Barcodes and RFID Tags

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SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“BARCODES AND RFID TAGS”
Guided by
Prof. Twinkle Bhavsar
BY
MITI SHAH ROLL NUMBER 16BEC090

MUSKAN PORWAL ROLL NUMBER 16BEC094
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
AHMEDABAD
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NIRMA
UNIVERSITY
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Ahmedabad, 382481
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled Barcodes and RFID Tags submitted by Miti Shah
(Roll No. 16BEC090) and Muskan Porwal (Roll no.16BEC094) as the partial fulfillment of the re-
quirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University is the record of work carried out by them un-
der my supervision and guidance. The work submitted in our opinion has reached a level required for
being accepted for the examination.
Date: / /
(Prof. GUIDE NAME)

Project Guide
(Prof. D K KOTHARI)
HOD, EC Department
Acknowledgements
I am profoundly grateful to Prof.Twinkle Bhavsar for his expert guidance and

continuous encouragement throughout to see that this project rights its target since
its commencement to its completion.
Miti Shah (16BEC090)

Muskan Porwal (16BEC094)
Contents
1 Barcodes 2
1.1 What is BARCODE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Types of Barcode Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Wand Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Laser Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 CCD Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 Camera Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.5 MEMS Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Working of Barcode Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Illumination System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.2 Sensor / Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.3 Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Symbologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.1 Uniform product code(UPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.2 European article number (EAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4.3 Code 39(code 3 of 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4.4 Code 128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.5 PDF417 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.6 Data Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 Advantages of Barcode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 RFID Tags 14
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Transponder or A tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 Active Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 Passive Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.3 Battery Assisted Passive Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Coupling of RFID Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.1 Capacitive Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.2 Inductive Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.3 Radiative coupling / Backscaterring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 Difference between barcodes and RFID 19
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 20

4.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
References 20
Barcodes and RFID Tags
Chapter 1
Barcodes
1.1 What is BARCODE?
The bar code is an automatic identification technology in which numbers, and

sometimes characters, are encoded in a pattern of vertical bars , spaces , squares and
dots so there can be read by bar code scanners.
1.2 Types of Barcode Scanners
• Wand Scanners
• Laser Scanners
• CCD Scanners
• Camera Scanners
• MEMS Scanners
Department of EC Engineering, ITNU, Ahmedabad 1

1.2.1 Wand Scanners
Wand scanners are handheld contact scanners which is be placed in contact with the
barcodes and dragged in order to read the barcode correctly.
scanner 1.jpg
Figure 1.1: Wand scanner
1.2.2 Laser Scanners
Laser barcode scanner is the most commonly used barcode scanner which doesn’t
require the barcode to be in contact with the scanner.A standard range Laser Barcode
Scanner can read a barcode from about 6 to 24 inches away, and a long range Scanner
can read one from about 2 to 8 feet away.
scanner.jpg
Figure 1.2: Laser scanner
Department of EC Engineering,ITNU, Ahmedabad 2

1.2.3 CCD Scanners
CCD barcode scanners constitute of a long row of LED’s applied in series which
generate a digital image of the barcode . Although they have high scan rates but they
live lower read rates.
SCANNER.jpg
Figure 1.3: CCD scanner
1.2.4 Camera Scanners
Camera scanners are those scanners which are equipped in our smart phones nowa-
days . In these scanners the camera of the device is treated as a scanner.
Figure 1.4: Camera scanner

1.2.5 MEMS Scanners
SCANNER.jpg
Figure 1.5: MEMS scanner
1.3 Working of Barcode Scanners
To understand how a barcode scanner works, we have to explore the different parts
of the device. Basically, there are 3 functional parts to the barcode scanner itself, the
illumination system, the sensor / converter, and the decoder.
Basically there are three functionalities associated with barcode scanners :
• The Illumination System
• Sensor / Converter
• The Decoder
dia.png
Figure 1.6: Block Diagram of a Barcode Scanner

1.3.1 Illumination System
The illumination system illuminates the red light onto the barcode and the barcode
either absorbs or reflects the light. The black bars absorb the light whereas the white
spaces reflect the light .
Types of Illumination System
• Single Point LED
• Linear Multiple LED
• Laser
• LED Imager
1) Single Point LED : This technology is exclusive to the barcode wand reader
and the barcode slot reader. The illumination of the barcode comes from either a
single or pair of LED’s and is focused through a single ball-type opening. This
technology requires the ball to physically touch the barcode being scanned.
point led.png
Figure 1.7: Single Point LED
2) Linear Multiple LED : Expanding on the single-point illumination system,

placing multiple LED’s in a line give the ability to light the entire width of the

