:
20020 IF P=lAND CS(I,J)=ESTHEN A=I:B=J:GOTO 20060 •• 0. u..~-£ •.. Q. f'f' 0 UI
20030 IF P=2AND CS(I,J)=FSTHEN A=I:B=J:GOTO 20060 •• 11 0
••. Ill- ~
20040 NEXT J:NEXT I
u~1Il
,&ow 0mo'
~ ~ l'J ~ CJ .!!!
20050 PRINT "CHESS PIECE NOT FOUND REPEAT MOVE':R=I:RETURN •. 0-
0: c
.2 .2
a.
c
~ U ~
UJ~o- 0..
O o 0-
20060 REM "* EVALUATION '**
20070 REM *** FIND POSITION OF MOVE '"
20080 C=M
20090 IF MS='R1'THEN D=1:GOTO 20180
.
.-
.1-
_U1'"
p ;:
o 0
m~~ .J
N ~~
~~
s
\
W ~ ><~
w
20100 IF MI='Nl"THEN D=2:GOTO 20180
20110 IF M$='Bl"THEN D=3:GOTO 20180 D.(j
;t Wii ~
20120 IF M$='K'THEN D=4:GOTO 20180
20130 IF M$='O'THEN D=5:GOTO 20180 0. '"
~
20140 IF MI='B2'THEN D=6:GOTO 20180
20150 IF M$="N2'THEN D=7:GOTO 20180
20160 IF M$='R2'THEN D=8:GOTO 20180
2 ''""
i
20170 PRINT 'INVALID MOVE':R=I:RETURN
20180 REM *** FIND PIECE BEING MOVED ***
110 .~'"
20190 IF LEFT$(P$,1)='P'THEN 21000
20200 PRINT 'INCORRECT CHESS PIECE INDICATED! ":R=1:RETURN
21000 REM *** EVALUATE PAWNS MOVE *'*
0-
ILUJ §
::w::: .E a. e
5 - l!
0
tl
~
'"'"
0::
21010 IF P=1AND A=7AND C=5AND D=B AND LEFT$(C$(C,D),l)='-'THEN 21300 5 & ~8 {.~ ~£ \
21020 IF P=2AND A=2AND C=4AND D=B AND LEFT$(CS(C,D),1)='-'THEN 21320
21030 IF C=A AND D=Bt1THEN 21400
21040 IF C=A AND D=B-ITHEN 21400
~2 '>
~
o
u:o
-£
0,1
•
J'0 ~
V> 8
c,
v; 6
'0 '::::::-
0i:
0..
.... x
""0
I:
tJ
C
IV "-
21100 IF P=2AND C=AtlAND D=B THEN 21200
21110 IF P=2AND C=At1AND D=Bt1THEN 21130
21120 IF P=2THEN PRINT 'ILLEGAL MOVE":R=1:RETURN >w eo::
o
U~EIlIC>
E
g ~
~
~
0
g,
~ ~ .~
Q)
-E
Q)
;
tI "E
(3 ]:
0_
c,
Q)
E
IV
.E
a.
Q)Q)
;~
~E
tD 0
21200 IF P=IAND LEFTS(CS(C.D),1)="-'THEN 21160
9fii
~
~
8 >-
~
-"
-:
=< ~~ -'"
p.;
21210 IF P=2AND LEFTS(C.~C,D),I)='-'THEN 21170 ~ E ~ -e c ~.~
21220 PRINT 'POSITION TAKEN BY OPPONENT':R=I:RETURN
21300 REM *** SET UP EN PASSENT FILE ***
5c~j~ :g
~
21310 IF LEFTS(CS(A-1,B),I)='-"THEN [1(B)=1:GOTO 21160
21320 IF P=2AND LEFTS(CS(At1.B).I)='-'THEN E2(B)=1:GOTO 21170 ILl 0-
I~
Several courses are available, depending
upon your needs and r- - --------- -------
backgr~und. NRI'sMaster I NRI Schools. . All career courses
Course III Computer McGraw-Hill Ccntinuing approved under GI Bill.
""u:;C hn 0 Iogy starts WI.th I r . 3939Education Center
WlSconsln Avenue 0 Check for details.
the fundamentals, ex- I c-~!:
.'/n,'-
Washington, D.C. 20016
plores basic electronics NO SALESMAN WILL CALL
and digital theory, the I •.,. Please check for one free catalog only.
total computer world, I o Computer Electronics Including o Digital Electronics. Electronic
the mi t 'lechnology s Basic Electronics
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CB Specialists Course o Air Conditioning, Refrigeration, & Heating
and general comput - 0 Amateur Radlo » Basic and Advanced Including Solar Thchnology
79
Exterior B'allistics
with the Home Computer
Don't ,ban guns or computers, says Dave. Use them in conjunction with each other.
David S. Dixon run. deceive you. It produces sur- program: The input and out-
1810 Flora Circle The program has run on prisingly accurate results. The put dimensions for the
Las Cruces NM 88001
my SWTP 6800 using both program is based' on the McGehee functions used in
version 1.0 and 2.0 of the McGehee Ballistic functions 1, this program are velocity in
SWTP 8K BASIC and 12K wh ich are maxicomputer thousand feet/sec. (3000 fps
80
RUN
BALLISTIC C? .409
MUZZLE VEL.? 3000
NO. OF RANGES? 5
ZERO RANGE? 300
LINE OF SIGHT 300 YO ZERO RANGE 1.000
500 600 ? 100
YDS YDS
RANGE 2.000
? 200
RANGE 3.000
? 300
RANGE 4.000
-58.404" ? 400
RANGE 5.000
? 600
RANGE 100.000 DROP 3.8n
VELOCITY 2764.456 CORR. IN MOA. -3.654
RANGE 200.000 DROP 4.622
VELOCITY 2538.608 CORR. IN MOA. -2.201
RANGE 300.000 DROP 0.000
\
\
VELOC !TY 2320.837 CORR. IN MOA. 0.000
\
\
\ RANGE 400.000 DROP -11.121
VELOC !TY 2115.855 CORR. IN MOA. 2.648
STOP 1900
The various reloading
manuals are also sources of
400 and 600 yards (Fig. 1).
The only restriction on the
,
READY
good estimates for the muzzle use of the program is that its Sample run.
velocities of the various re- accuracy deteriorates rapidly
loads. for remaining velocities below
The program outputs are 1300 ft/sec. you do not have a published sporting magazine as well as a
the ranqe, the drop below line I have not covered exterior value for the ballistic co- personal computing publi-
of the rifle's sights, the re- ballistics in detail. That is efficient. Reference 2 covers cation, . and also can afford
maining velocity and the beyond the scope and intent this process in detail. the author a great deal of
corrections in minutes of of this article. I would like to Exterior ballistics is a fer- pleasure and recreation in
angle, which is the angular point out some areas not tile territory for the hobby their generation. -
value to correct from the touched upon. First there are computerite. I have started
initial zeroing range to impact a number of adjustments to some work on a program for
Refer~nces
at point of aim for the range the ballistic coefficient to optimum projectile selection
1. Ralph M. McGehee, PhD,
calculated. correct for changes in at- for lonq-ranqe competition
"Practical Ballistics," The Rifle
The sample run shows a 30 mospheric conditions. Refer- shooting, and there are topics Magazine, Number 9, May-June
cal., 150 gr. Sierra bullet ence 3 has a very good sec- of stability or wind drift that 1970, PP.
40-45.
fired at a muzzle velocity of tion on this. can be handled by a small 2. Julian S. Hatcher, Hatchers
Notebook, 1962, pp, 549-632.
3000 ft/sec, rifle to be zeroed Also, I have not men- system. Solutions to prob-
3. Robert Hayden, Sierra Bullets
at 300 yds., and trajectory tioned now you could lems like these can form the Reloading Manual, 1974, pp.
calculated for 100, 200, 300, evaluate a bullet for which foundation for articles in a 231-246.
Hitch up your horse sense;wind up your wits,load the computer, and If you enjoyed Microchess, you'll love Bulls. Hits?'. A
get ready to play Bulls. Hits?', It means spellbinding, sophisticated, NEW game of logic and luck developed by Michael
stimulating fun for the entire family. One, two players, or partners will O'Toole for the TRS-80 Level I and Level II, Apple or
be at odds trying to beat each other or the computer. The action.is fast Pet. Please specify computer model ... Only $14.95.
and furious. Completely interactive ... Enjoy. Programs and cassettes 100% guaranteed. 30 day
money back guarantee if not completely satisfied.
ORDERS: SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER TO: Dealer inquiries invited.
the COMPUTER BUS :~113P.o. BOX 397B GRAND RIVER OHIO 44045
V Reader Service-see page 179 81
Heath H9 Page Erase
Since the H9 doe$n't have inherent screen erase under program control, add it yourself.
William C. Richter which turns on a transistor to which is in parallel with the and socket connections for the
1001-140 Evelyn Terrace East electrically push the ERASE ERASE PAGE push button .. two jumpers to the I/O board.
Sunnyvale CA 94086 PAGE key. U1A detects the On the I/O board, jumpers from
presence of octal 05 at the I/O Construction IC6t4-1 and IC623-6 were con-
decoders to produce a logic 1, I constructed the circuit on a nected to unused pins 24 and
he Heath H9 video terminal which is then inverted by U1B. 1 1/8 by 3 inch piece of perfo- 25 of P602.Two 18 inch lengths
T has many features, but it U1D inverts the logic 1 from the rated board using "stick-on"
copper-printed circuit pads for
of wire are needed with a small
spring connector (Heath part
does not include the ability to PLOT key, and U1C combines
erase the screen under pro- this with the logic 0 from U1B to the ICs and point-to-point #432,&66)on one end of each
gram control. Since I wanted trigger the one-shot. wiring. With so few parts, con- and a large spring connector
this feature, I set out to see if When the PLOT key is de- struction is relatively easy. (Heath part #432·753)on the reo
Heath's omission could be eas- pressed, U1C is disabled, and The board is mounted under maining ends. There should be
ily corrected. The result is a the one-shot is not triggered. the right-hand side of the key- connectors left over from the
low-cost (under $5) peripheral This enables the use of CNTRL- board by replacing the 4-40 nut terminal construction project.
that requires only six connec- E in the plot mode of operation, on the keyboard support brack- Insert the small clips into
tions to the terminal and no ma- without screen erasure. C1 fil- et with a 4-40 1/2 inch threaded positions 24 and 25 of S602,
jor modification of any of the ters out glitches that seem to spacer and then fastening the route the wires to the keyboard
boards. If you have built the H9, occur while data is settling in board to the spacer. The four and insert the large clips into
this little add-on should not pre- the decoders. I was getting jumpers to the keyboard are positions 10 and 11 of S402.
sent any construction or wiring screen erasure on random char- soldered to their proper places FinallY,add jumpers from
problems. acters before C1 was added. in the circuit; although I have in- P402-10 and P402-11 to pins 8
In the past, there have been When U2 is triggered, its out- dicated the connector pin num- and 9 of U1A. It makes no dif-
magazine articles describing put is a pulse about 5 ms wide, bers on the schematic, the ference which wire connects to
methods of decoding the con- controlled by timing cornpo- wires can be soldered to traces which pin; the end result is the
trol characters and uSing them nents C2 and R1. The H9 man- much closer to the board. Refer same.
for external control. In the H9, ual states that a screen erase to your circuit board X-ray
the decoder is already present takes about 1 ms, so anything views. Testing
on the 1/0 board and detects over that time will do the job. To preserve the "plugability" Now you are ready to test
back space, bel], line feed, ?ar- The output of U2 controls Q1, of the boards, I used spare plug your modification. With the ter-
riage return and space. minal connected to your com-
I added an additional NOR ,- puter, enter a program to write
gate to the decoder to detect I
I (ERASE PAGE 5W)
P403-4-------------------, some characters on the screen,
CNTRL-E (for ERASE) and to I 74LS02 NOR GATE
QUAD 2-INPUT
I rc614-1--"-8..-- erase the screen and write
I .....
use the output of the gate, with "In-a---"-..--- <, some more. With Extended
I IC623-6
a little more circuitry, to "push" I Benton Harbor BASIC, a PRINT
I
the ERASE PAGE key on the CONNECTIONS
TO H9 CHR$(5) statement will erase
keyboard. I chose CNTRL-E be- I the screen and home the cur-
I
cause it was the first control I P403-1 -------1'-"-{'----:-- sor. For other versions of
code not used or reserved by (PLOT SW)
BASIC, or even other lan-
Heath; any other unused control guages, use whatever is neces-
code could be chosen by proper .5V ---.-----.-----; sary to output a CNTRL-Eto the
IP402-9)
connections to the pins of IC614 terminal.
and IC623. IC623 decodes the If you find you are missing a
units of the octal character C3 couple of characters after a
.1,u.F
code, and IC614 decodes the CER. DISK
screen erase, add a short delay
tens, or eights, if you prefer. loop to your program after the
CNTRL-Eis sent. In conclusion,
The Circuit
if you like to erase your screen
The add-on circuit (see Fig. 1) under program control, this is
consists of some logic gates Fig. 1. Modification of Heath H9 video terminal to erase the an easy and inexpensive way to
driving a one-shot multivibrator screen under program control. do it..
82
w~·rne
p..OO{ess
c\\'/
Thomas G. Bohon
2215-A Walker Dr.
Omaha NE 68123
SKIP II:
A Very Inexpensive
Microcomputer
The heart of the SKIP II mi- also puts the computer under
crocomputer is the SC/MP-II mi- the control of the buttons on
r-------~---+---I NENIN
croprocessor chip manufac- the front panel, where it re-
tured by National Semiconduc- mains until the EXECUTE but- lOOK
tor. This little known but quite ton is depressed. While the
~27PF
powerful processor chip is computer is in this manual
gaining in popularity among mode, data can be read into or ADII 10 CHIP
SELECT I ENABLE
hobbyists. Constructed as a out of sequential memory loca-
standard n-channel, 8-bit mi- tions by contacting the READI ADO
85
I easily removed with an x-acto too far before discovering the
knife. There was also evidence error, so the board was relative-
of a quality-control type of in- ly uncluttered. Things were
spection prior to shipment- really going smoothly, and the
one of the traces had .been re- computer began taking shape
paired by bridging a small gap before my eyes.
with a piece of wire. I feel that Next came the SC/MP-II
this speaks highly of NBL and socket. This was the only area
their concern for their finished in which I had problems with
product, since the first step in my soldering-those solder
the construction process is to pads are so small! Diverging
visually check the PC board for from the instructions just a bit,
gaps, shorts, splatters and I also installed sockets for the
other defects. Even though rest of the ICs. These aren't
NBL knows the customer is called for by NBL-indeed, you
going to inspect the board him- could probably do without
self, they still make that final them and save a few dollars-
check prior to shipment. but I wasn't too experienced in
Da ta General microNOV X After carefully reading over soldering and didn't want to
The Computer Store and its Affiliated Dealers all of the instructions several take a chance on ruining the
feature the powerful microNOV A ™ computer for times, I began the actual con- components. After soldering all
commercial applications. struction by separating the var- the sockets into place-there
ious resistors, capacitors and are a lot of leads on that board
We can solve your data processing
diodes according to values. -I inserted all the ICs except
problems at a surprisingly affordable price!
This, I reasoned, would make it the SC/MP-II chip. I only bent
Comprehensive Applications Software / In Stock- easier to find the various parts one lead over-not too bad,
Available Now. Put It to Work for You. during the soldering process. considering all of the opportu-
TM Besides, NBL furnishes a resis- nities I had! The PC board was
Com)?uter
Retailers
Systems
The completed SKIP /I kit with allies installed and the address,
data and control buses in place. The box at the bottom of the photo Houses
is the 5 volt power supply.
front panel. The only problems I about 15 minutes, then pow- Software
encountered here were caused
by a basic lack of coordination
ered it down to insert the
SC/MP-II chip. One more visual Companies
on my part-I could have used check, and I powered it up
at least three hands! Fortu- again with identical results-
nately, my wife was willing to no surprises at all.
assist me, and we finally got The construction manual also
everything soldered into place. contains a preliminary system CCM's * Dealer/Affiliate Distributor Program features the
Once the front panel was checkout guide that allows you Data General microNOVATMcomputer line. It also fea-
complete, it was time to apply to exercise each portion of the tures established professional business applications
power to the circuit. Connect- circuit and test the function of software for resale to the explosive small business com-
ing a regulated 5 volt power each key. While performing this puter market. Sales and technical training included.
supply to the board (I used a preliminary check, I discovered
For details: call Bob Washburn (617) 272-0018.
Radio Shack project board, but that the READIWRITEkey didn't
NBL furnished complete in- function properly. Trying to uti-
structions for scratch-building lize this opportunity for learn-
a suitable power source), I ing to the fullest, I got into the
made one last visual check of
both the. board and the front
final portion of the manual- Consumer
panel. Not finding any obvious
troubleshooting.
I traced the circuit through comcut:er
errors, I applied power and, 10
and behold, it worked! Not only
from panel to board, comparing
the readings from my VTVM to
rnarl-let:lnQ
did the lights come on, but the chart of pin voltages sup- Inc. V' C112
there was neither smoke, nor plied in the troubleshooting see-
"a subsidiary of the Computer Store," Inc.
flames nor strang.e noises! tion of the manual. Everything
120 Cambridge Street, Burlington, MA 01803
The instructions say to let seemed OK. I was just about to
the system "burn in" for a few throw up my hands in despair
CCM is the nation's largest Data General microNOVA '" distributor
minutes. I left it powered up for when I realized that the signal
computer table
• Prints "GOTO" cross reference
table
nal DC·to-DC converter,
10 KV supply, horiz. and
Plus
TRS-80 FORTRAN includes the finest
;Z-80 eevelel3rnent sottware-evatlaele-.
1.-80 Macro Assembler, versatile Text Editor,
and Unking Loader.
Name _
Address _
City State _
Ultra Banner
Back in January, we ran an article about the Boston Computer Society and its 15-year-old
president, Jonathan Rotenberg. We said we'd be bringing you his banner program. Here it is.
Jonathan Rotenberg, President straightforward. If the user the first subroutine is called, Some of the advantages of
Boston Computer Society entered an "A" on such a pro- then the second, then the first dot matrix over other methods
17 Chestnut St. gram, for instance, it might again. For a "O" the first sub- are: dots may be any size (to
Boston MA 02108 have a corresponding series of routine is called only once, fol- produce any sized letter); the
PRINT statements, as in Fig. 1. lowed by the second. matrix may be turned to sit on
Although this type of program This technique, although the paper in any direction; new
can produce elegant character simple with "O"s and "C"s, matrices may be easily speci-
print large letters on paper and character sizes. does produce a fairly nice char- The Program
may be used to make signs, A largely used technique is acter set and allows the user to "Ultra Banner" prints all of
messages or, as the title sug- to have a series of subroutines, " select different character sizes; the printable characters of the
gests, banners. Banner has ap- each one defining a segment of however, it is generally quite 64 character ASCII subset (up-
peared in many forms on many a letter. For instance, an "0" lengthy and still lacks the flex- percase, numbers and punctua-
computers, printing letters of can be thought of as a square ibility to easily define new let- tion) from a five by five matrix. It
all shapes and sizes. The pro- that can be broken down into a ters or symbols. will print "big" letters horizon-
gram presented herein, "Ultra vertical line, two horizontal The method I use in "Ultra tally of regular or double width,
Banner," is what I consider the lines and a second vertical line. Banner" is called dot matrix- "big" letters vertically of any
ultimate-a program that If you square off a "C," it can be the same used by many impact size, messages (standard-sized
prints letters of any reasonable thought of as a single vertical and all thermal printers. Essen- letters) of normal or double
size, horizontally or vertically, line and two horizontal lines. tially, it generates all of the width, and it will allow you to
and gives the user the flexibility Thus, all that would be nec- characters on a five by five specify matrix patterns for new
to define new letters or symbols. essary to print a big "0" or "O" matrix. By filling in dots on this characters or symbols.
would be a short program con- matrix, the alphabet, numbers Horizontal printing is accom-
Different Techniques taining two subroutines: one to and punctuation, plus other plished by directly assigning a
Many of the larger banner print a vertical line, the second symbols, may be produced. For single letter to each dot on the
programs that print the most to print two horizontal lines. instance, to make an "A" on a matrix. For instance, printing a
beautiful letters are quite When the user enters an "0," five by five matrix, you might fill horizontal "A" would produce
in the squares (or dots) as output identical to Fig. 2b.
shown in Fig. 2a. By replacing Double-width characters may
each "dot" with the letter "A," also be specified, assuming
PRINT" A" you get a "big A" (Fig. 2b). your printer is capable of print-
PRINT" AAA" ing them. For an aO-column
PRINT" AA AA"
printer, the maximum number
PRINT" AAAAAAA" AAA
of horizontal double-width
PRINT" AA AA" A A
PRINT"AA AA" characters is five; the max-
AAAAA
A A imum number of regular char-
Fig. 1. The direct approach A A acters is 11.
used by many large-banner pro- Vertical printing is accom-
grams. Figs. 2a and 2b. The letter "A" on a five by five matrix. plished by turning the matrix on
90
I..lLTF.:A BAHNEr:: IS FLD< I BLE
'-I L 'T r-:~ f:::a E: &-7."-1 t-.JIII"-001 E u:=:: ·=
I -" FLE:=<I E:L.E:
its side and making the "dots" computer encounters the char- (e.g., V for Vertical). must be split up over two or
any square or rectangular for- acter defined in user mode, it If you request Horizontal, the more lines.
mation of letters. The size of will ask for the matrix code sup- computer will ask if the mes- Requesting Vertical printing
these dots is determined by the plied by the matrix mode. At sage should be printed in wide will cause the computer to first
program; you merely enter the this point the code is entered or regular print. If your printer is ask for the dlrnenslons, in
size, in inches, of the charac- and the matrix will be enlarged not capable of printing wide let- inches, of the desired letters in
ters. The program will also print or turned appropriately to ters, type R. Remember to type your message. Enter the height,
a left-hand margin of select- match the other letters. only the flrot letter of the de- a comma and the width. The
able size, in inches. Because The message option of "Ultra sired option (i.e., W or R). The computer will now ask for the
thelletters are printed vertically Banner" will print a message computer will now request the left-hand margin in inches. If no
doWn the page in this mode, the horizontally of normal-sized let- word you want printed. You margin is desired, enter 0 (zero).
sizJ of the message is limited ters. Double-width letters may may enter as many words, Finally, the computer will ask
l also be specified with this punctuation marks or numbers for the message which is to be
onl to the maximum variable
len· th in your BASIC and how option. as desired if the total length printed. "Ultra Banner" will not
mu h paper you have left. does not exceed 11 characters check the length of this
'efining new characters has How to Use It for regular print or five for wide. message.
tw modes: the matrix mode After you have entered the Longer horizontal messages Because the computer must
an the user mode. The matrix program, made appropriate
m0t:e allows you to enter a changes (see the Making
ma rix pattern (like Fig. 2a) that Changes section) and typed ULTRA BANNER PROGRAM LISTING
the computer will code for later 'RUN' the computer will give
use. The user mode allows you you a choice of five options: '10 orn H$(ii),H(5),D$(7;"UHDTH 80·E$~CHR$(0)
to tlell the-computer with which Horizontal, Vertical, Define, 20 D${:1)=" *.,'t:'";'*/4.~'~>9:$+36€1-2-~. 0(1(1
20 D:t(2)="5*?*5$$?$$ #!? ##!A'f.(a. 1:59. t,$$. :1~~(?:ua.
cha racter the defined pattern Message or Stop. To select an 40 D$(3:)=",~<*?!1A?(1)!>('·G):1. ?A$$$.1.1. /1/1!" J J,'.'.' ,$8&!t~8 ? ?
50 0$(4)="# ..0,#. :1,~~$7??7?1?1.1)1)1>. :l01. ):l11)?0)(J??0)00.133:1.
will be printed. Whenever the option, type only its first letter 60 D$ (5) =" 1:l?11?$$$??$$4 <
12<21~H3(1'i:1?1.: 55119531 ?111 ?)1)00. 112 -"
70 ():t(6)==")1)4:}:. (1, 1. ?$$$$1111.1***$1155*1*$*11*$$$?A$C?·f'! ! !?"
J :30 [)$(7)="0($A!?000?$*1
90 INPUT"HORZ.)
"
VERT .. , DEFINE., ~lESSAGE OR STOP (H.·... V/D/t'VS)".:Q$
1.00 I F O$~ '''·r THEN 260 ELSE I F O$~" D" THEN 450
1.10 IF O$~"S" THEN Et·ID
~ ORZ., VERT., DEFINE, MESSAGE OR STOP (HIVIDIM/S)? D 1.20 INPUT"l-HDE OR F~EG. ('VR)" J 01$· IF 01$~"W THEt1 C~5 ELSE C~'11
[EFINE USER CHARACTER OR DEFINE MATRIX (U/M)? U 1.30 IF Q$~"r1" THEtI 43:(1 ELSE IF O$~"V" THEN 260
1.40 INPUT"l·IORD" ..l-l$· IF LENU·I$J>C THEN 14(1
V HAT IS THE CHARACTER? * 150 FOR )<~'1 TO LEt·I'::t·I$)· T=RSc(I'lID$(fl$, x. 1.» ..J1
~ ORZ., VERT., DEFINE, MESSAGE OR STOP (HIVIDIM/S)? D 1.60 IF T~ASc(En ..J1 THEN HWUT "1'lRTRD': CODE".' H$OO· GOTO 1:::("
170 5= INT( (T-1)/10) : rU(~::)=t-1I(;r$(D$(S+~)., 5*T'''5*50-4, 5)
[EFINE USER CHARACTER OR DEFINE MATRIX (U/M)? M 1.8" NE~:T X· LPRItH· LPRJlH CHF:$(C-4);
E N'I'ER MATRIX USING ts AND Os 190 FOR )<~1 TO 5· FOR 2=1 TO LEt·1(,j$)
200 B=RSC(f'1ID$(H$(Z),~:,1)-3:2·IF 8~33 THEN 8~2
? 00100 21t1 FOR u=a, TO 5 IF 8(2"t(5-l·1) THEt·1 LPRlNT" "; ·OOTO 2J0
? 01010 220 LPRINTtlID$O·!~~}Z ..1») :8;;:::8-2-f(5·-t·j):GOTO 230
2313 NDn ,j·LPRlNT" ".' ·NEl<1 Z·LPRltH
? 10001 240 FOR Z~4 TO 0 STEP -1
? 01010 250 LF'PINT CHR$(C-4).' •NEl<T :.:. LF·RltH' DOTO 91"
26(1 INPUT"HEIGHT .. ,IIDTH (Jt'l INCHES)" ..G..I··I·G~G*2
? 00100 270 FOR ~:=1 TO 5: HOO=0: NE~<T >::
280 INPUT"LEFT HAtjD ~lAROIN ON JtKHES)".:r·I·t·'1~rl·'·10
~ATRIX CODE IS ?!.? 290 PRaH" EtHEF: rlESSAGE"· mpUT ~1$
HeRZ., VERT., DEFINE, MESSAGE OR STOP (HIVIDIM/S)? H :l00 FOR X~1. TO LHI(f'1$)' T~ASC(f'lID$(!'l$, ;':.,1) ..31.
310 IF T~ASC(E$) -3:1 THEt1 It1PUT"rlATRIi<: CODE" .. 1$. OOTO :n0
WIDE OR REG.? R 320 S= I NT ( (T -1.) /10) : I $=t'l I D$ (D$ (5+1) .':,'+:T-5:+::,O -4, 5)
'JI,IORD?* . 330 H(1)=0'H(2)=0:H(3)=0:H(4)=O:H(5)=0;FOR Y=l TO 5
J40 D=ASC(!'1ID$( 1$, v, 1)) -:;2· IF D":;:: THaI D~2
tv ATRIX CODE? ?!.? 350 FOR Z=4 TO 0 STEF' -'1
* 16(1 IF D)=2"tZ THEN H(Z+1)=H(Z+1)+2'r'<'y'-1); [)=[) .. 2lZ
370 NE~<T z NE~<T v.FOR ',.'=5 TO 1. STEP -1: FOR Z::::l TO ~'l:D=H(V)
330 LPRINTTA8(m;. FOR U~4 TO IJ STEP-1.' IF D>~2'tU THEtI 40(1
3913 FOR V~1 TO G· LPF:INT" "." t·IEin· DOTe: 41.0
400 FOR V~1 TO G·LPRan I'1ID$(f'1$ ..)·;,1)., •t·IEi<T·[O=[O-2lU
410 NEi<T U· LF'RI NT •NEin z NEi<T •.•. '
420 FOR Y~1 TO W·LPRINT'NEi<)T ';'NEin :<·DOTe' 91"
430 PF:aH"MESSRGE"· n~PUT ~l$·IF LEtl(f"i$»INHC:/~3).q[1 TH[t'1 4:1:0
HORZ., VERT., DEFINE, MESSAGE OR STOP (HIVIDIM/S)? 44'3 LPR I NT CHR$0:: C -4) ; ~1$•GOTO 90
450 It'IPUT''DEFH~E USER CHF,RACTEF:OF.:[)EFHlE t·lfITRD·: Wit·'!)"., 0$'
91
E:ANt·jEI<:
I..lLTPR IS FLEX I8LE perform thousands of compu-
ULTRA BANNER IS FLEXIBLE
tations between printing letters
u TTTTT F.~F.~
RF.: Af'1A
U L
F.: F:
in the vertical mode, a pause of
U U L T A A
U U L T F.:F.:RF.: AAAAA several seconds is normal. This
U U L T F.: R A A
1,_11_11_1 LLLLL T F.: F.:F.: A A pause is due to the process of
turning the matrix on its side.
8BE:E: AAA t< I·j I, I, EEEEE I"PF'R Once in the Define mode, you
8 8 A A NN I, t<N N E R j;~
8888 AAAAA N N I, t<I·jN EEEE REI<'R are given the option of defining
8 8 A R t< Nr, I, 1m E c' "
BBDB A A ,.j ,j I, N EEEEE I": Rf;:
a matrix or defining the user
character. Defining a matrix is
IIIII 55:=: the process of entering a pat-
I s
I sss tern of dots using ts and Os.
I s
IIIII sss Fig. 2a illustrates the pattern of
f'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF dots for the letter "A." Defining
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
<OFFF FFFF the user character is how you
FFFF FFFF'
FrfT FFFF tell the computer of what char-
FFFf' FFFT'
FFTF FFH' acter the matrix pattern will be
Fr-rF FFFF
FFFF printed. If you were so inclined,
FFFT for example, you could use this
option to print a big "A" made
LLLL.LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLL up of "8"s. Fig. 3 illustrates the
LLLLLLLL complete procedure for defin-
LLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLL ing and printing a diamond pat-
€EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!:':EEEEEEEEE tern composed of asterisks.
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE When the computer gives
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE you the matrix code (see Fig. 3)
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE in the matrix mode, be sure to
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEE£EOE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE record it on paper (assuming
EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE you are not using a hard-copy
terminal). If during either the
horizontal or vertical options
the computer encounters the
xxxx ;<~::>::i< user character (* in Fig. 3), it
~<~<~C< ~<;<>=:~<
X>c::=<~< ~<>::;x:;< will ask for the matrix code.
Enter the code supplied by the
;<:>::><>-:
~<>';i<:X xxxx matrix mode.
~<~<~<:>::>.:~<~<X If desired, you may print sev-
~';~:~:l: xxxx
eral defined matrices in one
message all composed of the
same character. To do this, use
11111111111111 11111111111111
the matrix mode to get as many
1IIIIIIIlIIIlI IIIlIlIIIIIIII matrix codes as needed. Wher-
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I 1111111111111 I I I I I
II I I I I I I I III I I I III II I HI I I I I ever you would like one of the
11111111111111 11111111111111
matrices to appear in your hori-
8E:E:E:8E:88E:E:
BE: 8E: E:8 zontal or vertical message,
E:E: 8E: BE: enter the user character (* in
8E: [:8 B8
88 BE: the example). Every time the
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL computer comes to one of
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL these, it will request the code.
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLl.LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLL You may enter a different code
LLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLL each time, thus producing as
LLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLL Fig. 4. A sample run illustrating the message mode with wide many matrices as desired. It is
LLLLLLLLLLLL easiest to understand this con-
LLLLLLLLLLLL characters, the message mode with regular characters, horizontal
LLLLLLLLLLLL with wide and regular characters and the vertical mode with cept by experimenting with it.
LLLLLLLLLLLL
LLLLLLLLLLLL characters of many sizes. The Message option is par-
LLLLLLLLLLLL ticularly useful if the program
is run on a CRT with a separate
€EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE printer. After you select this op-
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE tion, the computer will ask
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE whether wide or regular print is
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE desired. Type R orW. When you
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE press 'RETURN' a message of
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE up to 80 characters may be
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE entered for regular print or 40
EEEEEE EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEI" for wide. The message will then
EEEEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEE EEEEEE be printed directly.
92
To stop the program, the at lines 100, 120and 130.If your use the program with a Practi- presently reads: 380 LPRINT
Stop option should be selected. BASIC is not equipped with this cal Automation DMTP-6 uP TAB(M);:FOR U =4 TO 0 STEP
This option will return you to statement, replace it at lines printer (the same used by The -1:IF D>=2tU THEN 400. This
the BASIC command mode. 100 and 130 with colons (:) and Digital Group), which expands line would have to be changed
change the end of line 120 to: the current line of print upon to:
Making Changes THEN C=5: GOTO 90. It will receiving an ASCII 1 (SOH).
380 LPRINT TAB(M);
I developed "Ultra Banner" also be necessary to add a new When you select wide or regu- 383 FOR U = 4 TO 0 STEP -1
using TDL 8K BASIC, Version line: 125C=11. lar print, the computer deter- 386 IF 0> = 2tU THEN 400
1.1. With this BASIC, the pro- LPRINT is used whenever mines the maximum number of
gram and variables occupy less banner output (versus a ques- horizontal characters that may Conclusion
than 2K bytes of memory. I took tion) is printed. With TDL be printed (five for wide print, 11 "Ultra Banner" offers an ex-
advantage of several TDL fea- BASIC, this statement diverts for regular). It will always start tremely high degree of flexibil-
tures that are not available on output from the CRT to the a line by printing the ASCII ity. As you use it, you will dis-
all BASICs. Most of these are printer. Some versions of value of this number minus cover interesting ways to com-
minor, though, and should be BASIC use statements such as four. Since the printer ignores bine the different character
fairly easy to convert for com- SELECT,SWITCH or LPRINTER ASCII 6 (ACK), this technique sizes to produce output like
patibility. to perform this function. Check works efficiently. If your printer that in Fig. 4. You should also
LWIDTH in line 10 specifies your BASIC user manual. handles expanded printing in a find many applications for this
the width of the printer line. If you are using the program different way, changes must be all-purpose program.
