Outline

16.1 Concept of a magnetic field

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Chapter 16 Magnetic Fields
16.2 Force on a moving charge
16.3 Force on a current-carrying conductor
16.4 Magnetic fields due to currents
16.5 Force between two current-carrying
conductors
16.7 Determination of ratio q/m
16.8 Hall effect

Objectives
a) explain magnetic field as a field of force
produced by current-carrying conductors or
by permanent magnets
b) use the formula for the force on a moving
charge, F = qv X B
c) use the equation F= qvB to define
magnetic flux density B
d) describe the motion of a charged particle
parallel and perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field
e) explain the existence of magnetic force on a
straight current-carrying conductor placed
in a uniform magnetic field
f) derive and use the equation F=IlB
Objectives
magnetic field of a straight wire, B =
/2 r
use the formulae B = /2r for a circular
loop and B = n for a solenoid
derive and use the formula F/l = I1I2/2 d
for the force between two parallel current-
carrying conductors
describe the motion of a charged particle
in the presence of both magnetic and
electric fields (for v, B and E perpendicular
to each other)

Objectives
explain the principles of the determination
of the ratio e/m
experiment (quantitative treatment is
required) 16.1 CONCEPT OF A MAGNETIC
understand the principles of determination
FIELD
of the ratio for charged particles q/m
explain the Hall effect and derive an
expression for Hall Voltage VH
state the applications of Hall effect

Magnetic field B Lodestones

A magnetic field exists in the The first known (permanent) magnets were
space around a magnet the naturally occurring lodestones, pieces
Another magnet placed near it of iron mineral known today as magnetite
experiences a force
A magnet always has 2 poles,
labeled north (N) and south (S)
No one has yet found a
magnetic monopole (an isolated
N or S pole)
Like poles repel, and unlike poles
attract
7 8
Ferromagnetic Materials Magnetic Field
A (permanent) magnet retains its magnetic A magnetic field has both magnitude and
properties for a long time direction
Substances made of iron, nickel, cobalt, or
mixtures of these elements, are said to be The field direction at any point in space is the
ferromagnetic direction indicated by the north pole of a small
When placed near a magnet, an unmagnetized compass needle placed at that point
ferromagnetic material become magnetized and
can induce magnetism in other unmagnetized
ferromagnetic materials nearby
If subjected to a very strong
magnetic field, a ferromagnetic
object can become a permanent
magnet
9 10

Magnetic Field Examples Magnetic field Units

We can determine the magnetic field by
measuring the force on a moving charge:
F B
B
qv sin v

The SI unit: Tesla (T)

OR Gauss (G) where 1 T = 104 G

Dimensional analysis:
1 T = 1 N·s / (C·m) = 1 V ·s / m2

Understanding the magnetic force requires us How in the world am I going to

to work in THREE dimensions.
remember whether I should use dots
So we need to invent a new notation to depict
the forces in the TWO dimensional world of
my presentation slides and web pages, and
your homework and exams.

x x x x x . . . . . The tail of The tip of

x x x x x . . . . . an arrow. an arrow.

x x x x x . . . . . x .
x x x x x . . . . . The dots
B into the page B out of the page

Magnetic Field Lines Magnetic Field Lines

Imaginary magnetic field lines provide Magnetic field lines
information on the direction and strength (outside the object)
of the field at any point always go from the
The field lines appear to originate from the N pole to the S pole N S
north pole and end on the south pole

15
 The earth behaves
magnetically almost
as if a bar magnet
were located near its 16.2 FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE
center
The south pole of
the fictitious bar
magnet is in the
northern
hemisphere
17

Force on Moving Charge in Magnetic Magnetic Force

Field
Experiments show that a charge q placed in
a magnetic field experiences a force if
q is moving, (no magnetic force acts on a
stationary charge) and
the velocity of q has a component
perpendicular to the direction of the field
If a charge q0 moves parallel or antiparallel to
the field, q0 experiences no magnetic force
If q0 moves perpendicular to the field, q0
experiences the maximum possible force Fmax
In general, if q0 moves at an angle with respect
to the field, only the velocity component v sin
gives rise to a magnetic force

19 20

Right-Hand Rule #1 Alternative RHR-1

The direction of the magnetic force F is always
perpendicular to both the velocity v and the
magnetic field B
The directions of F, v, and B for a positive charge
follow the Right-Hand Rule No. 1 (RHR-1), as
illustrated in the figure
For a negative charge,
the direction of F is
reversed

