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Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 1
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Document History

Edition Date Author Remarks

01 YYYY-MM-DD Last name, first name First edition

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


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Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Page

1 Radio fine tuning in network life cycle 7


1.1 Network life cycle 8
1.2 Network deployment 9
1.3 Pre-launch optimization 10
1.3.1 Cluster optimization 12
1.3.1.1 3G + voice 13
1.3.1.2 3G-2G + other services 15
1.3.2 Network optimization 17
1.4 Network acceptance 18
1.4.1 Key Performance Indicators (KPI) 19
1.5 Pre-launch optimization methodology 20
1.5.1 Coverage analysis 21
1.5.2 Quality analysis 22
1.5.3 Dominance 23
1.5.4 Neighbor list (3G-3G; 3G-2G; 3G-LTE) 24
1.5.5 Drop calls/ call setup failures 25
1.6 Post-launch network optimization 26
2 Main reasons for UTRAN QoS degradation 27
2.1 The causes of QoS degradation 28
3 Main solutions to solve UTRAN QoS degradation 29
3.1 Propose a solution to solve the QoS problem 30
3.2 Discover the solution of a QoS degradation 31
4 Exercise 32
4.1 Discover the consequences of a bad configuration 33
4.2 Lesson from the field 34

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 6
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 7
Network Design: Initial Network Design aims at building the Bill of Quantities (BoQ) of the network. BoQ is the list
and number of the Network Elements necessary to match the Operator Requirements in terms of Coverage, Quality and
Traffic capacity of the network. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are agreed between supplier and operator at this
stage.
Network Planning: aims at defining the location and configuration of the radio sites:
l Site geographical location
l Number of sectors
l Number of cells per sector
l Number of frequencies per cell
l Antenna system configuration:
n Antenna location (macro, micro or indoor site)
n Antenna type
n Antenna azimuth
n Antenna tilt (electrical or mechanical)
n Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) or not
n Tx diversity or not
n 2 Rx or 4 Rx diversity
l Node B max output power:
n TEU board type (MP, HP, LP)
n Number of TEUs
l Node B traffic capacity (number of BB boards)
l Number and traffic capacity of RNCs, MSCs, SGSNs, GGSNs, etc.
l Type and dimensioning of transport interfaces

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 8
Before a site is put into commercial operation, some verification procedures and measurements have to be
carried out:
l Call test on all cells of the site
l Verification of the Scrambling codes of the cells
l Softer HO check
l Visual verification of azimuth and tilt direction

Exclusion criteria for radio coverage: CPICH RSCP < -98 dBm

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 9
Pre-launch in a 3G network is much more important than in 2G where imperfections of design (best servers
distribution) can be masked by a frequency planning. In 3G, reuse 1 is the standard.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 10
Cluster optimization: it can start as soon as the network elements and their transmission equipment
installation have been completed on a defined geographical zone of the network.

Network optimization: it can start after the complete network installation. If the network is big, the
Network Optimization can be split it into groups of clusters.

The main reasons for splitting into clusters and network optimization:
l Limit the number of sites to be considered for first optimization
l Easy split of tasks between different teams
l Start optimization in smaller areas before all sites in the network are up and running

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 11
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 12
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 13
Coverage: CPICH RSCP measurement
Quality: CPICH Ec/Io measurement

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 14
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 15
Coverage: CPICH RSCP measurement
Quality: CPICH Ec/I0 measurement

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 16
Lessons learnt from customer roll-out:
l Network optimization without load could be removed
n Radio problems already seen during cluster optimization or network optimization with load ð
time saving
l Most constraining service tested: CS64
l AMR service to test mobility to 2G

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 17
After completion of network optimization, then Network Acceptance will be performed:
l It is performed with operator’s radio engineers
l It enables to check the radio optimization performed by Alcatel-Lucent
l It acts as a green light to open services to customers

The acceptance procedure may be divided into several steps:


l Radio Acceptance
l System Acceptance
l Inter-RAT Acceptance

Lessons learnt from customer roll-out for Acceptance:


l The acceptance services can be Voice, Video and PS DL
=> Radio acceptance
l The
other services /applications can be tested under good radio conditions (fixed points or under 2/3
Node Bs) in several parts of the network.
=> System acceptance

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 18
KPIs are measured at each Acceptance phase:
l Mobile KPI (such as voice CDR in 3G-locked) during Radio Acceptance
l Static KPI (such as PING) during System Acceptance
l Inter-RAT KPI (such as voice CDR in 3G-2G) during Inter-RAT Acceptance

Define the right KPI:


l Call setup success rate: ratio of successful call setup over attempted call setup
l Handover success rate: ratio of successful handovers over attempted handovers
l Call drop rate: number of calls which are prematurely terminated over the total number of calls
l Quality of CS & PS call: block error rate on transport channel blocks depending on the radio bearer
l End-user quality for voice: Mean Opinion Score (MOS) combining perception and comfort
l End-user quality for applications over IP: throughput, response time, jitter and Packet Loss Rate for streaming
application

Typical KPIs:
l AMR 12.2: long voice calls
n Number of call drops per hour, BLER
l Visio CS64: 2-minute calls
n Call success rate (number of calls maintained during 2 min/call attempts), BLER
l Packet background 64/384kbit/s
n Call success rate (number of calls maintained until the end of transfer/call attempts), FTP throughput,
BLER
l Accessibility: short successive AMR & PS calls
n Call setup success rate

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 19
Focus on drive test traces: mobile + scanner

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 20
Focus on drive test traces: mobile + scanner

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 21
Focus on drive test traces: mobile + scanner

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 22
Focus on drive test traces: mobile + scanner

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 23
Focus on drive test traces: mobile + scanner

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 24
Focus on drive test traces: mobile + scanner

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 25
Pre-launch optimization is based on drive tests. Therefore, some QoS problems have not yet been detected
when Post-launch optimization takes place after commercial launch and traffic ramp up.
Radio Fine Tuning (RFT) is just one way of optimization for the Radio Network Optimizer.
RFT is used in order to optimize values of some key parameters whose current setting does not match the
signal propagation or traffic characteristics in a certain area.
It can also be used when other better solutions cannot be implemented in a short time frame.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 26
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 27
Don’t think about too detailed causes of degradation.
If you think about many causes (more than 6), try to group them by categories.
Duration = 5 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 28
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 29
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 30
A coverage problem as considered in the table is a permanent UTRAN coverage problem and cannot be due
to the cell breathing effect.
Duration = 10 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 1.1 Edition 1
Section 1 · Module 1 · Page 31
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Duration = 5 min

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Page

1 What are these radio algorithms? 7


1.1 List 8
2 What are the QoS indicators impacted? 9
2.1 Discover QoS indicators related to these algorithms 10

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Duration = 10 min

QoS indicator
Cell addition success rate Nb of cell addition per call
Call drop rate Nb of cell deletion per call
Call setup success rate per service Nb of CM activation per call
Cell update success rate Nb of CM activation per HHO request
Cell update with cause “radio link failure” Nb of HHO request per call
CELL-DCH to CELL-FACH success rate PS Call drop rate
CELL-FACH to CELL-DCH success rate Ratio of AMR calls ended in 2G
CM activation time ratio Ratio of calls started in 3G
(1)
CM activation to deactivation ratio Ratio of users having more than one cell in their AS
SCCPCH load RLC retransmission rate
HHO success rate RLC throughput
Inter-RAT RRC connection ratio RRC connection success rate
Inter-RAT RRC connection success rate Mean Sector Per User