This statement was necessary from a teletypewriter-type ter- made at lines 180,250 and 440. If you don't have access to a
because TDL BASIC assumes a minal with no CRT, change all To separate multiline state- machine with BASIC, but do
printer width of 72 columns. In of. the LPRINTs to PRINTs. ments, some BASICs use the have access to a Texas In-
most cases this statement may When "Ultra Banner" asks a backs lash (\) rather than the struments SR-52, you can still
be omitted. question, roll the paper down colon (:). Unlike some banner enjoy a banner program. "Ban-
Many INPUT statements so that all of the questions programs, "Ultra Banner" was ner for the PC-100" is a short-
have messages in quotations. and answers will be at the top. designed to be usable with a ened version of "Ultra Banner"
With some versions of BASIC, Roll the paper up for banner minimum amount of effort with available from Professional
statements such as INPUT output so that questions won't versions of BASIC that don't of- Program Exchange 52, PO Box
"MARGIN"; M would have to be mess it up. fer multiline statements. To do 53, Lubbock TX 79408, for $3.
changed to PRINT"MARGIN";: Expanded (or wide) print is this, divide all of the multiline Order number 900052.A similar
INPUT M. accomplished in a rather statements as you type them program is also available for
The ELSE statement is used sneaky way in "Ultra Banner." I in. For instance, line 380 the TI-59.•
Ordering information
To order, call to" free 1-800-527-1592. MC and VISA welcome. COD
orders require 30% deposit plus 5% handling charge. Allow three
weeks for delivery. Allow three extra weeks if payment is by personal
check. Texas residents add 5% sales tax.
Teletype's KSR·43
_ __ ._..,.-'"
"M
First Impressions
,~~: ~~ ~ ~~ :-' ~~ ~ ~~ :;. ~ .l.- .:.. "'"""'~ !~':
t.:' .v. ~ ,. • _ "'..~
___ '¥of \.!" <;,..*
~
UI: :.
• __ I.- _,_",_, My first, pleasing impres-
- ~.. - ..... sions on unpacking the KSR-43
were its light weight (around 30
Ibs.) and clean, functional styl-
ing. The unit is very slim and,
apart from the power supply
caslnq, which projects slightly
at the rear, is not much bigger
than a portable typewriter. The
lower part of the case is a
heavy-walled glossy-black
96
polystyrene molding, while the riage return are stored in a line
top cover is cream colored, with buffer, and printing of the new
a wrinkle-embossed surface. line starts only when the printer
The operating controls and key- is ready. At the beginning of the
tops are black, with double- line, the characters are output
shot molded white lettering. from the buffer at the maximum
Although we had a natural rate (50 per second), and the
impatience to get power onto printer soon makes up for the
our new terminal, we read the time lost during the carriage
unpacking instructions before return.
connecting to the wall socket. The next push button en-
It was necessary to remove a ables selection of half duplex
cardboard packer from the (echo on) or full duplex (echo
printer mechanism and, being off), which is a useful panel
factory fresh, the terminal was control if you use the terminal
outfitted with ribbon cartridge on an unfamiliar type of micro-
before use. processor. Next, there is a con-
This is a very easy operation trol that enables or disables
and, big surprise, it is the first parity on received data. In most
machine I have ever been able microprocessor systems, the
to fit a ribbon on without get· View with top cover removed showing keyboard and print
output parity bit is a logic zero,
mechanism. The printhead is at top left and is traversed by the
ting my hands dirty. (I recall one and you must disable the parity
spiral lead screw. The traverse drive motor can be seen top right
printer manufacturer who was check at the terminal or default under the platen.
so convinced that ribbon characters will be printed.
changing had to be a dirty job The innermost push button
that he supplied a pair of dls- on the right-hand side is la- ALARM indicator will light if tainly, any comparison with
posable plastic gloves with beled PRINTER TEST and, so you depress the printer test earlier Teletype keyboards is
each replacement ribbon. That long as this is depressed, the button, lift the lid or run out of quite potntleas, but once you
is a thing of the past with the KSR-43 will continuously print paper. have become accustomed to
KSR·43.) lines containing its whole set of the KSR-43 keyboard action
The Keyboard and Printer you will wonder how you ever
characters at a rate of 50 char-
The Controls acters per second. In the event The keyboard layout of the managed on one of those mar-
Immediately above the key- of problems in the initial con- new terminal is a little different velous, slow, clunking devices.
board, a row of push buttons nection of your KSR-43, this is a from that of earlier Teletype The left-hand and right-hand
and indicators provides most of comforting facility. It's also machines, even when corn- margins are set from the key-
the operator controls required very handy if you need to con- pared with the KSR-38 (which board. Simply posttlon the
in normal use. At the extreme vince the head of the house was the previous upperl print head where you wish to set
right of this row, a push button that your expensive new ter- lowercase ASCII device). To the up the margin and type ESC,
controls the data-transmission minal is a little more versatile operator, perhaps the most followed by a lowercase I for
rate, either 10 characters per than a Sears Roebuck type- significant change is the provi- left-hand or r for right-hand.
second (110 baud) or 30 per sec- writer. sion of a latching CAPS LOCK Both margins are cleared by
ond (300 baud). On local loop, The two main controls, on key and of REPEAT and BACK typing ESC and a lowercase x.
you will find that the KSR-43 the row of controls above the SPACE keys. Note that the machine should
types at a maximum rate of keyboard at the left-hand side, When the CAPS LOCK key is be in the local loop mode while
about 50 characters per sec- are the LOCAL and TERM depressed, all keyboard alpha setting or clearing margins.
ond. However, in the data- READY push-button switches, characters are output as ASCII In standard form, the KSR-43
transmission mode, the char- which, respectively, select uppercase codes, while the op- prints 132 characters per line
acters are buffered and are local loop or the data-transmis- eration of the shift key on nu- on 12-inch-wide sprocket-feed
sent or received at the selected sion mode. In local loop opera- meric and punctuation charac- paper, but it may be set to print
rate. tion, the keystrokes are printed, ters is unchanged. The REPEAT lines of 72 or 80 characters. Ac-
At first, when I noticed the as they would be on a type- key is very useful, particularly cording to the manufacturer's
relatively slow rate of the car- writer, but data may be neither for such jobs as underscoring leaflet, the KSR-43 will handle
riage return, I assumed that it received nor transmitted over headings; if you wish to page form sets with up to two car-
would be necessary to provide the line. To communicate with up quickly on the KSR-43, just bons.
a software delay during print- your computer, the TERM press the LINE FEED and the The KSR-43 is not fitted with
outIn order to avoid printing READY switch must be pressed. REPEAT keys simultaneously. any forms-control mechanism,
characters while the carrlaqe During use, if you have a fault Operation of the keyboard which means that your soft-
return was taking place. (Ttliis condition that latches up the can best be described as posi- ware will have to keep count of
does happen with other Tele- KSR-43,the INTRPT or interrupt tive, but sensitive, and is very lines printed if you wish to use
type machines; the cure is to lamp will light and should be much like that of a golf ball it for a formatted job, such as
output four or five ASCII null reset by depressing the button. (Selectric) typewriter. If you are invoice printing, where you
characters after the carriage The remaining two key tops, a two-finger typist like me, you need to page up properly. Since
return.) labeled DATA and ALARM, are will need to develop a fair the line-teed mechanism
degree of accuracy or you will seems to be driven by a stepper
The KSR-43 does not require indicators only. In normal oper-
find a great many unwanted motor, my guess is that the
sucn a delay since any charac- ation, the DATA indicator will
characters in your work. Cer- Teletype design team will soon
ters received during the car- flicker on spacing pulses. The
97
the interface circuit are housed (Of course, any manufacturer
at the rear. who provides dual 115/230 V,
The unit we ordered has the 50160 Hz operation must surely
RS-232interface option, which I score on export markets. A sur-
prefer for microprocessor work. prising number of American
It comes equipped with a stan- microprocessor system design-
dard 25-pin miniature plug ers have realized this.)
(advertised by several suppliers In the limited amount of use
in Kilobaud) so that, in most which I have given the KSR-43I
cases, you will need to provide have only found two bad points.
an interconnecting cable with a First, the paper size is yet an-
25-pin socket at one end and a other special (12 inches wide,
25-pin plug at the other. Data with the same-specification
out from the KSR-43 is on pin 2, sprocket holes as the ASR-33
data in should go to pin 3 and stationery), so make sure that if
the signal ground is on pin 7. In you order a KSR-43 you include
order to satisfy the handshake an initial supply of paper on
and interlock requirements of your order.
the RS-232 interface, strap to- Second, the unit I have used
gether and connect pins 5, 6, 8 suffers from a minor variation
Internal view with keyboard hinged up, giving access to the main and 20 to a source of + 12 V dc. in the speed of traverse of the
logic control board. Switch on your computer, printhead ... normally not ob-
power up the terminal, depress jectionable unless the option to
introduce a simple, pulse- characters. - the TERM READY switch and print zero with a diagonal slash
counting forms controller. The keyboard generates even you should be ready to work at has been selected. I believe
As with any other dot-matrix parity under normal conditions, either 110 or 300 baud. that this fault is the result of
printer, the printhead of the but may be set so that the pari- Overseas users will be backlash between the print-
KSR-43 covers up the area be- ty bit is permanently logic level pleased to hear that the KSR-43 head and the lead screw which
ing typed ... a serious problem one. It is normal practice to is suitable for operation on drives it, and as such will be
in a terminal because it pre- reset the parity bit to the 0 state either a 50 Hz or 60 Hz supply at fixed by adjustment at the first
vents the operator from viewing within the microprocessor sys- a nominal 115 V. If you need to service call. If you do not select
the character just entered. tem, and this is generally done provide an external transformer the option to print the zero with
Teletype's method of overcom- in software as part of the con- to suit a different supply volt- a slash, then this fault will go
ing this difficulty is to move the sole input routine. Note, how- age, a rating of 100 Watts unnoticed.
printhead by one position to the ever, that some systems may should be sufficient as the My overall impression of the
right if no character has been rely upon the keyboard to zero specified fuse rating for the KSR-43 is that it is a most at-
printed within the last second, the parity bit and that the KSR-43 is 1 A. I suppose that tractive and serviceable ma-
thus allowing the operator to KSR-43 will not do this. one day more manufacturers chine, very competitive in the
read all the characters entered. Other DIP switch facilities will ensure that their equip- new-equipment market and
As soon as a new character is allow for optional carriage re- ment can operate on overseas ideal for those who need a no-
received, the printhead moves turnlline feed at the end of a electricity supplies and so fuss upper/lowercase printing
back to its correct position, and line and for auto-disconnect make life easier for export cus- terminal with legible print char-
prints. This movement of the from the line upon receipt of an tomers who are on 50 Hz mains. acters and moderate speed .•
head is a little unnerving if you EOT (end-of-transmission)
are a look-and-peck typist, but character. (This last facility is
you will soon get used to it. required for line communica-
tions but is not required for use
Internally Selectable Options as a microprocessor terminal.)
In addition to the control
features provided on the front General Arrangement
panel of the KSR-43, several op- and Connection
tions are user-selectable on an As the photographs show,
internal DIP switch. Access to the internal layout of the
the switch is gained by swing- KSR-43 Is extremely clean and
ing the unit top cover and the uncluttered. The printed-circuit
keyboard assenibly upward. keyboard encoder is mounted
Before the keyboard assembly underneath and forms part of
can be swung upward, it is nec- the keyboard assembly, which
essary to loosen a securing connects into the rest of the
screw at each side. machine with a flat cable and
Using the selectable options, plug. The printer control elec-
,it is possible to modify the tronics are contained on a
printed characters for the zero, small printed-circuit board that
the vertical arrow and the mounts in the base of the unit,
underscore. Line length is also underneath the keyboard as- Close-up of logic control board showing the internal DIP switch
sembly. The power supply and used for user-function selection.
selectable for 132, 72 or 80
98
SPINTERM"
MEANS QUALITY IN REVERSE
What does the future hold for your company? Throwaway your crystal ball and use this.
Stan Tishler tedious. of sales for 1978 in total and by figures are then multiplied by
14 Brenda Lane The company has an in-house month. the total year estimate to arrive
Bardonia NY 10954 DEC PDP 8 that was dedicated The program will first divide at monthly totals. The estimates
to order processing and receiv- each of the 1977 sales figures shown in the example are
ables. (It also uses Dibol, a DEC by the total for the year and rounded. When you run the pro-
proprietary language with which store these computations in A gram they will not be rounded,
I am not familiar.) It was obvi- (61-72).It will then total the 1978 since a rounding routine andlor
very company, large or
E small, has some kind of
forecasting needs; whether they
ous that our computer would
not be any help.
sales (in this case January and
February) and divide this total
print formatting takes up too
much memory.
At this time I finally got my by the cumulative history com- The program allows for three
be for overall sales, estimates
Radio Shack 4K, Levell TRS-80. puted figures for the same peri- history years to smooth out any
by sales territory or item-by-item
I decided to write a forecasting od of the history year (January aberrations that may exist in a
estimates, this program will fill
program to solve the company's and February 1977): given year, but if data is not
those needs, although on a very
problem and also to become fa- available for the first two years,
basic level. Jan 1977 10/160 = .0625
miliar with TRS-80 BASIC. I Feb 1977 12/160 = .0750 you can skip over them. As
The program was the result
wrote the program in Level I TOTAL .1375 stated above, you must have at
of a specific problem that arose
and then converted it to Level II. Jan & Feb 1978 Sales = 25. least 12 months of history data
in my company. Our busy sea-
As written, it should be com- 25/.1375=181.8, to use this method.
son was coming up, and, with a which is the estimate for the year of 1978.
patible with almost all BASICs; Whatever method is used in
product line in excess of 200
it is easily converted to Level I. The stored 1977 percentage forecasting, intelligent input
items, I needed to get estimates
of what I could expect to sell
during this time of the year. The The Program
Month 1977 Sales 1978 Sales 1978 Projection'
need was especially great for To use this forecasting meth-
JAN 10 11 1st 2 months 25.
the 50 or so items that required od, you need a minimum of 13 FEB 12 14
parts with a four-to-six-week months of data-12 months of MAR 14 15.9
delivery time. history and at least one month APR 8 9.1
In the past, someone had vi- of the new period. Bear in mind MAY 16 18.2
sually scanned the month-by- that the more months of data JUN 7 8.0
month sales of previous years you have for the new period, the JUL 9 10.2
and made item-by-item esti- more reliable the forecast will AUG 12 13.6
mates. The results were fairly be. SEP 14 15.9
OCT 20 22.7
accurate, but the job was time- The best way to describe the
NOV 27 30.7
consuming and could only be concept of the "1 Percent Meth-
DEC 11 12.5
done by one or two people with od" is to consider the example
Total 160 25 181.8
the experience and "feel" for in Table 1. In this example we
•For presentation, these figures are rounded.
the numbers. It was also a job show 14 months of data-the
They are not rounded by the program due to memory limitation.
that needed constant, monthly full year of 1977and two months
updating, which became very of 1978. We want the estimate Table 1.
II 100
from the user as well as the you use for the forecast, the As I stated earlier, this pro- TRS-80 are used: (1) CLS clears
mathematical computations are more reliable it becomes. Up- gram was converted from Level the screen; (2) • in an IF state-
needed. If Easter was in March dating can be very tedious if I to Levell!. Radio Shack Levell ment is the same as "and"; (3)
in 1977 and in April in 1978, you you only have one cassette re- permits only one array, A(N), + is the same as "or"; (4) check
must adjust your estimates to corder ... you will constantly and this was followed through your input from tape and output
take this into account ... prob- be replacing tapes going from in the finished program. Four to tape.
ably in every business, but input to output. conventions unique to the To use this program for Level
most certainly in any business If you have the capacity for
that relates to retailing. You two recorders there is no prob-
must also consider if a specific lem. If not, you can build a very
1. DH1A(84)
item was promoted during ape· simple DPDT switch box to con- 2 DEFINTI
3 CLS:PRINT"' 1% FORECASTING PROGRAM":PRINT:PRINT
riod. You know your own busl- trol the remotes of the two re- 5 PRItH"ENTER SALES BY MONTH FOR THE YEARS OF 1975,1976,1977.
ness and forecasting needs, so corders and hook one recorder 6 PRINT"' IF THERE ARE NO SALES FOR 1975 OR 1976 ENTER A NEGATIVE"
7 PRINT"NUMBER TO GO TO 1977. YOU NEED AT LEAST ONE 'HISTORY'"
apply your knowledge to the es· to play and one to record, both S PRINT"YEAR FOR THIS FORECASTING 'lETHQ[> TO WORK. OF COURSE,"
9 PRItH"YOU ALSO NEED CURRENT YEAR DATA(1978). " : PRINT: PRItH
timates derived from the pro- controlled by the remote switch. 12 INPUT" ITEM 'iUMBER "; R
13 L=@:M=0:N=0:P=0:T=0:U=0:Q=0:W=0
gram. Attach the plug normally going 15 FORI=1T084: A<I )=0: NEXTI
17 PRINT"IF NO ENTRY FOR 1975 ENTER A NEGATIVE '~UMBER
Data entry is screen prompt- to the "earphone" input to the 20 FORI=1T012
30 G05U85000
ed and relatively easy, but same input on the one set up 3:5 PRINT"1975 ";
beware of entry errors. There is for Play and attach the plug 4€1 INPUTA(I) ./
42 IFA(I)(0THH~A(I)=0:GOT065
no entry correction routine in normally going to the AUX ln- 50 L=L+A(I)
613 t~EXTI
order to keep the program with· put to the one set up for Record. 65 F'RItH"IF NO ENTRY FOR 1976 ENTER NEGATIVE Nur'18ER
713 FORI=13:T024
in the capabilities of 4K ma- The only thing you have to re- 75 G05UB5000
77 PRWT"1976 ";
chines. For the same reason, member is to switch from Re- 80 mpUTA<I)
have to rewrite these lines to are handled as they are to mini- 375
3:77
PRINT"~10NTH",
PF'INT"1.ST. ";
"ESTIt1ATE"
5;" ~lmHHS", P
conform to your BASIC. mize these problems. A For- 3813 FORI=(S+1>T012
190 GOSU86000
Program 2 is used for up- Next loop would look more effi· 412113 PRINTA(l+72)
4113 HEXn
dating the data file if you plan cient, but it would use about 43£1 PRINT:PF~INT"TOTAL",~J:V=0
44£1 INPUT"TO SA'.•.•
E DATA ENTER ~1~ "; II
to add new data each month. ten times as much tape and 4513 IFV()l THEN12
460 PRIIH"PUT CASSETTE ON RECORD "
The more current period data take at least ten times longer. 47(1 INPUT"HIT EtHER TO SAVE DATA ";Ai
4813 PRINTtt-i, R, 5, Po'A(61), A(62), A(63) .•R(64)
490 PRItH#-i, A(65), ft(66), A(67), A(68), A(69), A(713)
see PRIUTIt-i, A(71), A(72)
510 PRINT"DONE" :FORI=lT0500:NEXTI :CLS:GOT012
A (1·12) 1975 Data (history) 4990 END
A (13-24) 1976 Data (history) 501313 IF( 1=1)+{ 1=13)+( 1=25)+( 1=37HHENF'RINT"JAHUAF~""
51301 IF( 1=2)+( 1=14)+( 1=26)+( I=3:8)THENPRINT"FEBRURR','
A (25·36) 1977 Data (history) 513132 IF( 1=3)+( 1=15)+( 1=27)+( 1=39)lHENPRINT"11RRCH
50133 IF( 1=4)+( 1=16)+( 1=28)+( I=40)lHENPRHIT"RF'RIL
A (37-48) 1978 Data (current period) 51304 IF( 1=5)+( 1=17)+( 1=29)+( 1=41)THENF'RItH"I'lA'-r'
A (49-60) Monthly totals for the history years 5~3e5 IF( 1=6)+( 1=18)+( 1=313)+( 1=42HHENPRIt-IT"JUNE
5131216 IF(.I=7)+( 1=19)+( 1=31)+( 1=43)THEr~PRINT"JUL'r'
A (61-72) Monthly percentages for the history years 5(1137 IF( 1=:::)+( 1=2(3)+( 1=12)+( 1=44>THENPRINT"RUGUST
513138 IF( 1=9)+( 1=21)+( 1=33)+( I=45)THENPRINT"5EF'TE~lBER
(A (49-60)/0) 51309 IF( 1=113)+( 1=22)+( 1=34)+( I=46)THENPRINT"OCTOBER
A (73·84) Monthly estimates for 1978 :,0113 IF( 1=11)+( 1=23)+( 1=35)+( I=47)THENPRItH"NOVEME:ER
51311 IF( 1=12)+( 1=24)+( 1=36)+( 1=4SHHENF'PItH"DECEMBER
L Cumulative 1975 total 513213 RETURN
613013 IFI=l THENPF~INT" JRNUAR','" 1
M Cumulative 1976 total 613131 IFI=2THEr~PRINT"FEBRUAR'-r''',
N Cumulative 1977 total 61382 IF I =:nHENPRINT "MRRCH",
60e3 IFI=4THENPRINT"APRIL",
P Cumulative 1978 total 6004 I F I =5THENPR I NT" ~lAY" ,
101 ijj
APPLElitiERS:
You chose the best.
10 CLS: PRINT"
15 DIMA(84)
20
30
PROGRAt12 UPDATE OF 1% FILES.
• User-defined characters with our 350' PRINT**-i, 8(65),8(66),8(67), A(68), A(69), A(70)
:~60 PRun#-i, A(71), f1(72)
Character Edit Cassette 37(1 CLS: PRltH"DONE" : FOR8=! T05e0: NEXTS: CLS: GOI05e
]:30 END
• Enhanced editing capabilities for 5000 IFI=38THENPRINT"FEBRUAR'T' ";
5001 I F I =39THENPRI NT"t1ARCH
program and data modification 5002 I F I =40THENPR 1NT" APR I L
5003 IFI=41 THENPRItH"t1A'y'
And, it works with your existing ~,004 IFI=42THENPRlrn"JUNE
APPLE programs-Integer BASIC 51305 IFI=43THENPRItn"JUL'r'
5006 IFJ=44THENPRINT"AUGU5T
and Applesoft. 5007 IFI=45THENPRINT"SEPTH1BER ";
50138 I F I =46THENPR I NT" OCTOBER
5(109 I F I =4 7THENPR I NT" NOII"E~lBER
501(1 I F I =48THENPR I t-H "DECEt1BER
51320 RETURN
6000 I F I =2THENPR I NT II FEBRUARY II>
6001 IF 1=3THENPR I ur "t'lARCH" >
60132 IFI=4THENPRINT"APRIL">
6003 IF 1=5THENPR I NT "1'111'1''',
6004 IFI=6THENPRINT"JUNE",
6005 IFI=7THENPRltHI'JUL'r''',
60136 IFI=8THENPRItH"AUGU5T",
6007 IFl=9THENPRIt-H"SEPTE~18ER">
6(u)8 IF I=l(1THENPRINT"OCTOBEF~")
6(1)9 I F I =11 THENPR I NT "NO',lEr'lBER")
• The Character Edit • Since you can now 6010 I F I =12THEfIPF:I NT" DECENBER",
6132(1 RETURN
program defines each build characters, you
new character in a can also create new Program 2.
magnified format with character sets-
a few easy key strokes. foreign alphabets,
music, games, whatever.
The Superchip plugs into your APPLE with I, full use must be made of all saved so that at the beginning
no modification.
----------_
ORDER NOW
....•..
SUPERCHIP
_---- $99.95
abbreviations for the program
to fit in 4K. You may also have
of each year you must enter the
history data again. The fix for
to abbreviate the months to this can become complicated,
Character
Please send me! Edit Cassette $19.95 three letters, depending upon since the monthly data must be
how efficiently you utilize the saved for the history years as
Shipping Charge (each) $.75 abbreviations. Also eliminate well as each month entered for
lines 1 and 2 (DIM and DEFINT the forecast year. The only real
I attach check or money order for $ _
statements) and redo the solution is a floppy, but that is
Or, charge my: 0 VISA 0 Master Charge
PRINT # and INPUT # state- next year's project.
BankCardNo. _
ments. The 1 percent forecasting
Expi ration Date _
The program can be updated procedure is certainly not the
Name _
annually by changing the years most sophisticated method of
Address _ in lines 35, 77, 120 and 160. If forecasting. Large companies
City State Zi p _ you use a fiscal period, rear- have entire departments de-
Signature _ range the months in lines 5000 voted to sales projections and
to 5011 and lines 6000 to 6011. forecasting, using many kinds
Telephone orders accepted with charge card:
Make the changes in both pro- of economic data and rnathe-
••••
E32 214-358-1307
grams. matical methods. Used judicio
Due to the 4K self-imposed ously and with a full awareness
limitation and the slowness of of its limitations, this method
the TRS·80data storage, the ac- can be very effective as a guide
tual input data for the individu- and tool in your short-ranee
al months for each year are not forecasting needs.•
the number of available vari- will print a continuous list on 40 HEM *** NORTH STAR BASIC. wRITTEN BY ROBERT C.A. GOFF *****
50 REM *** CONCEPT FROM "ADVANCED BASIC·, BY J.S. COAN, *******
able names has increased and 8Yz·inch paper, either roll or 60 REM *** ~fAYDEN BOOK COMPANY, ROCHEl.t.EPARK ~ NEW ~JERSEY ****
presents the opposite prob- fan-fold, If you prefer to 70
80 F~EM
HEM *** 1976 ***********************************************
90 DIM A$(26),B$(10)
lem - you can lose track of print the entire list in three 100 A$="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPORSTUVWXYZ"
110 B$="0123456789"
them while writing a lengthy pages of full 128-column 120 PRINT.l,"PROG~AM DATE PfWGF~AMMER
"
130 PRINT:tl,
program. The problem can, of width paper (as shown in the 140 FOR X=i TO 26
course, be easily solved by program run), then the fol- 150 PRINTll,A$(X,X),·
160 FOR Y=l TO 10
simply writing, on a scrap of lowing changes are necessary: 170 PRINT*1,A$(X,X)+B$(Y7Y),·
180 NEXT Y
paper, the variable names that Delete lines 240, 270, 280, 190 PRINTtl,\PRINTtl,
200 NEXT X
have al ready been used; but it 290,360,390,400,410;and 210 PI:n;NTll, \F'fnNT=l=l,
220 FOR X=l 1"0 26
is the rare computer hobbyist add or modify the lines in 230 PRINTtl, AS (X, X)' • (
240 Z=O\REM Z=LINE LENGTH COUNTER
who practices such discipline. Example 1. 250 FOR Y=l TO 10
260 PRINTtl~A$(X,X)+B$(Y,Y),·(
A practical remedy is In North Star BASIC, 270 Z~~Z+l
presented by J. S. Coan in his PRINT#1, and L1NE#1, ap- 280 IF Z<>5 THEN 300
290 PRINTll,\PRIN'ftl,\PRINTel,·
boo k "Advanced Basic: ply to PRINT and LINE 300 NEXT Y
310 PRINT:J:l ~\Pf.:INT:J:l,
Applications and Problems," length on the #1 serial I/O 320 NEXT X
330 PRINTtl,\PRINTtl,
published by Hayden Book port used for the printing 340 FOR X~l TO 26
3:50 PfnNTll, (i!~': X, X), "$. (
Company, 1976 (see Appen- device. 360 Z~O
dix D: "A Programmer's Although such a Iist of 370 FOR Y-1 TO 10
380 PRINT:t!,A$(X,X)+B$(Y,Y),"$(
Aid"). Coan's short program variable names is not worth 390 2-2+1
400 IF Z<:>5 THEN 420
generates a Iist of all possible the effort for small programs, 410 PRIN'ftl,\PRINTll,\PRINTfl,'
420 NEXT Y
numeric variables, and a few you will find that it helps to 430 PRINTtl,\PRINT11,
of the possible string and 440 NEXT X
prevent multiple use of the 450 END
array variable names. same name in large programs.
Using his concept, I have Give it a try; it's not very Program A.
put together a short program sophisticated, but it works. -
104
PROGF,AM DATE F'fWGHAMMEr~
C CO Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 eb C7 CO C'l
E EO E1 E2 E3 E4 [5 [6 [7 Ell E9
•
•
•
Y YO Yl Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9
Z ZO Zl Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9
Il( ) llO( ) [<l( ) B2( ) £<3( E<4( ) B::'j( ) B6( ) B7( r:~l< ) 119(
C( ) CO( ) Cl( ) C2( ) C3( ) C4( ) C5( ) Cb( C7( ) CD( ) C9(
•
•
y(
· ) YO( ) Y1 ( ) Y2( ) Y3( ) Y4( Y5( ) Y6( ) Y7( ) Y8( ) Y(I (
7.( ) ZO( ) Zl( ) Z2( ) Z:3( ) Z4( ) Z5( ) Z6( ) Z7( ) :n~( ) 2'1 (
A$( ) AO$( ) AU( ) A2$( ) A3$( ) A4$( ) A5~1>( ) A6$( ) 1\7$( ) AB'H A9~~(
!l$( ) [<0$( ) flU ( ) B2$( ) Kl$( ) EI4<H ) B~3$( ) B.1Jt.( ) B7$( ) BIH( ) B9~~(
C$( ) CO$( ) C1$( ) C2$( ) C:H( ) C4f.( ) C5$( C6'~( ) C71.( ) [IN( ) e(l'$ (
[$( ) [0$( ) [1$( ) E2$( ) E3$( ) [4$( ) E5$( Et.'J;( ) [7'.( ) EO$( ) E9'H
•
•
•
H( ) YO$( ) Y:1.
$( ) Y2~~( ) Y:1$( ) Y4$( y~';'r.( ) Y6$( ) .\ YD$( Y?!~(
Yi"(
Z$( ) ZO$( ) Zl$( ) Z2$( ) Z3$( ) Z4$( ) Z5$( ) Z6$( ) Z'/$ ( ) Z8$( ) Z9$(
Program run.
M9900 CPU-16 BIT MINI for the S-IOO BUS with PASCAL
The M9900 CPU brings the most powerful single-
chip processor available today-the TI TMS9900-
to the S-100 bus and supports it with powerful
software. Included ,with the CPU board are Disc
Operating System, BASIC, Assembler, Linking
Loader, Text Editor, and Interactive Debug. The
powerful Pascalcompiler is only $150 more.
Command the Starship Enter- Would you like to be able to In'Car Race you and a friend can You can bowl strikes and pick up In Tangle. you must maneuver
prise and fight Kltngon battle graph the sales of your firm ... or have fun racing your cars on a spares with the Bowling Program your line across the screen and
cruisers, Romulan warships, and a particular product? This program choice of two race tracks with your on the TRS-SO.Your computer will cause your opponent or the PETto
Orian Destroyers. The Trek X Pro- will do this automatically, and save TRS-SO. In Rat Trap you must trap give you a visual display of the pins crash its line into an obstacle.
gram has a full graphics display of the data for later use or modifica- the rat in the grid using your two and keep score as weJl. $7.95. Supertrap is an even more ad-
enemy ships. moons, planets. suns, tion. It will also calculate and cars, Aim your gun and shoot down Order No. 003'3R. vanced version of Tangle, where
starbases. and has the added graph the average sales for a year the plane in the Antiaircraft game. you have the option of using
feature of allowing you to add period, month by month ... and $7.95. Order No. OOIIR. changing backgrounds and ob-
sound to your Pet. $7.95. Order calculate and graph the increase or stacles to play the game. $ 7 .95.
No.0032P. decrease in sales. This program Order No. 0029P.
alone is worth the price of the en-
PLUSMANY~
t~e package.$19.95. Order No.
OOI6R.
Beginner's
011
II II Dow
I II!l~.~on
ve Exploring
(.0. Person•.1
Y.acht ~~~sammon
~~I!!-.!"tr"tlon J~n..es Weight Control
~?~Iorhythms
II ,
,
,
'Imp·for TRS-80"
Golf/Crossout AIr tllght SImulation Basic Lunar Lander/
Play golf with your TRS·BO. You Turn your TRS-SO into an IntermedIate Lunar Lander
have a choice of seven clubs to airplane. Take off and land. do Your automatic landing system
play the game on 18 different aerobatic maneuvers. and fly a has malfunctioned and you must
-Instant Micro Programs holes. Crossout is the peg puzzle course against any map you make a manual landing. The retro-
Level Ion one side-Level lion the other
game. Remove all the pegs but choose. The program includes full rockets must be carefully con-
leave one in the center hole. instruments and flight controls. trolled or they'll name the new
Space Trek II Electronics I $7.95. Order No. 0009~. 17.95. Order No. 0017R. • crater after you. $ 7.95. Order No.
As commander of (he Starship With this group of five programs OOOIR.
Enterprise, you must defend the you can design coils for radio cir-
galaxy against Kftngon warshtps. cuits, calculate the component
BusIness Package I Cave ExplorIng/Yacht
Use your arsenal of phasors and values for tuned circuits. design You can keep the books of a Concentration
photon torpedoes while moving in preamplifiers usinS the LM-3BI IC, small business on your TRS-80. Three games for the TRS-SO.Cave Exploring is a game of trial,
the quadrant under impulse /?ower and design timer circuits, either You:1I be able to run off a list of error, and exploration. Yacht is a two-player game based on the
or jumping from quadrant to monostable or astable. using the your assets, run a trial balance and dice game of Yahtzee. Concentration is a computer version of the
quadrant with your warp engines. 555 IC timer. $7.95. Order No. get a profit and loss statement television game. $7.95 Order No. 00 lOR.
$ 7.95. Order No. 0002R. OOOBR. when you want, with only a level I.
41< computer. $29.95. Order No.
0013R.
operator.
Ham Package I
This group of eight programs will
be of frequent help to any techni-
cian, experimenter,
Included
for Ohm's Law calculations,
or
are programs
ham
fre-
BegInner's Backgammon!
You'll
Keno -
never lack for a backgam-
mon opponent again. This program
is ~esigned for the new player, but
the computer's steady play will
Compete
011Tycoon
with a friend
honor of being the wealthiest
coon in the oil industry. You can ex-
for the
ty-
'Impfor APPLE
Golf
quenc.y vs. reactance. series challenge an ~xpert. Keno is a plore and drill for oil, invest in
The Golf program as played on the Apple has some pretty tricky
resistances. parall~1 resistances, popular Las Vegas gambling game research and development. and
suffer from spills and wellhead fairways lined with trees, sand tra~s, and water hazards. You have
series capacitances. parallel where you can win big. $7.95.
blowouts. $ 7.95. Order No. 0023R. your choice of nine clubs to get your ball into the cup. But
capacitances. dipole antenna Order No. 0004R.
design, and yagi antenna design. remember, the computer may give your bail an occasional slice.
$7.95. Order No. 0007R. just to keep things interesting. $7.95. Order No. OOIBA.