21 22

Magnitudes of Magnetic Force & Field
The magnitudes F & B of the magnetic force
& field are related to the speed v of the
charge q0 by F = q0 v B sin
The SI unit for magnetic field is tesla (T),
where 1 T = 1 N·s/(C·m)
23
Motion of Charged Particle in Magnetic Field
The electric force on a charge
is parallel or antiparallel to the
electric field
generally changes the speed &
possibly also the direction of the
motion
The magnetic force on a moving
charge is always perpendicular to
its velocity
causing its direction to change
leaving its speed unchanged
7,9,14,16 Mar 2007 PHYS 202: Chapter 21 24
 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying
Conductor
A force is exerted on a current-carrying
wire placed in a magnetic field
16.3 FORCE ON A CURRENT- The current is a collection of many
CARRYING CONDUCTOR charged particles in motion
The direction of the force is given by right
hand rule #1

Force on a Wire Force on a Wire

B is into the page
field is directed into the page
The x represents the tail of the The current is up the page
arrow The force is to the left
Blue dots would be used to
represent the field directed out of
the page

arrow
In this case, there is no current, so
there is no force

Force on a Wire Force on a Wire, equation

B is into the page
The current is down the page
The force is to the right

Fig. 19-9, p.631

Force on a Wire, equation Magnetic Force on a Power Line

The magnetic force is exerted on each
moving charge in the wire
The total force is the sum of all the
magnetic forces on all the individual
charges producing the current
F=BI
B and the
direction of I
The direction is found by the right hand
rule, placing your fingers in the direction
of I instead of v
 André-Marie Ampère
1775 1836
Credited with the
discovery of
electromagnetism
16.4 MAGNETIC FIELDS DUE TO Relationship between
CURRENTS electric currents and
magnetic fields
Mathematical genius
evident by age 12

Definition of the Ampere Definition of the Coulomb

The force between two parallel wires can
be used to define the ampere
When the magnitude of the force per unit
length between two long parallel wires that
carry identical currents and are separated
by 1 m is 2 x 10-7 N/m, the current in each
wire is defined to
be 1 A
The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, is
defined in terms of the ampere
When a conductor carries a steady current
of 1 A, the quantity of charge that flows
through a cross section of the conductor in 1
s is 1 C

André-Marie Ampère found a procedure for Choose an arbitrary

deriving the relationship between the current in closed path around
an arbitrarily shaped wire and the magnetic field the current
produced by the wire
Sum all the
products of B||
B|| oI around the closed
Sum over the closed path path

Magnetic Field Produced by Currents

Straight Wire In 1820, Oersted first
discovered that a wire
Use a closed circular path
carrying a current also
The circumference of the
produces a magnetic
circle is 2 r
field of its own
I
o
B This marked the start
2 r
of a very important
This is identical to the discipline now called
result previously obtained electromagnetism
Field inside &
outside a wire,
law: B dl I
0 encl coaxial cable
40
Magnetic Field Produced by Long, Straight
Wire
Right-Hand Rule #2
Experiments show that the magnitude B of The direction of the
the magnetic field produced by a long, magnetic field B produced
straight wire carrying a current I is directly by a long, straight wire
proportional to I and inversely carrying a current I follows
proportional to the radial distance r from the Right-Hand Rule No. 2
the wire: B I/r
(RHR-2), as illustrated in
0I this figure
In equation form B
2 r
where 0 = 4 ×10 7 T·m/A is known as the
permeability of free space 41 42

Solenoids Solenoid
n turns per unit length
nL = total # of windings
If we stack several current loops together we
end up with a solenoid: B= 0 n I
In the limit of a very long solenoid, the B 0
magnetic field inside is very uniform:
B= 0 n I
n = number of windings per unit length, B|| 0
I = current in windings
B 0 outside windings
Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid Magnetic Flux Density due to a Solenoid
The magnetic field is strongest at the Experiments show that the magnetic flux
centre of the solenoid and becomes weaker density inside a solenoid is
outside.
N
B I and B

