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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 4), May 2014, pp.137-143
ABSTRACT
This paper gives the explanation of different instruments for detecting methane gas in detail. This paper
discusses their working principles. Methane gas detection is essentially required in the areas like in coal mines,
power plant, Waste Water Treatment, Boiler Rooms etc. This paper also discusses their roles in various
applications.
KEYWORDS: Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS), synthetic natural gas (SNG),
wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS), LMLD (LED Methane Leak Detector), Flame Ionization Detector
(FID), Gas chromatography (GC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 4), May 2014, pp.137-143
Compressed natural gas is a cleaner alternative to author and his research group improved the user-
other automobile fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel. friendliness and cost-effectiveness dramatically from
Fertilizers Natural gas is a major feedstock for the the old version.
production of ammonia, via the Haber process, for
use in producing fertilizers.
3. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Methane is the feedstock of choice in the
chemical industry for the production of hydrogen,
methanol, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride. Other
chemicals derived from methane include acetylene,
and the chloromethanes (chloromethane,
dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon
tetrachloride).
4. SYNGAS PRODUCTION
Synthetic gas, or syngas, is a gas mixture Fig. 1 A Portable Remote Laser based Methane
containing varying amounts of carbon monoxide and Detector
hydrogen. It can be produced by steam reforming of
natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons to produce
hydrogen, or by the gasification of coal, biomass, and
in some types of waste-to- energy gasification
facilities.
The name comes from its use as an
intermediate in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG)
and for producing ammonia or methanol. Syngas is
also used as an intermediate in producing synthetic
petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via the
Fischer-Tropsch process.
III. Methods of Methane gas detection Fig. 2 An Example of How Laser based Methane Is
1. A Portable Remote Methane Detector: Used
Gas distribution companies use portable
instruments for detecting natural gas leaks, in support Concept of Remote Detection
of their emergency response and surveillance Fig. 2 shows an example of how Laser based
services. The conventional method used to detect gas Methane is used. The device transmits an infrared
leaks involves positioning instruments in close (IR) laser beam with the wavelength set at one of the
proximity to the area to be checked. However, this absorption wavelength (absorption line) of methane.
can be a difficult operation and often entails lengthy It then receives a fraction of the backscatter reflected
inspection periods particularly in elevated or narrow from the target. In this configuration, the received
locations. To overcome these difficulties, optical power can be expressed by the Lambert-Beer law as
methods, particularly laser based methods, were use as strong an absorption line as possible. Methane
studied by lots of groups in the gas industry. The has two strong absorption bands, or groups of
laser based methods provides us with remote absorption lines, centered at 3.3 μm (ν3 band) and 7.6
detection of methane leaks and thereby improves the μm (ν4 band). However since a near infrared diode
operational efficiency and safety levels of the natural laser is used for cost effectiveness, the available laser
gas distribution facilities. In particular, Tunable wavelength is limited lower than 2.2 μm. Below 2.2
Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) is a μm, the strongest absorption band of methane is
promising method to lead a compact and cost- located at 1.64 to 1.70 μm (2ν3 band).
effective remote methane detector.