RELEASES FOR
Demo I is perfect for those rimes Sharpen your sku! at checkers. In Destroy All Subs, you must Battle sea or mountain demons If you're a do -lt-yoursetf builder
when you want a few short pro- The PET will oppose you on the track and hunt down three subma- as you travel around the kingdom with only one house or a contrac-
grams to show your friends what board. keep score, signal when you rines. Evaluate sonar reports and of Norsax, in your quest to gain the tor with an entire subdivision, you
your TRS-SO can do. Programs in- can jump. and time the moves with fire your depth charges to get a treasure and become a /<night. need the Status of Homes ~rogram
cluded are Computer Composer. an on screen clock. The Baccarat kill. But watch out! Don't damage You're surrounded by homicidal to help you keep track of all the ex-
Baseball, Horse Race. ESP, Hi- program gives you the choice of your ship by hitting a mine or being robots, in Robot Chase, while penses involved in the building of
Lo/Tie-Tac-Toe, Petals Around the two styles of play. It wnrdear the torpedoed, or you're sunk. Get all trapped In an electrified prison. To houses. The. Automobile Expense
Rose, and Slot Machine. $7.95. cards and keep track of your bank- three subs and you can expect a save yourself, you must lure the Program will let you keep track of
Order No. 0020R. roll. $7.95. Order No. 0022P. hero's welcome. robots onto the walls of your just how much it costs you to run
$7.95 Order No. 0021 R. prison. $7.95. Order No. 0003R. your car or truck. $7.95. Order No.
001 ZR.
. IN STOCK!
JRE .
.;,
.
_ Space III
• Trek II II lJaslcand
Intermediate
. Lunar Lander
_Air
•
flight
~).!!'~Iatlon
•
Electronics I
1r::7;:::::r.~::::_._
bet. You'll learn which bets give Dyn"mllllon Enterprises, fl. Utuderdale
NORTH CAROLINA WASHINGTON D.C.
caloric Intake to reach or maintain tnterstete Mktg. &. Importing Co .. FI. Lauderdale Computer C"blevislon
your weight goal. Chart your own you the best odds. It's so realistic. Byte Shop of R"lelgh. R,,'elgh
INDIANA Oble Computers. Inc .. Ch"pel HIli WEST VIRGINIA
bIorhythms or anyone elses. it's like playing under actual house
Home Computer Center (Digital O"tll Systems).
OHIO The Computer Corner. roc., Morg"nlown
It's over-the extended section of Kilobaud Klassroom dealing with input-output, that is.
The next time around, we're going to take a look at some processor requirements.
Peter A. Stark processor must do is to find out hardware had to be added. Spe- details, thereIs an excellent de-
PO Box 209 where that interrupt came from. cifically, Motorola's MC6828 scription in a series of books
Mt. Kisco NY 10549 We mentioned that the ISS Priority Interrupt Controller called An Introduction to Micro-
could do that by checking the (PIC)was designed just for that. processors by Adam Osborne.
or the past several ses- various device READY lines, Now we see how some other Either volume II, "Some Real
F sions, we've been looking
at the various kinds of inputl
but that a faster way was to
have several ISS programs-
processors tackle the same
problem. But the purpose of
Products," of the 1977 edition
or volumes II and III of the 1978
output (I/O) methods used by one for each different kind of in- Kilobaud Klassroom isn't to edition have the full story in a
computers. We finally got to in- terrupt. We would then provide make you a high-class hard- nice format.
terrupts and looked at the sim- a hardware circuit that would ware designer. So I won't go
ple interrupt system used by determine the cause and force into as much detail on the 8080 Interrupts in the 8080
the 6800 processor. the processor to go to the right Unlike the 6800, the 8080 is
We are now ready to finish ISS routine. This is called hard- designed for many different in:
the topic (I promise!) by seeing ware vectoring. terrupt levels but requires some
how the 8080 and Z-80 proces- If this is done right, it also '6_BIT
ADDRESS
external circuitry to operate. In
BUS
sors do it and then taking a solves a second problem-han- ] fact, even if you use only one
brief look at the direct memory dling important interrupts first, level, you will still need some
access (DMA) technique. So and even letting important in- extemal-clrcu its.
here goes. terrupts(higher-Ievel ones) in- Fig_ 1 shows the three inter-
terrupt less important (lower- rupt control signals used with
Introduction level) ones. This is called a pri- an 8080. Let's look at them one
Last time I described what in- ority interrupt system. by one.
terrupts do and how. We found We then found that the 6800 As with any computer, there
out that an interrupt system had two types of interrupts (IRQ ~I
CLOCK
must be a way for a program to
simply provides a way for I/O and NMI), but that the IRQ was I------INT
turn the whole interrupt system
equipment to temporarily side- the only one used for run-of-the- 01'1 or off; the 8080 does this
track the processor from its mill interrupts. Thus there was with a pair of lnstructlons called
usual program to a different only one ISS, whose address Fig. 1. Interrupt control lines in EI (Enable Interrupts) and 01
program called an interrupt ser- was pulled by the processor out an 8080 system. (Disable interrupts). The INTE
vice subroutine, or ISS. The ISS of a ROM memory transfer vec- (INTerrupt Enabled) output from
takes care of whatever the I/O tor. This made the entire job the 8080 tells external devices
device needs and then returns simple, if just one interrupt rou- and Z-80 processors as I did whether the interrupt system is
to the main program. tine was to be used. But if we with the 6800. I'll just describe on or off at any particular time.
Since an interrupt can be needed several routines with the general approach that Intel In most computers this signal
caused by many different de- hardware vectoring and some and Zilog took with them; if you is not used, since usually an I/O
vices, one of the first things the kind of priority system, external want to read up on the specific device will request an interrupt
108
when it needs it, regardless of an 1/0 device in response to the system, since it was originally where in the memory of the sys-
whether the processor is ready INT A signal. The heart of the designed for multiple level in- tem, you place a transfer vector
to accept it at that particular in- circuit is a set of eight three- terrupts, is somehow better having up to 128 addresses.
stant or not. Most 1/0 devices state buffers. The restart in- than the 6800's system. But Then, when an interrupt occurs,
couldn't care less whether the struction bits are simply wired this isn't really true-like the the Z-80 sends out the INTA sig-
system is enabled or not. to the inputs of the buffers, 6800, the 8080 needs a lot of ex- nal, and external hardware has
109
memory for less than just one go through, such as counting
110 device. It may be better and the bytes, checking for the
easier to get several proces- maximum count, getting the
sors than to try to use just one byte out of memory, increment-
for several jobs at the same ing the pointer so each byte will
time. come out of the next memory
Also, today's microcomput- location and so on, this is an
ers are not as fast as some of acceptable speed, and most
the big CPUs of yesterday, and processors would have no
when they are connected to a trouble keeping up. But the only
complex interrupt system with way that the microprocessor
many levels of interrupt, they can handle this speed is to first
may simply be outclassed. organize the data into a neat
They may spend too much time table in memory, with all of the
housekeeping and not enough bytes to be sent stored in con-
time doing useful work. It may secutive memory locations so
be more efficient to break the that a minimum amount of work
system up into several smaller is necessary once the data
ones-each having its own starts to move.
processor. Let's say, however, we want
So we tind that an interrupt to use one of the newer, so-
system is useful; in fact, in called double-density drives.
some cases (such as a power- The disk still turns at the same
fail interrupt in some systems) speed, but there are twice as
it is essential. In most cases, many bits on a track. Now the
however, a simple interrupt sys- bits come 4 usec apart, and a
tem will do the job. Being able whole byte takes 32 usec, in-
to handle 128 levels of interrupt stead of 64. At this point we
may be just a little too much. find that the typical micropro-
cessor has a hard time keeping
Direct Memory Access up, and some can't do it at all.
Although an interrupt system Most microprocessors are
may speed up a processor's re- used with memories that can
sponse to an 110 device's need, read out a byte in one usec or
once the interrupt occurs the less, so the memory isn't the
actual transfer of data is still bottleneck. The problem is that
.
r77 Henderson
.
. In Washington, DC area:
Boulevard, Folcroft, PA 19032
(!H5) 583-5101
•
(703) 938-1099,
vV19
.
' must send out a complete byte
every 64 usec. Considering the
overhead the processor has to
mode, the processor is also
stopped, and one byte is trans-
ferred by the DMA controller
Fig. 4 is drawn with the 8080 nal and can be addressed by • ALL ITEMS COMPLETE AND FACTORY-FRESH WITH FULL
on the left end of the address the processor like any other 110 MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY.
and data buses and the DMA device.) To do this, the proces-
TERMS:
. controller on the right end. I sor sends to the controller three Shipping Charges: $12 for Mainframes. Floppy systems, or large units;
$1.75 per board.
configured it this way purpose- pieces of information: the ad- $2.25 minimum per order.
ly to show that they share the dress in memory where the Delivery is stock to 30 days on most items. Shipment is immediate for payment
control over them almost equal- data to be sent out to the disk is by cashiers check, money order or charge card. Allow 3 weeks for personal
checks to clear.
ly. Most of the time the DMA stored, the number of bytes to N.Y. state rssicents add appropriate sales tax.
controller is completely discon- be sent and the type of transfer Availability. prices and specs may change without notice.
nected from the buses, and the required (read or write.) This in-
8080 processor is running the formation is stored in the con-
show; but during DMA opera- troller's internal registers. HOURS:
tions the 8080 disconnects it- 4. When the disk's readlwrite Monday-Friday 10-5
Eastern Time
self, and the DMA takes over head is properly positioned, the Closed Sat. and Sun.
everything. (Although the 8257 processor tells it to go ahead
DMA Controller is shown with and request a DMA transfer as
only one 110 device, it can ac- soon as it is ready. The proces-
P.O. Box 71 • Fayetteville, New York 13066 (315) 637-6208
tually control up to four. That sor now goes on to do some-
would just complicate an al- thing else while the 110 is being
cs
be transferred per second. But though it's theoretically possi-
(SELECT)
if data is transferred in a burst ble to do two sets of DMA trans-
HRQ (HOLO REQUESTI
mode, then the rate of data fers at the same time (by either
transfer will be limited only by interleaving the individual
how fast the memory and 1/0 bytes between each other or by
Fig. 4. Simplified diagram of an 8257 DMA Controller connection
device can handle it. This splitting the memory into two
to an 8080 processor. (Note: • means three-state buffer.)
means that. the burst mode of parts so two memory reads or
DMA access is the fastest pos- writes can be performed at the
(HoLD Acknowledge) signal reads the first byte out of the sible 1/0 method there is. same time), this really compli-
back to the DMA controller. memory location whose ad- In general, DMA will be used cates things and so is never
8. Next, the controller sends dress is on the address bus. only when the 1/0 speed de- done in small systems. A svs-
out the AEN signal to the three- 12. Right after that, the DMA mands it. You will seldom see it tem with two disks wouldn't op-
state buffers that normally feed controller turns on the IIOW sig- used with mini-floppy disk in- erate both at the same time.
the MEMR (MEMory Read), nal, which sends that byte to terfaces, since there is usually
MEMW (MEMory Write), IIOR the disk. (Since this is an output enough time to transfer data Conclusion
(1/0 Read) and IIOW (1/0 Write) transfer, MEMR and IIOW are between the disk controller and Any discussion of DMA be-
lines from the processor. This used; if this was an input, the the processor under program . comes boring after a while,
turns off these buffers and al- controller would pulse the IIOR control. But you will often see it since it's a fairly complicated
lows these control lines to float. and MEMW signals.) This com- with full-size floppy disks or subject with many possible pit-
9. The next step is to turn on bination actually transfers one hard disks, which operate at a falls. Few, if any, small manu-
all the three-state buffers that byte straight out of memory to faster speed. (There is actually facturers use DMA, since it is
connect the data bus, address the 1/0 device, completely by- another trick that some manu- so hard to use it rig ht.
bus and control lines to the passing the processor itself. facturers use to achieve the Rather than go into it too
DMA controller. Now the con- 13. When the data transfer is higher speed without DMA: deeply here, let's quit for this
troller has full control of the en- finished, the DMA controller place a small amount of RAM time around. The next Kilobaud
tire system, since the proces- turns off the MEMR and IIOW directly on the disk controller Klassroom will deal with some
sor has been forced off all the signals. board. The processor can com- of the processor requirements,
buses. 14. What happens next de- municate with this RAM at its such as clock control signals.
10. Recall that at the begin- pends on how many bytes are own rate, but the controller has Cheer up-we're very close to
ning of this DMA sequence, the being transferred at a time. As- immediate access to it at high the end .•
112
KIM-l. EXPANSION
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8K Static RAM $195.00
8K PROM Board $195.00
64 Character/line Video $149.00
o KIMSI S-100 Motherboard $165.00
8K Static RAM $197.00
32K Static RAM $599.00
64 Character/line Video $149.00
o KEMS-100Motherboard $155.00
includes sockets for 4K 2708 on board
64 Character/line Video Module $255.00
8K Static RAM $197.50
32K Static RAM $599.00
o HDE Floppy Disk
o PROM Programmers
Rod Hallen or use the return key. The Elec- STRING SEARCH is a flexi- TAPE READER and TAPE
Road Runher Ranch tric Pencil will take care of that ble editing tool. After typing the WRITER allow you to save let-
PO Box 73 automatically. If you reach the STRING SEARCH command, ters, manuscripts, etc., on tape
Tombstone AZ 85638 end of the screen line in the you enter the string you want to for future use. The SOL version
middle of a word, a CR-LF is find, and when it is found, that of the Electric Pencil allows
performed, and the broken word portion of the text will be you to name files dumped to
L'
is moved to the beginning of brought to the screen. CONTIN-' tape. They can then be retrieved
ike a great many computer the next line and put back to- UE SEARCH will cause the next by name like any other SOL
hobbyists, I am always gether. A line feed is entered occurrence of that string to ap- taped program.
looking for new tasks for my when you want to indicate the pear. This can go on as many WORD NUMBER will be es-
machine to do. My recent pur- end of a paragraph. times as necessary. pecially useful to authors who
chase of a Teletype Model 43 Characters, words, sentences This makes name and ad- get paid by the word. It will
KSR at last gave me hard-copy and even paragraphs may be in- dress lists feasible. The list can count and display the total num-
capability, which is great for serted or deleted at any time be coded, and certain codes ber of words contained in the
memory dumps and BASIC pro- and at any location, and the called out and printed. Another text. RECORD NUMBER will do
gram listings. However, format- text will open up or close up as feature of STRING SEARCH is the same for paragraphs.
ting letters and manuscripts required. Since all of this takes search and replace. If an old CLER AA CUR, CLER AB CUR
was difficult since my new place on the video screen, you and a new string are specified, and CLER SYSTEM are used to
printer did not exceed the 64- always see the result of any the old will be replaced by the clear all or part of a text file.
character-per-line limit of my changes. new each time that it is found. The rest of the sub-system
video terminal. Every time that Although I will spell out the The REPEAT command has commands do the actual print
the video returned to a new line, commands in this article, sin- manyuses.ltcanbeusedtor~ formatting. You determine how
the KSR did also. gle-letter control characters are peat characters or lines, but I you want the finished copy to
, I needed a text editor, and I actually used to enter system have found it most useful when look and use these commands
found a good one. The Electric commands. See Table 1 for a I want multiple copies. "RE- accordingly. PAGE LENGTH
Pencil by Michael Shrayer is a list of functions available. Most PEAT" 3 "PRINT" will print sets the number of lines printed
character-oriented word-proces- are self-explanatory, but a few three copies. EXIT gives pro- on a page, and then a form feed
sing system. It does not use may need clarification. SCROLL cessor control back to your res- is automatically performed. A
line numbers as in BASIC. In- UP and SCROLL DOWN allow ident monitor program. form feed can also be entered
stead, text IS entered as a con- you to review text that has al- Calling the SUB-SYSTEM at any location in the text to
tinuous string of characters ready been entered. The space COM MAN D TABLE permits you take care of special require-
and then is manipulated as bar stops and steps the scroll if to format the final printed copy. ments. PAGE SPACING sets
such. you want to make changes, and This table is brought to the the number of lines that the
While you are entering text, it the return key starts the scroll screen, and you make your de- form is fed on a form feed. PRNT
is not necessary to hyphenate again. cisions. It has some interesting LENGTH is used when you only
features (see Table 2): Capital want to print a portion of a com-
letters and not control charac- plete text.
ters are used for these com- LEFT MARGIN is used to start
Cursor Left Cursor Right
Cursor Up Cursor Down mands. a line, and LINE LENGTH sets
Cursor Home Cursor to Beginning of File
Cursor to End of File Scroll Up
Scroll Down Delete Character Tape Reader Tape Writer
Delete Line Insert Character Word Number Rcrd Number
Insert Line Erase to End of Line Cler AA Cur Cler AB Cur
Delete Block Insert Block Cler System Rght Justly
String Search Continue Search Line Spacng Page Spacng
Repeat Print Page Length Page Number
!;xit Sub-System Command Table Prnt Length Line Length
Form Feed Line Feed Left Margin
Return Tab
Table 2. The Sub-System Command Table. Each commend is as-
Table 1. The Electric Pencil System commands. Each of these is signed an uppercase letter which implements it. This is where you
assigned a control character that implements the command. format the printed copy.
114
the character length of the line. ber will be printed at the top of bought the SOL version on I am satisfied I dump a copy on
I've found on my 43 KSR that a each page. CUTS cassette tape, and it ran my printer. After seeing that
left margin of ten and a length I have also found this pro- without any software or hard- copy, I may still make some
of 80 will center a line of char- gram helpful with my letter ware changes (cost for manual more changes, but it is so much
acters horizontally on an eight writing. The entire letter is en- and tape: $100). simpler and quicker now.
and a half inch wide sheet of tered, reviewed and corrected, I used to do all of my writing Of all the programs that I
paper. This is determined by and printed out. Prevlously, I in pencil before attempting a have running on my SOL, I find
the number of characters per often retyped letters because I hand-typed hard-copy. Now I myself using the Electric Pencil
inch for a particular printer. found that, when finished, they save time by going straight to most often. Those computer
Right justification, RGHT didn't say what I wanted. the screen with my text. In- hobbyists and business people
JUSTFY, is a useful and attrac- The 25-p-age manual that stead of erasing, crossing out who have both video and hard-
tive feature. The Electric Pencil comes with the Electric Pencil or adding inserts, I do all of my copy capability and who do a
justifies the right margin by clearly explains all of its tunc- editing on the screen, and when lot of typing should try it..
adding spaces in a line as re- tions. A three-page glossary de-
quired. fines all of the terms that are
I accidentally threw it a curve used in the manual. Above all, it Electric Pencil Versions
by entering two consecutive 26- admonishes, "The best way to Printer Video Storage
character strings and then learn to operate the system is
TTY or Selectric SOL Cuter
asking for a 32-character line to use it." Well said! The man-
VDM-1 Tarbell
length. It apparently didn't know ual also contains patching in- VTI Tarbell
where to put the spaces (it formation so that it can be re- SOL North Star
never places them in the middle configured if your machine is VDM-1 North Star
of a word) so it didn't do any- not exactly the same as the one VTI North Star
thing, and I had to reset my pro- it was written for. Diablo Hy-Type II SOL Cuter
cessor. By breaking down the The Electric Pencil is avail- VDM-1 Tarbell
long strings with spaces, every- able in many different versions VTI Tarbell
SOL North Star
thing came out OK. on tape and disk (see Table 3).
VDM-1 North Star
Another author-oriented fea- Contact Michael Shrayer Soft-
VTI North Star
ture is page titling and number- ware, 1235 Vista Superba Dr.,
ing. When a title has been indi- Glendale CA 91205, (213) 956- Table 3. Various combinations of printer, video interface and
cated, the title and a page nurn- 1593, for more information. I mass storage for which the Electric Pencil is written.
•
$1695 T.I. 810 printer
150 cps bi-directional impact printer $795
• Tractor feed, 3" to 15", up to 6-part
• Programmable forms length
• EIA RS-232 serial, 110-9600 baud
• Upper/lower case, 24 X 80 12" display
Options: • Numeric keypad, cursor control keys
• Upper/lower case $90-Stand & paperbasket $135 • RS-232 interface plus extension port
• Forms Length Control $90-Vertical Format Control $180
• FLC/Compressed Print $180-VFC/Compressed Print $270 Need more intelligence?
Teletype 43 $999
• Upper/lower case, 132 Diablo 1641/3 $2910
columns • Letter-quality printing
• RS 232 serial, 110 or 300 • HyType II daisywheel printer MICROMAIL • BOX 3297. SANTA ANA, CA 92703
baud • RS 232 serial, 110-1200 •...•
M73 (714) 731-4338
• 12" X 8%" pin-feed paper baud
How to Talk
to Your 8080
Use machine language or an assembler. This 3-part article will show how to do both.
he most basic way of pro- no switches. The 16 lights are switches "are used to input
T gramming a computer is to
use machine language. One
used for the address; the other
eight are for data.
data, with eight data lights con-
firming the data entered. The 16
dress light above each address
switch in the up position will go
on, showing that the computer
step above that is using an as- There are over 65,000 differ- address lights are used only for is now accessing. that address.
sembler. In this article I'll help ent combinations of the 16 ad- addresses, to tell youwhich ad- The data lights will show the
you learn how to do both. dress switch positions; each dress the computer is access- data stored at that address.
The chip (microprocessor) combination accesses one ing at the moment. The data To change the data, switch
I'm describing is the 8080. The byte of memory. Of course, you lights show what data is in that the eight right address switches
Z-80 has this same instruction probably don't have that much address. to the 8-bit binary number you
set as part of its instruction set. memory. If you have less, your There are also several other wish to put in that address and
Other microprocessors are not memory generally starts at ad- switches used in programming. switch the Deposit switch to
too different once you study dress 0 and continues up to the The ones we will be using are la- Deposit. The eight data lights
their operation. limit of memory. beled: (1) Stop and Run, (2) Re- should now light in the same
Normally your memory set, (3) Examine and Examine pattern as the eight switches.
First of all, machine lan-
boards should be addressed so Next and (4) Deposit and De- This data is now stored at
guage is the code that directly
each memory board is adjacent posit Next. that memory address. To exam-
programs the computer. All
to the next, with no gaps in ine the next sequential memory
other programming techniques Accessing and Depositing Data
memory. For example, let's say address, switch to Examine
use commands that break
you have one 8K RAM (pro- When you power up the com- Next. The binary number on the
down, invisibly to the user, to
grammable memory) board and puter, you have to reset it to be- address lights will increase by
machine-language instructions.
three 4K RAM boards. You gin using it. To do this, switch one showing the next address.
Eight-bit binary numbers are
could address the 8K board for the Stop/Run switch to the Stop The data lights, as before, will
input to the CPU. If the front-
the first 8K of memory, 0 to 8K position and, while holding it in show the data at that address.
panel switches are used, you
memory addresses, then a 4K Stop, switch the Reset switch The Deposit Next works
program directly in binary.
addressed for the 8K t612K ad- to Reset. This will stop the com- about the same way. It moves
However, if you use a monitor
dresses, the next 4K for the 12K puter and cause it to address to the next address and de-
program, you can input instruc-
to 16K addresses and the last the 0 address. This can be seen posits whatever data you have
tions via a terminal in octal or
4K board for the 16K to 20K. by all the address lights being set on the right eight address
hex, depending on which the
You now have a solid block of off, indicating O. There is liable switches in that next address.
monitor uses. If you use the
memory for addresses 0 to 20K to be most anything showing To review, the address lights
front-panel switches, the com-
(see Fig. 1).You cannot address on the data lights. always show the current ad-
puter outputs its answers to
any memory location higher To look at the contents of dress. The examine function
you by lighting the data lights
than 20K, as there is no mem- any memory address, switch uses the 16 switches to select
-eight of them-in binary. If
ory covering those addresses. the address switches to that the address you want. The data
you use the monitor, the com-
Understand now, there is no address and move the Examine lights always show the data
puter responses are printed on
reason why you couldn't scat- switch to Examine. An address stored in that indicated mem-
the terminal, again in octal or
ter these memory blocks all switch up turns the switch on; ory address. The Deposit switch
hex, depending on the monitor.
through the 64K of addressable down turns it off. Now the ad- uses the right eight address
To go into a little more detail, memory, but it would make pro- switches to determine the data
we'll use the Altair 8800 as our gramming much more difficult you wish to deposit at the ad-
computer. Other computers because you would have to pro- dress shown on the address
UNUSED
that have front-panel switches gram around the unused ad- 20K lights.
4K
use a similar system. dresses to get fr~m one block 16K If you Examine an address
4K
to another. Also, if you used a 12K MEMORY where you have no memory, the
The Front Panel 4K
high-level language, the mem- aK address lights will still indicate
As you can see in the photo, ory would have to be all in one 4K aK the address you selected, but
there are 16 switches, each big block, usually starting from OK
all eight data lights will go on.
with a light above it. In addition, address O. Any attempt to Deposit data at
there are eight more lights with The right eight address Fig. 1. the address will have no effect
116
So 124671 in address form, or You don't have to memorize
split octal, would be 251 and each mnemonic and its octal or
271. To enter the 16-bit address hex number equivalent, as you
as two 8-bit octal numbers, we can always look them up. But
would enter 271 as the low half they are not hard to remember,
of the split octal address and so you will gradually memorize
251 as the high half. The com- them as you use them.
puter puts these back together Earlier I mentioned the moni-
as a 16-bit binary number and tor. This is a program that lets
gets the octal number we you input and output data to
started with, that is, 124671. and from the computer using a
Addresses are always terminal. Essentially, it lets you
changed to split octal when en- do everything you can do with
tered as 8-bit data. And. since the front-panel switches, but
we will be using addresses fre- with a terminal, instead.
. .
. • '1\" ~ quently, you must know how to The monitor might also do
convert to split octal. Let's do other more complex things
one more to be sure you under- such as saving programs on
The Altair 8800.
stand how this works. tape or loading them from tape
Let's say our address is into the computer, etc. But in
123456 octal. To change it to this article we are interested
on the data lights. switches for each octal digit we
split octal, break it down to bi- only in emulating the front-
To run a program, enter it cannot go higher than 7, as we
nary, then split the binary num- panel switches discussed. Most
into the desired addresses with have used up all the possible
ber into two 8-bit halves. This monitors will do at least this
Deposit and Deposit Next. switch combinations. So in
will give us 1 010011 100 101 much.
Then examine all the addresses eight bits the highest number
110,16 bits in all. We divide this The monitor commands are
to be sure you entered the pro- we can enter is 377 octal, or 11
into two 8-bit halves as 10 100 given in the instructions you re-
gram properly. Then examine 111111 binary. This will be am-
111 and 00 101 110, or 247 and ceived with it. Insofar as input-
the address of the first instruc- ple for our programming.
056. ting instructions and data, we
tion in the program and hit the In hex we use four bits for
So 123456 octal is 247 and will assume the monitor uses
Run switch. You're on your each digit, with two digits for
056 in split octal. Get it? I hope octal or hex. Then you don't
way! an 8-bit number. One to 7 is the
so! Split octal is written as have to worry about the binary
same as octal, with an addition-
Hex and Octal 2471056. information I gave you about
al leading binary O.
Numbering Systems In hex we can translate di- switches, etc. You need only
8 hex = 1000 binary rectly; there is no equivalent to type in the data in octal or hex.
To convert from binary to hex 9 hex = 1001 binary split octal. Therefore, a hex ad- All instructions, addresses,
or octal numbers is simple. To A hex = 1010 binary dress of A97D would split to A9 data, etc., are given in octal and
convert from binary to decimal B hex = 1011 binary and 70. Remember also: An ad- hex in this article.
is quite difficult, so we will do C hex = 1100 binary dress (or data) switch in the up As I mentioned earlier, the
the programming in octal with o hex = 1101 binary position is a 1; in the down or monitor program instructions
hex numbers added for those E hex = 1110 binary off position it is a O. should tell you how to examine
who prefer that format. F hex = 1111 binary Now that we know how to get (look at) the contents of any
In decimal we count 1,2,3,4,
When using the address numbers into the computer, memory address or deposit
5,6,7,8,9,10,11, etc. In octal
switches we have 16 switches, let's talk about which number (store) data in any memory ad-
we cou nt 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11,
so the highest binary number we use to get the computer to dress and how to set the start-
etc. Thus the largest digit is a 7.
we can enter is 1 111 111 111 do our bidding. ing address and run any pro-
You cannot use an 8 or 9 in
111111, or 177777 octal. This is gram.
octal. We'll soon see why. In Mnemonics and Monitors
over 65,000 in decimal. It is One other thing I should men-
hex we count 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,
FFFF in hex. When we give the 8080 in- tion-and I hope I won't con-
9, A, B, C, 0, E, F.
However, if we have to enter struction codes in octal and fuse you-is that the monitor is
To input an 8-bit octal num-
an address as data, we are lim- hex, we will also give a mne- a program and must be some-
ber, the size we will always use,
ited to eight bits-377 octal or monic, or letter group. These where in your computer mem-
we convert from the switches to
FF hex. So we divide our 16-bit mnemonics are used in assem- ory to use it. The monitor docu-
each digit as follows:
binary address ·into two 8-bit bly language, and we will be mentation should tell you
o octal is 000 in binary octal numbers when entering it using them as helpful memory where it is located in memory.
1 octal is 001 in binary as data. joggers in the machine-lan- The point is: Don't load your
2 octal is 010 in binary So the octal address 124671 guage program examples. programs in memory addresses
3 octal is 011 in binary would be 1 010100110111 001
4 octal is 100 in binary in binary. To divide (break) it
5 octal is 101 in binary into two 8-bit octal numbers, we 4K 4K
MONITOR
6 octal is 110 in binary have to arrange the binary num- 3K 3K AREA
FREE FOR
7 octal is 111 in binary beras10101001and10111001. PROGRAM
2K AREA 2K
FREE FOR
Memorize these eight digits; Note that this is the same order IK
PROGRAM
IK
MONITOR
you will be using them all the as our original 16-bit binary
OK OK
time in programming. number, but we have rear-
Since we can only use three ranged most of the groups. Fig. 2.
117
BITS
o I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 If the high half of the first To do this we have to check a diate instructions are (Fig. 4).
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
monitor address is above 000, status flag generated by the 1/0 This covers all the 8-bit regis- .
A REGISTER PSW REGISTER
then all the programs I will use board. This requires checking ters. You might have noted that
B REGISTER C REGISTER
will have no effect on the moni- one bit to see if it is high or low. there is one octal code missing
o REGISTER E REGISTER
After we learn more instruc-
tor and can be run as I have in this sequence (that is, 066 be-
H REGISTER L REGISTER
written ttiem. tions, we will see how this is tween MVI,L and MVI,A). The
PC AEGISTER (PROGRAM COUNTER) done. mnemonic for 066 is MVI,M.
SP REGISTER (STACK POINTER Registers First we will discuss the op- This is 36 in hex. But there's no
The 8080 has 12 registers, eration codes to store and re- M register!
Fig. 3. which we will be using to write trieve data. To put data into a Well, M stands for memory.
our programs. They are the A register, we use the following So if we write 066 followed by
register, or accumulator; the instructions: 020 we are saying move 020 to
MOVE IMMEDIATE TO B REGISTER PSW, or program status word MVI,8 006 06
memory. But where in memory?
. register; the B, C, D, E, Hand L MVI,C 016 OE This instruction assumes that
.>
MVI.B 006 06
007 (DATA) 16
registers; the two SP (stack MVI,O 026 the address in memory where
MVI,E 036 1E
A V PSW point) registers (always used as MVI,H 046 26 we want to store the data is in
B I c one 16-bit register); and the two MVI,L 056 2E the Hand L register pair (see
MVI,A 076 3E
0 E
PC, or program counter, regis- Fig. 5). So we see why Hand L
ters (always used as one 16-bit In the mnemonic, the MVI are usually used as a single
H L
register). means we are using the data 16-bit register.
The A and PSW registers are following the MVI instruction to We could store our memory
Fig. 4.
always used as 8-bit registers; the register. The data is input in address as follows: The high
the Band C registers can be a following 8-bit code. For ex- half of the split octal address in
used as individual 8-bit regis- ample, to move the data 020 to H (high) and the lower half in L
used by the monitor program.
ters or one 16-bit register; the D register B, we would first store (low). So if we wished to move
The programs I will use for
and E can be used as the Band the MVI,B command, or 006, the 020 in the MVI,M (066) in-
examples all start at the lowest
C; and the Hand L registers can then in the next instruction or struction to 243/017 split octal
memory address. If your moni-
usually be used together as one eight bits (byte) we would store address (121517 in octal), we'd
tor starts there, you will have to
16-bit register but sometimes the data, or 020. use the program in Program 1.
load all your programs at a
. as two individual 8-bit registers Thus in address 0 we'd de- So we must have the desired
higher address (see Fig. 2).
(see Fig. 3). posit 006 to tell the computer address in HL whenever we use
The simplest way to do this is
As you may have guessed, what to do, then 020 to tell the an instruction that uses M in
to add 1 to the high part of the
16-bit register pairs are used to computer what data to move the mnemonic for a register
highest address used by the
hold addresses, and 8-bit regis- into B. This is a 2-byte instruc- (see Fig. 5).
monitor. Then use this high ad-
ters are used for data (see Fig. tion (see Fig. 4). Note again that There is an easier way to put
dress as the high address in all
3). We can only store eight bits we can only store an octal num- an address in the following reg-
the programs you load. Use the
of data, remember? ber from 0 to 377 in an 8-bit reg- ister pairs (BC, DE, HL or SP).
same low-address halves I use
These registers can just be ister. We saw that it took four bytes
in the program (see Fig. 2).
considered additional memory These are called immediate (8-bit instructions to put the ad-
When you have 3-byte instruc-
locations, but these are part of instructions, since they move dress in Hand L using MVI. We
tions such as LXI, JMP, CALL,
the 8080, and, instead of using that data immediately follow- can use LXI followed by the
etc., then substitute this high-
a 16-bit address, we can refer to ing the instruction, as opposed first of the register pair to load
address half for the one given
them by their letter names: A, B, to indirect instructions, which 16 bits directly into that pair.
in the program.
For example, let's say we C, etc. We will use these for ad- move data stored in a register LXI,B 001 01
dress and data storage as often or memory location. Indirect in- LXI,D 021 11
have an instruction such as:
as possible in programming. As structions, therefore, are not LXI,H 041 21
Mnemonic Octal Code Hex Code
you will see, they are much followed by a data byte; imme- LXI,SP 061 31
CALL 315 CD
214 BC easier to use than memory
000 00 locations.