(1)
or Ratio of users in Soft or Softer HO

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Page

1 RRC Connection Establishment procedure 7


1.1 Signaling message flow 8
1.2 RRC Connection Setup Repetition by RNC 9
1.3 FACH Power Adjustment and Quick Repeat 10
1.3.1 FACH Power Adjustment setting 11
1.3.2 Quick Repeat setting 12
1.4 Interactions between timers 13
2 Paging procedure 14
2.1 Signaling message flow 15
2.2 Paging Repetition 16
3 Which key parameters to tune? 17
3.1 Estimate the impact of a parameter change 18
4 Which QoS indicators to monitor? 19
4.1 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 20
5 Example of RRC tuning 21
5.1 Parameter setting 22
5.2 Efficiency of RRC Connection versus radio conditions 23
5.3 Evolution of First RRC Connection Performance 24
5.4 Evolution of RRC Conn. Success & Call Setup Performance 25
5.5 Evolution of RRC Failure Performance 26
5.6 Evolution of Quick Repeat Performance on 1st RRC Setup 27
5.7 Evolution of Quick Repeat Performance on 2nd RRC Setup 28
6 Example of paging tuning 29
6.1 Parameter setting 30
6.2 Evolution of MSC Paging Performance (first and global) 31
6.3 Evolution of MSC Paging Performance (repetition) 32
6.4 Evolution of UTRAN Paging Records sent (volume) 33
6.5 Evolution of UTRAN Paging Records cancelled (volume) 34
6.6 Evolution of S-CCPCH load 35
6.7 Evolution of Call Setup Success Rate 36

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Find on which logical / transport / physical Channels the UE receives and sends these messages.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.1 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 8
T351 is the timer to control the retransmission of the RRC_Connection_Setup.
T352 is the Alcatel-Lucent timer to control the release of UE call context by the RNC.
N351 is the maximum number of retransmissions of RRC Connection Setup at expiry of T351. (When
N351=2, the number of transmissions of this message is 3).
T300 is the Alcatel-Lucent timer to control the release of UE call context by the RNC.

Parameter isDisableRrcConnSetupRepeatOfiMCRA allows one to activate/deactivate the use of


t351/n351 repetitions in case an RRC Redirection is decided.

The retransmission of the RRC Connection Setup message based on a quicker timer T351 than T300 will
reduce the call setup duration figures.
By reducing the need of the UE to submit another RRC Connection Request message as a result of the
expiry of timer T300, this feature will also have a positive impact on the RACH capacity.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.1 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 9
FACH Power Adjustment and Quick Repeat are key features to secure the establishment of the RRC
Connection.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.1 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 10
isFachpowerDifferentForSrbTraffic allows one to enable/disable the use of the configured fixed power
offset based on whether the Radio Bearer is Signaling or Traffic. If isFachPowerDifferentForSrbTraffic is
TRUE, regardless of whether isFachPowerAdjustmentActivated (flag to activate FACH power adjustment) is
turned on or off, the configured FACH power offset values based for SRB or TRB are used.

FACH Power as a Function of Type of DL Traffic


The feature differentiates the power level used for FACH channel depending on whether data or signaling is
transmitted. A Boolean switch allows one to choose between the two alternative approaches.
It is possible for the operator to choose one of the following options:
l Power ramping for RRC Connection Setup message based on UE feedback and fixed (same) power for
the rest of signaling and traffic on FACH (UA05 implementation).
l Configurablefixed (different) power level based on whether the FACH frame contains Signaling Radio
Bearer data or Traffic Radio Bearer data.

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Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 11
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T352 is the Alcatel-Lucent timer to control the release of UE call context by the RNC.

T300 > 2*RTT + T_proc_rnc + N351*T351 + numberOfQuickRepeat *30 = 300 + 40 + 2*700


+ 3 * 30 = 1830 ms
T352 > N351*T351 + numberOfQuickRepeat *30 + T_mobile = 2*700 + 90 + 800 = 2290 ms

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There are several reasons for a given UE to miss a paging type 1 message
l Temporary bad radio conditions: the paging message is lost.
l Highmobility. If the UE moves from cell A towards cell B, leaves cell A before its paging occasion but
reaches cell B after its paging occasion (the paging occasion of a given UE is different in each cell),
then the mobile will miss the paging message. For these two cases, the Paging Repetition feature may
improve the paging response.

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Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 16
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Use the following list of impacts:
1. Secure RRC Connection Setup
2. Jeopardize RRC Connection Setup
3. Increase SCCPCH load
4. Decrease SCCPCH load
5. Improve Paging
6. Degrade Paging

Duration = 10 min

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Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 18
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Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l First RRC Conn. SR = First RRC Connection Success Rate
l MO CSSR = Mobile Originating Call Setup Success Rate
l MT CSSR = Mobile Terminating Call Setup Success Rate
l AvgNb RRC Repetitions = Average Number of RRC Connection Request repetitions per First RRC
Connection Request
l First RRC C Setup wQR = Number of First RRC Connection Setup message sent using Quick Repeat
l Nb of Paging Cancelled = Number of Paging messages scheduled but cancelled before being sent to
the UE

Duration = 10 min

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4 parameters are tuned.

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RRC Connection establishment improves in bad radio conditions.

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Ratio of RRC connection setup with Quick Repeat at first RRC connection setup message has increased
since Quick Repeat is triggered earlier (at higher CPICH_EcNo).

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.1 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 27
Ratio of RRC connection setup with Quick Repeat at 2nd RRC connection setup message has increased since
Quick Repeat is triggered earlier and also because of the better effiency of the 1 st RRC connection setup
message.

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Paging repetition is activated then 1 parameter is tuned.

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First paging from CN is more efficient when UTRAN Paging repetition is activated.
Global CN Paging efficiency is also improved

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.1 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 31
The decrease of the Global CN Paging efficiency is due to the introduction of the UTRAN Paging repetition.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.1 Edition 1
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The number UTRAN Paging messages to UE increases when the UTRAN paging repetition is activated.

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S-CCPCH carries PCH and FACH blocks. The activation of UTRAN paging repetition increases the proportion
of PCH blocks transmitted on S-CCPCH channels.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.1 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 1 · Page 35
Is the Call Setup Success Rate indicator sensitive to the activation of the UTRAN Paging repetition?