barcode. This type of illumination is used in CCD scanners and Linear Imagers.
When used in CCD scanners, the LED’s are paired with a line of photocells to detect
the reflected light from the barcode Since the LED’s are relatively low in power, and
the photocells are low in sensitivity, the range of CCD barcode scanners is generally
limited from being in contact with the barcode to 1” away.
led.png
Figure 1.8: Linear Multiple LED
3) Laser : This type of illumination system achieves the maximum range as

compared to single point LED and multiple LED illuminators. It covers a range
from 1” to 18”. By increasing the power of the laser and decreasing the angle of
oscillation, ranges of over 20 feet can be obtained.
4)LED Imager : Expanding on the single-point illumination system, placing
multiple LED’s in a line give the ability to light the entire width of the barcode. This
type of illumination is used in CCD scanners and Linear Imagers. When used in
CCD scanners, the LED’s are paired with a line of photocells to detect the reflected
light from the barcode Since the LED’s are relatively low in power, and the photo-
cells are low in sensitivity, the range of CCD barcode scanners is generally limited
from being in contact with the barcode to 1” away.

1.3.2 Sensor / Converter
The photo detector sensor detects the reflected light from the white spaces and con-
verts it into an analog signal of varying voltage. The voltage waveform consist of
peaks at the white spaces and troughs at the black bars .
signal.png
Figure 1.9: Electrical Signal
The converter converts the analog signal to a digital form with the peaks repre-
sented by bit 1 and troughs by bit 0.
code.png
Figure 1.10: Digital Code
1.3.3 Decoder
Decoder - The decoder in a barcode scanner performs a variety of functions. First, it

analyses the digital signal from the sensor, and tests to see if it can be interpreted as
a valid barcode. In this test, it looks for uniformity of the white space (high signal)
on each side of the digital signal, and uniformity between the peaks and valleys of
the digital signal itself. Then, it tests the digital signal for conformance with any and
all of the barcode symbologies it’s designed and set up to read.

Figure 1.11: Decoder

1.4 Symbologies
Mapping of barcode pattern to characters is termed as symbology.
1.4.1 Uniform product code(UPC)
It comes in 2 formats the most widely known is UPC- A . Less recognised is UPC-E,
which is a short form representation of the same data.
a) UPC-A this format is a 12 digit numeric symbology . This symbol consist 11
data digit and one check digit. It allows room for 99999 products.
A.png
Figure 1.12: UPC A
b) UPC-E this consist of 6 data digits and one check digit. It is used on small
packages where there is not enough room for the larger UPC-A to fit .
E.png
Figure 1.13: UPC E
UPC numbers are assigned to specific manufacturers by the uniform code coun-
cil (UCC) both UPC-A and UPC-E allow a supplemental 2 or 5 digit number to be
appended to the main barcode symbol this supplementary message was designed for
the use on publication and periodicals.

1.4.2 European article number (EAN)
This is the European extension for the UPC .EAN-13 is derived from the UPC-A
with an additional digit. This digit along with the 12th digit usually represents the
country ,this improves the UCCS ability to deal with international trade items. The
EAN-13 symbology is also used by the publishing industry to represent ISBN no.s
for books . ISBN is a barcode in EAN-13 format. Its first 3 digits 978.
13.png
Figure 1.14: EAN 13
1.4.3 Code 39(code 3 of 9)
In code 39 full ASCII encodes all 128 characters of the ASCII character set. Unlike
UPC codes ,It can be as long as necessary. Each character is made up of 9 bars , 3
of which are wider than the others.
Figure 1.15: CODE 39

1.4.4 Code 128
It is a variable length , high density, alpha numeric symbology ,it has 106 differ-
ent bars and space patterns. And each pattern can have 1of 3 different meanings ,
depending on the character set employed.
Figure 1.16: Code 128
1.4.5 PDF417
It stands for portable data file as it can encode as many as 2725 data characters in a
single barcode, and any number of barcodes may be placed on the item and logically
linked together. There is no theoretical limit to its capacity. It consist of stacked set
of smaller barcodes , it is a high density 2d barcode symbology. It is used to encode
the contact information on badges . An individual code word consists of a bar and
space pattern 17 module wide. 9 different error correction level are available with
each higher level adding additional overhead to the printed symbol.
417.png
Figure 1.17: PDF 417

1.4.6 Data Matrix
It is 2D matrix code designed to store a large amount of info in very small space. It
can store between 1 and 500 characters . it has a maximum theoretical density of
500 million characters to the inch.
MATRIX.png
Figure 1.18: DATA MATRIX
1.5 Advantages of Barcode
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Inventory Control
• Cost Effective

