Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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objectives objectives
a) explain the propagation of sound waves in air describe, with appropriate diagrams, the
in terms of pressure variation and different modes of vibration of standing waves
displacement in air columns, and calculate the frequencies
b) interpret the equations for displacement, y = of sound produced, including the
yo sin ( t kx), and pressure, p = po sin ( t determination of end correction
kx + /2) define and calculate the intensity level of
c) use the standing wave equation to determine sound
the positions of nodes and antinodes of a use the principle of superposition to explain
standing wave along a stretched string the formation of beats
d) use the formula v = (T/ )1/2 to determine the use the formula for beat frequency, f = f1 f2
frequencies of the sound produced by describe the Doppler effect for sound, and use
different modes of vibration of the standing the derived formulae (for source and/or
waves along a stretched string observer moving along the same line)
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Frequency Sound
Note C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C C# D A longitudinal traveling wave
Produced by vibrations in a medium
Octave 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
The disturbance is the local change in
Hz 262 278 294 311 330 349 370 392 415 440 466 494 523 554 587 pressure generated by the vibrating object
It travels because of the molecular
interactions.
This table shows the value in hertz of The region of increased pressure (compared to
certain notes (rounding applies). the normal pressure) is called condensation
The region of lower pressure is called
rarefaction.
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The maximum increase in pressure (DPm) is 1. The propagation of sound waves occurs due
the amplitude of the pressure wave. to the oscillations of individual particles with
(measurable) the medium producing traveling waves of
frequency: 20Hz to 20kHz. pressure fluctuations
Pressure waves below 20 Hz are called 2. The general form of particle oscillation
infrasonic waves y(x, t) = yo cos(kx - t) or
Pressure waves over 20kHz are called y = yo sin ( t kx)
ultrasonic waves. where yo is the magnitude of the particle
displacement
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3. The general equation for the pressure Musical instruments produce sounds in
fluctuations: various ways vibrating strings, vibrating
P(x, t) = Po sin(kx - t) or membranes, vibrating metal or wood
P = Po sin ( t kx + /2)
shapes, vibrating air columns.
The vibration may be started by plucking,
striking, bowing, or blowing.
The vibrations are transmitted to the air
and then to our ears.
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21.2 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings 21.2 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings
The strings on a guitar A piano uses both
can be effectively methods to cover its
shortened by fingering, more than seven-
raising the
octave range: the
fundamental pitch.
The pitch of a string of lower strings (at
a given length can also bottom) are both
be altered by using a much longer and
string of different much thicker than
density. the higher ones.
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21.2 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Air 21.2 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings
Columns and Air Columns
Wind instruments
create sound
through standing
waves in a column
of air.
A tube closed at one end (some organ pipes) has Vibrating Membrane
a displacement node (and pressure antinode) at
the closed end. 21 22
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21.3 Intensity of sound Loudness & Decibels
The energy transmission (power) is 1. The human does not perceive sound intensity
determined by the source. linearly but rather logarithmically
The power is distributed (spreads) in all Perceived Loudness, Iperceived log (Iactual)
directions. Far away from the source, the 2. The average minimum perceivable sound
power is spread over a greater area. intensity:
For a point source, intensity decreases Io -12 W/m2
inversely with the square of the distance 3. The decibel scale was been developed to
from the source:
P P ear perception (intensity level, ):
I(r) = = = (10 dB). log(I/I0) = (10 dB). log(I + 12)
A 4 r2
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21.4 Beat interference in time 21.4 Beat interference in time
The frequency of the rapid fluctuations is the Since the envelope has two extreme values in
average frequencies = f1 f 2 a cycle, we hear a loud sound twice in one
2 cycle since the ear is sensitive to the square of
The frequency of the slowly varying envelope = the wave amplitude.
The beat frequency is f beat f1 f 2
f1 f2
2
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60
60
50
50
40
40
f =100
30 30 f = 120
beats
20
20
10
10
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0
time
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
time
CP 535
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21.5 Doppler effect
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One might wonder why the siren on a moving
f =100
ambulance seems to produce sound with a
30 f = 104
beats higher pitch when it passes an observer and
20 decreases when it recede the observer.
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Is this simply because of the relative distance
between the observer and the ambulance
0
0 0.05 0.1
time
0.15 0.2 0.25 (sound)?
f1 = 100 Hz f2 = 104 Hz frapid = 102 Hz Trapid = 9.8 ms
Or is it because of the loudness of the sound
f beat = 4 Hz Tbeat = 0.25 s (loud pulsation every 0.25 s) produced by the siren?
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v vs
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SITUATION 4 Moving Source and SITUATION 4 Moving Source and
Observer Observer
v v0 v v0 v v0
f' f (9) f' f f' f
v vs v vs v vs
The ± signs correspond to the direction of the Approaching observer, Receding observer,
source or observer when they are moving receding source receding source
relative to the other. These would determine If vo> vs , observed Decrease in
whether there is an increase or decrease on the frequency increases observed frequency
frequency heard by the observer during the If vo< vs , observed
motion. frequency decreases
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