In previous works, the author and his Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy
research group presented a portable remote methane Laser based Methane has to measure very
detector based on TDLAS. To the best of the author’s little power since it collects limited diffused
knowledge, this detector was world’s first product reflections from a target. In a typical case, for
that is person-portable and capable of remote example, it will receive as little as 100 nW from an
detection of methane leaks. In the present work, initial laser power of 10 mW. In addition, it has to
Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. and Anritsu Corporation jointly detect very weak absorptions. For example, 100 ppm-
developed a new version of the detector (Fig. 1). The m methane corresponds to an optical depth of less
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 4), May 2014, pp.137-143
than 10-4. These are significant technical challenges generating radiation in the 3.39 mm band was
of remote methane detection using a near infrared selected as measurement source (lon). This line of
diode laser. To overcome them, Laser based Methane generation coincides very exactly with oscillation-
employs the second-harmonic detection of rotational absorption line P(7) of methane. Moreover,
wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). after practical analysis of He-Ne laser generating
characteristics we propose further utilisation its two
2. Methane Gas detection using differential single lines, namely 3.3922 mm and 3.3912 mm. The
absorption aim is to substantially increase the measurement
The Institute of Optoelectronics Military range of methane concentrations. The line of 3.3922
University of Technology developed the prototype of mm, having a very high absorption coefficient,
laser system for gas detection using differential allows very sensitive methane concentration
absorption of radiation backscattered from detection, but only up to around 2600 ppm (referring
topographic targets. Both gas lasers were excited by to measurement cell of 15 cm). The additional line
RF discharge. We have obtained the output power of 3.3912 mm, with several times lower absorption
about 10 mW for He - Ne laser for lengths of 50 cm. coefficient allows to extend the measurement range
The presence of methane on the distance up to 50 m to 2x105 ppp (much higher than LEL - lower
can be measured by using receiver optics with the explosive limit). As the reference source (loff), the
diameter of 7 cm and thermocooled HgCdTe proposal is to develop a gas laser generating
detector. The new solution is under construction. In wavelength of 3.5 mm. This wavelength lies so near
order to increase the range of measurement to the measurement one (3.39 mm), that we avoid the
Casseigrain optics with diameter of 30 cm is being additional influence of different atmosphere
prepared. Using the special construction of gas lasers transmittance. Our experiments have shown
with the output power of 30 mW, the measurement possibility of use of RF discharge to obtain 7 mW of
distance of 200 m is expected. output power without optimisation of gas mixture and
In case of remote monitoring, taking into pressure, for reasonable dimensions of laser head.
account the possibility of long-range sensing, system The idea of proposed measurement system is
should operate in so called atmosphere absorption shown in fig.3. Transmitted laser beams are AM
windows. Comparing the typical characteristic of modulated due to pulse RF excitation of both lasers
atmosphere transmittance with the absorption bands (TTL level modulation of power sources). The small
of methane, it can be easily found, that its amount of lasers output powers, through beam-
fundamental absorption band of n4 = 1306 cm-1 (7.66 splitters go to detectors D2 and D3 for on-line control
mm) coincide with the band of strong water vapour of the level of output power and as reference signals
absorption as well as that only the n3 band (3020cm-1 for data acquisition circuits. The Cassegrain optical
or 3.31 mm) lies in the transmission window. Other transmitting/receiving subassembly aims laser beams
absorption bands of methane, representing to the target (area) and collects, through D1 detector
combinations or overtons of fundamental bands, for backscattered radiation. After amplification, detector
example n2 + 2n3 (1.3 mm), 2n3 (1.6 mm) are very electronic signals are directed to the electronic part of
weak, with absorption strength of single percents of system. The result of methane concentration
fundamental ones. measurement is calculated on the base earlier
On the basis of complex analysis of methane developed algorithm. The only one cause of the
absorption bands, atmosphere transmission data, different signals from two wavelengths is the
available laser sources and detection systems as well presence of methane.
as Polish technological potentials, He-Ne laser
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 4), May 2014, pp.137-143
Fig.5 shows the schematic diagram of CH4 receiver along with the modulator-controller.
detector and the structure of the LED transmitters and Thermoelectric elements, controlling operating
a PD temperature, are
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 4), May 2014, pp.137-143
mounted upon LEDs and PDs. The characterics of The GC-FID is well suited for analysis of
these InAsSbP LEDs(IBSG, Russia) are follows : hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, acetylene etc.,
The current threshold at 1kHz rate is maximum 1A. but also for organic substances containing
FWHM is 0.7μm. Optical power at 1A is 400μW. hydrocarbons and for volatile organic compounds
Quantum yield is 0.5%.Switch time is 50ns. (VOCs). In an FID the sample undergoes a
Operating temperature is from 77 to 320K.The combustion in a hydrogen/synthetic air fl ame. Ions
receiver consists of a focusing lens system and a and free electrons are formed in the fl ame. The
InAsSbP pin photo diode(IBSG, Russia). The charged particles produce a measurable current flow
characteristics are as follow: Cut-of wavelength at in the gap between two electrodes in the detector.