Chapter 2
RFID Tags
2.1 Introduction
RFID is a term that describes any system of identification where in electronic de-
vice that uses radio frequency or magnetic field variation to communicate is attached
to an item . The 2 most talked about components of an RFID system are the tags
,which is the identification device attached to the item we want to track, and the
reader which is a device that recognizes the presence of RFID tags and reads the
information stored in there . The reader can then inform another system about the
presence of the tagged items.
2.2 Transponder or A tag
There are 3 main types of Tags:
• Active Tags
• Passive Tags
• Battery Assisted Passive Tags
2.2.1 Active Tags
An Active Tag contains a battery mounted on the tag which is a partial or a com-
plete source of power for the tag and the antenna. These tags have their own RF
emitter on board. Since generating RF signals require a lot of energy , therefore it
has its own power supply.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Active Tags
Advantages:

• It has a range of 100 feet or more thereby improving the utility of device.
• It is very useful when more sensors are added since the circuit ha its own power
supply.
• Good communication range.
Disadvantages
• The tag cannot function without battery.
• Due to the presence of battery the tag is expensive.
• The tag is large in size.
• The maintenance of an active rfid tag is greater as compared to passive tag.
2.2.2 Passive Tags
A passive tag doesnot contain battery and the power to the circuitry is through the
process of back-scattering through the reader.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Passive Tags
Advantages:
• It tag has a life of 20 years or more.
• It is less expensive as compared to active tags.
• Because of the absence of battery the tag is smaller.
Disadvantages
• The tag can be read at very short distances.
• It is not possible to include sensors that can use electricity for power.
2.2.3 Battery Assisted Passive Tags
Battery assisted passive (BAP) tags have an embedded battery (rechargeable or

not) to supply internal circuitry or connected sensors or actuators. This power source
is not used the create any RF signal as the tag is always passive (backscatter only
incoming RF signal from interrogator).

2.3 Readers
There are 3 main types of readers:
• Passive Reader Active Tag(PRAT): A system that only receives radio informa-
tion from the tag.
• Active Reader Passive Tag(ARPT): A system that transmits as well as recieves

the signals . Tag draws sufficient power from the reader.
• Active Reader Active Tag(ARAT): A system different from ARPT since it con-
tains a battery mounted on board .
2.4 Coupling of RFID Tags
The RFID tag communicates with the reader with the reader through the process of
coupling . There are two main types of coupling mainly: capacitive coupling and
inductive coupling .

2.4.1 Capacitive Coupling
This method has a range of 1-2 cm. The systems that use capacitive coupling use
electric currents instead of magnetic fields to couple.This type of coupling is used
for LF(low frequency) communication because this type of coupling is only possible
for small proximity . One application example is access control/smart cards.
coupling1.png
Figure 2.1: Capacitive Coupling
2.4.2 Inductive Coupling
Range - 1cm to 1m. Inductive coupling relies on the magnetic field of the reader,
which means that this coupling only occurs in the near-field. The size of the near-
field is dependent on the reader, but can be generally defined as touch up to a meter.
Inductive coupling is seen in LF, HF, and UHF applications that include coils/anten-
nas in the tag infrastructure. Increasing the amount of loops of wire (coils) in a tag
that uses inductive coupling increases the amount of current that would be generated
in the tag. In turn, this would increase the power of the transmitted signal from the
tag back to the reader. Some example applications include NFC Smart Posters, cer-
tain access control applications, and any UHF application with a read range under 1
meter in length.

coupling.jpg
Figure 2.2: Inductive Coupling
2.4.3 Radiative coupling / Backscaterring
Using backscatter to communicate between readers and tags is not a true method of
coupling; it is actually a communication method involving electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves are sent through the air from the reader antenna to the tag
antenna. The energy is received by the tag antenna and a small amount energy
is then reflected back to the reader. Most UHF systems use backscatter in order
to communicate between tag and reader. One common exception is when the tag
and reader are in close proximity. When in close proximity, UHF RFID systems
will elect to couple magnetically/inductively. Race timing, asset tracking, and file
tracking are three applications that use backscatter for reader tag communication.
Range - 1 m to +4m.

Chapter 3
Difference between barcodes and RFID
a. Barcodes uses a sensor and light to read the data on the tag while RFID uses
radio frequency waves, to get the data.
b. Barcodes rely on users to make contact with reader while RFID have a good
communication range so doesnot need user to make contact with the reader.
c. Once the data is written on the barcodes its cannot be rewritten while in RFID
data can be updated whenever needed.
d. Barcode scanners can only process tags one at a time while RFID scanners can
process dozens of tags in a single second.
e. Barcodes are really simple and can be easily replicated or counterfeited while
RFID is more complex and secure.
f. Barcodes are much easier to use as they are lighter than RFID.
g. RFID tags can be hidden to protect against the environment while barcodes need
to be exposed.
h. Barcodes are very cheap while RFID tags are substantially pricier.