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Page

1 Objectives of Soft Handover algorithms 7


1.1 Objectives 8
1.2 How is this carried out? 9
1.3 Macro-diversity challenge 10
2 Principles of SHO procedures 11
2.1 SHO in 5 steps 12
2.2 Example = Event 1a 13
3 Which key parameters to tune? 14
3.1 Event 1a, 1b 15
3.1.1 Event 1a parameter description 16
3.1.2 Event 1a parameter tuning 17
3.1.3 Event 1b parameter description 18
3.1.4 Event 1b parameter tuning 19
3.2 Event 1c 20
3.2.1 Event 1c parameter description and tuning 21
3.3 Cell Individual Offset in Events 1a, 1b, 1c 22
3.4 Event 1d 23
3.5 Intra-Frequency Filter Coefficient for UE measurements 24
3.6 Estimate the impact of an SHO parameter change 25
4 Which QoS indicators to monitor? 26
4.1 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 27
5 Examples of Soft Handover tuning 28
5.1 Event 1a vs Event 1b tuning 29
5.1.1 Parameter setting 30
5.1.2 QoS evolution 31
5.2 ReportingRange, Hysteresis, TimeToTrigger tuning 33
5.2.1 QoS evolution 34
5.2.2 Lesson 35
5.3 Intra-Frequency Filter Coefficient tuning 36
5.3.1 QoS evolution 37
5.3.2 Lesson 38
5.4 Event 1d tuning 39
5.4.1 Parameter setting 40
5.4.2 QoS evolution: HSDPA mobility efficiency 41
5.4.3 QoS evolution: HSDPA throughput 44
5.4.4 QoS evolution: HSDPA call drop 48
5.4.5 QoS evolution: HSDPA CQI 49

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In GSM, soft handover does not exist because the 2 frequencies involved in the handover are always
different (GSM is not a CDMA but an FDMA/TDMA technology) while in the same time the MS is mono
receiver.
GSM handovers are then only hard handovers leading to a speech interruption, therefore to a speech
degradation.
In a hard handover, the MS is entering the best serving area of a cell before being requested by the
network to handover to that cell. The delay introduced between the moment a neighbor cell becomes
better than the serving cell and the moment the handover takes place is implemented in order to be sure
the neighbor cell is really the new best one. To avoid that, shortly after the handover, a new one is carried
out to send back the MS to the cell it was coming from (ping-pong).
When connecting to the new frequency channel, the MS transmits at full power to maximize the probability
of a handover success. There is no risk of UL interference since we use different frequencies in close cells.
In UMTS, UEs use the same frequency when moving from a serving to a neighbor cell (CDMA technology).
Therefore, hard handovers cannot be used in this case: if the connection to the neighbor cell was delayed
until the new cell is some dB better than the serving one, it would mean that the UE would transmit at
higher power level to maintain the connection on the serving cell thus interfering the UE connected to that
neighbor.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 8
The UE being connected to more than 1 Radio Link, the UTRAN DL Tx Power used can be split between
several cells so different TEU boards. Therefore, the DL power load is distributed between more cells, which
can reduce the risk of DL congestion for some of them.
Beyond this DL power load sharing, the macro-diversity gain in DL signal quality makes it possible to
decrease the total DL power used for this UE thus to decrease the DL interference induced.
Similarly in UL, the macro-diversity gain in signal quality makes it possible to decrease the total UL power
used by the UE, thereby decreasing the DL interference induced. Moreover, in the UL case, the macro-
diversity gain makes it possible to reduce the consumption of the battery of the UE.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 9
Pilot bits are fixed bits known by the receiver
l Pilot bits of DPCCH in uplink
l P-CPICH in downlink
Pilot bits are used by the receiver
l to
estimate the radio channel between the transmitter and the receiver to find the best received paths
and estimate their delays and amplitudes
l Incase of soft(er) handover and/or several antennas in the receiver, principle is the same, but paths
are searched over all reception antennas, and for all cells
Path searcher:
l estimation of delays i,
l estimation of amplitudes âi
Energy(t)
â2 â3
â1 Adaptive threshold

Time (t)
1 2 3

Received Delay De-spreading Integration on â


signal + de-scrambling pilot bits
i i

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 10
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 11
1. Measurements Configuration:
The SRNC configures the intra-frequency measurements in the UE, which are signaled through either
system information messages (SIB11) or dedicated measurement control messages (via RRC connection):
• Configuration of events 1a, 1b, 1c, 6f or 6g
• List of monitored cells
2. Intra-frequency Measurements:
The UE continuously measures the CPICH Ec/No of the active cells and of the monitored cells.
3. Event Detection:
The UE continuously assesses the conditions of SHO Events on monitored cells (1a, 1c) and on active cells
(1b, 6f, 6g).
4. Event Report:
As soon as the conditions of an Event are fulfilled, the UE reports this Event to the RNC in the form of a
message.
5. SHO Command:
Upon reception of an Event report, the SRNC decides or not to perform an Active Set Update. It establishes
new radio links and/or deletes existing ones. The Active Set Update is notified to the UE, which
acknowledges its reception.

Note: CPICH Ec/Io (quality) measurement and reporting is Alcatel-Lucent‘s choice. The measurements and
reported values are made on the current cell as well as a maximum number of neighboring cells. Another
quantity could be the CPICH RSCP (level or path loss).

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Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 12
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 14
Event 1a: condition to add a cell into the Active Set (AS)
l monitored cell: cell in the Monitored Set candidate for entering the AS
l best active cell: best quality cell of the AS
CPICH Ec / I 0 monitored
red cell
cel CIO
CI monitored
red cell
cel CPICH
CP Ec / I 0bestt active
act ive cell
cel R1a
((R H1a 2)

Event 1b: condition to remove a cell from the Active Set


l worst active cell: worst quality cell of the AS
l best active cell: best quality cell of the AS

CPICH Ec / I 0 worstst act


active cell
ive cel CIOworstst act
CI active cell
ive cel CPICH Ec / I 0 bestt act
CP active cell
ive cel ( R1b H 1b 2)

In fact, Quality of the monitored cell or the worst active cell should be compared to the quality of the whole
Active Set computed as:
N AA,, j

CPICH Ec / I 0 ActiveSet Wx 10 Log


Lo M i , FDDused (1 Wx ) 10 LogM
Lo Best , FDDused
i 1

Mbest,j is the quality measured on the strongest cell in the active set of carrier FDDused
Mi,j is the measurement of a cell in the active set of carrier FDDused
NA,j is the number of cells in the active set of carrier FDDused
Wx is a coefficient configurable per event
Range: 0 to 2 (step 0.1), default: 0 (2d_cm,2d_em, 2f, 3a)
But W=0 is used as a default value

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 15
Detection of event 1A
l The CPICH Ec/Io of some monitored cells enters the reporting range of the Active Set during
timeToTrigger1A.
l The maximum Active Set size is not reached (maxActiveSetSize parameter).