MOVE IMMEDIATE TO MEMORY
in a program. If your high last MVI. M 066 36
Moving Data 020 10
monitor address was 003, then
add 1 making it 004. Then the First we'll look at how we get A PSW
243/020
020
~26
- PART OF
MEMORY
AREA
you don't write instructions also have to be sure the com- 243/021 136
118
The LXI code is followed by two a 3-byte instruction. That is, the
bytes, the split octal or hex ad- LXI instruction uses three octal Hex Mnemonic Octal Hex Comments
Address Address code code
dress. So: bytes, the first the LXI instruc- 000 0000 MVI,H 046 26
00 I 0001 243 A3 high half of address
MVI,H 046 26 tion, followed by the 2-byte split 002 0002 MVI,L 056 2E
octal or hex address. So when 003 0003 017 OF low half of address
243 A3
MVI,L 056 2E using any 3-byte instruction This would put the desired address in HL before we u sed them.
17 OF (there are quite a few more), the 004 0004 MVI,M 066 36
005 0005 020 10 data
address order (or data order) is
could be replaced by
reversed. Program 1.
LXI,H 041 21
We'll try to make this very
017 OF
clear with another example,
243 A3
since this concept is confusing
This saves us one byte of code but important in programming Loading any of the register examples of this as we look at
to do the same thing. However, the 8080. We want to load the pairs with the LXI (or any 3-byte other instructions.
note that we put the low half of split octal address 000/123 instruction) works this way (see Now we have found out how
the address (017) first, followed (0053 hex) in HL. We use LXI,H Program 3). to put data in most of the regis-
by the high half (243, using oc- (041)as the first instruction, fol- So anytime we load an ad- ters. We haven't discussed
tal as the example). That is,· 10wAd by the byte we wish to dress or data into a register loading the PSW register and
backwards. load in L (123), followed by the pair, we write the data in the re- the PC register pair. Note that
All addresses are handled byte we want to load in H (0) verse order from the register we can only load the SP register
this way when they are used in (see Program 2). order. We will see many more pair with the LXI,SP (061 octal,
Appendix.
119
MOVE INDIRECT TO B REGISTER
MOV B,L 105 45
Program 2. 0 E REGISTERS
H \ L
Fig. 6.
L...b::::!....J >",T47
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•.;;:,. . <i,. ,_
Dr. Cotter's last 1802 article appeared in the December 1978 issue. With this "welcome
back'; 1802 article, he explains how to input and output data, add subtract and multiply.
122
OpCode Mnemonic Name Operation
1N INC INCREMEt>jT REG N RN+1 decimal hexadecimal binary
2N DEC DECREMENT REG N RN -1
8N GLO GET LOW REG N RN.O-D 58 3A 0011 1010
9N GHI GET HIGH REG N RN.1-D + 242 + F2 + 1111 0010
AN PLO PUT LOW REG N D-RN.O 300 12C 1 0010 1100
BN PHI PUT HIGH REG N D-RN.1
7A REO RESET a 9-0 (light off) Example 3.
7B SEa SET a 1-0 (light on)
DN SEP SET P N-P
EN SEX SET X N-X
4N LDA LOAD ADVANCE MN-D,RN +1
5N STR STORE VIA N D-MN
FO LDX LOAD VIA X MX-D location bytes comments
F1 OR OR MX OR D-D
F2 AND MX AND D-D 00 F8 3A 3A-D
AND
F3 XOR EXCLUSIVE-OR MX XOR D-D 02 FC F2 F2+D-D,DF
F6 SHR SHIFT RIGi-IT shifl D right 04 52 D-M(R2)
LSB-DF 05 E2 X-2
76 SHRC SHIFT RIGHT WITH rotate D rig ht Q6 64 M(RX)-hex displays
C4 NOP NO OPERATION continue computation. The 64 instruc- second operand). The instruc-
6N OUT OUTPUT (N = 1 - 7) MX-SUS, RX + 1 tion displays the number we tions 52 and 64 read out the an-
64 (N =4) MX-h'ex display
have just entered so that we swer, and the remaining steps
6N INP INPUT (N =9 - F) BUS-D,MX
6C (N =C) keyboard-D,MX can verify that it was entered test the carry register, DF, be·
30 MM BR UNCOND SHORT BRANCH GO TO MM correctly. fore returning the program for
31 MM BO SHORT BRANCH I Fa = 1 GOTOMMiI0=1 Steps 9 to 11 are used to ac- the next computation.
39 MM BNO ~HORT BRANCH IF 0=0 GOTO MM iIO=O
32 MM BZ SHORT BRANCH IF D =0 GOTOMMifD=OO
cept the second operand and Try the program out using
3A MM BNZ SHORT BRANCH IF D"O GO TO MM if D"OO copy it into D and onto A 1, the the previous examples. Press:
33 MM BDF SHORT BRANCH IF DF = 1 GO TO MM if DF = 1
second position on the stack. RUN; 4B INPUT; 3A INPUT; IN·
3B MM BNF SHORTBRANCHIFDF=O GOTOMMifDF=O
37 MM B4 SHORT BRANCH IF GO TO MM if INPUT The 64 instruction again veri· PUT. The display will read "85"
EF4 =1 switch is down fies this number on the dis- and the LED will be off. Next,
3F MM BN4 SHORT BRANCH IF GO TO MM if INPUT
plays. enter: 3A INPUT; F2 INPUT; IN·
EF4=0 switch is up
F8 KK LDI LOAD IMMEDIATE KK'-D
Addition will not take place PUT. The displays will show
F9 KK ORI OR IMMEDIATE KK OR D-D until the INPUT switch has "2C" and the LED will be on, in-
FA KK ANI AND IMMEDIATE !<K AND D-D
been depressed and released dicating a carry.
FB KK XRI XOR IMMEDIATE KKXOR D-D
FD KK SDI SUBTRACT D IMMEDIATE KK - D - N-DF,D one more time (steps 13, 14). In
FC KK ADI ADD IMMEDIATE KK+D-DF,D step '15 the stack pointer reo Double-Precision Arithmetic
turns to the top of the stack and It is common in computer
Table 1. COSMAC 1802 instruction sheet.
adds (instruction F4) the nurn- computations to work in
ber in locatlon AD with the con- "double precision." For an 8-bit
an instruction! Therefore, we used in computations. Step 2 tents of D (which still holds the computer this means working
will need to set R2 to point to resets the carry register, ~F, by
some location well beyond the loading 00 into the D register
program. and then shifting 0 into DF. This
Also, it is inconvenient, to is necessary since DF may con- Location Bytes Step Comments
say the least, to have to write a taln a logical "1" when the corn- 0000 F8 AO A2 AO-D, D-R2.0
new program for each set of ad- puter is turned on. Step 3,desig· ,'da F8 00 F6 OO-D, shift D right
06 E2 2-X
ditions. Therefore, we will reo nates our stack pointer, R2, as 07 3F 07 4 GO TO 07 if INPUT switch is up
write our program so that after the output register. ., 09 37 09 5 GO TO 09 if INPUT switch is down
OB 6C 6 keyboard bvtes+D, M2
execution is begun it awaits Steps 4 to 6 illustrate the
OC 7A 7 reset a
two operands from the key- technique for accepting vari- OD 64 8 M2-hex display
board, performs the cornputa- abies from the keyboard during OE 3F OE 9 GO TO OE if INPUT switch is up
10 37 10 10 GO TO 10 if INPUT switch is down
tion, di~plays the answer and execution. There are twb' loops
12 6C 11 keyboard bytes+D, M2
resets the program for the next (p.t steps 4 and 5) that wait for 13 12 M2-hex display
14 3F 14 13 GO TO 14 if INPUT switch is up
computation. Program A gives the INPUT switch to be de·
1p' 37 16 14 GOTO 16 if INPUT switch is down
·the listing for such a program. pressed and released. If a nurn- 18 22 22 15 R2 - :1~R2-1
Step 1 sets R2 to polnt to 10' ber has been entered on the 1A F4 16 MX+D-DF,D
1B 52 17 D-M2
cation
.. AD. R2 is called the keyboard before pressing the 1(; 64 18 M2-hex displays
"stack pointer," which we will INPUT switch, the lnstructlon 1D 33 21 19 GO TO 21 if DF =1
set at AD for all the programs in 6C will place that number into D 1F 3000 20 GOTp 00
2'; 7B 21 a-ON
this article. All variables will a,nd in the first position on the 22 30 00 22 GO TO 00
then be located in memory be- stack, in this case, AD. The 7A
ginning at this location and ihstruction resets a, since it Program A. Addition program.
may be fetched as they are may be ON from a previous
123
Memory Allocation
3 0040-0049
0050-0059
answers
ADD subroutine
SU8T subroutine
CD
A2 operand 2, high-order byte
A3 operand 2, low-order byte
A4 subroutine to be called
DATA1-K RESIDENT
n Register Allocation
ASSEMBLER/EDITOR
FOR THE e R2 = R(SP)
R3 = R(PC)
the stack pointer
the program counter, used to call subroutines
S
efficient approach to the assembly of microcomputer programs.
All assembler editor functions are performed entirely
within memorv. I n most cases there is no need for a special
computer svstem! Program with the DATA 1-K on the
Table 2,
system which will ultimately make use of the object code. This
not oaly lowers the initial cost of a development system but greatly ALSOAVAILA8L.E INCASSETTE
decreases the amount of time spent on program debugging.
The DATA 1·K assembles fast-over 600 lines per minute-and uses with 16 bits, which gives an ef- has been executed.
the standard MOS Technology Assembler Language. The DATA 'l-K
features a truly general purpose line oriented text editor with error correction and fective computation range from
paged output capability.
Electric, Eaton, Monitor
The DATA t-K is currently in use by: General Electric, Western
Systems, the University of Cincinnati, and many others. o to 65,535. Because the D reg- The MAIN Program
cassette
It is presently available on KIM·1 format
warranty and update.
paper tape or and it includes one year
ister is only 8 bits long, it can no The program to input and
Price: $250.00 longer be used as the accumu- output the variables is listed as
Available from Johnson Computer, P.O. Box 523, Medina, OH 44256. Phone: (216) 725·4560.
Terms: Payment with order/add $2.00 shipping and handling/add $10.00 for cassette version.
lator. Instead, the 16-bit regis- Program B. Step 1 sets the
Delivery: stock to 30 days. .
ter, RF, will be used as the ac- stack pointer, R(SP), while
cumulator, R(ACC), while R2 steps 2 and 3 clear DF and Q.
will still serve as the stack Steps 4 to 6 should now be
!..lli.9UII!ES:
Level II disk drive and basic. 16K RAM.
42 8F RF.O-D; fetch R(ACC) low-order bits All prol:,'l"ams came on cassette unless noted. If you want it on disk, please specify s() and uddS? ..50 to your
order, or send a diskette with your order. All orders shipped same day. All programs guaranteed to run.
43 F4 M2 + D-D,DF; add low-order bits
44 AF D-RF.O; store result in R(ACC) MASTER CHAllCF & VISA. WEl.COME
45 22 6 R2-1
46 9F 7 RF.l-D; fetch R(ACC) high-order bits
47 74 8 M2 + D + DF-D,DF; add high-order ~~WID ctCWJl.PruU'le~~~1JW~~le
bits and carry
48 BF 9 D-RF.l; store result in R(ACC) Qle~lJ<tle
49 D5 10 return to MAIN program
OO(J)!ll IDIMm(!)l;~K1ID~"
Program C. Add subroutine. OOtU[l.~K1~ U'K1~f1a~(}
vA75
~-----------~~~~~~~~~~'------------~
V Reader Service-see page 179 125
the end of the subroutine, the occurs when the multiplier
instruction D5 makes register Comments
equals zero. Return is accom-
location Byles Slep
R5 the program counter. Its ini- plished by placing control of
0050 12 R2 + 1
tial location was set by the 51 E2 x-2 the program in the ROregister,
MAIN program as the return 52 8F 3 RF.O-D; fetch R(ACC) low-order bits which is pointing to the next lo-
53 F5 4 M2 - D-D,DF; subtract low bits
address. 54 AF 5 D-RF.O; store result in R(ACC)
cation in the MAIN program
Let's add two double preci- 55 22 6 R2-1 from where we left it.
9F RF.l-D; fetch R(ACC) high·order bits
sion numbers,- represented in 56 Let's try an example. Sup-
57 75 8 M2 - D - OF-DF,D; subtract with
decimal and hexadecimal, to borrow pose we wish to perform the fol-
see how the program works 58 BF 9 D-RF.l; store result in R(ACC) lowing multiplication:
59 D5 10 return to MAIN program
(see Example 5). Enter both the 85
number 5E and the LED will be 68 DO 6 return to MAIN program All of this seems fairly com-
69 F6 7 shift D right
lit, indicating the carry. If you 6A 52 8 D-M2
plicated compared to what you
press the INPUT switch again, 6B 12 9 R2+ 1 can do on a simple, inexpensive
6C 3B 77 10 GOT077 if DF=O
the displays will read 23. One calculator. However, there are
6E F8 73 A5 11 set return location for MULT
more depression of the INPUT 71 30 40 12 GO TO ADD subroutine several distinct advantages.
switch readies the program for 73 F8 77 A3 13 reset R3 First, the subroutines could be
76 D3 14 3-P
the next computation. 15
used to perform calculations
77 12 R2+ 1
78 FO 16 M2-D on data that is being contin-
The SUBT Subroutine 79 FE 17 shift left; MSB-DF uously fed to the computer
7A 52 18 D-M2
The subroutine for subtrac- 7B 22 19 R2-1
through an AID converter-or
tion is listed as Program D and 7C FO 20 M2-D two separate inputs could be
7D 7E 21 rotate D left; DF-LSB; MSB-DF
is similar to the ADD subrou- compared, with the sum or dif-
7E 52 22 D-M2
tine. In this case, however, sub- 7F 30 63 23 GO TO 63 ference plotted using a DIA
traction of the low-order bits is converter.
accomplished with instruction Program E. Mult subroutine. USing the techniques de-
F5 (SUBTRACT),while the high- scribed here,you may also wish
order bits use 75 (SUBTRACT to write a division subroutine or
WITH BORROW). Whenever a expand the multiplication sub-
borrow occurs, DF will be set to The answer will appear as DF is then tested. If DF = 1, routine for double precision.
"0." When it does not, 9A6E, and the LED will be off. then the multiplicand is en- You also may rewrite the MAIN
DF="1." Again, let's try an ex- This indicates that the answer tered into the accumulator reg- program to solve an equation
ample: is negative and that we have ister. The multiplicand is then like y = ax + b. The main advan-
A217
the "2's complement" of the shifted left. The multiplier is tage that the microcomputer
-3C85 correct answer. To get the neg- shifted again and DF is tested. has over the programmable cal-
6592 ative result, subtract that num- If DF = 1, then the ADD routine culator is its ability to accept
Enter the SUBT subroutine, ber from 0000, and the display is called to add the new multi- data from something other
press the RUN switch and then will read 6592 with the LED off plicand to the accumulator, than a keyboard.
enter: 3C INPUT, 85 INPUT, A2 (negative). and the muliplicand is again In future articles I plan to dis-
INPUT, 17 INPUT, 50 INPUT. shifted left. If DF = 0, no addi- cuss several other things you
Note that the subtrahend is en- tion takes place, but the multi- can do with your Elf II: for exam-
The MULT Subroutine
tered first and that the last in- plicand is still shifted left. ple, memory expansion in 256,
Multiplication in binary is The ADD subroutine is called 1K or 4K steps will allow you to
put calls the SUBT subroutine.
done by shifting the multipli- by a GO TO statement rather expand your computer at a rate
The display will show 65, and
cand left and adding. There- than a program pointer, since, you can afford; an autoranging
depressing the INPUT switch
fore, the MULT subroutine, unlike the MAIN program, AID converter will automatical-
will give the low-order byte 92.
listed as Program E, uses ADD MULT will always call this sub- ly give you the most siginificant
The LED will be lit, indicating
as a subroutine. Also, since the routine. This means that it en- 8 bits, for many different signal
that DF = 1, that no borrow has
multiplication of two 8-bit num- ters the ADD subroutine still levels. I have also recently pur-
occurred and that the answer is
bers produces a 16-bit answer, under the control of R3. Before chased the COSMAC Evalua-
positive.
the subroutine used here will entering the ADD subroutine, tion Kit and plan to do a com-
Suppose then, that we sub-
accept on Iy 8-bit operands from however, MULT changes the R5 parison of that system with the
tract a larger number from a
the MAIN program. location so that the ADD sub- Elf II. I also plan an article on
smaller one:
3C85
The subroutine works as fol- routine will return to location 73 timing for generating wave-
-A217 lows. The multiplier is placed in and not the MAIN program. forms and one on a Teletype
-6592 the D register and shifted right. Return to the MAIN program interface .•
126
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products, ask him to call us at (617) 782-5932. Or you can order
direct from us by check, money order or VISA/Master Charge. If
you have questions, call us at (617) 783-0694. If you know what you
want and have your VISA/MC card ready, you can use any phone to
Keyboard Interrupt
for the TRS·80
O ne of the features
ticed
TRS-80 was
me to purchase
its capability
than en-
the
for
Consider the following.
less of what
doing, the cursor
Regard-
the computer
remains
is
on
this, try running
program:
the following characters. Voila!
the program does nothing
the characters,
Even though
128
KIM- 175.00
A Complete
Microcomputer JOHNSON
Now Being Used As:
Programmable Controller COMPUTER
Data Acquisition & Analysis
Personal Computer
MfDINA, OHIO 44256 p.o. BOX 523
Educational Courses
Simply Connect 'Power Supply Accessories Available: vJ4 (216) 725-4560
Expansion Motherboard Prom Boards
Additional RAM Memory Floppy Disk System
"Ohio Scientific's Model 500 CPU comprises compromise between completeness and cost."
130
• The majority of the integrat- The 16X clock for the 6850
ed circuits are in sockets. serial interface is derived from
In addition, the CPU board a 555 oscillator. The baud range
comes with a 57-page hardware span ned is 110 to 9600. The
manual that is very complete baud is chosen by jumpering to
and reasonably well written. one of five pads to pick the ap-
The manual is presented in a proximate RC frequency com-
modular "how to build" and ponents and then fine-tuning
"how it works" format. Prior to with a variable resistor (trim
doing anything with the board, pot).
you should read the manual in I selected the 300 baud pad
its entirety. In doing so you will and adjusted the trim to be in
be rewarded with an errata the center of the appropriate
sheet, which is hidden in Part V, frequency range by observing
Appendix II. The manual also the computer's output re-
contains a considerable sponse to "r~set." However,
amount of discussion regard- when the unit warmed up, the
ing troubleshooting. This treat- clock frequency drifted well out
ment is a welcome change from of the acceptable range. The
the documentation I have been baud should be adjusted when
accustomed to in the past. the unit is warm, or, better yet,
The power requirements for the 16X baud clock existing in
the board (including the 6820 the external terminal should be
PIA) are + 5 volts at 2 amperes routed to the CPU board and
and - 9 volts at 500 mA. Photo used instead of the 555 timer
1 shows the OSI Model 500 circuitry. The manual dis-
board mounted in a BUD chas- cusses how this may be done.
sis box along with the required The addition ofa 6820 16-line
power supply. (e.g., eight in and eight out) par-
131
Function Function Time (milliseconds) Speed (/time) Ratio terest in software is from a
North mathematical calculation per-
North
Mits OSI Star Star FP Mits/NS FP/NS FP/OSI FP/Mits OSI/Mits spective. In an earlier article
8.0 1.5 3.5 2.3 presented in the August 1978
Division 7 3 16 2 2.3
Multiplication 4 2 5 2 1.2 2.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 Kilobaud ("Mits vs North Star:
Power 55 37 167 18 3.0 9.3 2.0 3.1 1.5 which is faster?" p. 44), I com-
Sin/Cos 23 17 99 11 4.3 9.0 1.5 2.1 1.8 pared the mathematical func-
Square Root 46 33 92 4 2.0 23.0 8.2 11.5 1.4 tion processing times for Mits
Logarithm 19 14 99 9 5.2 11.0 1.6 2.1 1.4 8K, regular North Star and
Exponent 28 22 73 8 2.6 9.1 2.8 3.5 1.3 North Star Floating Point
Mixed 160 143 521 60 3.3 8.7 2.4 2.7 1.1 BASIC. I repeated this compari-
Table 1. Incremental time to do function. son for the OSI Model 500 with
the results shown in Table 1.
Compared with North Star
allel port appears to be straight- configuration and one for the formation. The former Is the BASIC run in conjunction with
forward, though I have not had optional OSI video board. The manual that comes with the the North Star Floating Point
a chance to implement it yet. single board unit discussed KIM-1 microcomputer; it is very Board, which is very fast, the
All the circuitry required is here comes with the former. complete. The latter is an OSI average relative speeds of the
presented on the board (upper The CRT screen image on publication that is (in my opin- other three interpreters are as
left-hand corner of Photo 1) in Photo 2 shows the computer re- ion) highly overpriced at $1.50 shown in Table 2.
terms of foil patterns. The ad- sponse to being reset: per issue. Neither of these The conclusion from the two
dress (F7XX) of the 6820 is de- "C/W/M?". In that case BASIC comes with the Model 500, and tables is that the Ohio Scientif-
coded by an eight-input NAND was called by answering with a they must be obtained sepa- ic interpreter is very fast in its
gate (7430).Solder in the parts "C." If instead the reply were rately. ability to perform mathemati-
and the port will be in place. "M," the monitor command A better source than the OSI cal calculations. A comparison
That is the easy part. mode would have been entered. journal for machine-language between OSI and Mits is fair in
The user must supply the The commands available, and software information is the in- that each has the same ac-
software for initializing and their implementations, follow. formal publication called curacy: six digits. OSI has
controlling the port, which is P: Sequentially displays "KIM-1 User's Notes" or "The claimed a 20 percent speed ad-
confusing for a beginner. Ini- memory contents in lines con- First Book of KIM." Personally, vantage in the literature. The
tialization and use are not dis- taining eight hexadecimal I find no pressing need to do two North Star examples are at
cussed in the OSI manual, and a disadvantage as the mathe-
reference is made to the appro- matical functions are calculat-
priate Motorola manual. Note, Interpreter Relative Speed ed to greater accuracy: eight
the 6820 is also used on the North Star Floating Point 1.0 digits. In any case, OSI fairs
Mits 4PI0 board. The manual Ohio Scientific 0.54 well in the comparison.
that comes with the Mits board Mits 8K (Extended) 0.35
is a good source of information, North Star (Version 6, Release 2) 0.13 Conclusion
along with clarifications that The OSI Model 500 CPU
Table 2. Relative function calculating speeds of the Mits, North
have appeared in Mits' "Com- board offers an attractive set of
Star and OS/ BASIC interpreters.
puter Notes" publication. features for the hobbyist or de-
The required connections to signer who wishes to begin
the Model 500 board are the bytes. The display continues machine-language program- with a small system that is in a
three power supply wires (+ 5, until any key is depressed on ming because of the presence class between the KIM-1 and
- 9 and ground), the three I/O the keyboard. For example, of a good BASIC resident in Altair/lmsai. The Model 500 is
wires (RS-232C: receive, trans- POOOO (hex) displays memory ROM. definitely more powerful than
mit and ground) and the two starting at the origin. the KIM-1 ... more than might
wires for the reset switch. Con- R: Returns monitor to com- OSI BASIC be expected from the small dif-
nection is very simple, as may mand mode. The eight-kilobyte BASIC in- ference in price.
be seen from Photo 1. L: Changes memory starting terpreter resident in ROM on The major additional cost in
The Model 500 CPU board at the location specified. For the Model 500 CPU board was assembling a small system
can be used to form the central example, LOOOOA1 A7 F601. Es· written by Microsoft. Although using this board is the required
unit in a small microcomputer cape is via "R." an instruction manual was not input/output terminal and the
system as shown in Photos 2 G: Go command. For exam- included with the board, this in- optional cassette interface.
and 3 by adding an SWTP CT-64 ple, GOOOO will start execution terpreter appears to be similar These could probably be ob-
video terminal and a video mon- at 0000. to Mits 8K BASIC, which was tained for perhaps another
itor. The CPU board is initial- The OSI manual contains lit- also written by Microsoft. Even $200 to $300. The $80 SWTP
ized via the reset button. The tle information regarding the initialization questions (see ACR-30would be a good choice
computer's response to this is machine-language program- the CRT display on Photo 2; for the cassette interface. If the
"C/W/M?" which is the subject ming other than specifying "C/W/M?" was answered with a object were to obtain the capa-
of the next section. where the character input/out- "C"; "W" does the same) are bilities of a PET2001 and go no
put and similar routines are. similar. This software is un- further, it would be difficult to
The PROM Monitor The user is referred to the MOS questionably better than justify not Simply buying a PET.
There are two general ver- Technology Programming Man- TRS-80 Level I BASIC. The lure of the OSI Model 500 is
sions of the monitor: one for ual and the Ohio Scientific Reviews of Mits 8K BASIC in its use as a basic building
the basic Model 500 serial I/O Small Systems Journal for in- can be found elsewhere. My in- block for the experimenter .•
132
501·20 Software
WRITTEN BY E S V COMPUTER SERVICE
Systems
Business Software
Training
Word Processing
Installations
Warranty Service
Field Service
Maintenance Contracts
Satisfaction
926 N. COLLINS
Phil Wilkinson He touched the keyboard the projected tissue concentra- bell sounded.
University of California, SF again and watched the display tions, considering the patient's "Reduce halothane to 0.9
School of Medicine show the intake of blood and age, sex, height, weight and percent inspired now. Draw up
San Francisco CA 94143 salt solutions and loss of urine respiratory exchange. He 5 mg neostigmine and 2 mg
and blood since the operation spoke to the surgeons. atropine for administration in
began. Then, in response to a "Old Hal here suggests some 45 minutes. I will remind you
prompt from the computer, he more relaxation. You going to when it is due."
134
Programs designed to help in orbital and celestial mechan- In addition, while the number take out costly maintenance
the diagnosis of disease and ics, becomes a relatively easy of drugs used is large, it is not contracts.
patient management have been task of simulation and projec- overwhelming, and the ways in
disappointing. Despite thou- which patients respond to an- Applications and Examples
tion compared to biological
sands of man-hours and mil- systems. Not all biological sys- esthetics are restricted. We are Has the microprocessor
lions of dollars spent, pro- tems are known; most are not dealing with a spectrum of been used in this area? Only in
grams to detect electrocardio- poorly understood; and their diseases that require a a few limited applications. One
graphic rhythm abnormalities overall integration is even less 700-page book just to describe of the most exciting of these is
do not perform better, and well understood. the symptoms and physical a system developed in the de-
often perform worse, than a hu- signs, and another 700-page partment of anesthesia at U.C.,
man interpreter. Similarly, the Reasons for Optimism book to summarize the San Diego, by Dr. N. Ty Smith.
results from several centers Why, then, am I excited treatments. This device has an Intel 8080
where minicomputers have about the future role of comput- Another reason is that anes- microprocessor with four ana-
been used to automate inten- ers, particularly the micropro- thesia is a specialty involving log input channels and uses
either alphanumerics or a strip
chart recorder for display. He
has used this device for trend
analysis, processing signals
Calculated from
Measured measured parameters from an electroencephalogram,
calculating how much blood
Blood pressures Peripheral vascular resistance
the heart is pumping and other
Heart rate Pulmonary vascular resistance
parameters that indicate the
Temperatures-rectal Stroke work and power
-esophageal well-being, or otherwise, of the
Cardiac output Rate-pressure product heart. This is a unique device;
Central venous pressure Minute volume of respiration however, the things that it does
"Wedge" pressure Pulmonary compliance could be easily performed by an
Urine output Physiological dead space off-the-shelf microprocessor-
Respiratory tidal volume Tension time index based computer with analog-
Inspired dxygen concentrations Systolic time intervals to-digital inputs.
Expired carbon dioxide Respiratory work and power
We at U.C.S.F. have a
concentrations
Motorola 6800-based device
Blood oxygen saturation Power spectrum analysis of the
electroencephalogram that accepts three analog
Anesthetic concentrations channels, generating informa-
Volume of intravenous fluids tion about the resistance to
Electrocardiographic S-T blood flow, what the blood flow
segment changes from the heart is, how well the
Electroencephalogram heart is performing and
Airway pressures whether the heart is itself re-
Airway flow ceiving an adequate blood sup-
ply. Programs are in ROM, and
Table 1. Parameters a microcomputer could help monitor.
already I regret that we cannot
easily change the programs
and modify them. I believe that
many of the monitoring func-
sive-care-unit management of cessor, in anesthesiology? close patient monitoring of tions are ultimately best
patients do not show signifi- There are several reasons. many different physiological handled with ROM, but a more
cant improvement in patient To begin with, anesthesia parameters, an area particular- flexible system is needed in the
morbidity or mortality. and surgery are two specialties ly suited to computer proces- development stages.
Why is this? I believe the crux where there is a much closer, sing and automation. In fact, it Why do patients need moni-
of this problem is the inability and in some ways simpler, is my belief that current trends toring under anesthesia? Think
to define medical treatment cause-and-effect relationship towards increasingly complex of an anesthetic as a reversible
and management decisions in between what the physician patient monitoring have poison, because that is exactly
terms of physical laws and pro- does and what happens to the reached the point where com- what it is. Curare and eserine,
cesses. There just is not patient. All patients will go to puter automation of some of both used in medicine, are a
enough reliable data to make sleep when the anesthesiolo- the calculations has become a South American arrow poison
definitive projections about in- gist gives them thiopental, but necessity. and an African "trial by ordeal"
dividual patients and predict not all patients will improve Why microcomputers and drug, respectively. "Trial by
their medical course. when the cardiologist gives not the standard IBM ordeal" means that if you did
The situation is quite differ- them digoxin. behemoth? Because of its not die after taking the drug,
ent from the physical SCiences, Hence one way of describing smaller cost, size and complex- you were obviously innocent of
where the systems are much the sequence of events in anes- ity, the microcomputer makes it the crime of which you were ac-
less complex and are better un- thesia is to say that it is a con- possible for the small-town cused.
derstood. For example, control- tinuing series of actions and re- anesthesiologist to own a com- Inhalation anesthetic drugs
ling a spacecraft, where all of actions with a close temporal puter and use it successfully, such as halothane and enflur-
the systems are known and un- linkage not seen in other areas without having to pay the ane are fluorocarbons that melt
derstood, as are the laws of of medicine. salaries of programmers and plastic and are excellent dry-
135
cleaning fluids, as well as po- clogged-up arteries supplying tion is the product of heart rate the anesthesiologist.
tent anesthetics. Despite this, the heart muscle need anes- and blood pressure. Also, the I am excited about micropro-
used carefully in the correct thetics. Over 60,000 of these electrocardiograph can indi- cessors, and I believe that in
dosage, they are very safe, but persons had operations on the cate when the heart is being the near future we will see
the patient needs to be clogged-up vessels in 1977 stressed too much. Both of many of them being applied in
monitored closely. (coronary bypass grafting). these parameters could be cal- operating rooms across the
What specific parameters Many more of them have opera- culated and monitored by the country. I also believe that I
need to be monitored? The tions for other procedures, computer. have only scratched the sur-
anesthesiologist measures such as hernias and hysterec- These are simple examples. face of a vast ocean of applica-
blood pressure and heart rate tomies, and the anesthesiolo- There are many others, some tions for microcomputers in the
at least every five minutes in gist must not stress the heart simple, some complex. The biological sciences. The future
the most minor operations, be- during these operations. Be- computer could also monitor, is very sanguine for these
cause there is no such thing as cause the oxygen delivered to record and process body tem- machines, and all that is
a minor anesthetic. Changes in the heart is restricted by the peratures and signals from the needed is someone to begin
blood pressure and heart rate clogged vessels, these patients brain, the lungs and the kid- testing and developing them in
with upper and lower limits for cannot tolerate anything that neys, all of which are presently the operating room and the bio-
each and maximum allowable demands increased work and monitored by the anesthesiolo- logical laboratories. Until this
rates 'of change of each could oxygen consumption. gist. Table 1 lists some of the is done, their ultimate ver-
be monitored by computer. Fortunately, a good lndlcator parameters a computer could satility and usefulness remains
Sometimes people with of !he heart's oxygen consump- help monitor or calculate for untested .•
longer are any 90 degreecable bends whipping around. 312 Highgate Avenue
It's fast, neat and convenient-and it's a bargain! (~ - THE CPU 5HOP~
CASSETTE CONTROL UNIT -$32.50 Buffalo, New York 14215 (~ Dept K 39 Pleasant 51.
Micro-Mega •....
M54
(N.Y
ALLOW
State residents
6 WEEKS
add 7% sales tax)
FOR DELIVERY
LU Charlestown MA02129
",C108 - (617)242·3350
P.O. BOX 6265 • ARLINGTON VA 22206
*****.**
(Virginia residents add 4% sales 11Ix) Add freight charge o. $2.50 for all orders.
CheckiMCIVisa welcome: MA residents add 5% tax .
Canadian
Who regularly publishes more info on
APPLEs. PETs, KIMs, SYMs, AIMs, and
other 6502 based systems. products and
programs than
• ATTENTION
APPLE II OWNERS
•
8K MEMORY KITS (kilobaud) Il~TI Southeastern Software announces
M1-Fast Signetics 21l02·1 RAMs with 20 ••_r"~",,_r ",,_r'"
ready to run programs on tape for
pages of Documentation-solder
power Schottky-S·l00 Bus-Full
mask low
Buttering
"IU I Cnr~LC ~~C your computer. . •
$179.95 GI'6atlv6 Gontplitinf!
COMBINED? Send $5.95 plus 5()¢ postage and
M2-as above wiih DIP switch address select
and Robinson Nugent IC sockets only $199.95
handling for demo tape and sample
newsletter designed for Apple II
MEM1-WAMECO bare board as used in owners.
above kits $39.95
Demo tape includes 1 game and 2
Write for Info on WAMECO CPU and other
S-l00 bare boards.
the full size magazine devoted to 6502 general interest programs. Specify
information. Now published monthly $12.00 if you want tape to run in BASIC,
per year in USA.
Applesoft or Applesoft 11_
Now you can get all of MICRO by buying
ORTHON •..••
08
COMPUTER
fCHtTHON HOl.OIHGS LTD) "The BEST of MICRO Volume I" for $7.00
(includes shipping) and starting your
subscription with issue #7.
12411 Stony Plain Rd SOUTH€ASTE:RN SOFTWARE
PO Box 3, S. Chelmsford, MA. 01824
7270 Culpepper Drive •.•••
S52
Edmonton, Alberta Canada T5N3N3 617/256-3649
~ New Orleans, LA 70126
By
and
LEAVE
large,
computer
boards aren't the
most exciting things
in the world ... but
Mullen boards are an ex-
YDU
ception.
The Extender Board Kit has a
logic probe that lets you know BI
R
what's going on in your circuit. And if
you get bored with that, there's a general
purpose kluge board area where you can irn-
plement custom testing jigs. Still not enough?
Hook a 'scope probe on to the specially designed edge
connectors and check out the logic patterns. And if all
that fails, maybe the low price will get you excited: $39 per kit.