Chapter 4
Conclusion and Future Scope
4.1 Conclusion
Through this project we came to know about many notable facts about barcodes
and rfid tags as follows: 1) The working of a barcode scanner. 2) The binary coding
used in barcodes as black bars and white spaces. 3) Various types of barcode scan-
ners. 4) Introduction and working of an RFID tag. 5) Working of RFID tags , its
advantages and disadvantages. 6) Various Modulation and demodulation techniques
in RFID tags. 7) Difference between barcodes and rfid tags and their various real
life applications.
4.2 Future Scope
Photo racognition is growing at a very large scale today. Instead of scanning a

barcode at the billing counter nearly in future years the vendor shall scan the whole
image of the product in order to recognise the product. Nowadays instead of 1D
barcodes 2D barcodes are more preferable and also efficient when it comes to the
storage of more and more characters. The best example of it being QR codes . With
the introduction of digimarc barcodes the checkout becomes far more faster and
easier with cashier not hunting for the traditional barcode on the package. In the
next 5 to 7 years the applications of barcodes are said to increase from 50The logos
we see will no more be there just for advertisement of the product but will also tell
us where the product was manufactured , how much it costs and when it expires.

References
[1] RFID implementations by DENNIS E . BROWN
[2] RFID Essenetials by BILL GLOVER and HIMANSHU BHATT
[3] https://blog.atlasrfidstore.com/encoding-rfid-tags-3-things-to-know
[4] http://www.aalhysterforklifts.com.au/index.php/about/
blog-post/rfid_vs_barcodes_advantages_and_disadvantages_
comparison
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification#
Tags
[6] http://www.waspbarcode.com/buzz/future-barcodes/
[7] http://www.adams1.com/readers.html
[8] http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=
21
[9] https://www.slideshare.net/amitranjan5876/rfid-ppt-8th-sem
[10] https://youtu.be/e6aR1k-ympo
[11] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbHzx4nWqWY
[12] Barcodes Demystified Book on Barcodes

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logo.

“BARCODES AND RFID TAGS”

MITI SHAH ROLL NUMBER 16BEC090

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

(Prof. GUIDE NAME)

I am profoundly grateful to Prof.Twinkle Bhavsar for his expert guidance and

Miti Shah (16BEC090)

3 Difference between barcodes and RFID 19

4 Conclusion and Future Scope 20

1.1 What is BARCODE?

The bar code is an automatic identification technology in which numbers, and

1.2 Types of Barcode Scanners

Department of EC Engineering, ITNU, Ahmedabad 1

1.2.1 Wand Scanners

Figure 1.1: Wand scanner

1.2.2 Laser Scanners

Figure 1.2: Laser scanner

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1.2.3 CCD Scanners

Figure 1.3: CCD scanner

1.2.4 Camera Scanners

Figure 1.4: Camera scanner

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1.2.5 MEMS Scanners

Figure 1.5: MEMS scanner

1.3 Working of Barcode Scanners

• The Illumination System

Figure 1.6: Block Diagram of a Barcode Scanner

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1.3.1 Illumination System

Types of Illumination System

• Single Point LED

• Linear Multiple LED

Figure 1.7: Single Point LED

2) Linear Multiple LED : Expanding on the single-point illumination system,

Department of EC Engineering,ITNU, Ahmedabad 5

Figure 1.8: Linear Multiple LED

3) Laser : This type of illumination system achieves the maximum range as

Department of EC Engineering,ITNU, Ahmedabad 6

1.3.2 Sensor / Converter

Figure 1.9: Electrical Signal

Figure 1.10: Digital Code

Decoder - The decoder in a barcode scanner performs a variety of functions. First, it

Department of EC Engineering,ITNU, Ahmedabad 7

Figure 1.11: Decoder

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Mapping of barcode pattern to characters is termed as symbology.

1.4.1 Uniform product code(UPC)

Figure 1.12: UPC A

Figure 1.13: UPC E

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1.4.2 European article number (EAN)

Figure 1.14: EAN 13

1.4.3 Code 39(code 3 of 9)

Figure 1.15: CODE 39

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1.4.4 Code 128

Figure 1.16: Code 128

Figure 1.17: PDF 417

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1.4.6 Data Matrix

Figure 1.18: DATA MATRIX

1.5 Advantages of Barcode

Department of EC Engineering,ITNU, Ahmedabad 12