RRC signaling
l MEASUREMENT REPORT, with the list of candidate cells to add to Active Set.
l Reiteration of MEASUREMENT REPORT for event 1a every repInterval1A, if the condition is still
fulfilled AND the maximum amountRep1A has not been reached.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 16
Event 1a conditions
A monitored cell starts being candidate to be added to the AS if

CPICH Ec / I 0 monitored cell


red cel CIOmonitored
CI cell
red cel CPICH Ec / I 0bestt active
CP cell
act ive cel R1a
((R H1a 2)

A monitored cell stops being candidate to be added to the AS if


CPICH Ec / I 0 monitored
red cell
cel CI monitored
CIO red cell
cel CP
CPICH Ec / I 0bestt active
act ive cell
cel R1a
((R H1a 2)

cpichEcNoReportingRange1A shall be set in accordance with rake recombining and macro-diversity


gain.
l Indeed, the macro-diversity can bring gain in overlap areas, where single link may become
insufficient. But since radio resources are redundant in macro-diversity, this should be limited to
optimize radio resources.
l As a rule of thumb, W-CDMA networks should be designed with overlap areas representing 20% to
30% of the coverage area. Then, the value should permit the setting of hysteresis1A and
cpichEcNoReportingRange1B.
Standard values are 3,5 dB or 4,5 dB.
hysteresis1A is optional. By definition, it should provide some stability to the Active Set by introducing a
stability margin on the Event 1a criterion. A further parameter that provides stability on Event 1a is the
timeToTrigger1A, see below. Large values are not possible, since we shall keep
R1b - H1b/2>R1a+H1a/2.
Standard values are 2 dB (i.e. 1 dB for H1a/2) and 1 dB.
timeToTrigger1A shall be short, in order to avoid “corner effect” situations.
Standard values are 100 ms and 200 ms. We prefer to avoid 0 ms.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 17
Detection of Event 1b
l CPICH Ec/Io of some of the active cells leaves the reporting range of the Active Set during
timeToTrigger1B.

RRC signaling
l Measurement Report, with the list of candidate cells to remove from the active set.
l The report is not necessarily repeated if the RNC does not send an ‘Active Set update’ message. In
accordance to 3GPP, Event 1b is not repeated by the UE on Layer 3, whereas Events 1a and 1c can
be repeated. Nevertheless, MEASUREMENT REPORT carrying Event 1b is protected by RLC
acknowledgement and when necessary, RLC repetitions.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 18
Event 1b conditions
An active cell starts being candidate to be removed from the AS if
CPICH Ec / I 0 worstst active
active cell
cel CIO
CI worstst active
active cell
cel CPICH
CP Ec / I 0bestt active
active cell
cel R1b
((R H1b 2)

An active cell stops being candidate to be removed from the AS if


CPICH Ec / I 0 worstst act ive cel
active cell CI
CIOworstst act ive cel
active cell CP
CPICH Ec / I 0bestt act ive cel
active cell R1b
((R H1b 2)

cpichEcNoReportingRange1B shall be in accordance with rake recombining and macro-diversity gain, as


for cpichEcNoReportingRange1A. Then, the value should permit the setting of hysteresis1B and
cpichEcNoReportingRange1A. Standard values are 6,5 dB and 7,5 dB.
hysteresis1B is optional. By definition, it should provide some stability to the Active Set by introducing a
stability margin on the Event 1b criterion. A further parameter that provides stability on Event 1b is the
Event1b.TimeToTrigger, see below. Large values are not possible, since we shall keep R1b-
1b/2>R1a+H1a/2. Standard value is 1 dB.
TimeToTrigger1B shall be quite long, in comparison with timeToTrigger1A and timeToTrigger1C, to
stabilize the Active Set and limit ping-pong.
Standard values are 640 ms and 1280 ms.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 19
Event 1c: condition to replace a cell in the Active Set
l monitored cell: cell in the Monitored Set candidate for entering the AS
l worst active cell: worst quality cell of the AS

CPICH Ec / I 0 monitored cell


red cel CIOmonitored
CI cell
red cel CPICH Ec / I 0 worstst act
CP active cell
ive cel CIOworstst act
CI active cell
ive cel ( H 1c 2)

Event 1c conditions
A monitored cell starts being candidate to replace the worst quality cell of the AS if
CPICH Ec / I 0 monitored
red cell
cel CI monitored
CIO red cell
cel CP
CPICH Ec / I 0 worstst active
active cell
cel CI
CIOworstst act ive cel
active cell ( H 1c 2)

A monitored cell stops being candidate to enter the AS if


CPICH Ec / I 0 monitored
red cell
cel CI monitored
CIO red cell
cel CP
CPICH Ec / I 0 worstst active
active cell
cel CI worstst act
CIO ive cell
active cel H 1c 2)
((H

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 20
hysteresis1C shall be equal or lower than cpichEcNoReportingRange1A, since there is the same issue
on “corner effect” situations. Standard value is 7,5 dB, resulting in 3,75 dB for H1c/2, being lower than
RR1a-H1a/2 (i.e. 4 dB).

timeToTrigger1C shall be comparable to timeToTrigger1A, since there is the same issue on “corner
effect” situations.

Detection of Event 1C:


If the Active Set has reached a certain size (e.g. contains 3 or more active cells) and the CPICH Ec/Io of a
monitored cell becomes better than the worst active cell during Event1c.TimeToTrigger

RRC signaling
MEASUREMENT REPORT Event 1c containing the candidate cells to add to the active set and the candidate
cells to remove from it. (Repetition of MR for Event 1c like for the MR for Event 1a).

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 21
CPICH Ec / I 0 monitored
red cell
cel CIO
CI monitored
red cell
cel CPICH Ec / I 0bestt active
CP act ive cell
cel R1a
((R H1a 2)

neighbouringCellOffset can be >0 or <0


l By applying a positive CIO, the UE sends Measurement Reports, as if the primary CPICH is offset x
dB better than what it really is.
l By applying a negative CIO, the UE limits the reporting and the corresponding cell may be, at least
temporarily, excluded from the active set or as a target cell for handover.

The neighbouringCelloffset can be seen as a tool to move the cell border. It is important to note that
the offset is added before triggering events, i.e. the offset is added by the UE before evaluating if a
measurement report should be sent as opposed to offsets that are applied in the network and used for the
actual handover evaluation.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 22
Event 1C is triggered when a new P-CPICH becomes better than an active P-CPICH.
Event 1C is used to replace an RL based on relative criteria when the Active Set is full.

The variables in the formula are defined as follows:


l MNew is the measurement result of the cell not included in the active set.
l CIONew is the individual cell offset for the cell becoming better than the cell in the active set if an
individual cell offset is stored for that cell. Otherwise, it is equal to 0.
l MInAS is the measurement result of the cell in the active set with the lowest measurement result.
l CIOInAS is the individual cell offset for the cell in the active set that is becoming worse than the new
cell.
l H1c is the hysteresis parameter for the event 1c.