NI
So we have B o

or B o nI
N
where n

Variation of magnetic flux density

along the axis of a solenoid
B is independent of the shape or area of the
cross-section of the solenoid. 16.5 FORCE BETWEEN TWO
At a point at the end of the solenoid, CURRENT-CARRYING
B 1 CONDUCTORS
B' o n
2
B o nI
1
B' o n
2 Distance from
1
0 1 the centre of
2 2
the solenoid
Magnetic Force Between Magnetic Force Between Two
Two Parallel Conductors, final Parallel Conductors
The result is often expressed as the The force on wire 1 is
magnetic force between the two wires, FB due to the field B2 B2 0I2

2 d

This can also be given as the force per unit produced by the
length, FB/l current I2 in wire 2
0I2
B2
2 d
FB II
o 12
The force is:
2 a I2
F1 B2 I1l 0 I1l
2 d

Magnetic Force Between Two Quick Quiz 19.5

Parallel Conductors, Cont. If the currents I1 = 2A and I2 = 6 A, which of the
The force per unit length is then: following is true?
F1 I1 I 2 0I2 (a) F1 = 3 F2 (b) F1 = F2 or (c) F1 = F2/3
B2 I1 0 B2
l1 2 d 2 d
Definition of the Ampere:
If two long, parallel wires 1m
apart carry the same current,
and the magnetic force per
unit length on each wire is
-7 N/m, then the current is

defined to be 1 A. Answer (b), since F ~ I1 2

Determination of ratio e/m

What produces a gravitational field? Mass
A gravitational field exerts a force on? Mass
What produces an electric field? Electric
16.6 DETERMINATION OF RATIO charge
e/m An electric field exerts a force on? Electric
charge
What produces a magnetic field?
Moving electric charge
A magnetic field exerts a force on?
Moving electric charge?

It was found that the cathode rays could be

deflected by an electric or magnetic field. The
direction of the deflection was consistent with a
negative charge.

E FB = 0
B

FE = FB

FE = 0
Mass Spectrometer Mass Spectrometer
Application of equation for trajectory of charged Moving charged particles are deflected in
particle in a constant magnetic field magnetic fields F q v B
Magnetic Force on a current-carrying wire
Current Loops mv
Circular orbits R
Magnetic Dipole Moment qB
Torque (when in constant B field) Motors
Potential Energy (when in constant B field) If we use a known voltage V to accelerate a
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
particle
q 2V
qV 1
2 mv2
m R2B2

Others application Mass Spectrometer

Thomson (1897) measures q/m ratio for Measure m/q to identify substances

All have same q/m ratio, for any material m R2B2

source q 2V
Electrons are a fundamental constituent
of all matter!
Accelerators for particle physics Electrostatically accelerated electrons knock
One can easily show that the time to make an electron(s) off the atom positive ion (q=|e|)
orbit does not depend on the size of the orbit, Accelerate the ion in a known potential U=qV
or the velocity of the particle Pass the ions through a known B field
Deflection depends on mass: Lighter deflects more,
Cyclotron heavier less

Mass Spectrometer, cont. Another example R

mv 2m K
qB qB
Measuring curvature of
Change B (or V) and try again:
charged particle in
magnetic field is usual
method for determining - charged
particle
momentum of particle
in modern experiments:
e.g.
Applications:
Paleoceanography: Determine relative abundances of isotopes B
(they decay at different rates geological age) + charged
Space exploration e+ particle
Check for spacecraft leaks.
Detect chemical and biol. weapons (nerve gas, anthrax, etc.). e-
End view: B into screen
See http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/OChem/DEMOS/MassSpec.html

Direction of Magnetic Force Radius of Circular Orbit

magnetic force: x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
B
force is perpendicular to both v and B F qvB x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
- centripetal accel x x x x x x x x x x x x x x v
v2 x x x x x x x x x x xFx x x
a +q
R
Drawing vectors in Newton's 2nd Law: R

F ma v2 mv
out of in to
qvB m R
tail
page page R qB
F = q v B sin q This has useful experimental consequences !
head
 R=?

v= /2Vm/q /B

s are ionized Helium (bare Helium nuclei)

2-protons, 2-neutrons (positively charged)
s are simply electrons(negatively charged)
q = -2q
m =7296m
Velocity Selector Velocity Selector
Consider a positively charged ion entering a Sum of the forces on the particle:
region where the electric and magnetic fields Zero (not accelerating)
are uniform and perpendicular to each other. |FE| = |FB|
If the particle moves in a straight line, what
qE = qvB
is its velocity in terms of E and B?
For the magnetic force:
x x x x x
x x x x x
B
Direction, up
x x x x x x x x x x B
x x x x x
Magnitude, FB = qvB x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
=> v = E / B x x x x x

