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There is often some confusion over the difference between development centre and assessment
centre, leading to concern about the use of the former. This is understandable since some of the
assessment techniques are common, to both activities. One of the popular concepts in the
management development field is the assessment centre method of identifying and developing the
management potential.
This method is available to all sizes of organizations and can be used at all levels of
management, from the first level of supervision to top corporate management. In a typical centre, six
first level manager participants are nominated by their immediate supervisors as having potential for
middle level management positions based on their current job performances. For two days, the
participants take part in exercises developed to explore behaviours deemed important in the
particular organization. A participant may play a business role and complete an in-basket exercise or
may participate in two group discussions and in an individual exercise, and be interviewed. Three
line managers - two organizational levels above the participants-act as assessors, observe the
participants' behaviour and take notes on special observation forms.
On completion of the exercise, participants go back to their jobs, and assessors spend two more days
compiling their observations and making a final evaluation of each participant. A summary report is
prepared on each participant, outlining his or her potential and defining the development action
appropriate for both the organization and individual. The levels of candidates to be assessed usually
dictate the duration of the centre. Centres for identifying potential in non-management areas can last
as long as two half days, including evenings.
In the United States, the pioneering work was undertaken by the Office of Strategic Studies,
which used the method to select spies during the World War II (Mac Kinnon, 1977). This United
States assessment centre was also derived from the War Office Selection Boards, but after the war,
the approaches of United Kingdom and the United States approaches diverged somewhat (Felthan,
1988).
In the United Kingdom, assessment centres were developed in peacetime in which the civil
service and other parts of the public sector were included. They followed the model of the WOSB
and were sometimes labelled extended interviews. In the United States, the post-war development
moved to the private sector. The pioneer was the American Telephone and Telegraph Company
(AT&T), which used assessment centres in its management progress study, which began in 1956
(Bray, 1964). Standard Oil of Ohio took up the method in 1962 and then by IBM, Sears, General
Electric and J.C. Penney (Finkle, 1976). Since 1990, the concept of assessment centres has been
getting high popularity in Indian organizations. The process of designing assessment centres can be
understood better through Fig. Below:
Designing and running an assessment centre is a complex project. It consists of a series of
interlinked stages and sub-stages. It has to be ensured that the external features of the centre are
included in the design. The figure, below, is a general process of designing a centre.
Page no. 2
Preliminary Study
Plan Project
Exercise Design
Validation of Exercise
Implementation
Post Assessment
Centre Evaluation
While the specific objectives for which the assessment centre is set up may vary in making a
promotion decision, diagnosing training needs, developing managerial skills, placement, etc., there
are some essential steps that are common in all assessment centres. The essential features of an
assessment centre are:
Job analysis. The aim of conducting job analysis is to reveal the details of the target job its
illustrative tasks, problems, and situations that a jobholder is likely to face in a given situation.
Through job analysis, the dimensions like the skills, qualities, attributes, knowledge, motivation,
tasks required for effective performance of a target job are systematically identified. These
dimensions provide the framework for developing the instruments to evaluate or assess the
participants and for giving the feedback. .
Multiple assessment techniques. The assessment centre aims at providing multiple opportunities to
observe the complex behaviour of the participants and assess it against the dimensions identified in
the job analysis. A variety of assessment techniques can be used, ensuring that these are the
appropriate ways of observing one or more of the dimensions. These can include - interviews,
psychological tests, questionnaires, situational exercises, etc.
Page no. 3
Situational exercises. These exercises are simulations that portray the most important aspects of
target jobs. Typically, a situational exercise tries to present the participant with a complex set of
stimuli that he is likely to deal with on the job. For example, an in-basket exercise that captures the
typical sample of tasks one is likely to encounter in a job.
Behavioural responses. Situational exercises provide a lot of opportunity to oversee the behaviour
of participants, which are indicators of complex competences.
Behavioural observations. The assessors are trained to focus on the behaviour of the participants.
These observations give a specific statement of observable actions and even actual words.
Multiple assessors. The basis for using multiple assessors is that this helps in ironing out individual
biases. Different backgrounds and experiences of a group help to provide a rich perspective to the
centre. It is recommended that a line manager, an HR manager, an outside consultant and others,
familiar with the target job, may be included in the assessor panel. There should be at least three
assessors to make observations on each participant's performance.
Trained assessors. It is important that the assessors have thorough training in assessment skills and
also have a common frame of reference regarding the objectives, design and implementation
programme of the centre. Specifically, training should be imparted on observing and recording
behaviours, classifying behaviour into directions, making judgements about the performance levels,
communicating individual judgements and understanding to others, integrating behavioural
observations from different sources, etc. If required, make evaluation an overall success and give
suggestions for future development.
1. Candidates are observed by line managers who have been specially trained to perform more tasks
of observing behaviours. They give their full attention to the candidates' functions rather than trying
to observe behaviour while subjected to other on-the-job pressures which often prevent them from
observing accurately.
2. The managers usually come from above the level of the candidates' immediate supervisors and have a
broader perspective of the skills and abilities needed than what an immediate supervisor does while
nominating people for his own level.
3. Line management assessors bring to the task a thorough knowledge of the whole company, its mores
and its idiosyncrasies. They know the skills needed in future currently and those that will be needed
based on projected changes.
4. Group decisions about individuals are constantly being shown to be more accurate than individual
decisions. Perceptions can be compared, biases can be challenged. The use of exercises exactly
consistent for all candidates means that a comparative judgement can be made on large numbers of
candidates working for different bases in vastly different circumstances. .
DEVELOPMENT CENTRES
Development centres often depart from the traditional assessment centre design and practice in
several ways; as they often take a more collaborative approach to assessment and decision making,
feedback may be given after each exercise, rather than at the end of the centre. They also involve
much more self - and peer - assessment than is usually used in selection-oriented assessment
centres.
Development centres are workshops, which measure the abilities of participants against the
agreed success criteria for a job or a role. The key characteristics of a development centre are as
follows:
1. Observations in the centre are based on key dimensions or competences, which differentiate
between successful and less successful performances.
2. Development centres measure the abilities of participants by simulating a job or role situation,
which requires them to demonstrate abilities in the relevant competence in them.
3. Rating of performances is undertaken by trained assessors, who have undergone a course of
familiarization and skill training.
4. They involve one-to-one feedback interviews with participants, during which the strengths and
development that have been highlighted by performances are discussed. Subordinates and line
managers may also pool data that have been collected by the trained assessors with those produced
prior to the press.
5. Assessors' assessments are collected and distilled into a written report before the one-to-one
feedback interview. This often involves a plenary discussion in which assessors who have assessed
the same individual in different exercises discuss the overall performance of that individual.
There is often some confusion over the difference between development centres and assessment
centres, leading to concern about the use of the former. This is understandable since some of the
assessment techniques are common to both activities.
The main similarities are seen in the principles of assessment. Both activities, designed to
measure the abilities of those who, take part, use trained people for the assessment.
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