Note: The above drawing shows an example assuming that the maximum AS size is set to 2 and that all
the CIOs are set to 0 dB.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 23
Within the UE, the measurement should be performed every 200 ms. The measurement result is filtered to
smooth variations as in 3GPP TS25.331.
FN = (1-a) FN-1 + a MN
n FN is the updated filtered measurement result
n FN-1 is the old filtered measurement result
n MN is the latest received measurement result from physical layer measurements
n a = 1/2k/2, where k is the parameter rrcIntraFreqMeasurementFilterCoeff received in
the IE "Filter coefficient".
To deduce the average time associated with the Filter Coefficient,
Tavg = 200 ms / 1/2k/2
In MEASUREMENT REPORT triggered by events 1a, 1b, and 1c, CPICH Ec/Io is reported for all the active
cells and for the monitored cells that are fulfilling the conditions for the triggering event.
The table below contains the values of the UE measurements displayed as an example in the chart above:

Raw measurements (every 200ms) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


Raw CPICH Ec/I0 -11,0 -11,0 -11,0 -5,0 -5,0 -5,0 -5,0 -5,0 -5,0
CPICH Ec/I0 averaged with k=2 -11,0 -11,0 -11,0 -8,0 -6,5 -5,8 -5,4 -5,2 -5,1
CPICH Ec/I0 averaged with k=4 -11,0 -11,0 -11,0 -9,5 -8,4 -7,5 -6,9 -6,4 -6,1
CPICH Ec/I0 averaged with k=8 -11,0 -11,0 -11,0 -10,6 -10,3 -9,9 -9,6 -9,3 -9,1

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 24
Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay cell addition
2. delay cell replacement
3. delay cell deletion
4. delay Primary cell change
5. speed-up cell addition
6. speed-up cell replacement
7. speed-up cell deletion
8. speed-up Primary cell change

Duration = 10 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 25
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 26
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l Mean Sector Per User = Average number of RLs per user (average number of cells in the AS per
user)
l AS Upd per sec per RL = Average number of Active Set Update messages sent to a UE per second
l ASU Success Rate = Active Set Update success rate
l RL Addition Efficiency = Active Set Update Success Rate for Event1A reason only
l RL Deletion Efficiency = Active Set Update Success Rate for Event1A reason only
l Nb of Event1x = Number of Measurement Report messages received from a UE relating to the
Event1x (1 indicator per Event type: 1A, 1B, 1C)

Duration = 10 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 27
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 28
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 29
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 30
Decrease in Branch addition means that there are now less resources in use due to SHO.
Decrease in SHO/call_setup rate means there are now less users in SHO.
Slight decrease in branch deletion whereas the Event 1b has been fasten means that there are now less
useless branch additions than before.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 31
% of users having 1 RL compared to all users in DCH means that there are less radio resources in use due
to SHO.
% of users in DCH with 1 Node-B means that there are less Iub/Iur transmission resources in use due to
SHO.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 32
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 33
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 34
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 35
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 36
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 37
IntraFreq.FilterCoef is used to smooth rapid variations of radio signal in order to avoid unnecessary SHO
on fading holes:
UE measurements (no filtering)
Filter Coefficient = 5
Filter Coefficient = 11
-3

-3.5

-4

-4.5

-5

-5.5

-6

-6.5

-7

-7.5
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 127 134 141 148 155 162 169 176 183 190 197 204 211 218 225 232 239 246 253 260

EC/N0 instantaneous EC/N0 with FC5 EC/N0 with FC11

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 38
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 39
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 40
Mobility is lower if theEvent1D trigger is delayed.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 41
Set2 and Set3 values are too large since Event1D vs Mobility HSDPA/HSDPA is less than 1.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 42
Set3 and Set4 show good stability of HSDPA Intra-freq mobility performance.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 43
Set3, Set4 and Set5 show a slight degradation of the NACK ratio.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 44
The magnitude of the Retransmission Rate variations are different according to the Set but the average is
not so different.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 45
The highest HSDPA throughput values are observed with Set1.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 46
The lowest HSDPA Call Drop Rate values are observed with Set1.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 47
The lowest HSDPA Call Drop Rate values are observed with Set1.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 48
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 49
Corner effect: the serving cell is dropping dramatically, while a monitored cell is suddenly at good level
and good CPICH Ec/Io
Radio resurgences: a monitored cell is suddenly received with good level and good CPICH Ec/Io
Interaction with configuration of compressed mode: multiple Active Set modifications are managed
in the same moment, as configuration for compressed mode

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 50
With a low rrcIntraFreqMeasurementFilterCoeff, the algorithms based on measurements, such as the
Soft Handover, will become more reactive.
This increased reactivity should help avoiding critical 3G cases, where the Ec/Io suddenly decreases and
the DL radio synchronization is then lost.
Such situations often occur on field and are characterized at the Drive Test with lot of RRC MEASUREMENT
REPORT without any RRC ACTIVE SET UPDATE received by the UE.
But, the high reactivity may cause the triggering of unneeded Soft Handover, when the serving signal is
faded.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 51
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.2 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 52
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Section 2 · Module 2 · Page 53
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 1
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 4
Page

1 Objectives of inter-RAT HHO algorithms 7


1.1 Objectives 8
1.2 Strategy 9
2 Intelligent Multi-Carrier Traffic Allocation 10
2.1 iMCTA enhanced 11
3 Principles of inter-RAT HHO procedures 14
3.1 Introduction 15
3.2 Inter-RAT HHO for Alarm reason 16
4 Which key HHO parameters to tune? 17
4.1 HHO activation and blind HO parameters 18
4.2 Event 2d parameters and GSM eligibility criteria 19
4.3 Event 2f parameters 20
4.4 Estimate the impact of a 3G2G HHO parameter change 21
5 Which QoS indicators to monitor? 22
5.1 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 23
6 Examples of inter-RAT HHO tuning 24
6.1 Inter-RAT HHO tuning 25
6.2 Default: Set1 tuning 26
6.3 Verify your expectations – Default to Set1 tuning 27
6.3.1 Set1 to Set2 tuning 28
6.3.2 Verify your expectations – Set1 to Set2 tuning 29
6.3.3 Set2 to Set3 tuning 30
6.3.4 Verify your expectations – Set2 to Set3 tuning 31
6.3.5 Conclusion on Set1, Set2, Set3 tuning / Default 32
6.3.6 Inter-RAT HHO and CM tuning – Lesson 33