Ratio of charge to mass for an Ratio of charge to mass for an electron

electron What is the speed, v of the electron?
An electron is accelerated from e
e
rest across a potential DV qvB = qV/d
DV
e v = V/dB
difference and then enters a x x x x
e
R Algebra: determine q/m x x x x
region of uniform magnetic x x x x R
x x x x From Work-Energy Theorem x x x x
field, as shown at right. What B
½ mv2 = qV B
x x x x

charge to mass ratio ½ mV2/d2B2 = qV

FB = qvB
q/m, of the electron? FE = qE q/m = ½ V/d2B2
FB= FE qvB = qV/d = q(V/d)
q/m = ½ V/d2B2 ,d = 2R
R = mv / qB q / m = 2V / R2B2

What is the hall effect?

Just the basics:
The change in magnetic field induces a
current, the change in intensity and
16.7 HALL EFFECT direction of the current can measure the
velocity and direction object producing the
magnetic field.
The basic physical principle underlying the
Hall effect is the Lorentz force.
Hall effect in details Hall Effect
When an electron moves along a direction When a current carrying conductor is held
perpendicular to an applied magnetic firmly in a magnetic field, the field exerts a
field, it experiences a force acting normal sideways force on the charges moving in the
to both directions and moves in response
to this force and the force effected by the conductor.
internal electric field. A buildup of charge at the sides of the conductor
produces a measurable voltage between the two
sides of the conductor.
The presence of this
measurable transverse
voltage is called the Hall
effect.

Hall Voltage Charge Carriers in the Hall Effect

The transverse voltage builds up until the
electric field it produces exerts an electric force
on the moving charges that equal and opposite
to the magnetic force.
The transverse voltage produced is called the
Hall voltage.
The Hall voltage has a different polarity
for positive and negative charge carriers.
That is, the Hall voltage can reveal the sign
of the charge carriers.

Hall Probe The Hall Effect

Basically the Hall probe is a small piece of When a charged particle
moving in a vacuum, it is
semiconductor layer. deflected perpendicular to its
velocity by a magnetic field.
Four leads are connected to the midpoints of In 1879, Edwin Hall, a
opposite sides. graduate student at Johns
Hopkins Univ., discovered
When control current IC is flowing through the that the same behavior is true
of charged particles moving in
semiconductor and magnetic field B is applied, a conductor. Edwin Herbert Hall
the resultant Hall voltage VH can be measured VH
(1855 1938)
Fm evd B Fe eE e
on the sides of the layer. w
VH wvd B
J I /A I I IB
vd VH wB
ne ne wtne wtne tne

Hall Effect Hall Effect

There is another effect that occurs when a wire carrying The fact that the there is an
a current is immersed in a magnetic field apparent charge separation
Assume that it is the positive charges that are in motion produces an electric field
These positive charges will experience a force that will across the conductor
cause them to also move in the direction of the force Eventually the electric field
towards the edge of the conductor, leaving an apparent will be strong enough so that q Ee q vd B
negative charge at the opposite edge subsequent charges feel an
equivalent force in the
opposite direction or Ee vd B
Since there is an electric field,
there is a potential difference
across the conductor which is
given by
V Ee d vd B d
Hall Effect Hall Effect
The Hall Effect allows us to determine the sign of
the charges that actually make up the current
From the equation V Ee d vd B d
If the positive charges in fact constitute the current, The drift speed, v can be measured
then potential will be higher at the upper edge From the equation
If the negative charges in fact constitute the BI
current, then potential will be higher at the lower V
edge nea
Experiment shows that the second case is true
The charge carriers are in fact the negative The number of charge carries per unit
electrons volume, n can be measured
The magnetic field strength B can be
measured

Summary: Magnetic Field

A moving charge: F = q(v B)
CCC(Current-Carrying Conductor):
Force F = I(l B)
Between 2 CCC: F = ( oI1I2l)/2 d

Straight wire, B = oI/2 d

Magnetic Circular loop, B = oNI/2r
Field
Stolenoid, B = onI

Determination
e/m = 2V/B2R2
of e/m

Hall Effect Hall voltage, VH = IB/ned