10% is 3.8 μm. Peak wavelength at > 90% is from 2.8 The resulting current flow is of greater strength than
to 3.4μm. Responsibility at _p is 1.0-1.2 the signal produced by the pure carrier gas and the
A/W. Detection sensitivity is about 3*109 fuel gas flame alone. This signal differential provides
cm·Hz1/2/W. Fig. 4, 5 show appearances of LEDs information about the sample. The current is
and PDs. proportional to the information which depends on the
composition of the separated sample. The FID is a
4. Flame ionization detector: general detector which, with extra configurations, can
Flame Ionization Detector (FID) is one of be used for more specific components. For example,
the most used detectors for gas chromatography with placing a methanizer ahead of the FID,
(GC). The application area is wide. For example, components containing carbon can undergo a
petrol for air planes, kerosines, are carefully analyzed formation to methane and thereby be suited for
with GC-FID as a routine control. The composition further FID analysis. CO and CO2 are commonly
of the kerosines is of great importance for the energy analyzed this way. For determination of organic
conversion. A completely different area is packaging nitrogen/phosphorus compounds a different FID
of food. Your take-away hamburger is wrapped in an configuration is needed. The sample passes a heated
insulating polystyrene box. During the processing of alkali source where charged particles are formed in
polystyrene different hydrocarbons are added to contact with the alkali source. This method is
create the end-product. When polystyrene is used normally named alkali flame ionization, also named
within food industry, it is crucial that the product is thermionic detector and belongs to the group of
analyzed for any residues of the hydrocarbons, since detectors in which thermal energy is used as source
they can harm the quality of the food and your health. for ionization. The abbreviation of this method is
often NPD. Flame ionization detectors are extremely
sensitive and have a wide range of linearity. The only
disadvantage is that it consumes the sample.
An important facet of the GC-FID is the use adsorbed by the column material. Helium or nitrogen
of a carrier gas to transfer the sample from the are normally used as carrier gas with GC-FID, and
injector, through the column and into the FID- sometimes hydrogen. The detector gases, hydrogen
detector. The carrier gas must be inert and may not be and synthetic air, serve respectively as fuel gas and
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 4), May 2014, pp.137-143
oxidizing gas during the combustion process. Since 5. Methanometers in coal mines: No regular
hydrocarbon impurities, moisture and oxygen monitoring of methane is required in areas of gassy
produce a greater baseline noise which has an coal mines outby the mining face. Methane ignitions
adverse effect on the detection limit, these impurities that have occurred in mine outby areas indicate the
in the detector gases should be kept as low as need to provide better protection to workers.
possible. Like all chromatographic analytical Handheld methane monitors are now used by some
processes, gas chromatography is a relative method, miners to make periodic measurements of methane at
i.e. calibration with a standard mixture is required, the working face. The IYONI II gas detector which is
both to check linearity and as calibration for the incorporated into a miner’s cap lamp and worn on a
sample miner’s helmet can continuously provide an alarm
signal whenever methane levels exceed a set level.
Fig: 7. Methanometer
Tests were conducted to evaluate the detection. Methane gas detection is very important as
performance characteristics of this methane detector it is combustible, poses such a threat to human health.
by measuring response times with methane gas Methane can lead to explosions in coal shafts - the
supplied through a calibration fixture or adaptor. gas trapped in the rock can be released as a result of
Other response time tests were performed with the mining - and also fires in landfill sites as a result of a
detector in an environmental test box. Performance process known as methanogenesis. In the home,
was also evaluated in a full scale test gallery where methane is found in the natural gas used for cooking.
face methane emission and underground ventilation There is also a risk of methane leaking into your
were simulated. Procedures for calibration by home from sewer pipes. The methods covered under
response time measurement of the IYONI II detector this paper could prevent dangerous explosions by
have been developed. In limited testing, the IYONI II intimating the methane presence. These methods are
detector was found to reliably detect the presence of excessively used in industries, estimating leaks in
1 percent by volume methane. pipe-lines, coal mines, etc.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 4), May 2014, pp.137-143
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