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 5
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 6
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 7
Due to the higher frequency band used in UTRAN FDD compared to GSM, the cell ranges are smaller in 3G
than in 2G. Therefore, at the beginning of 3G roll-out and even if each 2G site is upgraded to 3G, the 3G
coverage is not good enough (especially in suburban and rural areas).
When the 3G service penetration is not sufficient, operators’ strategy is now to make the best use of their
3G equipments by forcing combined 3G/2G users to camp and stay on the 3G layer as long as Quality of
Service remains good.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 8
Using Alcatel-Lucent BSS B8, 2G to 3G handover was not possible. Therefore, in case of 3G to 2G handover,
the call ended in 2G before forcing the UE to reselect the 3G layer.
Using Alcatel-Lucent BSS B9 and onwards, 2G to 3G handover is possible. Therefore, in case of 3G to 2G
handover, the call can be transferred back to 3G. However, a good parameter setting should ensure that
the Quality of Service is degraded by ping-pong handovers between 3G and 2G layers.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 9
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 10
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 11
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 12
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 13
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 14
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 15
The call flow above is valid for an Alarm HHO. Service Handovers follow a different procedure.
1. Measurements and Events Configuration:
The SRNC configures some intra-freq measurements in the UE, which are signaled through a dedicated Measurement Control message
(via RRC connection):
l Start monitoring events 2d and 2f for CPICH_EcNo and CPICH_RSCP
l List of monitored cells
2. Intra-freq Measurements for Inter-freq or Inter-RAT HHO:
The UE continuously measures the CPICH Ec/No or the CPICH RSCP of the active cells and of the monitored cells.
3. Event Detection:
The UE continuously assesses the conditions of HHO Events on active cells (2d, 2f).
4. Event Report:
As soon as the conditions of an Event 2d are fulfilled, the UE reports this Event to the RNC in the form of a Measurement Report
message.
5. Inter-RAT Periodical Measurements Configuration:
The SRNC configures inter-RATq measurements in the UE, which are signaled through a dedicated Measurement Control message (via
RRC connection):
l Quantities measured:
n GSM RSSI (BCCH RxLevel)
n BSIC
l List of 2g neighboring cells
6. Inter-RAT Measurements:
The UE measures the BCCH RxLevel of the 2G neighboring cells and decodes the BSIC of the best received ones.
7. HHO Command:
Upon reception of an Event report, the SRNC decides or not to perform an inter-RAT HHO:
l The SRNC sends a Relocation Required message to the MSC controlling the target GSM cell.
l The MSC proceeds with the preparation of the incoming handover in the target BSS then it sends a Relocation Command
message to SRNC. The Relocation Command contains a Layer 3 information IE which is the Handover Command message
that has been built up by the target BSC to be sent to the UE.
l The SRNC sends a Handover from UTRAN command to the UE which will proceed with the handover to the target channel.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 16
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 17
activationHoGsmCsAllowed indicates if the handover CS toward GSM is allowed.
activationHoGsmPsAllowed indicates if the handover PS toward GSM/GPRS is allowed.
isGsmIratHoToNextBestCellAllowed enables/disables the IRAT handover to the next best GSM cell if
handover is not possible to the first cell due to overload.
isBlindHoRescueAllowed indicates if blind handover for iMCTA Alarm is allowed for this RNC.
isBlindHoGsmAllowed indicates, if true, that the blind handover towards GSM is allowed for iMCTA Alarm
when the Primary Cell belongs to a Drift RNC.
The target GSM cell to use in case of blind handover is indicated by the parameter
blindHoGsmNeighbourTargetCgi.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 18
xxxx = EcNo if Qmeas = CPICH_EcNo
xxxx = Rscp if Qmeas = CPICH_RSCP

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 19
xxxx = EcNo if Qmeas = CPICH_EcNo
xxxx = Rscp if Qmeas = CPICH_RSCP

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 20
Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay Alarm HHO 3GÒ2G for CPICH_EcNo reason
2. delay Alarm HHO 3GÒ2G for CPICH_RSCP reason
3. speed-up Alarm HHO 3GÒ2G for CPICH_EcNo reason
4. speed-up Alarm HHO 3GÒ2G for CPICH_RSCP reason
5. increase the rate of Alarm HHO 3GÒ2G per call for CPICH_EcNo reason
6. increase the rate of Alarm HHO 3GÒ2G per call for CPICH_RSCP reason
7. decrease the rate of Alarm HHO 3GÒ2G per call for CPICH_EcNo reason
8. decrease the rate of Alarm HHO 3GÒ2G per call for CPICH_RSCP reason

Duration = 10 min

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 21
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 22
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l HHO/call = Number of HHO requests 3G to 2G per call
l HHO Success Rate = HHO 3G to 2G success rate
l CM Activation per Call = Number of CM activations per call
l HHO per CM Activation = Rate of CM activation leading to HHO 3G->2G execution
l CM Activation per Hour = Number of CM activations per hour of traffic calls

Duration = 10 min

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 23
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 24
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 25
CM procedures interact with SHO because Measurement Control messages for Compress Mode Activation
(Event 2D) or Deactivation (Event 2F) are managed at the same time as Active Set Update messages.
Therefore increasing the ratio of CM commands per call is a risk of call drop increase.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.3 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 26
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 27
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 28
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 29
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 30
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 31
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 32
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 33
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 34
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 35
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Section 2 · Module 3 · Page 36
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Page

1 Objectives of cell reselection algorithms (single UMTS layer) 7


1.1 Objectives 8
1.2 Strategy 9
2 Principles of cell reselection procedures (single UMTS layer) 10
2.1 3G to 3G cell reselection – intra-freq measurements 11
2.2 3G to 3G cell reselection – criteria 12
2.3 3G to 2G cell reselection – inter-RAT measurements 13
2.4 3G to 2G cell reselection – criteria 14
2.5 2G to 3G cell reselection – inter-RAT measurements 15
2.6 2G to 3G cell reselection – criteria 16
3 Which key parameters to tune? 17
3.1 Estimate the impact of a CRS parameter change 18
3.2 Configuration of measurement on FACH 20
4 Which QoS indicators to monitor? 21
4.1 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 22
5 Examples of 3G to 2G cell reselection tuning (single UMTS layer) 23
5.1 Inter-RAT CRS parameters tuning 24
5.1.1 Set1 25
5.1.2 Set1 to Set2 tuning 26
5.1.3 Set2 to Set3 tuning 29
5.1.4 Verify your expectations – Set1 to Set3 tuning 32
5.1.5 Conclusion about Set2, Set3 tuning / Set1 34

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Location Area are usually different on 3G and 2G layers so that Location Area Update procedures are
performed at each cell reselection between 3G and 2G.
The UE is not reachable during the 3G-2G reselection procedure.
Network signaling may be largely increased if there are too many reselection procedures (which would then
imply some over-dimensioning of the UTRAN/CN network).

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Cell reselection is performed by the UE in idle or CELL_FACH mode, based on system information broadcast in 3G and 2G networks.

In IDLE mode:
l the UE shall measure the CPICH Ec/Io and CPICH RSCP level of the serving cell and evaluate the cell selection criterion S for the
serving cell at least every DRX cycle. The UE shall filter the CPICH Ec/Io and CPICH RSCP measurements of the serving cell
using at least 2 measurements, which are taken so that the time difference between the measurements is at least
TmeasureFDD/2 (see table below).

DRX cycle (coded DRX cycle length Nserv [number of DRX TmeasureFDD [s] (number of
value) [s] cycles] DRX cycles)
3 0.08 4 0.64 (8 DRX cycles)
4 0.16 4 0.64 (4)
5 0.32 4 1.28 (4)
6 0.64 4 1.28 (2)
7 1.28 2 1.28 (1)
8 2.56 2 2.56 (1)
9 5.12 1 5.12 (1)

l If the UE has evaluated in Nserv consecutive DRX cycles that the serving cell does not fulfill the cell selection criterion S, the UE
shall initiate the measurements of all neighbor cells.
For instance:
n DRX cycle = 0.64 s.
n Every 0.64 s, criterion S for the serving cell is checked. If criterion S is not true in 4 consecutive DRX cycles, then the UE
shall start measurements of neighbor cells.
n To check criterion S, filtered value of CPICH RSCP and Ec/Io are computed from at least 2 layer-1 measurements
separated by at least 0.64 s (=1.28/2).

