Chapter 2 Human Anatomy & Physiology (Marieb)

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1. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space 21. Radioisotopes Isotopes that have unstable nuclei and
undergo radioactive decay.
2. Energy the capacity of a physical system to do work
22. Radioactivity A form of energy released as atoms decay.
3. Kinetic Energy of motion
Energy 23. Chemical An attraction between two atoms resulting
Bonds from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or
4. Potential Stored Energy
the presence of opposite charges on the
Energy
atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete
5. Chemical Energy stored in chemical bonds outer electron shells.
Energy
24. Chemical the process in which chemical bonds are
6. Mechanical Kinetic or potential energy associated with the Reactions broken and/or formed
Energy motion or position of an object
25. Electron Shell An energy level representing the distance
7. Radiant sunlight. of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
Energy Energy that is transmitted in the form of
26. Energy Level a region of an atom in which electrons of
(electromagnetic) radiation.
the same energy are likely to be found
8. Elements A molecule composed of one kind of atom;
27. Valence Shell Outermost electron shell
cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical
reactions. 28. Valence Electrons on the outermost energy level of
Electron an atom
9. Molecule A group of atoms bonded together
29. Inert Element An element with its atoms having outter
10. Compound A substance made up of atoms of two or more
shells full of electrons (its atoms do not
different elements joined by chemical bonds
enter into reactions with other atoms)
11. Atom Parts Nucleus:Proton neutron electron
30. Reactive Don't have outermost energy level fully
12. Atomic Center of an atom Element occupied by electrons
Nucleus
31. Stable Full valence shell
13. Proton A subatomic particle that has a positive charge Element
and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
32. Ionic Bond Chemical Bond formed when one or more
14. Neutron A subatomic particle that has no charge and electrons are transferred from one atom to
that is found in the nucleus of an atom another
15. Electron A subatomic particle that has a negative charge 33. Covalent Bond A chemical bond that involves sharing a
16. Planetary Bohr- electrons move in circular orbitals at pair of electrons between atoms in a
Model fixed distances from the nucleus (ie: specific molecule
energy levels) 34. Hydrogen A type of weak chemical bond formed
17. Orbital Depicts the general location of electrons in a Bond when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of
Model negative charge. Electron cloud a polar covalent bond in one molecule is
attracted to the slightly negative atom of a
18. Atomic The average mass of all the isotopes of an
polar covalent bond in another molecule.
Mass element
The average mass of the atoms of an element 35. Polarity Molecules having uneven distribution of
(protons and neutrons). Typically found at the charges
bottom of the element square (ex: Carbon has 36. nonpolar covalent bond where electrons are shared
an atomic mass of 12.01). equally
19. Atomic The average mass, measured in amu, of all the 37. polar A covalent bond in which electrons are
Weight isotopes of a given element as they occur shared unequally.
naturally.
38. synthesis Combining of small molecules or
20. Isotope Atoms of the same element that have different substances into larger, more complex ones
numbers of neutrons
39. decomposition A chemical reaction that breaks down
compounds into simpler products.
40. exchange consists of both synthesis and
reaction decomposition reactions
41. organic Compounds that contain carbon 62. monosaccharides glucose, fructose, galactose
compound
63. polysaccharides starch, glycogen, cellulose
42. Biochemistry Chemistry dealing with chemical
64. disaccharides sucrose, lactose, maltose
compounds and processes in living plants
and animals 65. triglyceride Neutral fats

43. inorganic Compounds without Carbon 66. fatty acid Any acids from a group of a long chain
compound of hydrocarbon derived from the
breakdown of fats
44. solvent A liquid substance capable of dissolving
other substances 67. glycerol A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty
acids are covalently bonded to make fats
45. salt An ionic compound made from the
and oils.
neutralization of an acid with a base.
68. unsaturated Fat with less than the maximum number
46. electrolyte A substance that dissolves in water to give a
of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty
solution that conducts electric current
acid chains
47. acid A solution with a pH less than 7
69. saturated Fats with the maximum number of
48. base Any substance above 7 on the pH scale; hydrogens.
bitter taste
70. trans fat An unsaturated fat, formed artificially
49. buffer A solution that minimizes changes in pH during hydrogenation of oils, containing
when extraneous acids or bases are added one or more trans double bonds.
to the solution.
71. phospholipids A molecule that is a constituent of the
50. neutral A solution with a pH of 7. inner bilayer of biological membranes,
having a polar, hydrophilic head and a
51. carbohydrates Class of energy giving nutrients that include
nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
starches, fibers and sugars
72. steroids A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is
52. lipid Energy-rich organic compounds, such as
in the form of four fused rings with
fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of
various chemical groups attached.
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Examples are cholesterol, testosterone,
53. protein A molecule that is made up of amino acids and estrogen.
and that is needed to build and repair body
73. cholesterol A steroid that forms an essential
structures and to regulate processes in the
component of animal cell membranes
body.
and acts as a precursor molecule for the
54. nucleic acid a complex organic substance present in synthesis of other biologically important
living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose steroids.
molecules consist of many nucleotides
74. hydrophobic Having an aversion to water; tending to
linked in a long chain.
coalesce and form droplets in water.
55. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) main energy
75. hydrophyllic attract water to their surface
source that cells use for most of their work
76. amino acids Building blocks of protein
56. polymer A long molecule consisting of many similar
or identical monomers linked together. 77. enzyme A type of protein that speeds up a
chemical reaction in a living thing
57. monomer A simple compound whose molecules can
join together to form polymers 78. hormone Chemical messengers, mostly those
manufactured by the endocrine glands,
58. dehydration A chemical reaction in which two molecules
that are produced in one tissue and
synthesis covalently bond to each other with the
affect another
removal of a water molecule.
79. fibrous protein ex:Collagen a substance found in the
59. hydrolysis Breaking down complex molecules by the
dermis
chemical addition of water
80. globular protein protein that is roughly spherical in shape
60. sugar Simple carbohydrate. It is the building block
of all carbohydrates 81. functional one or more polypeptide chains
protein precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into
61. starch A storage polysaccharide in plants
a molecule of a unique shape
consisting entirely of glucose.
82. adenine The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA
83. cytosine A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with guanine
84. guanine a purine (nitrogenous base) component of nucleotides and nucleic acids; links with cytosine in DNA
85. thymine a pyrimidine component of nucleic acids and nucleotides; pairs with adenine in DNA
86. uracil a pyrimidine found in RNA (but not DNA); pairs with DNA adenine
87. nucleotide A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a
(nitrogen)bases phosphate group.
88. DNA A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
89. RNA Ribonucleic acid
90. Phosphate Bond a high-energy chemical bond that is especially important between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in an
ATP molecule
91. ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP,
releasing energy