E •
The Controller Board Kit is an intell igent switching system that
listens to the world through 8 opto-isolator inputs, confers with the
computer, and then issuesopen/close instructions to 8 reed relays. If you
get tired of low power applications, high power AC modules are available. •
Each kit includes applications notes and an onboard self-tester. $99 per kit.
For some people, the fun stops once you've put a board in your computer. With a
Mullen board, the fun's just beginning.
The Apple /I prints too, and the Telpar Thermal Printer does it.
C. R. (Chuck) Carpenter stream rate (to 110 or 300 baud)
2228 Montclair PI. and direct it to the annunciator
Carrollton TX 75006 output port, ANO (the game
paddle connector). Fig. 1 shows
the general block diagram of
the system, and Fig. 2 shows
the connections made to the
I na previous
-People
baud MICROCOMPUTlNG,
article
Are Sleeping,"
("SHHH
Kilo-
Jan-
printer
Apple II.
to interface it with the
I
PS - 40
PRINTER
l A7 SERIAL DATA (TTL)
VIDEO
printout in Program A was
=
1
made using the Apple II
Y' STANDBY
o 00 0
r SUPPLY
NOTE: USE CONTROL K (Kc) TO ADVANCE PAPER keyboard.
First type 36BG, then
Fig. 1. System block diagram (serial print- TTL input). RETURN. If the program is
138
Start Print Stop Print
* 36BG * 37EG O~:CB- f{:i :~;6 LDFi $3t:.
) CALL 875 > CALL 894 C3tT-
7~~i
~j:~; --
sn C6 03
f:,':;:::7
::;TA $0:::::C6
:l::':7
LDA
) SP::USR(875) 1 EP=USR(894) C:~;?2- ::If C? 0:::: :::;Hi $C1::::C?
Note: To activate, type in and C1:~:?~;-' LDA #$:::::9
l1:~;?7- ;=;~; ·,::~C: :::;"1 A $::::6
hit RETURN
l~3?9- A9 O:~; LDA #:$:0::::
* From Apple Monitor ::::;114 :l3?
) = From Integer BASIC 60 F'TS
C:~:?[- AD eE, Cf~; LDf'i :$:0::::C6
J '" From Apple Soft BASIC C3::::i -- :=;~: 36 ::::;Hi :$:::::;t:.
C:::::::::::- fiD C? 0:::: LDFi lo::::e?
Print routine. Cl:~;;:;t:,- ,-,I::'"
,:,._1 .-,-:'
..::, I" ::::;"114 K:?
PE:
C3:::'::::-
C3:::B- PHA
C:~;~:;C- 20 A5 C;:::: ·j::P
~~':~:::F
- PLA
C:~:'::irj- C9 :::D Ct'lP #l:::::D
~~:(~;'?-2- DO DC BriE :$:Ci:::fiO
C:~;'34- f"i9 ::::14 LDI"i #l:::::A
C396- .f::;P :$:03A5
0::::99- LD~ci #:l5:::
C3':,'B-' .f::,P $FCA:::::
U:::'::::E- Fi'c' :::m LDfi #$:::::D
O::::fi0- H4 ::::~; LD'/ :$::::::~;
C:::a=:2- 4C FO F"D Jt,1P $FI!FO
C::::A~;- 140 DB LD\' #:$:OB
~.}:::A7-·· CLC
C::::A::::- 4:~~: F'Hfi
EO D5 Be:; $CCEO
U:::f:,B- LD~:I :lCO~;:::::
C::::AE-- ':::{o c::: Bce $C::::B3
12'::,::1::(;-- fm ~;':; CO LDH lCC69
C3B:~;- D::::
f:l':::: LDA #$D3
Fig. 2. Input and power connections. C:~;B5-·· 4::; F'Hfi
C3B6- f'O 20 LDA #l20
C::c::B:::- 414 U:;F:
'::::U FD Bce
03BB- 6::: . PLf"i
APPLE TWISTED CABLE A7 TELPAR
GAME PWA O::::BC- E9 U1 ::::BC #l01
CONNECTOR CONNECTOR C::::IE- DU F5 BriE $0::::E5
~j:~;CC- PUi
HOOKUP DIAGRAM
6A F:CP
DE'/
~}~;C:_, Br·iE
9.
SERIAL
GND
DATA C3C~5-- pr::
16 PIN
• C3C(- FU FD BEO
Ie
PLUG
, .. TOP
THE
VIEW AS IT PLUGS
GAME I/O CONNECTOR
INTO
~~CtT- f1~; 36 sn
(1370- A5 :.:;( :::D C·? 03 149 ::;'?
C6 (1:::::
:~~:5
CONNECTOR PICTORIAL
C:~:7::;- :~;6 A'3 03 ::::-:;37 ':;.0 FIn C6
. U::::::(i- 03 :::::5 ::~E,AD C? ~j:=; ::::; :::7
Fig. 3. Serial data adapter schematic and wiring pictorial.
~~r::;::;::;- 60 :::4 :~:~;4::: E)j F1~:; OJ 6::;
03'::::0- CS :::::D DO OC 149 :::::H 20 A~;
039:::- 0::::: 149 ~;:::::;::::0 A::::: Fe H9 :::D
working, you will see the the data at address $3B4 to $4D. C3AC'-· 144 ::::~; 4C FO FD 140 OB 1:::
~~;::::A:::::-4::::: BC 05 AD 5:::: CO 90 0::::
response slow down on the TV
monitor. The printer will re- A Further Note
C:::BC- AD 5':':' co
H':::: D::: 4::::: fi9 2~=1
03B:::- 4F, '::::0 F-D 6::::: C,' 01 DO F~;
spond with a return at the same Apple has a number of 1/0 C::::CC1- 6::::: 6H ::::::::DO E3 60 ro FT
time. Type 37EG and RETURN boards coming; by the time you 'l
to get out of the print routine. read this, some of them will be Program A. Machine-language listing and hex dump of the
lf- you use Apple integer available. However, the cost of print-control routine.
BASIC, the routine is activated connecting a printer using this
by CALL 875-the decimal simple interface is so attrac-
value of $36B. Use CALL 894 to tive, I don't think I'll rush out
stop printing. The same tech- and get a board when they are By the way, printing is not the Apple Computers, Inc.
nique is used with AppleSoft available. The system works only use for the routine in- 10260 Bandley Dr.
F.P. BASIC, except you use fine and I have had much enjoy- cluded with this article. It can Cupertino CA 95014
X = USR(875) to call the pro- ment printing and using the be used also to slow the screen Telpar, Inc.
gram and X = USR(894) to stop. programs I have developed with speed down. This way you can 4132A Billy Mitchell Rd.
Change the pri nting speed from my Apple II and AppleSoft read a listing or whatever while PO Box 796
110 to 300 baud by changing BASIC. the output is slowly scrolling .• Addison TX 75001
139
simply look up "Microcom- plementation of a program. systems information is readily
puters, IM6100" and find three The programmed-instruction available from many other
articles listed under it. Or, if I format presents 148 byte-sized sources; the user's manual is an
couldn't remember where I saw frames of information, each exact duplication of what I re-
that article "Digital Foam-The about one paragraph or more in ceived with my H8, although it
Sexiest Peripheral," I would look length. At the end of each seg- would be of interest to someone
it up under "Humor" and see ment, there are enough questions who hasn't bought his own micro
that it ran in the July issue of to test yourself on each point yet and is still wondering what
ROM, beginning on page 93. covered. BASIC is.
(from page 14) Another useful feature of the The first program is referred to A 74-page workbook contains
article index is that it is easy to see as "Building a Doghouse." The problems for each learning seg-
need and then keeping up while which magazines dominate which viewpoint taken throughout the ment with exercises, experiments,
making your ideas and products categories. We might notice, un- course is that the parts of BASIC hints for solutions and many
visible to the folks who will pay surprisingly, that most of the en- are tools with which you can complete programs. I'd like to see
for them. tries under" Amateur Radio" are build a doghouse, or a monu- a periodic issue of this sort of
Chapter 7 covers day-to-day from 73 Magazine, for example. ment, depending entirely on your workbook. With some ads of new
hassles you're going to have to The magazines' addresses are own skill or patience. I found this products and editorials, it would
face and some effective ways of listed for the benefit of those who point of view appealing as it ex- be my ideal of a computer
dealing with them. Finally, you wish to write for information on presses the idea that program- magazine.
get the benefit of Don's real life obtaining subscriptions or back ming is a craft; it is neither a disci- The major fault of this course
experience on managing the issues. plined science nor an intuitive art, is a lack of attention to print lay-
money you'll be making. Things There is also an author index, but a combination of both. out and flowcharting. I've found
such as why you should ignore which could serve as a rudimen- I estimate that a thorough cov- both to be invaluable in defining
Merrill Lynch and their big tary "talent locator" for those erage of the first part would take the sequence of program design.
business buddies make this part who are searching for an expert in 20 to 40 hours. Because this course is geared spe-
an eye-popper for folks like us. some area of microcomputer Part II, the next 134 pages, is cifically to the amateur comput-
Buy this book if you're even technology. concerned with building monu- erist, it emphasizes interaction
thinking about going into busi- Although at $5 it is not inex- ments. The first piece of con- between the programmer and his
ness for yourself. My money pensive for a 72-page book, I in- struction is a program that adds, machine, which could form slop-
machine paid for my copy in half tend to buy future volumes. My subtracts, multiplies or divides py habits. It is often the case that
an hour. 1977 volume is easy to read and one or two decimal, hexadecimal, 15 minutes with pencil, paper and
William Colsher has a sturdy cover. A publication octal or split octal numbers in any eraser can save hours of frustra-
Lisle IL of this type would be a good in- base. This is where the creative tion debugging on the console.
vestment for any serious hobbyist aspects of computing begin. The Benton Harbor bias also
or professional. The major problem is broken shows in the lack of any study of
David Price down into small parts. Alterna- deluxe features of BASIC such as
Periodical Guide for Midlothian VA tive solutions are suggested. PRINT USING and MATRIX
Computerists Tackle each small problem and, if functions, though Some Com-
E. Berg Publications your way doesn't work, then look mon BASIC Programs by Poole
Aloha OR up Heath's answer. The emphasis and Borchers (Osborne & Associ-
Heathkit's BASIC here is on arriving at a solution. ates, Inc., publishers) shows you
My first reaction upon reading Programming Course, $30 How you do it-your way or how to achieve many deluxe fea-
the flier for Periodical Guide Heath Company Heath's way-doesn't really mat- tures using the simpler
was, "Why didn't someone think Benton Harbor MI ter ... just so that it works. I statements.
of this before?" As the title sug- found this part of the course real- By the way, this collection of
gests, it is a specialized equivalent Most of the BASIC program- ly exciting. software is an excellent work-
to the Reader's Guide to ming books on the market right The second project is an au- book for further study. Take
Periodical Literature-each vol- now are recycled college texts. thentic simulation of blackjack. each program description as a
ume indexes a year's worth of 25 But what about us, the amateur There are 29 major decision problem, see if you can put to-
magazines. Sixteen of them are computerists? How about a points in the construction where gether a program to do the job
dedicated to small computers, home-study course geared to our you can do it your way, Heath's and then see how Poole and Bor-
while the rest are general-interest concerns? Now we have it-the way or a combination of both. I chers did it. After working on
electronics magazines that fre- Heathkit BASIC Programming have never before come across Heath's course, you begin to real-
quently feature microcomputer- Course, and it's a winner. such an exhaustive and precise ize that there are all sorts of ways
related articles. Don't let the Heathkit label delineation of the major and mi- to put together a program, one of
Besides articles, the book in- fool you; the course is equally ap- nor considerations that go into which could be yours.
dexes editorials, letters, book plicable to any micro-owner. Al- the formulation of a particular . Evidently, Heath is looking for
reviews and record reviews. Up- though there is no such thing as a program. other topics for its programmed-
dates and bug reports for articles text or course that can guarantee In this case, there are 87 cre- instruction department. You are
are also listed. to make you a proficient pro- ative pages. You could spend 20 asked to fill out a questionnaire
Compilation of the Periodical grammer, this course comes as hours on Part II, but I spent and send it in along with your
Guide was obviously a tedious close as any I've seen to laying about 60 hours and expect to re- final exam. Would you mind in-
job. The effort was worthwhile, down a solid foundation. turn to it many more times. If you dicating an interest in a home-
though, if my experience with it Part I, the first 229 pages, cov- insist on doing it all your way, study course on carpentry? Then,
means anything; I refer to it con- ers the building blocks, or the then you can also expect to spend as soon as Heath comes out with
stantly. It points me to informa- tools of the trade: PRINT, deci- weeks on this part alone, al- this course, I can build a desk to
tion I might otherwise miss be- sions, numeric data, functions, though you'd probably be a bet- hold all my equipment ... may-
cause I don't subscribe to all 25 loops, lists and arrays, strings ter programmer for it.
be even a wall rack for all my cas-
magazines. and tricks of the trade. The first The two main appendices con- sette tapes.
Moreover, it relieves me of complete program in Segment 4 tain 61 pages on number systems,
having to rely on my (biological) calculates the value or height of a lifted from Heath's microproces- Is Heath's course worth $30?
memory when I want to find an stack of money given the denomi- sor course, and a 105-page user's Yes, because right now there is
article from a back issue that I do nation of the bills and either of manual on Benton Harbor BASIC nothing on the market that comes
happen to have. If I wanted to the first two variables. It is a and Extended BASIC. I believe even close to being as good.
learn more about the Intercept painless, jargonless introduction that both appendices are unneces- George Knoll
IM6100, for example, I would to the definition, design and im- sary duplications: The number Vancouver BC Canada
140
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142
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1. Rainbow's Pot-of-Gold, Vol. 1,. 49 BASIC programs $49 Ita 9600 baud), computer and keyboard operated cursor control, parity error
2. Microchess - Graphic display, beginning to intermediate, and control, power on initialization, forward spaces, line feed, rev. line feeds,
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4. Income Tax - 1040, Schedules A&B, requires 20K &
Applesoft 1 25
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The DE 1000 Terminal is a low cost
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146 V' ReaderService-see page 179
Reduc'e pragr~ KIMTM BUS EXPANSION IS
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KIM·1 computer $179.00:KIM-4 Motherboard $119: power sup-
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RSM-2D: 3 MONITORS FOR TRS-80 DISK SYSTEMS - $29.95 word processor for home or business use!
RSM-2D conta i ns 3 ver s ions of RSM-2 on a sing Le disk to Load into the top of TRS232 PRINTER INTERFACE- $49.95 (+$2.00 shipping)
16K, 32K or 48K -TRS-80's with disk systems. With RSM-2D you can read your
TRSDOS into memory using our DISK read command, print disassembled Listings A fuLly assembled seLf-contained software-driven output port for printing
using our SYMBOLIC dump and printer output commands, then mod i fy and from LEVEL-I!, DISK BASIC or machine Language programs! Diablo, Teletype,
re-write to disk using our DISK write command! Tl Si tent or any RS-232 or 20-mi l current Loop printer may be used. The
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BASIC-1 - LEVEL-1 BASIC FOR LEVEL-II TRS-80'S - $15.95 the expansion interface! THE ELECTRIC PENCIL and RSM-212D use the TRS232,
thus word processing, BASIC, and machine Language applications are aLL
Loads into the top 4K of 16K TRS-80's and uses any LEVEL-I BASIC program or supported!
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reloading. ALL LEVEL-I abbreviations and functions supported!
Enter any pattern with unique repeating keyboard! Save your patterns on
AIR RAID: A REAL-TIME TRS-80 SHOOTINGGALLERY! - $14.95 tape (4 patterns furnished). PLay LIFE, a game of birth, growth and death
of a coLony of c e Lt s , FAST - about 1 second per generation! Hours of
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players. AIR RAID provides hours of fun for you, and is a super ESP-1 : 29.95 Ed; tor, a ssenb te r , and monitor using INTEL 8080 mnemonics.
•
demonstration program for entertaining friends! 4K LEVEL I and II. LST-1 : 8.00 A disassembled Listing of LEVEL-l BASIC with some comments.
*
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• PARALLEL INPUT AND OUTPUT
ten source files at a time; permits modular pro- • SPACE FOR 16K DYNAMIC RAM
• CAN USE LEFT OVER 4K CHIPS
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easily
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That's right, you can use either 4K or 16K chips and ad-
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and a whole h081 of other varied periph-
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The 8100 has a full RS232J20
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1429 Maple St. CALL OR WRITE FOR COMPLETE PRICING
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The largest puhlication devoted to the TRS·80 System
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~~ ~
8K
\)~~\)\~
•.....
~ ~\~ BASIC
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percussion units •..
PR[][]RfH~ll':'IflBLE [)RUI':'I SE KIM-1
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KNOWLEDGE REQUffiED! High Fidelity describes
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#-----------------------------------
I MICROSETIE CO. \
777 Palomar Ave.. Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Inc. vl36
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microprocessor/mini-
B09 East Broadway
Louisville, Kentucky 40204
(502) 454-0223
APPLICATIONS
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COMPUTER oN~9995 ELECTRONICS
If you work
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COMPUTING
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and understand
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management • Now available! Text Editor. Assembler, Disassembler and a new Video understand what makes them tick.
Scheduling and reservation Display Board! Get Started For Just $99.95, Complete!
systems • The TEXT EDITOR gives you word processing ability and the ability to edit ELF II was developed as a trainer for engineers, hobbiests. technicians and
process control. and ELF II can type letters for you-error free-plus insert names and addresses With ELF II, you learn to use machine language, the fundamental language of
Computer time-sharing from your mailing list! all computers. (Higher level languages such as FORTRAN and BASIC must be
ELF II's ASSEMBLER translates assembly language programs into hexidecimal translated into machine language before a computer can understand thern.l With
and simulation. machine code for ELF II use. The Assembler features mnemonic abbreviations ELF It you build a solid foundation in computers so you'll really know what
Resource-use accounting. rather than numerics so that the instructions on your programs are easier to you're doing.
ADVANTAGES language
working
source
with.
listings.
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This helps you
them when required.'
understand the programs you- are an $8.95
instead.
RF modulator, you can connect ELF It to your tv's antenna terminals
Completely assembled and I he new I:H II Video Display Board leis you generate a sharp, professional 32 ELF II's 5·card expansion bus {connectors not included) lets you expand ElF II
tested> All software or 64 character by 16 tine upper and lower case display on your tv screen or as your needs grow. If you're an engineer or hobbiest, you can also use ELF II as
drivers included to set and video monitor-dramatically improving your unexpended $99.95 ELF II. When you a counter, alarm, lock, thermostat, timer, telephone dialer or for countless other
read the CCIT-100 • Time get into longer programs, the Video Display Board is a real blessing! applications.
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• CPU independent • On- new Snort Course On Microprocessor & Computer Programming, by Tom would cost you a lot more money! Thanks to the ongoing RCA 1802 research
board crystal time base > Pittman, you can master computers in no time at all! ELF II can execute all 91 and development by Netronics. ELF II can now be expanded with some of the
Requires only two I/O ports RCA 1802 commands. The Shorr Course quickly teaches you how to use each of most technically advanced small computer add-ens on the market.
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in
Kentucky residents add 5'10 Sales Tax. including a fascinating new target/missile gun game that was developed spec! problems such as operating a more complex alarm system or controlling a
Price includes shipping via UPS fically for ELF II. printing press. Add 4k RAM Boards to write longer programs, store more
within USA· But games are only the icing on the cake. ELF II is a small but powerful information and solve more sophisticated problems.
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Money Order.
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If you want power to solve real world problems, ELF II has a lot more to offer research and development program!
COD·
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than "famous name" computers selling for many times ELF ll's low price. ELF II ElF II add-ons already include the ElF II light Pen and the amazing ElF·
add-ons are among the most sophisticated on the market today at any price! Bug™ Monitor-two extremely recent breakthroughs that have not yet been
No wonder IEEE chapters plus hundreds of universities and major corporations duplicated by any other manufacturer.
now use ELF II to introduce students and employees to microprocessor The ELF-BUGTM Monitor lets you debug programs with lightening speed be
computing. cause the key to debugging is to know what's inside the registers of the micro
Start working with the incredibly versitile and roof.moor ELF II and you'll processor. And, with the ELF·BUGTM Monitor, instead of single stepping through
understand why! your program, you can now display the entire contents of the registers on your
More Powerful Than Your College Degree! tv screen. You find out immediately what's going on and can make any neces
o
A knowledge of computers may soon be more important to your earning power sary changes.
than a college degree. It doesn't matter whether you're a scientist, engineer, The incredible ELF II Light Pen lets you write or draw anything you want on a
businessman or professional. Understand computers and you can command tv screen with just a wave of the "magic wand." Netronics has also introduced
MONEY! the ElF II Color Graphics & Music System-more breakthroughs that ELF II
Master This Computer In A Flash! owners were the first to enjoy!
Regardless of how minimal your computer background is now, you can learn to ELF II Tiny BASIC
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program an ELF II in almost no time at all. Our Short Course On Microprocessor Like all computers, ELF II understands only machine language-the language
& Computer Programming was written in non-technical language and it leads computers use to talk to each other. But, to make life easier for you, we've
you through each of the RCA COSMAC 1802's capabilities, so you'lJ understand developed an ELF 11Tiny BASIC that lets you talk with ELF II in simple words
everything ELF II can do .. and how to get ELF II to do it! Don't worry if you've that can by typed out on a keyboard such as PRINT, RUN and LOAD.
been stumped by computer books before. The Short Course represents a major Ask Not What Your Computer Can Do ...
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Keyed to ELF II, it's loaded with "hands on" illustrations. When you're finished afford it. ELF II is more advanced and more fun to use than big name computers
with the Short Course, neither ELF II nor the RCA 1802 cou will hold any mvs- that cost a lot more money. With ELF II you learn to write and run your own
-
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3~
33 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776 Call (203) 354.9375 .
Yes! I want my own computer! Please rush me-
ORCA COSMAC ELF II language. us a learning breakthrough for engineers and laymen
i at $99_95 plus $3 postage and alike. $5 postpaid Tolal Enclosed $ I
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supply)
$29.95 plus$2_50p&h
D Power Supply (required).
o RCA,1802 Users
S4.95 postpaid.
Manual. $5 postpaid.
o !
am also enclosing payment (including
the Items checked below!
postage & handling) for ~H~~aGE g!M~~~e·r ~~~~ge-- I
(Bank# )
o Tom Pittman's Short Course On Microprocessor & Computer 0 I want my ELF II wired and tested with power supply, RCA
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Programming teaches you just about everything there is to know 1802 User's Manual and Short Course-all for just $149.95 plus
~~~g~~~/~Aa~~;C;ol~O:Lc~~p:"t::::er_w::.r~itt::::en.:.:i:::.n::::no::::n.::::te:::ch::::n:::ica:::.'...:S:::3..'.P&:::h:::.. -..:Ac::c":'"~nt'."._======:_
o GIANT BOAROTM kit with cassette 1/0. RS 232· 26 variables A·Z. LET. IF/THEN. INPUT. PRINT. GOTO programs and produces assembly language source list-
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$19.95 on cassette tape
~i~~~tions and a system monitor/editor. $39.95 plus ~I~~~S P:I~~~n~C;:e~ic C~~~~r~~~~y ~e~~i~~nt~~ ~~~pl~;
SAVE $9.90-Text Editor. Assembler & Disassembler
D Kluge (Prototype) Board accepts up 10 36 IC·s. alphanumeric characters directly on your tv screen with· purchased together, only $49.95! (Require Video Dis-
::J
64k $89.95 plus $3 p&h 0 Tom Pittman's Short Course on Tiny Basic lor ELF II.
D Gold plated as-pin ccnnecters
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o ELF II Color Graphics & Music System Board kit.
$49.95 plus $2 p&h
pluq-ut board). $5.70 ea .. postpaid 0 ELF_BUGTM Deluxe System Monitor on cassette
o ELF II connects directly to the video input 01 your tv
o Expansion Power Supply (required when adding 4k tape. Allows displaying the contents 01 all registers on
set Without additional hardware. To connect ELF II to
RAM!. $34.95 plus $2 p&h your tv al any point in your program. Also displays 24
your antenna terminals instead. order RF Modulator,
o Professional ASCII Keyboar"d kit with 128 ASCII bytes of memory with full addresses. blinking cursor $8.95 postpaid
(DeD
upper/lower case set. 96 printable characters. onboaro and auto scrolling. A must for the serious programmer!
regulator. parity.
logic selection and choice 01 4 haod- $14.95 postpaid. Coming Soon: A·D. D·A Converter.
and more!
Controller Board
shaking Signals to mate with almost any computer 0 Text Editor on cassette tape gives you the abilily to
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your programs
o Deluxe metal cabinet for ASCII Keyboard. $19.95 while Ihey are displayed on your video monitor. (Add Print
plus$2_50 p&h printer and you can use ELF II to Iype error-tree letters Name
.i]
o Video Disptay Board kit lets you generate a sharp. plus insert names and addresses from your mailing hst.j
protessonat 32 or 64 character by 16 line upper and $19.95 postpaid
Address
lower case display on your tv screen or video rnontor-. 0 Assembler on cassette tape translates assembly
dramalically improving your unexpanoed $99_95 ELF II language programs into hexidecimal machine code for
.,. (Fits inside AS.ell Keyboard cabtnet.) $89.95
us sz psn
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mands Include SAVE. LOA~. x . ~ 0 Disassembler on cassette tape takes machine code _ DEALER INOU""I"'RI"'E"S""IN""V"IT==E"D:--:J
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NEW PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENTS 8085, Z-80, 6502, KIM-I, 1802.
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* $3,75 a personolityrnodule which plugs into the front
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ASK ABOUT OUR OSI BUSINESS SYSTEMS
Distributed by. STEVE SHAW P.L V'576 COMPUTER CORNER of N.J The NET WORKS V'N18
Soitwa re Consultant 240 Wanaque Ave., represented by
Astronics Division Earle Associates
P.O. Box 1707 Pompton Lakes, N.J. 4805 Mercury Street
Tampa. Florida 33601 07442 San Diego. CA 92111(714) 278-5441
II.\'~\~"".J.I ....:..(2_01"")
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WEB *= ASSOCIATES
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TAKE ADVANTAGE
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OF LEVEL II
ERROR TRAP- .25 centsper program plus 1 dollar per tape
• Tape #1 Includes 26 Level I business/home/edu-
SIGNAL FOR
ENTRY PROMPT
-ALSO-
.- cation programs, just $7.50 plus 50 cents
postage and. handling (CA residents add 45
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.Write for information
=
STOP YOUR CASSETTE WHEN IT SHOULD WITH OUR
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_ COMPUTER
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For more information circle vW20
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"...C104 EXCHANGE
WEB ASSOCIATES
P.O. Box 60-Q Monrovia, CA 91016 Box 158 San Luis Rey, CA 92068
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~~eTt
• Works with 110 to 300 BPS Tll Serial Interface
n n
• Originate and Answer Modes
• Designed to Direct Connect Phone line Specifications
• Complies with all FCC Regulations when used with CST Coupler
The list • Filing for FCC Type Acceptance for Non-CST qperation Forthcoming
• Bell 103 Standard Frequencies
U has over 60 U • Assembled and Tested with 90 Day Warranty
different tapes. ~
Write for it or NOW AVAILABLE
SERIAL INTERFACE;
IN TWO OFFERINGS FOR USE WITH YOUR TTL
TRS - 80
TM
INTERFACE SOON TO FOLLOW
• Ideal' for home, personal. and business computer systems;
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posite video input • Compatible with many computer
• Assembled Board with Above Specifications - $59.95 plus shipping
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pedance-7S Ohms· Resoluti6n-6S0 lines Minimum IN DR. DALEY'S
Central 80% of CRT;SSOLines Minimum beyond central 80%
ofCRTrc;fEIA RS·37S • Dimensions-l1.37S" high; 16.2S0" ~ Software
wide; 11.2S0·· deep (exclude VIdeo input
nectar) ~ Weight-6.S KG(14.3 Ibs) net .. CHSD,lnc. "...Cl18
Use Master Charge/Visa or send money order.
425 Grove Ave. ~
Berrien Springs, MI 3644 Cairnbrook Drive
Micl'o Pl'oducts Unlimited
P.O.Box 1525, Arlington, TX 76010 ~ ~h. (616) 471-5514 "...043 Columbia, 29210 s.c
817/461·8043 Sun. to Thurs. noon to 9 PM eastern time 803 - 772-1250
Dealer inquiries welcome V M81
<>
N.Y.S. Residents Add 4% Sales Tax
Meets on 1st Saturday each month
__
corrpuirex
POBox 536 Inman SC 29349_
~C86 * Send lor our hardware catalog, lIyers and
software list.
Send to: Key Electronics
P.O. Box 3506
Schenectady, NY 12303 ~K14
AMERICAN
SQUARE
4503 Seaway Drive ~E34 ECOSOFT COMp,UTERS ~A66
.
Indianapoll., IN 46268 '------(919) 883·1105 -oJ
!
------------
I
C.APPLE)
SUPER SALE
I SUPPLIES 'Just LOAD and GO' Software
Pre-recorded Business Programs
US~EFUL·PRACTICAL·LOW·COST!
NO PROGRAMMING EXPERIENCE REQUIRED!
I • GENERAL
etorships,
LEDGER-For home businesses,
small corporations-$19.95 plus
sale propri-
$1.50 s&h, re-
quires 8K min. user memory
I • RENT ACCOUNTS-Records
plus $1.50 s&h
on rental properties-$16.95
I
Specify which computer is used.
i
• UNCONDITIONAL GUARANTEE
Destin, Fla. 32541 I BETA BUSINESS SYSTEMS ",.....B39
All mail orders must be pre-paid.
904-837-2022 8369 VICKERS ST., fiG
....---~---------.-..
~SANDIEGO CA92111~
IIiiiiiiiiI (714) 565-4505 _ oe8181 COMPUTERS ONE ~
I Cred it Cards Accepted I \I1QU\r\8S
,"'1\\8d
#306 Kahala Office
4211 Waialae
Tower
Ave.
'-_.....;:;.;... Honolulu, HI 96816 rAOr\171'7~2'933
156
P.O. Box 4430M Santa Clara, CA 95054
Same day shipment. First line will call only:(408) 988-1640
parts only. Factory tested. Wal Ave.
Guaranteed money back. Qual-
ity Ie's and other components
at factory prices, ,....Q3
The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro- training and research and development.
74221N
74298N
74365N
1.65
,8S
18L05
78L08
19L05
, .60 8""
.70 8Tl0
8098
1.25
4,50
N82523
N825123
2.95
3.50
8K RAM Board Kit
4K EPROM Kit
$134.95
114.95
gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLE 74368N .8S 181.405 .85 8T13 3.00 N825126 3.15 I/O Board Kit 44.50
Remember, other computers only offer Super Elf 74367N ,8S 15108 1.15 8T20 5,50 N825129 3.15 Extender BOird w/conMctor 12.50
STEP for program debugging which is not in- features at additional cost or not at all, Compare 75491CN ,50 8T23 3.10 N82S131 3.75 VldfG 1nterface bGard kit 125.00
cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLE 14lS00TTL 75492CN .55 8124 3,50 N825136 8.75 16K EPROM board kH w/o PROMS 74.50
before you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, High .25 .89 8T25 3,20 16K Static RAM board kit 395.00
STEP you can see the microprocessor chip address option $8.95, Low address option
74L5ooN
74LS02N
74L504N
.25
.25
15494CN
VERTER
8126
8T28
1.69
2.75
N825137
2708
01.18577
8.15
12.50
2.90
~::IO:{ o~o.:fd Dltk 1(11 $665.00
415.00
operating with the unique Quest address and $9.95. Custom Hardwood Cabinet with drilled 74L505N .25 4.50 8T97 1.69 8223 2." SPECIAL PRODUCTS
data bus displays before, during and after 74lS08N .25 13.95 8198 1.69 271611 22.50MM5865 StopWOIlch Timer 9.00
and labelled front panel $24.95. NiCad Battery .25 22.00 2116tntel 7.50
.,
741510N 48.00PC board
executing instructions. Also. CPU mode and in- 74lS13N .40 13.95 MOS/W:MORY "AM Switches Mom. Pushbutton .27
Backup Kit $4.95. All kits and options also come 74LS14N . 9.95 2101·t 3.95 CRYSTALS 3pos.slide ,25
struction cycle are shown on several LED indica- completely assembled and tested, 74lS20N .25 7.40 2102·1 .95 1M'" 4.50 Encoder HOOI65·5 6.95
tor lamps. 74LS22N .25 ICl71D3 9.50 2102Al·4 1.60
2M'" 4.50 3 Digit Unlverul
Questdata, a 12 page monthly software publica- 74LS28N .41 ICll107 14.25 21F02 1.25 4 MHz 4.25 ClIunter Board III
74LS30N .25 2104A-4 4:95 5 MHz 4.25 Operates 5-18 VoK DC to 5 MHz
An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you to tion for 1802 computer users is available by sub- 74LS33N .39 CMOS 2107B 4.95 10 MHz 4.25 typ .. 125'lEDdlsplay 10.50
connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video 74lS38N .30 C034001fair. .50 2111-1 3.75 18MHI 3." Voice actualed .wltch ,50
scription for $12,00 per year. 74LS74N .35 C04000 .16 2112-2 3.95 20 MHz 3,.,
modulator to do graphics and games. There is a 74lS75N .47 CD4001 ,21 2114 8,50 32 MHz 3.90 Plfatronlc.l00ALoglc
74lS90N .51 C04002 .21 4116 17.95 32768 101Hz 4.00 ,Model
AnllyzerKl1 $224.00
speaker system included for writing your own .51 1.10 4.50 10 Trigger
Tiny Basic for ANY1802 System 74LS93N C04D06 25138 6.30 1.8432 101Hz
music or using many music programs already 74LS95N 1.89 CD4007 .21 21l02·1 lA9 1.20 Expander Kit $229.00
74LS107N .35 C04008 .21 MM5262 ,40 1.95 Model 150 Bus
written, The speaker amplifier may also be used Cassette $10.00. On ROM Monitor $38.00. 74lS112N .35 CD4009 .39 MM5280 3.00 4.50 GrabberKl1 $369.00
to drive relays for control purposes. Super Elf owners. 30% off. Object code listing or 74lS113N .35 C04010 .39 MM5320 9.95 4.50 TRANSfORMERS
74LS132N .72 C04011 .21 MM5330 5,94 4.50 6V300 ma 3.25
paper tape with manual $5.50. 74LSI36N .35 C04012 .21 P0411D-3 4,00 4.50 12VoH 300 ma transformer 1.25
A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys Original ELf Kit Board $14.95. 74LS151N .67 CD4013 .36 PD411O·4 5.00 4.50 12.6V CT600 ma 3.75
plus load, reset, run, input, memory protect, 74L51S5N .67 C04014 .86 P5101L 13.95 4.50 12V250 mawall plug 2.95
74LS151N .67 C04015 .86 9.95 4.50 12VCT250 ma wall plug 3.50
74L5162N .91 C04016 '.36 2,., 4.25 241,' CT400 ma 3.95
14LSl63N .91 CD4017 .94 us 4.50 101,' 1.2 amp waH plug
Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95 74L5174N
74LSI90N
,95
1.06
CD4018
C04D19
.94
.21
6.95
4,50
4.50 18V6amp
4.85
12.95
This is truly an astounding value! This board has simply by calling them up. Improvements and 14LS221N 1.95 C04020 1.02 GIAY385QO·l 9.95 DISPL.l.YlEDS
CONNECTORS
been designed to allow you to decide how you revisions are easily done with the monitor. If you 14LS258N ,67 CD4021 1.02 MCM6571A 9.95 44 pin edge 2.00 MANI CA .270 2.90
.39
74lS367N ,89 C04022 .86 936• 3,50 100 pin edge 4.50 CC.125
CAleA.300 1.00
want it optioned. The Super Expansion Board have the Super Expansion Board and Super .21 4100
.,
C04023 10.00 100 pin edgeWW 4.50
UNU" C04024 .75 416 16.00 CC.3OO 1.25
comes with 4K of low power RAM fully address- Monitorthe monitor is up and running at the push CA3045 . C04025 .21 KEYBOARO EMCOO£RS
eA .300 1.00
CAlCC.5OO 1.90
able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro- of a button. CA304. .67 C04026 1.51 CLOCKS
CA308I 1.80 co4027 .36 MM5309 3,00 AY5·2376 $12.50 CAlCC .600 1.95
tect and a cassette interface. Provisions have Other on board options include Parallel Input CA3082 1.00 CD4028 .79 MM53" 3,60 AY5·36OQ 13.50 OL750
5.50 FND359
CC.600 1.95
CA30B9 2.95 G04029 1.02 MM5312 4.60 74C922 CC .:;IS7 ,10
been made for all other options on the same and Output Ports with full handshake. They lM301AN/AH .35 C04D30 .21 MM5313 3,60 74C923 5.50 FN0500/507 CCICA .500 1.35
lM305H .87 CD4D35 1.02 MM5314 3." H001SH 8.95 fN05D3/S10 CClCA.500 .90
board and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinet allow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to the LM307N .35 CD4040 1.02 MM5315 4,00 FND800(807 CClCA.8002.20
alongside the Super Elf. The board includes slots input port, RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop for lM308N .89 C04042 .71 MM5316 5,00 ICTIIIClip. 3 digit Bubble ,60
1.15 .63 1 4 digit bubble .80
for up to 6K of EPROM (2708, 2758, 2716 or TI teletype or other device are on board and if you
2716) and is fully socketed ($12.00 value), need more memory there are two S-l DO slots for
LM3D9H
LM309K
LM311H/N
C04043
.95 C04044
.90 CD4D46
.63
1.67
MM5318
MM5369
MM5841
3,60
2,10
14.45
Rod
Black
"
.55 .47 OG8 fluorescent
.55 .47 OG10 Fluorescent
1.75
1.75
1.00
LM317T/K 2.92 CD4049 ,36 MM5865 7.95 5 dig~ 14 pin display
.60
EPROM can be used for the monitor and Tiny static RAM or video boards. A Godbout 8K RAM LM318 1.35 C04050 ,36 CT7001 5.80 leyll8043 14.50
compo w/spec./sock.