In CELL_FACH mode, the periodicity of measurements is 200 ms.

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Section 2 · Module 4 · Page 11
qHysts1
Hysteresis is added to CPICH RSCP of the serving cell during cell selection/reselection. It is used to avoid ping-pong
effect. Alcatel-Lucent recommended value is 2 dB, which corresponds to 4 dB hysteresis as illustrated in the figure:

Selected cell

Cell 2

Cell 1

CPICH_RSCP_cell2 - CPICH_RSCP_cell1
-Qhysts1 Qhysts1

Total hysteresis
This parameter is used for all types of cell reselection (intra frequency, inter frequency and inter RAT). The
Qoffset_sn parameter can be adjusted per adjacency to “adapt” the quality hysteresis Qhyts1 on a specific adjacency.

Qhysts2
Hysteresis is added to CPICH Ec/No of the serving cell during cell selection/reselection. It is used to avoid ping-pong
effect. This parameter is broadcast only if the cell selection/reselection quality measurement is set to CPICH Ec/No.
Alcatel-Lucent recommended value is 2 dB, which corresponds to 4 dB hysteresis.
This parameter is used for intra- and inter-frequency cell reselection. Qoffset_sn2 can be adjusted per adjacency to
“adapt” the quality hysteresis Qhyts2 on a specific adjacency.

Treselection
The Treselection default value is 1 s.

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Section 2 · Module 4 · Page 12
In IDLE mode, the periodicity of measurements depends on the DRX Cycle parameter.
l Default setting: k=7 therefore TmeasGSM = 6,4 s
In CELL_FACH mode, the periodicity of measurements is 480 ms.

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Section 2 · Module 4 · Page 13
qOffset1sn(GSMNeighbouringCell)
This offset is defined per adjacency and subtracted from the GSM carrier RSSI of each GSM neighboring
cell. The recommended value is +50 dB (maximum value) to reduce the inter-system reselection signaling
and to keep the UE under 3G coverage while the S criterion is fulfilled.

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Qsearch_I is sent in system information SI 2ter or SI 2quater depending on the BSS constructor.
l In Alcatel-Lucent BSS, Qsearch is broadcast in SI2ter on BCCH.
l The default UE value if Qsearch_I is not sent in system information is 15 (never).

In GPRS STAND-BY or READY state, if PBCCH is activated and the UE is PBCCH capable, the UE monitors
Packet System Information (PSI) broadcast on the PBCCH and decides to perform inter-RAT measurements
according to the Qsearch_P parameter, whose definition and usage is similar to Qsearch_I.
Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P coding values

0 = -98 dBm
1 = -94 dBm
2 = -90 dBm
3 = -86 dBm
4 = -82 dBm
5 = -78 dBm
6 = -74 dBm
below

7 (always)
8 = -78 dBm
9 = -74 dBm
10 = -70 dBm
11 = -66 dBm
12 = -62 dBm
13 = -58 dBm
14 = -54 dBm
above

15 (never)

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Section 2 · Module 4 · Page 15
FDD_Qmin
FDD_Qmin is sent in system information SI 2ter or SI 2quater depending on the BSS constructor.
FDD_Qmin is sent in system information Packet SI 3 quarter or Packet Measurement Order or Packet Cell
Change Order messages.
In Alcatel-Lucent BSS, it is broadcast in SI2ter on BCCH and in PSI 3quater on PBCCH if there is a PBCCH
allocated in the serving cell.
The default UE value if FDD_Qmin is not sent in system information is 7 (-12 dB).

FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Qoffset are offset applied to the Received Level Average before checking
the cell reselection criterion when the UE monitors BCCH or PBCCH.
FDD_Qmin is sent in system information SI 2ter or SI 2quater depending on the BSS constructor.
In Alcatel-Lucent BSS, it’s broadcast in SI2ter on BCCH (FDD_Qoffset) and in PSI 3quater on PBCCH
(FDD_GPRS_Qoffset) if there is a PBCCH allocated in the serving cell.
0 (always select a cell if acceptable)
1 = -28 dB
2 = -24 dB
FDD_Qmin coding values FDD_Qoffset coding values 3 = -20 dB
0 = -20 dB 4 = -16 dB
5 = -12 dB
1 = -6 dB
6 = -8 dB
2 = -18 dB 7 = -4 dB
3 = -8 dB 8 = 0 dB
4 = -16 dB 9 = 4 dB
5 = -10 dB 10 = 8 dB
6 = -14 dB 11 = 12 dB
7 = -12 dB 12 = 16 dB
13 = 20 dB
14 = 24 dB
15 = 28 dB
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Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay 3G à 3G CRS
2. speed-up 3G à 3G CRS
3. delay 3G à 2G CRS
4. speed-up 3G à 2G CRS
5. delay 2G à 3G CRS
6. speed-up 2G à 3G CRS

Duration = 10 min

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Section 2 · Module 4 · Page 18
Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay 3G à 3G CRS
2. speed-up 3G à 3G CRS
3. delay 3G à 2G CRS
4. speed-up 3G à 2G CRS
5. delay 2G à 3G CRS
6. speed-up 2G à 3G CRS

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In the CELL_FACH state, the measurement period for the GSM carrier RSSI measurement is 480 ms. (3GPP
25.133). This measurement period is inherited from GSM.
At least 3 received signal level measurement samples (at layer 1) are required per RSSI value, over the
measurement period of 480 ms.
A UE supporting GSM measurements using measurement occasions shall meet the minimum number of
GSM carrier RSSI measurements specified in the table below.
Length of measurement Number of GSM carrier RSSI samples in each
occasion (NTTI frames) measurement occasion, NGSM carrier RSSI.
1 16
2 32
4 64
8 128

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Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l CSSR in 3G = Call Setup Success Rate in 3G (MO and MT included)
l Call started in 3G = Ratio of calls that have started in 3G compared to all calls (2G+3G)
l Inter-RAT RRC CSR = RRC Connection Success Rate for Inter-RAT (2Gà3G) cell reselection
procedures
l Inter-RAT RRC C ratio = Ratio of Inter-RAT RRC (2Gà3G) connection compared to all kinds of
RRC Connections

Duration = 20 min

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The 3G layer is selected if coverage (RSCP) is good enough (over -109 dBm).
When in 3G, the UE is kept in 3G until quality (Ec/N0) becomes very bad (equal to the cell selection criteria
(–16 dB).
When 3G quality becomes very bad, reselection to 2G is systematic.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.4 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 4 · Page 25
3G coverage has been favored at cell selection stage thanks to qRxlevMin decrease.
3G coverage has been favored at cell reselection stage thanks to qOffset1sn(UMTS,GSM) increase.
2G to 3G reselection has been delayed thanks to FDD_Qmin increase. It is both decreasing 2G/3G
reselection ping-pong and securing reselection to 3G.