N5N699dlgildispiay
1520 Clairex pholocells ,39
LM320K·5 1.20 CD4051 1.13 CT7002 8.95
Basic or other purposes. board is available for $127.95. Parallel I/O Ports LM323K-5 6.95 CD4060 1.42 CT7010 8.95 TIL311 Hex 9.50
LM320K·12 1.35 C04066 .71
.40 CT7015 7.25 TRANSISTORS COMPUTER GRADE CAPS
.40 1600 mid 200V
A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available as $9.85, RS 232 $4.50, TTY 20 ma I/f $1.95, LM320K·15 1.35 C04068 MM5375AA1N 3.90 2N1893 4.50
LM320T-S 1.60 C04069 .40 MM5315A8/N 4,90 2N2222A ,18 2000 mid 45V 2.50
an on board option in 2708 EPROM which has S-100$4.50. A 50 pin connector set with ribbon LM320T-8 1.60 C04010 .40 7205 16,50 2N2389 .30 3200 50V 2,50
been preprogrammed with a program loader/ cable is available at $12,50 for easy connection LM320T-12 1.50 C04071 .21 7207 7.50 2N2904A .20 5500 25V 2,50
LM320T-15 1.60 CD4012 .21 7208 15.95 2N2907A ,25 5800 40V 3.00
editor and error checking multi file cassette between the Super Elf and the Super Expansion LM324N 1.15 C04073 .21 7209 4.95 2N3053 .40 6100 40V 3.00
read/write software. (relocatible cassette file) Board. lM339N 1.55 C04015 .21 DS0026CN 3.75 2N3638 .25 6100 50V 3.00
LM340K-5 1.10 C04076 1.75 DSOO56CN 3.75 2N3643 .25 noo 50V 2.50
another exclusive from Quest. It includes register The Power Supply for the Super Expansion Board lM340K-8 1.10 C04078 .40 1011.453104 2.50 2N3904 .18 8000 55V 2.50
lM340K-12 1.10 C04081 .21 2N3906 .18 9400 65V 3.00
save and readout, video graphics driver with is a 5 amp supply with + 8v ± 18v + 12v - 5v. lM340K·15 1.10 C04082 .21 MICROPROaSSOR 2N3055 .69 10000 20V 2.50
blinking cursor and block move capability. The Regulated voftaqes are +5v & + 12v $29.95. LM340K-24 1.10 C04116 .41 6600 17.50 2H4400 .25 12000 30V 3,50
LM~OT-5 1.10 C04400 5.50 6802 24.95 2N4401 .75 35000 25V 5,00
Super Monitor is written with subroutines allow- Deluxe version includes the case at $39.95. LM~OH 1.10 CD4507 1.00 fKl80Awith data 8.95 2H4402 .20 55000 25V 5.00
lM340T-12 1.10 CD4508 4.25 8085 27.00 TIP31 .60 82000 I5V '.00
ing users to take advantage of monitor functions LM340T·15 1.10 como 1.02 Z80 29.95 TlP33A 1.00 160000 IOV '.00
Auto Clock Kit $15.95 Digital Temperature Meter Kit Sinclair 3Y2 Digit Multimeter Stollwatch Kit $26.95
DC clock with 4-,50" displays. Uses National Indoor and outdoor. Switches back and forth, Batt.lAC oper. 1mVand .1 NA resolution. Resis- Full six digit battery operated. 2-5 volts,
MA-1012 module with alarm option, Includes Beautiful. 50" LED readouts. Nothing like it tance to 20 meg, 1% accuracy. Small, portable, 3,2768 MHz crystal accuracy. Times to 59
light dimmer, crystal timebase PC boards. Fully available. Needs no additional parts for com- completely assem. in case. 1 yr. guarantee. Best i 59 sec., 99 1/100 sec. Times std. split
regulated, comp. instructs, Add $3,95 for beau- plete, full operation, Will measure -1000to value ever! 7205 chip. all components minus
tiful dark gray case, Best value +200°F, tenths of a degree, air or liquid, Ii
accurate, $39.95
I $11.75
DE9P 1.50
PE9S 1,95
DA15P 2,10
DA15S 3.10
TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calil residentsadd 6%tax. FREE: Send lor your copy 01 our NEW 1978
BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted. QUEST CATALOG. Include 28¢ stamp.
Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.
MEMORY BOARDS
NORTH STAR 16K4 MHz RAM MICROPOLIS CROMEMCO BOARDS
Board U I· t $399 $269 1041 MacroFloppy® in enclosure
, I, IS 01-3216-0 lorder as 04-7701-01 List $695 ..... 625* 4 MHz Single Card Computer,
Assembled, List $459 $309 Kit, List $395 lorder 02-3511-01 . .. .. $ 335
1042 MacroFloppy® w/case and AC
CROMEMCO - SAVE $300 power supply 104-7702-01List $795 709* Assembled/Tested $450102-4511-01 .... 382
16K RAM Board, factory assembled 1053 Dual MetaFloppy® IOrder as Bytesaver PROM Board and PROM
list $595 OUR PRICE $495 04-7705-01 List $1895 1695 * Programmer, Kit, without PROM
List $145 lorder as 02-3308-0) . 123
DYNABYTE 16K Static Boards • power source and regulator board required Assembled/Tested List $245 102-4308-0) 208
MSC 1645, 450ns . . $329 M 16K S .
MSC1625,250ns Ino write protect) $359 orrow tauc Board, 450ns TU-ART Digital Interface, Kit
Kit lorder 08-3216-01 List $299 .. $264.00
assembled, tested, guaranteed one year List $195 lorder as 02-3440-01. 165
MORROW THINKER TOYS _ Seattle 16K Static Board, 450ns, AssembledlTested, $295 102-4440-0) ... 250
® Assembled/Tested lorder 33-4216-41
S uper RAM R 16K Static, 450ns, List $375 . 299.95 Disk Controller Card, Kit
Kit, list $299 08-3216-0 $269 SD SALES 32K D List $395 lorder as 02-3701-0) . . .... 335
2 ynamic w/32K, Kit
For SOns version, add $35. For factory 110-3232-0) List $475 super special 389.00 AssembledlTested, $595 102-4701-0) . 515
~_u_s_e_m_b~~_a_n_d_~_s~U~ng~,~a~d~d~$3~5~.~~~~~~~~~~~_~~_~_~~_~TVDaz~~,Kn$215m~3~1~. 182
For shipping, add $2 for boards, $6 for floppy disk systems, $12 for Horizons, $15 for Cromemco Assembled/Tested, List $350102-4501-01 297
Z-2 and Z-2D Kits. Assembled Cromemco systems, DEC printers are
shipped freight collect. CROMEMCO
Prices in this ad are for prepaid orders (cash or check). Credit card shipments a/so at DISK SOFTWARE
discount, but slightly higher than cash prices. Above prices subject to Change and all offers subject
to withdrawal without notice. BASIC, Fortran, Assembler, Cobol, Word
Processing System, Data Base Management,
1618
MiniMicroMart, Inc.
James Street, Syracuse, New York 13203 (315) 422-4467
vM6
all complete with CMOS disk operating
system, List $95 each. $85 each
Multiple User BASIC Now Available!
KIT ...•.
OUR ...•.
...•.
BEST
SELLING
KIT!
.....
•• •• 1
Use 21L02
USES 2708's! 450 NS RAMS!
Thousands of personal and business systems around Thousands of computer systems rely on this rugged, work
the world use this board with complete satisfaction. horse, RAM board. Designed for error-free, NO HASSLE,
Puts 16K of software on line at ALL TIMES! Kit features systems use.
a top quality soldermasked and silk-screened PC board KIT FEATURES;
1. Doubled sided PC Board with solder Blank PC Board w/Documentation
and first run parts and sockets. All parts (except 2708's) $29.95
mask and sil k screen layout. Gold
are included. Any number of EPROM locations may be plated contact fingers.
Low Profile Socket Set...13.50
...
Support IC's (TTL & Regulators)
disabled to avoid any memory conflicts. Fully buffered 2 All sockets included.
$9.75
and has WAIT STATE capabilities. 3.
Fully buffered on all address and data
lines. Bypass CAP's (Disc & Tantalums) .
• •••
'
1
$4.50 .
OUR 450NS 2708'S ASSEMBLED 4. Phantom is jumper selectable to pin
67.
....
ARE $8.95 EA. WITH AND FULLY TESTED ASSEMBLED AND FULLY
PURCHASE OF KIT ADD $25
5. FOUR 7805 regulators are provided
on card. BURNED IN ADD $30
...•
••••
...•
1
'
'
'
THE FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST
AT FAIR PRICES NOW LOWERS PRICES EVEN FURTHER! .
1. Proven Quality Factory tested products only. no re-tests
or fallouts. Guaranteed money back. We stand behind our products.
STATIC RAM BOARDS tJ~1i(' Z-80/Z-80Al8080 CPU BOARD AM9519Unlversallnterrupt .. 24.95 F'8{3850) 16.95 21L02450ns. 1.30 1.25 1.15
5-100 32K (uses 2114) -, ,J;- ".,~. ** On board 2708 * 2708 included (450ns.)
Power on jump * completely socketed
3881 (Z80 PIO)
3881'4i4MHz) ..
10.45
t4.95
2650 ...
CDI802
18.95
19_95
9.95
21L02250ns.
2102
1.59
1.25
1.55
'1.15
1.45
1.10
SALE 8085,.
,. .19.95
.18.05
2111
2112·1
2101-1
3.75
2.95
2.90
3.65
2.85
2.70
3.55
2.65
2.55
450ns. 639.95 450ns. 539.95 Kit.............. . .. $129.95 82128biti/0 ... 2.50 8008·1 14.95 2114·250ns. 9.957.95 7.25
250ns. 699.95 250ns. 599.95 Bare PC Board.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . $ 34.95 2901 ... 16.95 2114·450ns. .7.95 8.95 4.715
*
8214Prioritylnt 4.95
24.95 TMS 4044/5257 250ns. 9.95 8.95 7.95 .
Bare Board 49.95 For 4MHz Speed Add $15.00 8216 Bus Driver 2.50 2901A
69.95 TMS 4044/5257 450ns. 7.95 7.25 5.95
8224 cccs ceo 2.95 TMS9900JL
Bare Board w/all parts less memo 99.95 8080A Kit.. .. .. .. .. .. . $ 99.95 8224·4 (4MHz) 9.75 CP1600 39.95 EMM4200A 9.75 8.75 7.95
WMC 16K (uses 2114) 8080A Assembled.. . $149.95 eaae ecs o-se- 3.95 6502 ... 11.50 EMM4402 7.96 T.25 6.":25
8T266usDriver 2.39 6502A ... 19.95 EMM4804 12.50 11.50 9.95
ASSEMBLED KIT 8228 svs. Control 5.95 IM6100' 29.95 5101C·E 7.95 7.95 7_25
6800 ... upd41O(4200) 10,95 10,25 9.25
450ns. 325.00 450ns. 279.00 8238 svs. Cont 6.25 16.95
24.95 AMD9140/41 10,95 10.25 9,25
8251 Prog.I/O 6.95 6802P.
250ns. 375.00 250ns. 299.00
1m ;::i'~~A :!!g 8035 .. .. 17.50 AMD9130/31 12,95 11.95 10.25
Bare Board 29.95 8755 .. 49.95 FSC 460/464 16K CCO Only $ t 8_95 Each
~~~O~SsT~~k ~~m~r.~eEA~~n: MODEMS 8748 .. ... 69.95 1101 1,95 '1.75 1.25
LOGOS 18K P2125/93425145ns.) 7_95 7_35 7.25
ASSEMBLED KIT A242A 300 Baud Coupler $325.00 ~~;~6~6~~tro"er ;~.~~ SOCKETS 6508 '''' x I CMOS 7.95 7.95 7.25
450 ns. 149.95 450n5. 125.95 AJ243 LA 36 Coupler $295.00 8279 Prog. Keyboard 19.95 8PinWrw 32 8 P",SIT_17 6518IK~ICMOS 7.95 7.95 7.25
ADAC242 Refurb. Coupler $275.00
:~?
~:~.. ~:~~
74S189 64 bit Ram 3.95 3.25 2.50
250n5. 169.95 250n5. 149.95 6810·1 128 x 8 RAM 4.75 14P,nW/W 37 14 P",S(T ,20
81551/0w/Ram 21.95
16 Pin SIT ,22
AD342 Orig.JAns. Coupler $398.00 16 Pin W/W
18 Pin wrw
38
,60 18PinS!T.31
2147LowPower4KStatic 14.95ea.
Bare PC Board w/Data $21.95 AJ 1245 % Duplex 300/1200 Bd $795.00 6828 Priority Int. ..11.95 20PiflW/W ,90 20 P,n SIT .34
Now over 1 year successful field experience AJ1234 VadicComp 1200 Bd Mod $895.00 6834·1512 x 8 Eprom 12.95 22P,nW/W ,93 22 PinSIT_35
"Special Offer" Buy (4) BK 450n5. Kits $117.00 AJ12551200 Bd. Vadic Oriq/Ans $895.00 6850 ACIA....... .... 7.20 24 PinW/W65 24 Pin SIT .41 WAVEFORM GENERATORS
6852 Serial Adapter..... 9.95 28PinW/W 1,15 28 P'nS(T .49 3.95
40 PinWrw 1 ~9 40 Pin J/T _63 2.45
Pllllu.s.m••
e.A
lllo.rlll••
d.er
n ••
B.on.Ja.G••
b.60.n.p.r
o ••
o.d.uc.t.s
•••• 39.'35
ii e84!j/HO~O!jO!jCRTContr
6860 Modem . 9.95 1.75
• 6862 Modulator .. ,.... .11.95 CONNECTORS 5.25
'6871A 1.0MHz OSC 25.95
6875 ,..... 8.25 e a« SingieS/E 1.49
Hi PLOT LOW COST 6880 Bus Driver . 2.39 15/30 DualS/E
18/36 Dual S/E
1.95
2.35 CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES
1821SCD1KRAM " .... 25.00
DIGITAL PLOnER 1822 SCD 256 x 4 RAM 16.95 22/44 DualS/E 2.95 16K CCD - First time offered Fairchild 460 CCD
* RS 232 NEW
1824 CD 32 x 8 RAM 9.95 40/80 W/W .... ,' .... ,. 4.95 16K Memory (now you can experiment with CCD
**
1852 CD 8 bit 1/0 10.95 43/86 Dual WrwISIT. 6.50 technologyatareasonableprice.17pageApplica·
Plot Size 7" x 10" List: $1085.00 1856 CD 110 8.95 5O!100IMSAIWrw 4.75 tionnotesuppliedwitheachorder.Quantitylimited)
Digitizer Avail. Soon 50/100 IMSAI SfT" .... ... 4,75
............... -1.
High Resolution OUR 6520 PIA 7,50
IMSAI Card Guides .. 4/1.00
6522 Mult 9.25
2.4"/sec Plot Speed PRICE $999.00 6530-002 15,50
CRYSTALS
6530-004
6530·003 15,50 Microprox: ••• or Timeb •• e. TV Game
6530-005 15,50 Frequency Price Frequency Price
3851 F8 Prog.Store 14_95 10MHz $5.85 6.0MHz $ 4.95
BYTE USER 8K EPROM BOARD 3853 F8 Memory 110 14.95
SPECIAL KEYBOARD
WHILE THEY LAST
BUY
* Power on Jump
Assembled & Tested..
Reset Jump *
. ... $94.95 RAMS DYN. CTS DIPSWITCHES
18432
20MHz
2.01MHz
4.95
5_85
2.95
6.144
6_5536
1O,OMHz
4.95
4.95
4_95
CTS206-4 $1.75 CTS206-B $1.95 2.097152MHz 5.85 13,OMHz 4_95
4116 16Kx I .14.95
"Clare Pender 63 Key ASCII Kit.. .. .. ... . $64.95' 41158Kx 1 6.95
CTS206-5 $1.75 CTS206·9 $1.95 2.4f>76MHz 5_85 14.31818 4.95
w/26 Pin & 34 Pin Output Conn." $54.95 Bare PC Board $21.95 40504Kx 1 4.45
CTS206-6 $1.75 CTS206·1O $1.95 3_579545MHz
4_CMHz
1,50
4.95
18,OMHz
18,432MHz
4.95
5_95
CTS20&7 S1.75
Special Offer: Buy 4 kits only $59.95 each 40604Kx 1 4_45
4194304MHz 5_95 20.0MHz 4.95
40964Kx I 4.25
MR-8 8K w!1 K Ram..... .. $99.50 21044Kx I 4.95 LIVERMORE BASIC 4.91520MHz 5_95 22,1184MHz 5.95
5_0MHz 4.95 27,OMHz 5_95
MR-16 16K w/1 K Ram. . $99.50 2107B'44Kx 1 4.25 ON 65K ROM
IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS 50688 4,95 36,OMHz 5.95
** Memory
Phantom
Mapping ** Low Power
250 ns. or 450 ns.
EPM-1 4K 1702
EPM-2 2708 or 2716 Eprom
$59.95
$69.95
NOTE: 2708·6 only S5.95
5261
5262
5270
1.95
1.95
4.95
THAT'S RIGHT ON ROM!'I
OUA PRICE only $95.00
5.7143MHz 5_95 48.0MHz
lOOKC
5.95
12,95
5280 4.95
Only available assembled & tested 1103.. 1.95 KEYBOARD ENCODERS DISPLAYS/OPTO
4008L ... 4.95 AY5·2376 13_75 OL 704{707/CC/CA ,300 1.25
250 ns. 450 ns. TMS4070 16Kx 1 .. 19.95 AY5·3600 .... 13.75 FND359CC.357 .95
8K Static $209.00 $189.00 4027-3 4.95 FND 500/5071CC/CA .500 1.35
TARBELL FLOPPY INTERFACE MCM66054Kx I 7.95
* Persci,*Shugart,
16K Static $449.00 $399.00 FND 503/510 CC/CA .500 95
** Write Protect
Phantom
*w Power BVDC, ±16VDC
Lowest Cost/Bit
........
......
$189.95
$115.00
MCM6575 14.50
1702 Eprom Board. .. 30.0C
2708/2716 Eprom (Ithaca) .. 34.95
2708/2716Eprom{WMC) .. 30.00
MA 1003 12 auto clock ..............••.
MA 1002, 1010 4 digit clock module
Bezel for above,.. .. _ ,....
17.95
..•... 9.95
4.95
RealtimeClock.......... 34.95 NSN 373/374 dual CC/CA .300 2.20
'Expando 32 Kit (4115) Expando 64 Kit (4116) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27•.•
95
1411 UARTS/USRTS
TRI602B(5V.12V) 3.95
ACP Proto Bd.(3M Conn.) .. 27.95
Vector 8800 Proto..... .. 19.95
NSN 583/584
NSN 783/784
dual CC/CA .500
dual CC/CA ,700
2.60
3.00
8K $189.95 16K $275.95 AY51013(5V, 12V) ... 4.95
Vector 8803 II slot MB ... 29.95 4N25 octo rsorater 1.10
AY51014A11612{5'14Vj 6,95
16K $249.95 32K $429.95 AY51015A11863(5Vj 6.95
ACP Extender w/Conn... 15.95 MCT20ptoisoiater 89
24K $325.00 48K $599.95 TRS 80 16K-UPGRADE KIT Video Interiace (SSM) •... 27.95 4N33 Darlington ISOL 1.75
FLOPPY DISK DRIVES Special: TRS80 Schematic. . $ 4.95 ATTENTION KIM USERS MONTHLY SPECIALS
SA 400 5%" Single Density $295',00 22 Pin S!TSockets
14880r 1489 RS232 ..•
.............•.........
.
10
95
*5~~°ti>~~~1J~n5~etJ~1;f~;'me
iric: ·b~x:95.00
TRS 80 TO S-100
1408L8
8T26....... .
4/19.95
2.25
2 drives, power, cable, fan. .. $1295.00 le_9~ ICl 7208................ • ...••.. 13.95
ICl 7107 3'!z Dig. AID. . 11.95
Persci Model 277 Dual $ll95.00 PET TO 5-100 ADAPTER le_~5 lCL8211 Volt. Ref....... . 1.95
Persei Box & power Supply. . $325.00 Allows Pet!TRS 80 to be interfaced to ,e_95 LMI877 Dual2W Amp 1.95
LM390 6a\l. Op.Audio Amp . 1.75
Siemens FDD108.. . :$399.00* popular S-l 00 Bus. 0),. 27,95 LM1830 Fluid Detectof... . ...•...•..... 1.95
1/0 '095 LM1850Ground Fault IC... . 1.75
Pet to S-100 Kit $189.95 LM1800 PLL FM Stereo.. . ..• 2.25
1771{)18"&Minilloppy 27.95 LM 1820 AM Radio ................•.•..... 1.25
Assembled $269.95
ANADEX PRINTER TRS80toS-100HUH8100Kit $275.00
uPd372Nec Floppy
1781 Dual Floppy ..... , .....
49.95
39_95
LM2917 Freq 10 Voltage.
MK5014 Calculator IC ..
.
. ...••............
2.25
95
Model DP-8000 compact, impact, parallel or Assembled, $355.00
serial. Sprocket feed, 80 columns, 84 lines/ For Low Cost 8 Slot Bus to expand
lm~~iJ~~iT'':iiiiRS'' 99.00
75451/52/53
8T20 Bldirectorone
.. ,.......... .
shot .....••..........
10/2.50
3.49
ee-rs"""'._n'*',oS'OO.,'05_00K"'6(),OO MH0025 or MH0028 Mos Driver.. . ...• 2.50
min., bi-directional. New only ..... $975.00 Pet/TRS 80 $149.95 Kit Pe-rCon_t",K;'.I""'ud9'(~JConI>8CtO" 8223Prom...................... . 2.95
lo>tm.mon._"""n,'EEE.e&IiO.
""••etlo,roOndpa'O'I"y",,,,,,, 795j"" LF13508 JFET Antog Multi 8 en 8.95
Video Buffer MCM14505 64 bilCMOS RAM 8.95
(converts to Std. Video) ..... 29.95 LF356H JFET Input op Amp.. . 1.25
DISKEnES Petunia (Music Board)....
Combo (Video &. Petunia)
..29.95
49.95
MC68488 lEE I/O .........•...••....•...•••
MC10147 128 x 1 ECL RAM
19.95
9.95
Motorola Semi Data 1,2, 3 9.95
MOl, VolA Meet Data 3.95 Beeper{,'!ignalstapeload) 24.95 2114L 450ns. 1K x 4.. . •. 100@ 4.75 ee
5" MINI
Mot. vcts CMOS Data 2.95 * So1tSector ATTENTION APPLE II USERS
Mot. Vol. 6 linear Data 3.95 * 10 Sector App)e II w/16K, $1045.00
Mot. Vol. 9 scoonkvrn.
Mot. MPU Applications .. , , ...
2,95
25.00
* 16 Sector 16K Upgrade Kit ...•........ 89.95 DISCOUNT COMPUTER
Floppy Disk II w/lnlerface ... 595.00 CORNER Discount Computer
Mot. MPU Prog. Ref. Manual 3.95 $4.50 each $3.90/10
Floppy Disk 11.... . •.... 495.00 Cash CredltC.rd
Mot. Power Data 2.95 Firmware Card 180.00
Mot. Rectifier Data 2,95 Video Monitor (BiW) ...•..... 205.00 Appielfl16K $1045.00 $1065.00
NORTH STAR MINI
Mot. Switching Tran. 2,95 Printer Centronics P·l w/cont 695.00 ccmcucororn Contact sales desk
MotZeners ..... 2,95 S4.95 each $4,50/10 Exidy Contact sales desk
PrinterCentronicsP·l 475.00
BaSIC Software SRI Vol t or II 24.95 Soroc IQ 140 1495.00 1495.00
PrinterCentr. 779w/cont 1445.00
Basic Software SRI Vol III 39,95 8" STANDARD TEl PT208 4599.00 4699.00
Apple II Proto Board 24.00
Basic Software SRI Vol, IV or V 9.95 * Hard Parallel 110 Card 180.00 TEl MCS122 550.00 562.00
Basic Software SRI Vol VI
Basic Soltware SRI Vol. VII
49.95
39_95
* Soft Communications I/O Card 180.00 CromemcoZ'2
Cromemco SYS III
536,00
5499.00
551.00
5561.00
PR40 Printer I/O w/cassette 49.95
19781CMaster 47,50 sa.so eece $4.10110 CentronicsP-f 475.00 487.00
2716Eprom6urnerw/adapt 99.95
Apple I) to MFE tape I/O 197.50 ceot-cncs s-t 525.00 539.00
TI 810 Printer 1895.00 1925.00
CoresidentAssemb)erCass 19.95
parse 277 1195.00 1230.00
5-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL HeuristicsRobotCar 249.00 Shugar1800/801 495.00 512.00
Heuristics 20A Speecbtab 189.00
8 slot 'expandable w/9 conn. Dew Jones Slack Quote Pkg 25.00
PertecFD200 299.00 319.00
Commodore PET 775.00 795.00
reg $69.95, NOW $52.95 AJ.A242Coupler _., 325.00
110 to transmit over existing
HOrIZon I 1439_00 1479.00
NorthStar 599.00 617.00
wiring 189.00Aff ADM 3 Assem 829.95 865.00
erreoccm merman 40 col. scree IQ 120 895_00 945_00
8700 8 bit Binary... 13,50 printer. . $345.00 Teletype Model 43 1199,00 1230.00
... 9.95 8701 IObit6inary 22,00 Apple 110 lor Trencom... 60.00 AM100 Contaetsalesdesk
.... 5,95 S1038bitTS......... .13.50 *Lowercaseadapter 49.95 Imsaiw/22sl01s/32K ccnrect seres oesk
.... 3,95 9400 Volt to Freq. Cocv 7.25 Ohver 2708/16 Programr. 275,00 288.00
All Shll>rncnlS FeM Or UPS. !Jr!i.,,,
.... 3.50 87503·1/2 Digit BCD.. . 13.95 under S100_00 ~dd 5'~,' halldllng and Houston Digital Plotter 999.00 999.00
.. 44.95 8038 Multifunction.. . .. 3.95 Pennywhlstle Modem 13_~.95 139.95
postage. Olders o.er·SIOa,OO ~dd 2,5%
... 24.95 1408L66 bit. 3.95 Hazeltine 1500 1175_00 1195.00
handling & po\tage. Masterchargel8~l1k
.. 25.95 1408L88bit . . 5.95 Okidata 110w{TFRS232 1675_00 1705_00
... 11.95 ~me"card/COD accepted wf25'Y.. deposit
nACOI AID.. . 5.95 ouoete 22 w{TFRS232 2705.00 2810.00
9.95 Cdt.fornla Re\ldenu add 6'1. ld~_ Fo'e'gn MEK 6800 D2 KIt 235.00 Same
12.95 TV INTERFACES Orders "dd 8% handhng, All 1';I'tl prime KIM t 6502 179.00 Same
/;lclOry tested gu"ranteed, S"me day
...................
i.·~~ 2.95
,11Ipmcnt, Add 25 cCIlII for Oala
Intercept Jr6100
Techn,co 9900 KIt
RCA VIP Cosmae
281,00
299,00
249.00
Same
Same
Same
4_50 Rockwell AIM 375.00 Same
4.95 Synertek VIM· 1 249.00 Same
CONNECTION Single
Dual
Pert
Port
$240.00
$280.00
Second Cassette dnve
AS-232 Printer Adapter-
$99.95 EXPANDAPET - Eco-
nomical 16K memory
Cabinet S 35.00 assembled board expansion for the PET
Networks Modem lor PET Wilh power supply. case & (incl 1 daughler bd) $485
Attaches 10 DAA $320.00 connector $169.00
Cabinet s 35.00 Beeper - PET controlled Without daughter $435
beep $24.95 board
Any Quantity
with
$179.95
power supply
Urgently needed: Now a 5th Generation
$214.95 • Peripherals in Terminals:
EXPAND YOUR KIM Introductory Sale Price -
SYSTEM: • Manufacturers surplus Immediate Delivery
KIM Sl
KIM to 5-100 Board
• Closed sto stock • 24 x 80 display
Assembled $169
Single board
• RS-232C interface
Connector Set 15 • 110 to 9600 Baud
VIDEO TERMINAL
KtM 4 by XITEX • 12" CRT Monitor
Expansion board 16Lnx64Chr.display.128prinlable • Remote screen control
MICRO
Assembled
TECH. POWER SUPPLY
$34.95
CASH characters,
or Baudot).
software
3 serial
UART (ASCII
inlerfaces
cassette 110. true composite video.
& • Uses 8048 microprocessor
• State-of-the-art design
KIM ENCLOSURE AVAILABLE TIL compalible.
nection
easy power eee-
-:v
With RS-232. PTIC code. In·
cludes desk. t30 Char/line. ~-,
ASCII version employs
lor code conversion.
6802
See our L--------
::::~~~::>-
~a1810910tdetailS.
ASCII
Relurblshed
••••
seils
Working
As-Is
••••
$3311
S~C)
SANYO . • Color
INTERACT
14 FREE CASS
8K-$499 16K-$599
graphics on your TV
• MusiC and sound synthesizer
MONITOR • Built-in
• large
e easette
53· key keyboard
tape drive
162
• "ANALOG
••••OEVICES
•
Two-TerminallC
Temperature Transducer
B·•.•....,
producing an output current proportional to absolute SKT-4002 40 pin .59 .57 .55 .430
MICRO PROCESSOR COMPATIBLE A/D CONVERTERS uDP416 16K Dynamic RAM (200nS) ..•.•••• 8/ $144.00
MK5102 (N)-5 Touch Tone Receiver I.C •.•.... $34.95 National Semi ADC3511 and 3711 are CMOS monolithic uDP416 16K Dynamic RAM (300nS) •.....•• 8/ $128.00
6000hm to 6000hm CoT. Xfmr ........•..•.... $ 1.95 A/D converters. Plese modulation analog-to-digital con- 6502 ufrocessor c o- v- •••••••••••••••••••••••• $10.95
3.579545 Color Burst Xtal ..................• $ 1.75 version is used and requires no external precision com-
ponents except the reference voltage.
VECTOR
Single 5 volt operation. Operation with an isolated LMB
Tri-Tek is a Stocking Distributor for factory direct
supply allows conversion of either polarity. Sign is auto- MOLEX (WALDOM)
lines of components, tools and equipment. Be sure
matically determined and indicated on the sign pin. OK TOOL
to get our big catalog!
ADEL The ADC3511 and 3711 have been designed to provide PANAVISE
ANTRONICS address BCD data and are intended for use with micro PCP
processors and other digital systems. BCD digits are POSITRONICS
AP PRODUCTS
selected on demand via 2 Digit Select inputs. Digit HOWARD SAMS
AVA
Select inputs are latched. Start conversion input and H.H. SMITH
B&K PRECISION
conversion complete output are included on both types. SPECO
CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY
FEATURES TAB
CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES CORP.
.Single 5V Supply TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
DATAK
.ADC3511 3~ digits (0 to + 1999 counts) THERMALLOY
DIXON
.ADC3711 33/4 digits (0 to + 3999 counts) UNGAR
EZ HOOK
.Addressed BCD Outputs - WALDOM
EDSYN
. Easi ly interfaced to micro processor WAHL
GRI
. TTL compatible WELCON
HAYDEN
ADC-3511 (3-1/2 digit) ..•.•••.......•..•.• $12.95 Dozens of others-too many to Iist here and adding
HUNTER
ADC-3711 (3-3/4 digit) ..•.•.••••.•••.••... $14.95 more each issue.
ICO RALLY
lEE Spec for both parts... .••••..••••••..... ...•. .80
KEYSTONE
POWER OP AMP
3-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS 250mA output current capab i Ii ty. Operates on as
HI-TEK hasbecQme a major source for the 7800 and 7900sertes low as 3V. Input parameters are programmable for TL497C SWITCHING REGULATOR
3-terminal re9"laton in TO-220 package. The,e PRIME ports
ore faclory firslq'-'CIlity!1 At these prices, you con'lofford re- system optimizing .• Electronic shut down allows Switching regulator chip can convert from one
tested fall outs_ Avcllabl e in Ih •• following voltoges_ Lost 2
output to float. Packaged in 8 pin mini-dip. voltage to another-either up or down! ! Use
digits;ndicote.voJtogB.
LMI3080N •..••••••.••••••••••••.••• $1.94
.~:: 1-..._,,+'4 ~__ 7905 7915
0
this one to get positive or negative 12V from
l..C/wf;4.C.rlU£a.
!JrJ '11'-".
7808 7906 7918 Specs and applications...... .60 your +5V supply for those MOS ports. Starting
POS!rIVE 7812 NEGATIVE 7908 7924
with anywhere from +4.5V to + 12V you con
7815 7912
7818 get from +30V down to -25V out. Adjustable
7824 Output ~.O"' output at up to 500mA. We are offering the
~G"d Y • =: In chip plus a miniature inductor needed for the
~'nput ' - Gnd converter and spec sheet for only $9.50.
Please order regulators by part numbers.
TL497C + inductor+spec •.••••.••••• $9.50
7 5 51 .50 79XX ne
For premium shipping (first cl~.s. speci~1 handling, etc.) Anv.etundswill be bv check.. not c.edit vouche ••. ARIZONAN'S ADD 5% TAX
addc)(tra.E.ce •• wiliberetund ••d.
(jf) TBI-TEII
7808 North 27th Avenue
V T1
Please !live street
C.O.D,
addren
and furmshed
be temporarilv
wdl be placed on back order.
days, vo~ will be notified
cancel vourorder
w,th. postage
if d •••
;red.
Out of stock on eny it~m. it
If we cannOt ship jfl 30
of the expected shipping date
paid card with which to
Shipping
US. end
Othar
end Handling
CANADA
countries ,dd
ADD
15%
5%
Phoenix, Arizona 85021 Any corr~spondence nOI connected with VOlJ' order.
Terms. Check, money order, credit card. Net 30 davs to
(602) 995-9352 plc~,e '"'' separate sheel and include SASE for replv.
raled firms, schools and government agencies.
(MINIMUM ORDER U.S. $10.00)
(FOREIGN $15.00)
Charge card telephone orders ($20 min.) will be Claim, for shortage. or damaged material must be mode
Claims for d,efective material mu", be marie within 60 dav.
accepted 9-5:30 P.M. except weekends. within 10day. of receiPI of package.
of receipt at parcel. Claim mu", include inVOIce number,
• •
Telephone 995-9352. No collect calls please. P"ce, are subject to change without notice (U_ S. DOLLARS ONLY) date & defectiveparu
VAK- 1 8-SLOT MOTHERBOARD multiplyer so there is no need for an additional power supply. All
This motherboard uses the KIM-4 * bus structure. It provides eight (8) software is resident in on-board ROM, and has a zero-insertion socket.
expansion board sockets with rigid card cage. Separate jacks for audio VAK-5 2708 EPROM Programmer $269.00
cassette, TTY and power supply are provided. Fully buffered bus.
VAK-l Motherboard $129.00 VAK-6 EPROM BOARD
This board will hold 8K of 2708 or 2758, or 16K of 2716 or 2516
VAK-2/4 16K STATIC RAM BOARD EPROMs. EPROMs not included.
This board using 2114 RAMs is configured in two (2) separately VAK-6 EPROM Board $129.00
addressable 8K blocks with individual write-protect switches.
VAK-2 16K RAM Board with only $239.00 VAK-7 COMPLETEFLOPPY-DISKSYSTEM (Feb. '79)
8K of RAM (~ populated)
VAK-3 Complete set of chips to $175.00 VAK-8 PROTYPING BOARD
expand above board to 16K This board allows you to create your own interfaces to plug into the
VAK-4 Fully populated 16K RAM $379.00 motherboard. Etched circuitry is provided for regulators, address and
data bus drivers; with a large area for either wire-wrapped or soldered
VAK-5 2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER IC circuitry.
This board requires a +5 VDC and ± 12 VDC, but has a DC to DC VAK-8 Protyping Board $49.00
POWERSUPPLIES
ALL POWER SUPPLIES are totally enclosed with grounded enclosures for safety, AC power cord, and carry a full 2-year warranty.
FULLSYSTEM POWERSUPPLY
This power supply will handle a microcomputer and up to 65K of our KIM-l * Custom P.S. provides 5 VDC @ 1.2 Amps
VAK-4 RAM. ADDITIONAL FEATURES ARE: Over voltage Protection on 5 and + 12 VDC @ .1 Amps
volts, fused, AC on/off switch. Equivalent to units selling for $225.00 or KCP-l Power Supply $41.50
more.
Provides +5 VDC @ 10 Amps & +12 VDC @ 1 Amp SYM-l Custom P.S. provides 5 VDC @ 1.4 Amps
VAK-EPS Power Supply $125.00 VCP-l Power Supply $41.50
*KIM is a product of MOS Technology
164
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MICROPROCESSOR LED'S SOCKETS CAPACITORS D.lODES TRANSISTORS RESISTORS POTENTIOMETERS
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* Plated thru double-sided
P.C. Board
* Quartz crystal controlled
* Three stopwatches in one:
single event, split (cummulative)
JE900 POCI'Ei
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U * LED display (red) and taylor (sequential timing) U
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* Times to 59 min. 59.59 sec. with * Uses 3 penlite batteries Jni!MfS' ~
~ auto reset *Size: 4.5" x 2.15" x .90"
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w w
c..
c.. * Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions * Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions
:E * Hours easily viewable to 20 feet * Hours easily viewable to 30 feet :E
:::l
.., :::l
..,
* Simulated walnut case *Simulated walnut case
!:: !::
o * 115 VAC operation * 115 VAC operation o
I/) * 12 or 24 hour operation * 12 or 24 hour operation I/)
~ * Includes all components, case and wall transformer *Includes all components, case and wall transformer ~
~ * Size: 6-3/4" x 3-1/8" x 1-3/4"
~
*Size: 6-3/4" x 3-1/8" x 1-3/4" I/)
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6-Digit Clock Kit Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit o
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!:: NOW!!! OVER 300 AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS ... HERE'S JUST A SAMPLING: !::
-'o ALABAMA ILUNOIS (Continued) NEBRASKA TENNESSEE (Continued) -'o
Iii
Mobile
ALASKA
Lafayette Radio Electronics Oak Park
Rockford
Spectronics
Imperial Computer Systems
Inc. Lincoln
Lincoln
Attstr Computer Center
Scott Electronic Supply Inc.
Clarksville
Cookeville
Masstronics
Wagnon's Stereo Center ~
I/)
w Anchorage TVMarr Schaumburg Data Domain Omaha Heathkit Electronic Center Knoxville Eastern Micro w
~ ARIZONA
Yuma Yuma Electronics
INDIANA
East Chicago Acro Electronics Corp.
Omaha
NEVADA
Omaha Compu ter Store Nashville
TEXAS
Electra Distributing Co. ~
CALIFORNIA IOWA Las Vegas Century 23 Amarillo Computer Encounters Inc. I/)
I/)
a: Bel/flower Earl's Hobby Shop Indianola Electronix Limited NEW JERSEY Dallas CompuShop a:
w Berkeley AI Lasher Electronics KANSAS Bricktown Radio Shack Associate Store Houston Altair Computer Center w
c
Mission Viejo Tower Electronics Corp. Wichita Amateur Radio Cherry Hi/{ The Computer Emporium Houston CompuShop
o
-'0,
Monterey Zackir Equipment Company Pompton Lake Computer Corner Houston Interactive Computers
-'
o
Oceanside
Palo Alto
Electronic Center
Zack Electronics
KENTUCKY
Lexington Radio-Electronic Ramsey Tvpeirooic
of New Jersey
Computer Store
San Antonio Sherman Electronics
Supply Inc.
1: Pasadena Dow Radio Inc. Equipment Co. NEW MEXICO UTAH 1:
w Sacramento
Sacramento
Heathkit Electronic Center
Zackit
LOUISIANA
Baton Rouge Pelican Electronics
Las Cruces
NEW YORK
Mannie's Electronic Supply Midvale Heathkit Electronic Center w
I/) Provo Alpine Electronic Supply Co. I/)
:::l
u,
San Carlos
San Diego
J & H Outlet Store
Radio Shack A.S.G.
Houma
Metarie
Pelican Electronics
Pelican Electrohics
Endwell
Kingston
Computer Tree Inc.
Greylock Electronics
VIRGINIA
Alexandria Computer Hardware Store
:::l
u,
Mira Mesa MARYLAND New York Computer,Mart of New York Alexandria Heathkit Electronic Center
I/) San Fernando San Fernando Electronics Churchville Churchville Electronics Troy Trojan Electronics Charlottesville Lafayette Radio I/)
~ San Francisco Zack Electronics Damascus Damascus CB Utica Am-Com Electronics Falls Church Crossroad Electronics ~
z San Jose
San Luis Obispo
United Radio & TV Supply
Mid-State
La Vale
Rockville
J & M Electronics
Computer Workshop
NORTH CAROLINA
Boone Alpha Digital Systems
Hampton Lafayette Radio z
Iii Electronic Supply Rockville Heathkit Electronic Center Durham Futureworld
Norfolk
Richmond
Avec Electronics Corp.
Avec Electronics Corp. in
~ Santa Ana
Santa Cruz
Quality Electronics
Santa Cruz Electronics
Towson
Towson
Baynesville Electronics Inc.
Heathkit Electronic Center
Greensboro
Raleigh
Byte Shop
Byte Shop of Raleigh
Roanoke
Virginia Beach
The Computer Place
Heathkit Electronic Center
~
<t Santa Maria Caps Electronics MASSACHUSETTS NORTH DAKOTA WASHINGTON
<t
w Santa Monica Mission Control Pirrsfield Pins field Radio Co. Inc. Fargo The Computer Company Longview Progress Electronics w
1: Suisun Ciry
Sunnyvalt Sunnyvale
Byte Shop
Electronics
Waltham
Worcester
Computer Mart Inc.
RM Electronics Inc.
OHIO
Bucyrus Mead Electronics
Moses Lake Ron's Electronics 1:
Pasco Riverview Electronics
I/) Vallejo Zackir MICHIGAN Cincinnati Heathkit Electronic Center Amateur Radio Supply
I/)
Seattle
a: Walnut Creek MicroSun Computer Center Ann Arbor Wedemeyer Electronic Supply Columbus Heathkit Electronic Center Seattle c-com a:
o COLORADO Clawson Radio Supply & Engineering Dayton Altair Computer Center Seattle Empire Electronics o
~ Aurora Com Co Electronics Detroit Heathkit Electronic Center Reynoldsburg Universal Amateur Radio Spokane Personal Computers ~
o Durango
CONNECTICUT
The Computer Shop Flint
Garden City
Hobby Electronic Center
Computer Center
OKLAHOMA
Ok lahoma City Bits, Bytes & Micros
Tacoma C & G Electronics c
w Bridgeport Bridgeport Computer Lansing Fulton Radio Supply Co. OREGON
WEST VIRGINIA
Morgantown Electro Distributing Co.
w
Z FLORIDA Lansing Wedemeyer Electronic Supply Albany Oregon Ham Sales Wheeling Lafayette Radio
Z
Z Ft. Lauderdale Computers For You Midland comoutronix Corp. Coos Say Herrick Electronics
WISCONSIN Z
o GEORGIA Mt. Clemens The Computer Store Portland Portland Radio Supply
West AI/is Olson Electronics o
u Atlanta
Columbus
Atlanta Computer Mart
Radio Wholesale
Niles
MINNESOTA
Niles Radio Supply Salem
PENNSYLAVANIA
Computer Pathways
CANADA u
Alberta (Calgary) The Computer Shop
I/) HAWAII Duluth Northwest Radio of Duluth Hershey Microcomputer Systems Inc. I/)
-'<t Honolulu
IDAHO
Integrated Circuit Supply Hopkins
Sf. Paul
Heathkit Electronic Center
Heathkit Electronic Center
Pittsburgh
York
Heathkit Electronic Center
G. Y. C. Company
Ontario (Willowdale)
Quebec (Montreal)
Home Computer
Centre -'<t
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Idaho Falls
ILLINOIS
Audiotronics MISSOURI
£1 Dorado Springs Beckman Electronics
RHODE ISLAND
Cranston Jabbour Electronics City
ENGLAND
Wang's Microcenter
~
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Berkshire NewBear Computing Store
>
a:
Evanston
Groveland
Tri-State Elec!ronic Corp.
Moyer Electronics
MONTANA
Billings Conley Radio Supply
Pawtucket
TENNESSEE
Jabbour Electronics City
GUAM
PANAMA
Marianas Electronics >
a:
Mount Prospect Tri-State Electronic Corp. Bozemari Electronic Service & Disc. Chattanooga William's Data Comp Div.
c Panama City
SINGAPORE
Sonitet, s.A.
Inter-trade (PTE) Ltd.
u
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w ASK YOUR ELECTRONICS STORE TO STOCK JIM-PAK® TODAY!! w
1: 1:
U U
~ ~
~ JIM-PAK® • 1021 HOWARD AVENUE, SAN CARLOS, CALIFORNIA 94070 • (415) 592-8097 ~
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MICROPROCESSOR LED'S SOCKETS CAPACITORS DIODES TRANSISTORS RESISTORS POTENTIOMETERS
49.95
TMS4044·
45Nl
TMS4045
4K
1024X4
Static
Sialic
14.95
14.95
TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit
Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K. Kit
2117 16.384XI Dynamic 350ns 9.95
DJ14-1 1 ft 1-14 Pin $1.59 ea. SHIRREGtSTERS
(housemaJked)
DJ16-1 1 It. 1-16 Pin 1.79 ea. Dual 25 Bit Dynamic 5.50 MM5262 2KXl Dynamic 4/1.00
comes complete with:
2.79 ea. DtJal50 Bil Dynamic .50
DJ24-t t H t-24 Pin Dual 16 BilStalic 50
* 8 each UPD416 (16K Dynamic Rams)
DJI4-1-14 1 It. 2-14 Pin 2.79 ea. Dual 100 Bil Static
DJI6-1-16 1 ft. 2-16 Pin
50 PROM'S * Documentation for conversion
3.19 ea. Dual 64 BilAccumulator 50 1702A 2048 FAMOS $5.95
DJ24-1-24 1 ft. 2-24 Pin 4.95 ea 500/512 Bit Dynamic
1024 Dynamic
Hex32 Bit Static
.89
3.95
4.95
TMS2516
(2716)
16K' EPROM(lnteI2716)
'Requires single •.5V power supply
49.95
TRS-16K $115.00
Dual 132 Bit Static 2.95
TMS2532 4KX8 EPROM 89.95 Special Offer - Order both your TRS-16K and the
2708 8K EPROM 10.95
512 SIalic .99 2716T.1 16K" EPROM 29.95
Sup'R' MOD II Interface kit together (retail value
1024 Dynamic 2.95
Dual 256 BilStalic 2.95
"Aequires 3 voltages. -5V. +5V, +IZV $144.95) for only $139.95
5203 204' FAMOS 14.95
Dual 250Stalic 4.00 Tristate Bipolar 3.49
6301-1(7611)1024
Dual 240 Bit Static
Quad 80 Bit Static
1024Stalic
4.00
2.95
295
6330-1(7602)256
82S23 32X8
Open C Bipolar
Open Coltector
2.95
3.95 COMPUTER CASSETTES
82S115 4096 BipCllar 19.95 * 6 EACH 15 MINUTE HIGH
Fifo 6.95 Tristate 3.95
82S123 32X8
4X4RegisterFile(TriSt3te) 1.95 74186 512 TILOpenColiector 9.95
QUALITY C-15 CASSETTES
UAAT'S 74188 256 TIl Open Collector 3.95 * PLASTIC CASE INCLUDED
A-V-S-IOI3 5.95 74S287 la24 Static 2.95 12 CASSETTE CAPACITY
* ADDITIONAL CASSETTES
NEW!! N STOCK ... AVAILABLE #C-15-$2.50 ea
;jPOWERACE
ALL-CIRCUIT
f~~
supplies and meters are made via soicertess. plug-in. ,... Converts TV to Video Display Tor
tle-pclnr blccks on controlpanels home computers, CCTV camera,
POWERACE 101 -General purpose model for • Interconnect with any solid 20 to 30 AWG wire. Apple II, works with Cromeco Daz-
prototyping all types of circuit. • Breadboard elements are mounted on ground plane- zler, SOL-20, tRS-SO, Challenger,
s ... ideal lor high-frequency and hiqn-speedrlow-nolse etc.
#923101 S 84,95 circuits
POWERACE 102 -Complete digit prototyping lab ..•.MOO II is pretuned to Channel 33
,-------, Magnetically with built-in logic probe
• Short-circuit-proof fused power supplies
• Operate on 110 to 130 VAG at 60 Hz (UHF).
#923102 S114-95 • Space-age compact styling and high-grade compo-
~ *"
Includes coaxial cable and antenna
Activated POWERACE 103 -Triple-output power supply
nents permit convenient, organized and cuicxprotofvp-
tog
transformer.
Regulated Power Su
* UsesLM 309K
* Heat sink provided
* P.C. board construction
* Provides a solid 1 amp @
5V $89.95
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3.95
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3.95
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9.95
9.95
INSTRUMENT/CLOCK CASE $5.00 Minimum Order - U,S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25/
This is a 63-key, terminal keyboard
large computer manufacturer. It is
California Residents - Add 6% Sales Tax 1979 Catalog Available-Send 41~ stamp unattached to any kind of PC board.
This case is an injection molded x 4" base suits most application.
unit that is ideal for uses such
as DVM, COUNTER, or CLOCK PHONE
cases. It has dimensions of41h" OROERS Hexadecimal
in length by 4" in width by WELCOME Unencoded
1-9/16" in height. II comes ELECTRONICS (415) 592-8097
complete with a red bezel. Keypad
MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE 19-key pad includes 1-10 keys,
1021 HOWARO AVENUE, SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 ABCDEF and 2 optional keys and a
$3.49 each ADVERTISED PRICES GOOD THRU MARCH shift key. $10.95/each
166
-
SN7400N
SN740lN
.15
.18
?'7~PO}TL
SN7472N
SN7473N
SN7474N
.29
.35
.35
••
SN74150N
SN74161N
.89
.89
J1,,!,,!,;J~Jl~f!tj
ameco~ Kits AY-5-9100
AY-5-9200
AY-5-9500
AY-5-2376
H00165
TELEPHONE/KEYBOARO CHIPS
PUSh Button Telephone Dial!er
~~dg~70~~a~:~erator
Keyboard Encoder
Keyboard Encoder
11688 keys
keySl
$14.95
14.95
4.95
14.95
7.95
-
SN7402N .18 SN7475N .49 SN74162N 1.95 6-Digitl Keyboard Encoder 16 keys 9.95
SN7400N .18 SN7476N .35 SN74163N .89 Digital Stopwatch Kit 74C922
SN7404N
SN7405N
.18
.20
SN7479N
SN748GN
5.00
.50
SN74164N
SN74165N
.89
89
• Use Intersil 7205 Chip
i c.o» JB
Clock ICM7045
ICM CHIPS
CMOS Precision TImer 24.95
SN1406N
SN7407N
SN7408N
.29
.29
20
SN7482N.99
SN7483N
SN7485N
.59
.79
SN74156N
SN74167N
SN74170N
1.25
1.95
1.59
••• • Plated Ihru double-sided
PC. Board
* LED display (red)
·
.Brighl.300ht. common calhode display
-- Kit ICM7205
ICM7207
ICM7208
CMOS LED Stopwatch{Timer
Oscillator Controller
Seven Decade Counter
19.95
7.50
19.95
SN7409N .20 SN7485N.35 SN74172N 6.00 * Times 10 59 min. 59.59 sec. with ICM7209 Clock Generator 6.95
SN7410N .18 SN7489N 1.75 SN74173N 1.25 auto reset • Uses MM5314 clock chip
• Switches for hours. minutes and hold functions NMOS REAO ONLY MEMORIES
SN7411N
SN7412N
SN7413N
.25
25
.40
SN7491JN.45
SN7491N.59
SN7492N .43
SN74174N
SN74175N
SN74176N
.89
79
79
.• -~..
, .!~;I~
• Ouartz crvstat controlled
~~:n7.a~cp~~s(~~~~~lative)
• Hours easily viewable to 20 feet
* Simulated walnut case
MCM6511
MCM6574
128 X 9 X 7 ASCII Shifted with Greek
128 X 9 X 7 Math Symbol & Pictures
13.50
13.50
SN7414N .70 SN7493N.43 SN74177N .79 :;~~~:~". and taylor (sequential timing) * 115 VAC operation MCM6575 128 X 9 X 7 Alphanumeric Control 13.50
SN7416N .25 SN7494N .65 SN74179N 1.95 w.
i,r'r ..• • Uses 3 pennte batteries .12or24houroperation Character Generator
SN7417N .25 SN7495N .65 SN74180N 79 • Size: 4.5" x 2.IS"x.90·· • Includes all components. case and waunanstormer
SN7420N .20 SN7496N 55 SN74181N 1.95 JiiiD • Size: 6-3/4" x 3·1/8" x 1-3/4" MISCELLANEOUS
SN7421N
SN7422N
.29
.39
SN7497N
SN74100N
3.00
.69
SN74182N
SN74184N
.79
1.95
JE900 $39.95 JE701 $19.95
SN7423N .25 SN74107N .35 SN74185N 1.95
SN7425N .29 Stl74109N .59 SN74186N 9.95 JE200 5v lamp power 5upply$14.95 JE2206B Function Generator $19.95
SN7426N .29 SN74116N 1.95 SN74188N 3.95
SN7427N .25 SN74121N .35 SN74190N 1.25 JE730 4-digit clock kit 14.95 JE747 Jumbo 6-digit clock kit 29.95
SN7429N 39 SN74122N .39 SN74191N 1.25
SN1430N .20 SN74123N .49 SN74192N 79 DISCRETE LEOS _ TIMEX T1001
SN7432N 25 SN74125N .49 SN74193N .79
SN1437N .25 SN74126N .49 SN74194N .89 .200~dla. LlQUIO CRYSTAL OISPLAY
SN7438N .25 SN74132N .75 SN74195N .69 XC556R red 5/$1 .125' dl•. FIELD EFFECT
SN7439N .25 SN74136N .75 SN74196N .89 XC556G green 41$1 XC209R red 5/$1
SN7440N .20 SN74141N .79 SN74197N 89 XC556Y yellow 41$1 XC209G green 4/$1
SN7441N .89 SN74142N 2.95 SN74198N 1.49 XC556C clear 4/$1 XC209Y yellow 4/$1
SN7442N .49 SN74143N 2.95 SN74199N 1.49 .2DO~dla. .185" dla.
SN7443N .75 SN74144N 2.95 SN74S200 4.95 XC22R red 5/$1 XC526R red 5/$1
SN7444N 75 SN74145N.79 SN74251N 1.79 XC22G green 4/$1 4/$1
XC526G green
SN1445,'l .75 SN74.147N 1.95 SN74279N .79 XC22Y yellow 4/$1
XC526Y yellow 4/$1 4 DIGIT _ .5" CHARACTERS
SN7446N .69 SN74148N 1.29 SN74263N 2.25 .170" dla . XC526C clear 41$1 THREE ENUNCIATORS
SN7447N .59 SN74150N .89 SN74284N 3.95 MV10B red 41$1'
2.00" X 1.20" PACKAGE
SN7448N .79 SN14151N .59 SN14285N 3.95 .085" dl a. .190' dl•. INCLUDES CONNECTOR
SN7450N .20 SN74152N .59 SN74365N 69 MV50 red 61$1
XC111R red 5/$1
SN74153N .59 SN74365N .69 XC111G green 4/$1 Tl001·Transmissive $7.95
EXAR
SN7451N .20
SN7453N SN74154N .99 SN74367N 69 INFRA-RED LED XC111Y yellow 4/$1 n001A-Refiective 8.25
.20
SN7454N .20 SN74155N .79 SN7436BN .69 1WX1/4"xl/16" flat XC111C clear 4/$1 XR205 $3.40 XR2242CP 1.50
5/$1 XR210 4.40 XR2264 4.25
SN7459A
.SN7450N
20%
.25
.20
Discount 100
SN74156N
SN74157N
pcs combined order
.79
.55
25% ·1000
SN74390N
SN74393N
1.95
1.95
pcs combined order
TYPE POLARITY
DISPLAY
HT PRICE TYPE
LEOS
POLARITY HT . PRICE
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1~~
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125
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99
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1.25 5.20
r:~
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CD4006 1.19 CD4029 1.19 CD4076 1.39 MAN4 Common Cathode-red 187 1.95 MAN6760 Common Anode-red 560 .99 XR1310P 1.30 1.75 XR4212 2.05
CD4007 25 CD4030 .49 CD4081 .23 MAN7G Common Anode-green .300 1.25 MAN5780 Common Cathode-red .~~~ ~: XR1468CN 3.85 XR2211 5.25 XR4558 .75
~~:~~~.:: ~~:~!5 1.~: ~g:~~~.~~~Zg~ g~~~~: ~~~::~:~ow ~~ ::: ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~;~~ed:!:1 .300 99 XRl488 1.39 XA2212 4.35 XR4739 1.15
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C0401J .39 C04043 .89 MC14410 14.95 MAN84 common Cathode·yellow JOO .99 OL741 Common Anode-red 600 1.25 lN4002 100 PlV I AMP 12/1.00
C04014 1.39 C04044 .89 MCI4411 14.95 MAN3620 Common Anode·orange 300 99 OL746 Common Anode·red :!: 1 .630 1.49 TYPE VOLTS W PRICE lN4003 200 PIV1 AMP 12/1.00
CD4015 1.19 CD4046 1.79 MC14419 4.95 MAN3630 Common Anode·orange:!: 1 .300 .99 OL747 Common Aoode-reo .600 1.49 lN745 3.3 400m 4/1.00 lN4004 400 PIV1 AMP 12t1.00
CD4016 49 C04047 2.50 MC14433 19.95 MAN3640 Common Cathode·orange 300 99 DL749 Common Cathode'red :!: 1 .630 1.49 lN751 5.1 400m 4/1.00 lN4005 500 PIV I AMP 10/1.00
C04017 1.19 CD4048 1.35 MC14506 .75 MAN4510 Common Anode-oranpe 300 .99 DL750 Common tamode-reo .600 1.49 lN752 5.6 400m 4/1.00 lN4005 800 PlY 1 AMP 10/1.00
C04018 99 C04049 49 MC14507 99 MAN4640 Common cemcee-craoce .400 .99 OL33B Common camcce-ree lID .35 IN753 6.2 400m 4/1.00 IN4007 1000 PIVI AMP 10/1.00
CD4019 .49 C04050 .49 MC14562 14.50 MAN4710 Common Anode.red .400 .99 FN070 Common Cathode .250 .69 IN754 6.8 400m 4/1.00 tN3600 50 200m 6/1.00
C04020 1.19 C04051 1.19 MCI4583 3.50 MAN4730 Common Anmle·red :!: I 400 .99 FN0358 Common Cathode:!: I .357 99 IN757 9.0 400m 4/1.00 IN4148 75 10m 1511.00
C04021 1.39 CD4053 1.19 C04508 3.95 MAN4740 Common cattooe-ree .400 .99 FN0359 Common Cathode .357 .75 IN759 12.0 400m 4/1.00 IN4154 35 10m 1211.00
C04022 1.19 CD4056 2.95 ccere 1.39 MAN4810 Common Anode-yellow .400 .99 FND503 Common Calhode(FNOSOO) .500 .99 IN959 8.2 400m 4{1.oo IN4305 75 25m 15/1.00
C04023 .23 C04059 9.95 CD4511 1.29 MAN4840 Common Cathode·yellow 400 99 FND507 Common Anode (FND510) .500 .99 IN965 IS 400m 4/1.00 lN4734 5.6 Iw 28
C04024 .79 CD4050 1.49 C04515 2.95 MAN6610 Common enooe-crence-u.u 560 99 5082·7730 Common Anode-reo .300 1.30 IN5232 5.5 500m 28 lN473S 6.2 Iw 28
C04025 23 C040ll5 .79 C04518 1.29 MAN6630 Common Anode'orange:!: I .550 .99 HOSP-3400 Common Anode-red 800 2.10 lN5234 6.2 500m 28 lN4736 6.8 Iw 26
C04025 2.25 CD4058 .39 C04520 1.29 MAN5640 Common cemcee-craoce-o.o. 560 99 HOSP-3403 Common Cathode red 800 2.10 IN5235 6.8 500m 28 lN4738 8.2 Iw 28
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74C02 39 74Cl64 2.49 MAN6710 Common Anode·re<l-O.O. .560 .99 5082·7340 4 x 7 Sgl. Digit-Hexadecimal .600 22.50 IN456 25 40m 6/1.00 INI184 100 PIV35 AMP 1.70
74C04 39 74C85 2.49 74C173 2.60 1-~~~-:-:~=-=--"'T'"-----""T-----"'"'T-_----4'N458 ISO 7m 6/1.00 INI185 150 PIV35 AMP 1.70
74CDB 49 "C9D 1.95 74C1" '.49 RCA LINEAR CALCULATOR CLOCK CHIPS MOTOROLA IN48SA 180 10m 5/1.00 1N1I86 'OOPlV35AMP 1.80
~:~~~ I:~~ ;:~~ ;::~ ~:~~:~ ~::: CA3013T 2.15 CA3062N 2.00 CHIPS/DRIVERS MM5309 54.95 MC1406L'7 S4.951-"IN:::4::::oo~1
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74C20 39 74CI07 1.25 74C922 5.95 CA2023T 2.56 CA30ll3N 1.50 MM5725 $2.95 MM5311 4.95 MC1408L8 5.75 SeR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
74C30 39 74CI51 2.90 74C923 6.25 CA3035T 2.48 CA3086N .85 MM5738 2.95 MM5312 4.95 MC1439L 2.95 C350 15A@400V SCR(2NI849) $1.95
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C38M
2N2328
35A@ 600V
I.SA@300v
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SCR
1.95
.50
74C74 69 74CI61 2.49 8OC97 1.50 CA3060N 3.25 OO160T 1.25 OM8889 75 MM5369 2.95 MC4024P 3.95 MOA980-1 12A@50V rw BRIDGEREC. 1.95
78MG
LMI06H
1.15
.99
LINEAR lM710N
LM711N
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.39 ••CA3081N 2.00 CA3600N 3.50 C.A. LEOdriver MM5841 9.95 MC4044P 4.50 CIOSSI 50 2N3904 4/1.00 TRANSISTORS
LM300H .80 LM340K·18 1.35 LM723NIH 55 Ie SOLOERTAll- LOW R FILE (TIN) SOCKETS MPSA05 30 2N3055 .69' 2N3905 4/1.00
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1-24
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25-49
16
50-100
.15 • •••
22 pfn LP t~i38
25·49
.36
50-100
.35
MPSA06
TI597
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5'//11..°00 M'NJ,',',,055 5/11..0 °
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LM309H
LM309K
1.10
1.25
LM340T-15 1.25
LM340T.18 1.25
LM340T·241.25
lM748N/H
LM1310N
39
2.95
LMI458CN!H .59
18 pill LP
2Q pin LP
14 pin ST
.29
.34
$.21
.28
32
.25
.27
.30 SOLDERTAll
.24 __
STANDARD (TIN)
36 pin LP.60
40 pin LP.63
28plnSTS.99.90
.59
.62
.58
'.:~
40410
~~~~
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4Ii:~
2/100
~Np~5::38A ~~:!~
~~i:~~
4/1.00
::Il:~
00
t~~i~~H 1:~~ i·.~~ ~~i::~~
t~~~~~ i:~; 16 pin ST .30 .27 .25 ~~ ::~ ~i i:;: ~:~ i:~ 2N2221A 4/1:00 ~:3S/;402 ;j~:~~ ~~::~~ :j~:OO
t~~~~~
;:~ t~i;~~ ~i :~~ :!~ :!~ ~j~~~~:i7~504 ;;i:~ ~~~~ !;;:~
~~=::::~
t~~g~ ~:;~ I:~; ~: ::~ SOlDERTAll STANDARD (GOLD) .63 .57 $~~~~~APlastic
NE50lN 8.00
LM21llN
t~~~~~
LM3065N
1.95
~:~
1.49
I: ::~ ~
i:,P:~~g :~
$:i~ :~~
.35
.47
:~
.32
.43 WIRE WRAP SOCKETS
I
t~;;:j:l:;;
LM320T-18 1.25
~m~~'.~~
NE555N 99
~~;;g~;;
75453CN .39
1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS - 5% CAPACI!Oll
10 OHM 12 OHM 15 OHM 18 OHM 22 OHM 10 pI 05 .04
~gp~~~~~i~
.03 .001.••
F
Cg~~~oR
05 "li4 .035
t~~~~~:~4 ~:~; ~~;~~~ ;:~~ ~~:~i~~
:~~ ASST. 1 5 ea 27 OHM ~3 OHM 39 OHM 47 OHM 56 OHM 50 pcs $1. 75 ~~~i ~~:~.~~.~~~~~F ~~ :~1.~~~
t~~~:~ I.:~ ~~;~~/H ~:~~ ~~~~~N .:~ ASST. 2 5 ea 1:~ ~~~: l~~ ~~~: ;~~~~~~ ~~~~~;:: ~~~~~~: 50 PeS 1. 75 i~~~: .~ :~!:~~.~~~~ :~ :~~:~
t~~~~~ ~:~; ~~~~~H I:~ ~~~~N I:~; .f70 OHM 5600HI.1 680 OHM 820 OHM ,1<. 470 01 .05100-.roLT:~~RF1·~,FCAPACITORS .12 .09 .075
LM340K-8 1.35 NE570N 4.95 RC4151 5.95 ASST. 3 5 ea l.?K I.:'K 1.61<. 2.2K 2.7K 50 PCS 1.75 .001ml .12 10 07 .022ml .13 .11 .08
LM340K-12 1.35 LM703CN!H .59 RC4194 5.95 J,JK 3.9K J.7~ 5.6": 6.BK .0022 12 10 .07 .047mf .21 17 .13
LM340K-15 1.35 LM709NIH 29 RC4195 4.49 ASST. 4 Sea 8.2K 10K 12K 15K 18K 50PCS 1.75 .~~~mf :g .:~ ~; '~~f :~~ ~~ .~~
:1t~: .~ i:~~i~ .~; ~:~~~:~:~ ASST. 7 5 ea. 2.;~; ~:~~ 1.75 ~..~~ ;:~~: ~:~~ 50 PCS I:~:S~V .~: .~~ :~~ ~~~~~ .~~ '~5 :~6
Jameco
ASST SR I I des Besi tArt t 1 7 (350 peS) $9 95 ea
~:t~~~:!~ ~:t~~~:~~ ~!t~~~~~~
74LSIO 23 74LS75 .49 74LSI63 .89
1-==_;..;.;;.....;n:.:.;c=u;.:e:;:s=e:.:.;s;.::ls:.:.;o;.:r.;.:.:.;s.::,so=m=en=s...;..-;..:.;;.;;.;;..;..;;.::.;,.:...._;..;.._
. ...;.....;..._.- •• 47/50V
MINIATURE
Alial~~;d
ALUMINUM
13 .10
ELECTROLYTIC
47/25V
CAPACITORS
Rad.'nlea~13 10
~:~~~;
74LS20
.~
.23
;:~~~
74LS86
:~~
.35
~:~:~
74LS191
2::~
.89
~~i~f~r~!~i~e~~e~~~~ Ad~'~'O/~~~I~~~~!y ~~~~~~~:I~g-A~:I~able-S8nd41~ stamp H~~~~.l;:H:n
10/25V .15 .13 .10
t~:~~:l~:1!:H
1.0{5OV .16 .14 .11
74LS21 29 74LS90 .49 74LS192 .89 PHONE 10/50V 16 .14 12 4.7I16V .15.13 .10
74LS22 29 74LS92 .59 74LS193 89 V"J1 22f25V.17 15 .12 4.7{25V .15 13 .10
~:~~~~
14LS28
74LS30
.~~
.29
.23
;:~~:;
74LS96
74LS107
.i:
.89
.35
~:t~~~:~~
74LS253
74LS257
79
.69
"""
...""'_"'.,.n,""".,.,,',.,.,. WELCOME
ORDERS
(415) 592·8097
~~j~~~
47t50V
lOO/25V
.~~ .21
25
24
.~~ :~~
.19
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~o~i~~v .16
10/25V
10/50V
.~~
IS ~i .12.~~
13
14
10
74LS32 .29 74LSI09 .35 74LS258 1.39 lOO/50V .35 .30 .28 47/50V .24 .21 .19
74lS37 .35 74LS112 .35 74LS260 .55 220125V .32 .28 25 IOO/IIIV 19 .I!) .14
741540 .29 74l512' .99 74l5'79.59 MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS _ WORLDWIDE 220150V.45 .41 .38 l00/25V .24.20.18
74LS42 69 :n
~:t~~~~
74lSl36 .39
~:t~~~
7415570
.;:
1.95
1021
ADVERTISED
HOWARD AVENUE, SAN
PRICES GOOD THRU MARCH
CARLOS. CA 94070 ~~~~~v
22DO/15V.70
.~~.~
.52
:~~ ~~~:~~
55 470125V
:~~'f/ .~:
.31.28 2
AE Visa
SPECIAL DISCOUNTS
PHONE CHARGE CARD # BA MC EXP. DATE ___
Total Order Deduct
C.O.D. __ WILL CALL ___ UPS __ POST ___ NET 10th OF THE MONTH __ PO # $35-$99 10%
ALL ORDERS SHIPPED PREPAID - NO MINIMUM - COD ORDERS ACCEPTED - ALL ORDERS SHIPPED SAME DAY $100-$300 15%
OPEN ACCOUNTS INVITED - California Residents add 6% Sales Tax. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. $301-$1000 20%
We accept American Express / Visa / BankAmericard / Master Charge
HICKOK
the value innovator
LX303
ALL THE MOST WANTED FEATURES
I
SPECIFICATIONS
DC VOLTS (5 RANGES): O.lmV to 1000V;Accuracy
±0.5% rdg ±0.5% I.s.; Input imped: 10Mn; Max. in-
put 1kV except 500V on 200mV range.
AC VOLTS (40Hz to 5kHz): 0.1V to 600V; Accuracy:
± 1.0% rdg ±0.5% I.s. (-2dB max. at 5kHz); Max. in-
put: 600V.
RESISTANCE (6 LOW POWER RANGES): o.to to
20Mn; Accuracy: ±.05% rdg ±0.5% I.s. (±1.5% rdg
on 20Mn range); input protected to 120VAC all ranges.
DC CURRENT (6 RANGES): .01nA to 100mA; Ac-
curacy: ± 1.0% rdg ±0.5% I.s.
DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT: 5-7/8" x 3-3/8" x 1-3/4",8
oz.; POWER: 9V battery (not included) or Hickok AC
adapter; READ RATE: 3/sec.
• 4MHz operation guaranteed on high-density (16K and up)
•
boards, with no price penalty • Low current consumption with
guaranteed specs • Static technology used exclusively
• Buffered inputs for minimum buss loading • Buffered
tri-state outputs for maximum output drive • Unique multi-block
configurations for addressing flexibility • All memories conform
to industry standard board sizes • 1 year limited warranty
(not just 90 days) • Double-sided, plate through, solder masked
and legended circuit board • Complete documentation
• Gold-plated edge connector teeth that stand up to repeated
insertions • DIP switch address selection/deselection
• Sockets for all ICs, including low power Schottky support chips
• Optimized thermal design • Over 4 years of experience in
the design and manufacture of memories
Most Econorams are available in 3 forms: unkit (sockets, bypass caps pre-soldered in place for easy assembly); assembled and tested;
or qualified under the Certified System Component (CSC) high-reliability program (200 hour burn-in, 4 MHz operation over full temperature range,
serial numbered, immediate replacement in event of failure within 1 year of invoice date).
'OTHER·MeMORY·PROOU·CTS··AN·i;·SPECiALTY··ii-·e·NiS'
~ ~
TRS-80 CONVERSION MEMORY CHIP SPECIALS !! HEATH H8 BARE BOARD
KIT $109 2102L-1 (low power, better than 450 ns) 1K MEMORY SPECIAL $35
Our kit is guaranteed for 1 year, includes DIP static RAMs now only 99' while they last. Only
Don't need the full 12K of our standard H8
shunts, and uses 240 ns chips for operation at 4 good on orders of 10 or more.
memory? We now offer the board, mounting
MHz. Upgrades 4K TRS-80 to 16K or populates bracket, edge connector, and print for only $35.
Memory Expansion Module; our novice level TMS4044 4K static RAMs, 450 ns, prime
parts - $7.95 each, 8 or more $6.95 each, 32 or Populate it with a few support chips and readily
instructions make it easy. Also expands memory available, low cost 2102s to build your memory
more $5_95 each, 64 or more $4_95 each, While
in Apple and Exidy Sorcerer computers.
-.
up to a full 12K whenever your budget permits.
.••
they last.
3 kits/$320.
...................................•......................... : .
• • a.
i ACTIVE TERMINATOR KIT $29.50 iPET TO S-100 INTERFACE BOARD $199.95:
•
: Our much imitated design plugs into any S-100 motherboard slot to treat the. • From HUH Electronics (designed by Mark Garetz). Mates S-100 boards to the •
:
• S·100 buss as the RF system it really is, thereby reducinq noise, glitches, ring- : Commodore PET, or serves as nucleus of stand-alone 6500 series system. :
: ing, overshoot, and other buss-related problems. Improves reliability, saves ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• power compared to passive termination. •
•
•••••••••.....•....•.•.............••.•..•..••......•••••••.. :
••••••••••••• e ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
................................................ ~ •
: AND HERE'S WHAT WE DO
ill
-
_
:
•
SLOT S-100 MOTHERBOARD UNKIT $90:
Includes 11 edge connectors
active termination
soldered in place for simplified
for reliable data transfer. Dimensions:
assembly,
8.5" x 11".
and .
:
:
•
FOR AN ENCORE!
We've got some great new products up our sleeves. How about 16K and 24K
bank select memories (perfect for the Alpha Microsystems machine)? Or a
memory management board that retrofits S-100 machines (Altair, IMSAI, etc.) so
• _ that they can address half-a-Megabyte of memory? Then there's our super S-100
:18 SLOT S 100 MOTHERBOARD UNKIT $124-
: - :
110 board,with two hardware UARTs (no software UARTSthat
full RS·232 specs, handshaking, and true S-100 compatibility
tieup yo urbuss),
... well worth
: Same as above, but 18 slots and edge connectors. Dimensions 8.5" x 16.7". : waiting for. Watch this space for details in the months ahead .
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
WANT TO SEE OUR PRODUCTS? VISIT YOUR LOCAL COMPUTER STORE.
TERMS: Orders under $15 add $1 handling. Cal res
add tax. VISA"'/Mastercharge®
hour answering
shipping, excess refunded.
($15 min) call our 24
service at (415) 562-0636. Allow 5%
COD OK with street
address for UPS. Prices good through cover month
of magazine.
;,:®~~~~~~
170
GOLD WIRE WRAP ~
With Rechargflabl.
SOCKETS ~~~~~~~
Sockets purchased In multiples of 50 per type may be combined for best price
• 15 megahertz bandwidth.
• External and Internal trigger. 1-24 25-49 50-99 100-249 250-999 1K-5K
A.-q"E 10% •!~'::fn~~~~3%~
microsec.to0.5 Sec/div· 21 PROe,E,1¢ 8 pin" .41
14 pin" .39
.38
.38
.35
.36
.31
.32
.27
.29
.23
.27
S Prices reduced
3 dig 1% DC $1
• Battery or line operation.
• Automatic & line sync modes.
• PowerconsumpUon< 15watts.
• VonlcIIG.ln-.Ollo!SOVldIY-12seUings:l:.J%.
_ PROBE 1C with the
purc hase 01
and ,the
this MAGAZINE
16 pin" .43 .42 .39 .35 .32 .30
• Viewing arel t.r-x 1.35",
.r..tincludesI2
l~nl&lumupKi· 8803
101$101' +S •• 12. MOTHER
-12 buses 1M insu· BOARD FOR
LaleG mounting spx.u
• winngSi(!lsllO'II'n.Com- S100 BUS
pontnl!ldebueepoxy MICRO·
glnswithwh,l'lIIirkingslor COMPUTERS
componlnll~lions.
• Gl0.poqgllssOOilrdwilh20ul\C~
COIIptf.5OId.rplilledaM.033dilmt-
III noles lor leids.
·SOId.r~kwilh!.OlOtrvrindo ••son Microcomputer Iprocessor 3682 9.6" X 4.5"
.tclltdcifcudsto.lVOOClillCe>dentllSllOf1
CIrCUits
.plugboard. use with S·100 bus. Com-
$10.97
$10.90
plete witb heat sink & hardware. 5.3'· x
• MII\lnts 11 receplacieswilhl00CMtacts(2
rO'Ws)()/I.125cenlerswilh.2s.orows~ing. 10'· x 1/16·· 3682-2 6.5" X 4.5" 3677·26.5" X 4.5"
V«torparlnumberR681-2:ormoun!SI0recep'
1a{IU pluS interconnections 10 small.rmolher bo;ird 1·4 5·9 10·24 $9.81 $9.74
lorlxpansion $19.95 $17.95 $15.96 Hi-Density Dual-In-Line
• ::.e::~~:;!!i~:~n~~~~~':.Sloropt~OI Price. 8801-1 Plugboardfor Wire Wrap
• UrQllbuses: +5VandGNO(10AMP$I.±I2VorI6V(1
~:~).currentralingSil'.perMIL'S'O-215'1111thlO"C
•
with Power & Grd. Bus
Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44
• FllslnVeelor·~kenciosurn.
• F,ts In t,",SAt 8060 mICrocomputer n up~lI(ler ~rd pin con. spaced .156
,:~~&
~
PRICE: $11.95
... .. ....
•
.
=
•••••••••••••• &:.1 ••••••••
.-
.'.
.: 12:YB .=
;: ,rrn:.:'~':~"Q!".
...:.-..&..:E»:EI Computer Products
*
B51 5y,,"
DISK DRIVES $295.00
by Micro Peripherals, Inc. Operates
In eithe, single density (125KB,
* 5-100 MOTHER BOARDS
JADE 6·SLDT
Kit $41.95
$56.95
ELECTRONIC
SYSTEMS
Assembled & Tested
unformatted) or double density Bare Board $24.95
(250KB, unformatted) modes, up "KANSAS CITY STANDARD"
to 40 tracks, with a track-to-track 9-SLOT "LITTLE MOTHER" TAPE INTERFACE
access time of only 5 ms.
Kit $85.00 Part No. 111
SA801R $495.00
by Shugart Single·slded S" floppy Assembled & Tested $99,00 Board $7.60; with parts $27.50
disk drive. - 15 megahertzbandwidth. Bare Board $35.00
FOB-100 $395_00 - Externalandinternaltrigger. RS·232/TTL INTER FACE
GSI/Siemens. Runs cooler and - Time Base...,0.1 microsecondsto 0.5 13-SLOT "QUIET MOTHER" Part No. 232
quieter than SOl (S") Sec/div- 21 settings. Kit $95.00 Converts TTL to RS-232
DM2700-S $750.00 - Batteryor line operation. Assm. & Tested $110.00 and RS-232 to TIL
Includes SAS01R. 10"x10"x16" - Automaticandlinesyncmodes. Bare Board $40.DO Board only $4.50;
cabinet, power supply, data cable, with parts $7.00
fan, AC line filter. - Powerconsumptionlessthan 15W. 22-SLOT "STREAKER"
- Verticle Gain - 0.01 to 50 volts/div- RS·232/TTY INTERFACE
Assm. & Tested $149.00
1791 BOl 12settings. Part No. 600
Dual Density Controller Chip - Weightis only 3 pounds. J..&.x»E Converts RS-232 to 20mA
MS-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . $318 VIDEO INTERFACE current loop, and 20mA current
$49.95 MS-215Du~1TraceVersion. . . . . $435 loop to RS·232
5-100 Compatible Serial Inter-
• With Rechargeable face with Sockets Included. Board only $4.50;
Batteries & Charger Unit Kit $117.95 with parts $7.00
10to I, 10 megprobe $27 Assembled & Tested $159.95
Leathercarryingcase $45 Bare Board w/manual $ 35.00
Z80A SPECIAL
Model LP·'
4MHz
$14,95*
TlJ-.
Hand·held
TTL:
logic probe prOllides innilnt reading 01 Logic lewis lor
OTL.. HTl. 0' CMOS. InpUI Impedance, 100.000 ohms
Convert your T. V. set into a
Minimum DIIKubie Pub., 50 ns, M••imum Input Silln,1 Video Monitor
IFrequency): 10 MHz. Pul •• DelKlo, (Leol: High SPeed train
Or lingle event, Pulse M.mory: Pulse Or level tr8fuillon detected Kit $8.95
endnored.
CSC Model LP·l Logic P.obe-Net Each.
J.A..x»E
•• VERBATIMTM MODEL LP.3
High .peed lOgic prObe. Capture.
Imp.cllnu: 500,000
pulses e, ,hort.,
ohms. Minimum Det.ct.ble
10 n s. Input
Pulse: 10 ru.
FLOPPY DISKS Maximum Input Sign.1 (Frequ,ncy): 50 MHz. Pulse D.tector
ILEDI: High Ipeed train or single event. Pulse Mlmo.y: Pulse oe
PARALLEL/SERIAL
INTERFACE
5140in. Minidiskettes level tran,ition detecled and stored
CSC Model LP·3 LOgic Prob.-Net Each.
Soft sector, 10 sector, or 16 sector 5·100 compatible 2 serial I/O
$4.40 each or 3-LEVEL GOLD ports, 1 parallel I/b. year.
box of 10 for $40.00 KIt JG-P/S $124.95 . LCD-l02. runs on 12 Volt system and is
WIRE WRAP SOCKETS back lighted.
8 in. Standard Floppy Disks Assembled & Tested, • LCD·l01 or LCD-102
Soft Sector 14 PIN 39t each JG-P/SA $179.95 your choice $34.95 ea.
$4.75 each-l0 for $42.50 16 PIN 43t each • Clear desk stand for .. $2.00
100 for $30.00 Bare Board w/Manual $ 30.00
FLOPPY DISK INTERFACE Sockets are end and side stack-
JADE FLOPPY DISK (Tarbell able, closed entry. Integral
board)
Kit GOLD PLATED
Data Syste"1! Check the impressive
t)
$175.00
Assembled & Tested $250.00 s-ren EDGE CONNECTORS features on Integral's
S_D_Computer Products - IP-125 Impact Printer
liiilililililiiliiiilililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
VERSA-FLOPPY Soldertail
10 for $30.00
$3.25 each only $799
Kit $159.95 Wire Wrap $4.50 each
•Assembled & Tested $239.00 10 for $40.00 LOADED WITH EXTRAS AT NO EXTRA ~OST
• Microprocessor controller _ Serial RS232C Interface - Paraue! TTL level interface. Full
and lower case ASCII character set (96 characters) • Full 81h" inch wide paper. Line
EXPANDOR'S BLACK BOX PRIN
upper
length of 80 columns at 10 characters per inch. Impact printing· 7x7 dot matrix _ Ordinary
paper-roll, tan tcrd, or sheet. Serial baud rate to 1200 bits per second. Multiple line buffer
This 64-character ASCII impact printer
with BO-column capability is portable
and uses standard B'/2" paper and reg-
./ of 256 characters.
without adjustment.
table top console
Instantaneous
ReinKing
print rate to 100 characters
ribbon mechanism.
per second.
Front panel operator
Multiple copies
controts e Attractive
_ Plugboards ,e ~,,~-
'1f.'-~" " ~ ~- ' ' ' -·-'"1
8800V "':~ri":~,:/' : ·1-:'
.Jnive r sa l Microcomputer/processor
~- ,--
plugboard. Use with S-100 bus. Com-
plete with heat sink & hardware. ,
5.3" x 10" x 1/16". ,
Hi-Density Dual-in-Line Plug-
3690-12
Gen.
with
Purpose
Bus Pattern
D.I.P.
for Solder
Boards
or 8801·1 P pattern plugboards for IC's
board
Power
for
&
Wire
Grd.
Wrap
Bus
with
Epoxy
Wire Wrap. Epoxy Glass 1/16" Same as 8800V except plain; less Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44 pin con. Glass 1/16" 44 pin con. spaced
CARD EXTENDER 44 pin con. spaced .156. power buses & heat sink.. spaced .156. .156.
Card Extender has 100 contacts. 50 per side
1-4 5-9 10-24
on .125 centers. Attached connector is com-
patible with 5-100 Bus Systems .. $25.00 3677 9.6" x 4.5" S10.90 8800V 19.95 17.95 15.96 3662 6.5" x 4.5'· $7.65 36829.6" x 4.5" $10.97
36906.5" 22/4 pin. 158 etr •.
3677-26.5" x 4.5" $9.74 8801·1 14.95 13.46 11.96 3662·29.6" X 4.5" $11.45 3682·2 6.5" x 4.5'· $9.81
Extender •......••...•. _ • $12.00
172
800/421-5809 Continental U.S.
PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE: 800/262-1710 Inside Callto;nla
$245 ·
-12 volts.
IB
6502 -
computer
L..
•••
oased single board
with keyboard/dis-
Video
Black".
Is switch
"Black-on-Whlte"
selectable as
or "White-on-
* *
INTERFACE/MOTHERBOARD INTERFACE/MOTHERBOARD 32K $369.00 64K $569.00
52350 $10.95
Makes S-1 00 cards plug-in Makes S-1 00 cards plug-in
UARTS
AY5-1013A $ 5.25 compatible with KIM! compatible with PET!
AY5-1014A
TR1602B
$
$
8.25
5.25
Kit $125.00 Kit $119.00 ST"ATIC RAM
TM56011 $ 5.95 Assembled & $165.00 Assembled &
Tested $159.00 SPECIALS
IM6403 $ 9.00 Tested
BAUD RATE GENERATORS
MC14411 $10.00
14411 Crystal
6800 PRODUCT
$ 4.95
TEXTOOL ZIP* DIp® II
F=3
6810P $ 4.00
6820P $ 6.60
6821P
6828P
6834P
6850P
$ 6.60
$11.25
$16.95
$ 8.65
Sockets
6852P $11.00 ·ZERO INSERTION FORCE sockets
6860P $ 9.25
6862P
6871P
6875P
$12.00
$28.75
$ 8.75
r"""!.-~
r 01
PRICES:
16 pin Zip Dip II $5.50
6880P $ 2.50 24 pin Zip Dip II $7.50
CHARACTER GENERATORS , I,
~m~g£~~\~gW)
2513 Upper (5 Wit)
$ 6.75
$ 6.75
$ 9.75
- : ! '" 40 pin Zip Dip II $10.25
PROMS
MCM6571 up scan
MCM6571A down scn
$10.95
$10.95 J'...A..:K:»::E vJ6
1702A
2708
2716 (5+12) TI
$ 8.00
$ 9.95
$60.00
Computer Products JADE 8K
Kits: 450n5 $125.95
2716 (5v) INTEL $60.00 4901 W. ROSECRANS AVENUE 250n5 $149.75
2758 (5v) $23.40 Department 'K Telephone: Assembled & Tested:
450n5 $139.75
•
DYNAMIC RAMS HAWTHORNE. CALIF ~0250 12131 679-3313
4160/4116 (250ns) $12.50
USA Telex: 250n5 $169.75
2104/4096 $ 4.00 Bare Board: $ 25.00
2107B-4 $ 3.95 18·1823
TM54027/4096 (300ns) $ 4.00 16K - Uses 2114's (lOW power)
STATIC RAMS 1-15 16-100
, Assembled & Tested:
21L02 (450ns) $ 1.50 $ 1.20 RAM 16 (250n5) $375.00
21 L02 (250ns) $ 1.75 $ 1.50 RAM 168 (450ns) $325.00
2101·1 $ 2.95 $ 2.60 Cash, checks, money orders, and credit cards accepted. Add
2111·1 $ 3.25 $ 3.00 16K with management
2112-1 $ 2.Q5 freight charge of $2.50 for orders under 10 Ibs. and $1.00 service
$ 2.65
FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS charge for orders under $10.00. Add 6% sales tax on all parts
1771801 $39.95 delivered in California. Discounts available at OEM quantities.
1791 $49.95
KEYBOARD CHIPS
AY5·2376 $13.75 WRITE FOR OUR FREE CATALOG
AY5-3600 $13.75 All prices subject to change without notice.
MM5740 $18.00
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174
TRS-SO E.S. HEX ENCODED E.S.
4K EPROM ;Wmc/;ne SOSOA CPU (With EightLevel
KEYBOARD Victor Interrupt Capabilityl /WTnCl;ne.
SERIAL 1/0 This board is designed to operate with any
This HEX keyboard speed or power 1702A. Addressable in 4K Uses the 8080A and the 8224 clock chip.
• RS-232 compati- has 19 keys. 16 encod- byte increments and can be configured to The crystal frequency used is 18 MHz and
ble • Can be used with ed with 3 user defin- occupy either 2K or 4K segments. It can be the vector interrupt chip is the 8214. The
or without the expan- able. The encoded TTL populated one memory chip at a time. Bare board will function normally without the
sion bus • On board outputs. 8-4-2-1 and board $30. board with parts $200. assembled interrupt circuitry. When the interrupt
switch selectable baud STROBE are debounced $230. Part No. EPM-1 circuitry is built UP. the board will respond to
rates of 110. 1 50. and available in true eight levels of interrupts. Designed to be a
300. 600. 1200. 2400. and complement form. plug-in replacement for the IMSAI CPU board
parity or no parity odd Four onboard LEOs and will work in other computers with the
or even. 5 to 8 data indicate the HEX code appropriate modifications made to the ribbon
bits. and 1 or 2 stop generated for each cable connector pin out from the front panel.
bits. D.T.R. line. Board key depression. The The board will work in systems without a
only $19.95 Part No. board requires a single front panel if the system has a PROM board
8010. with parts $59.95 +5 volt supply. Board that simulates the functions of the front
Part No. 8010A. as- only $15.00 Part No. panel. Bare board $30. with parts $185.
sembled $79.95 Part HEX-3. with parts assembled $220. Part No. CPU-1
No. 801 DC. No con- $49.95 Part No. HEX-
nectors provided. see 3A. 44 pin edge con-
I nector $4.00 Part No.
16K OR 32K EPROM
(wmci;ne.
Designed to operate with any speed or power
2708 or single voltage (+5V)2716. Address-
able in 4K increments and can occupy
multiples of 4K. It can be populated one
memory chip at a time. Has bank addressing
and Phantom Disable. The board comes with
an exclusive software program that can be
placed in a 2708 or 2716 that will. when used
16K STATIC RAM
nector Part No. /wmC'/;nc.
DB25P $6.00, with in conjunction with a RAM memory board.
Operates with any speed or power 2114. All
9', B conductor check out every line on the EPM-2. Bare
cable $1 0.95 Part input and output lines are fully buffered.
board $30. board with parts with 2708
No.OB25P9. Addressable in 4K byte increments. If the
$455. assembled $485. Board with parts
system has a front panel. the board will allow
3' ribbon cable with 2716 $1.225. assembled $1.255. Part
with ettached con- itself to be protected. If there is no front
No. EPM-2
nectors to fit TRS- panel. the board will not allow itself to be
80 and our serial
protected. The board has Bank Address
board $19.95 Part
No.3CA84Q. capability. Phantom Disable. MWRITE. and
selectable wait states. Bare board $30.
board with parts $665. Part No. MEM2
S-100 BUS
ACTIVE TERMINATOR *
Board only $14.95 Part No. 900. with parts
$24.95 Part No. 900A
PIICEON
T.o Order'
.,
Mention part number. description. and price. In USA. shipping paid for orders accompanied by check. money order. or Master Charge. BankAmericard. or VISA
• number, expiration date and signature. Shipping charges added to C.O.D. orders. California residents add 6.50/0 for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail
postage and handling. no C.OD.'s. Checks and money orders must be payable in US dollars. Parts kits include sockets for alllCs. components. and circuit
board. Documentation is included with all products. Prices are in US dollars. No open accounts. To eliminate tariff in Canada boxes are marked "Computer
• Parts." Dealer inquiries invited. 24 Hour Order Line: (40B) 226-4064 ~~ Circuits designed by John Bell
For free catalog including parts ,lists and schematics, send a self-addressed stamped envelope.
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. KB, ao Box 21638, San .Jose, CA. USA 95151
'Use the order card in the back of this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to:
Kilobaud/Microcomputing Book Department. Peterborough NH 03458. Be sure to include check or detailed credit card lnformation.
All orders add $1.00 shipping & handling.
"Use the order card in the back of this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to:
Kilobaud/Microcompuling Book Department. Peterborough NH 03458. Be sure to include check or detailed credit card information.
All orders add $1.00 shipping & handling.
Now for the first time you can carry a line of programs which will allow microcomputers to do all those things the industry
has been promising. A flood of programs is being readied in the Kilobaud/Microcomputing lab by 16 people who work
night and day to provide the best software available anywhere. The aim of Instant Software is to cover EVERY phase of
microcomputing including games, business, home, teaching, diagnostics, utilities, etc.
There are over 40 programs available on 28 different cassettes with 10 more ready for release in next month's issue ...
you'll want to keep an eye out for new releases every month in the Instant Software Library.
TO ORDER INSTANT SOFTWARE
Refer to pages 106 & 107 in this issue for details of programs now available from Instant Software. A retail outlet listing is
provided if you wish to purchase Instant Software locally, or use the postage paid order form on the last page. Please be
sure to include catalog number and description. Make checks payable to Kilobaud/Microcomputing or use your credit
card.
kik>baud
MICROCOMPUTING
To order direct call toll free 1-800-258-5473 please have your credit card handy and mention Dept. K3 or use your order form on Reader
Service page at back of magazine.
ill Order yours today ... only $6.50 each ... 2 for $11.00 iiJ keep it neat with these strong library shelf boxes ... One
box is $2.00, 2 boxes are $3.00 and eight boxes are $10.00.
r;, Use the order card in the back of this magazine or itemize your ;;~ Be sure to specify which labels we should send. Have your
2 order on a separate piece of paper and mail to: m credit card handy and call our toll-free order number
z KILOBAUD BINDERS • PETERBOROUGH NH 03458 ~ 800-258-5473,or use the order card in the back of the
UJ Be sure to include check or detailed credit card information. m magazine and mail to:
~ ,~I'"""'''''''' ,~~ ~'''''''''''' ••••.• '11·.rI~
,~ '!i"'''''''~''"1 ,,~, .' ""••••• .. """""~"II' ~IIII11"""".'''11-In~ .~I'''''''''''''''' 'II~ .~,""""""" "ill' .!I'''''"•••••••.1, .'''K'·''''''I~ ';I}~ KILOBAUD LIBRARY SHELF BOXES Peterborough, NH 03458
'II:'"
# ~-:. ,.,-It"::::~':J.
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.•.,~I·b•~=:::::' ~~'h":~:~I.'" ~t'-...::::~.:..~;",'" ",::::=:;~.~'od,~h",::~::::~.~.""",'_
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INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
koiObaud
MICROCOMPUTING
A75 ACS Service. . . . 125 032 Data Vector Corp. . 73 L16 Lifeboat Associates 49 P46 Pragmatic Deslqns, Inc 21
A38 Advanced Computer Products161 028 Deltron(ks... . 55,154 M77 Madhatter Software 124 P21 Priority One Electronics .. 169. 171
A78 Aladdin Computer Corp CIII 037 Digital Dynamics. Inc.: .120 M49 Marinchip Systems.. . 105 Q3 Quest Electronics.. . 157
A74 American Data Home Comp 13 044 Digital Micro Systems.. ..3 M17 Marketline. Inc. .73 R24 Racet Computes. . . 152
A66 American Square Computers. 156 020 Digital Research Corporation. 160 M74 Micro. . 136 Radio Shack. . . .. 35·
A79 Austin Electronics 146 042 DSI Instruments.. . 10, 11 M30 Micro Computer Devices. 74,75 R12 Rainbow Computing. Inc 143
A71 Automated Simulations.. ..149 E32 Eclectic Corporation 102 M73 Micromail. .. 115 R8 Ramsey Electronics 143
B39 Beta Business Systems, Inc .. 156 E34 Ecosoft. .. 156 M54 Mtcro.Meqa . . ..... 136 R29 The Recreational Programmer148
B33 The Bottom Shelf. tnc.. . .23 E36 Electronic Specialists, Inc 55 M81 Micro ProductsUnltd.. .155 RNB Enterprises.. ..164
B43 Buss. . 149 Electronic Systems.. . 175 M67 Microsette cc.. .152 R7 Rondure Company 141
C116 CGRS Microtech 78 F1 Fair Radio Sales 88.152 M78 Microsoft.. . 89 S55 3 S Sales. . 144
C118 CHS~I= .. 1~ F13 Fantasy Games Software 55 M44 Micro Technology Unltd. . .56 S71 3 S Sales. . . 29
C109 Compusoft Publishing.. . .. 15 F10 525 Video. . . . 155 M70 Midwest Scientific. . . .. CIV S76 Steve Shaw. . . 155
C36 Computakler Consultants 148 F11 Flowdata.. ..156 M80 Mini Business Systems.. ..88 S73 Significant Software.. .149
C113 The Computer Bus. . 81 F8 Forethought Products. . . . 93 M6 Mini Micro Mart, Inc 158 S51 Small System Software 147
C64 Computer Corner of NJ 155 G4 Godbout Electronics 170 M32 Mullen Computer Products 137 S52 Southeastern Software 136
C33 Computer Enterprises. . . 111 G24 GPA Electronics.. . 21 National Radio Institute. .. .79 S61 Supersoft. 55
C117 The Computer Factory 150 H26 Hartwell's Office World. . .152 N12 NEECO. . 121 S6 SWTPC. . CII
C111 Computer Forum.. .156 H34 Hoch Co.. . ... 154 N15 Netronics R & D t.td.. . 153 T11 Tarbell Electronics 125. 151
C104 Computer Information Exchng155 H29 HUH Electronics.. . .150 N18 The Net Works. . . 155 T26 Telecommunications Services. 55
C87 Computer Interface Technology73 136 Infosystem Design 153 N7 Newman Computer Exchange162 T28 Thinker Toys.. . ..... 159
C103 Computer Packages. Unltd ... 120 124 Innovative Technology.. . .. 73 N16 Northeast Microware 73 141 Total Information Services.lnc154
C80 Computer Port.. .133 130 Input/Output Unlimited 99 N13 Nucleus. lnc.. . 154 147 Trans-Data Corporation 120
C100 The Computer Store. Inc. . . . 86 132 Instant Software. ..106.107 01 Ohio Scientific. . . 4. 5 146 Transition Enterprises 146
Computer Systems Des .. 145. 150 135 Integral Data Systems. Inc .. 56. 57 05 OK Machine & Tool. 51 T1 Trl-Tek, lnc.. . 163
C73 Computer Systems Store 154 19 Integrated Circuits Unlimited. 168 02 On-Line , .. 154 149 Typetronic Computer Store 88
C94 The Computerist. 48 133 ISDG. . 136 010 Optimal Technology. inc 154 U11 Ucatan Corp 156
C81 Computers One... ..156 Ithaca Audio.. . 39 011 Orcomp Data Systems 103 V8 Vector Electronic Co .•Inc 145
CB6 Computrex. . 156 J6 Jade Computer Products. 172, 173 08 Orthon Computers. . 136 V17 Victoria Micro Digital.. . 154
C114 Computronics, Inc 150 J1 Jameco Electronics. 165. 166, 167 06 Osborne & Associates. Inc .. 45. 67 V19 VR Data Corporation 110
C107 Connecticut microComputer. 143 J4 Johnson Computer. .113.124.129 09 Otto Electronics.. . .. 144 W13 Wasatch Semiconductor Prod148
C112 Consumer Computer Marketing87 145. 147.151 P9 PAIA.. . 148.151 W20 WEB Associates.. . 155
C108 The CPU shop.. . .. 136 J12 JPC Products .. .. 149 P38 Pan American Electronics ..... 56 W16 World Wide Electronics 143
D41 Dad's Reliable Software. .73 K14 Key Electronics ... .. 156 P7 Percom Data Company. Inc. 94. 95 X2 X & Y Enterprises 154
D43 Dr. Daley.. . 155 L20 Leedex Corp. 61 P39 Personal Software.. . 127 From Kilobaud ... Pages 83.174.176-178
D40 Datasearch.. . 151 L19 Level IV .. ............ 61 P43 Plainsman Micro Systems. 56, 147
"Reader Service inquiries not honored.
Please contact advertiser directly.
178
to o, Masterson Pnotoqraphv Desiqn and copy by Campbell Marsh Graphic Communications Copyrrght 1978 by Aladdin Automation