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3G coverage has been favored at cell selection stage thanks to one more qRxlevMin decrease.
3G coverage has been favored at cell reselection like with Set2 (Qoffset1sn(UMTSGSM) is unchanged).
2G to 3G reselection has been fastened thanks to FDD_Qmin decrease. Set3 value is in between Set1 and
Set2 ones.

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The big decrease of the ratio of Inter-RAT RRC Connection shows that the ping-pong of reselection
between 2G and 3G has been reduced a lot.
The improvement of CSSR comes mostly for MT calls due to the reduction of Paging loss which is a
consequence of the reduction of 3G to 2G reselections. Indeed, the UE is not reachable during the 3G-2G
reselection procedure, which means Paging is lost.
Indicators:
l Ratio of Inter-RAT RRC Connection gives measurement of the Signaling Load due to cell
reselection between 2G and 3G networks.
n It allows one to monitor the ping-pong of reselection between 3G and 2G.
l Inter-RAT RRC Connection success rate shows the performance of the 3G UTRAN sub-network for
providing access to service to the user after a 2G to 3G reselection.
l RRC Connection success rate shows the performance of the 3G UTRAN sub-network for providing
access to service to the user.
n It allows one to monitor the ability to maintain the UE in 3G with a good quality of access to
service.
l Call setup success rate shows the performance of the 3G network for providing the user with
services.
n It allows one to monitor the ability to maintain the UE in 3G with a good quality of service.

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Section 2 · Module 4 · Page 32
The big improvement of MT calls CSSR comes from the reduction of 3G to 2G reselections. Indeed, the UE
is not reachable during the 3G-2G reselection procedure, which means Paging is lost.
Indicators:
l Ratio of calls started in 3G gives a measurement of the distribution of calls between 3G and 2G
networks.
n It allows one to monitor the ability of using 3G resources at their maximum.
l MOC (resp. MTC) Call setup success rate shows the performance of the 3G network for providing
the user with services when calling (resp. called).
n It allows one to monitor the ability to maintain the UE in 3G with a good quality of service.

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Document History

Edition Date Author Remarks

01 YYYY-MM-DD Last name, first name First edition

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Page

1 Objectives of Radio Link Management algorithms 7


1.1 Objectives 8
1.1.1 Radio Link Failure / RLC Unrecoverable Error 9
1.2 RRC Connection Re-establishment 10
2 Principles of Radio Link Management procedures 11
2.1 L1 RL Failure detection in DL – by UE 12
2.2 L1 RL Failure detection in UL – by Node B 13
2.3 L1 RL Restore detection in UL – by Node B 14
2.4 Call drop after a Layer 1 RLF detected by Node B 15
2.5 Recovery after a L1 RLF detected by NodeB or UE 16
2.6 L3 RLC Unrecoverable Error detected by UE 17
2.7 Call drop after a Layer 3 RUE detected by RNC 19
2.8 L1 and L3 RL Failures 20
3 Which key parameters to tune? 21
3.1 Estimate the impact of an RLM parameter change 22
4 Which QoS indicators to monitor? 23
4.1 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 24
5 Examples of Radio Link Management tuning 25
5.1 nOutSyncInd parameter tuning 26
5.2 maxDat parameters tuning 29

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The RLF may be detected either on downlink by the UE or on uplink by the Node B. An RL fails, when the
L1 synchronization cannot be maintained, i.e. when the quality of the decoding at physical layer is not
sufficient anymore to handle the TPC command on a reliable way.
In W-CDMA systems, it becomes urgent to cancel an RL that cannot be power-controlled any more, since it
may contribute to the interference and thus, the cell load, either unnecessarily, or even damaging the cell
quality.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 8
The RNC or UE monitors the capability to send or receive data on the air interface.
Problems can be detected:
l at Layer 1 level thanks to Radio Link monitoring
l at Layer 3 level thanks to RLC block transmission monitoring (RLC AM)

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DL RLF detected at L1
(= T313 (UeTimerCstConnectedMode)) is started due to “16 + N313 (= N313
l T313
(UeTimerCstConnectedMode))” consecutive radio frames for which SIR lies below Qout threshold
(-3 dB)
l Thethreshold Qout should correspond to a level of DPCCH quality where no reliable detection of the
TPC commands transmitted on the downlink DPCCH can be made. For example, this can be at a TPC
command error ratio level of 30%.

DL RLF detected at L1
l Detected by the UE
l An RL fails, when the L1 synchronization cannot be maintained, i.e. when the quality of the decoding
at physical layer is not sufficient anymore to handle the TPC command in a reliable way.
l InW-CDMA systems, it becomes urgent to cancel an RL that cannot be power-controlled anymore,
since it may contribute to the interference and thus, the cell load, either unnecessarily, or even
damaging the cell quality
l If
T313 expires, the UE considers a "Radio link failure": it clears the dedicated physical channel
configuration and performs the specified actions for the ongoing procedures.
l Then,the UE launches a CELL UPDATE procedure using the "radio link failure“ cause, in order to try
saving the call with a re-establishment of the connection to UTRAN.

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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 12
UL RLF detected at L1
tRLFailure is started due to “16 + nOutSyncInd” consecutive frames for which SIR lies below SIR_Qout
threshold (-3 dB).

UL RLF detected at L1
l Detected by the Node B
l An RL fails, when the L1 synchronization cannot be maintained, i.e. when the quality of the decoding
at physical layer is not sufficient anymore to handle the TPC command in a reliable way.
l InW-CDMA systems, it becomes urgent to cancel an RL that ca not be power-controlled anymore,
since it may contribute to the interference and thus, the cell load, either unnecessarily, or even
damaging the cell quality.
l IftRLFailure expires, the Node B considers a "Radio link failure": it indicates to the SRNC which radio
link set is out-of-sync. When the RL Failure procedure is triggered, the state of the radio link set
changes to the out-of-sync state.
l If
the failed RL was the last RL of the Active Set then the SRNC launches an RRC connection re-
establishment procedure in order to avoid dropping the ongoing calls.

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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 13
RL restore detected at L1
l tRLFailure is stopped due to “16 + nInsyncInd” consecutive frames for which SIR lies above
SIR_Qin threshold (-3 dB).
l The threshold Qin should correspond to a level of DPCCH quality where detection of the TPC commands
transmitted on the downlink DPCCH is significantly more reliable than at Q out. For example, this can be
at a TPC command error ratio level of 20%.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 14
1: A failure is detected for the RL in the Node B.
2: The Node B sends a Radio Link Failure message to the SRNC.
3: A Radio Link Deletion procedure is performed. If this is the last Radio Link for the UE then the timer
rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer or timer rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer is started in order to wait for
the UE to send a Cell Update message to re-establish the connection. The timer should be larger than T314
/ T315 respectively which is the maximum time after which the UE will release the RAB.
4: On expiry, the RNC initiated Iu release is started towards all involved CN parts and SRNC pegs call drop
counters on expiry of the timer rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer or timer rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 15
As soon as the UE has detected a Radio Link Failure, it switches to CELL_FACH and sends a Cell Update
message to UTRAN. UTRAN responds with a Cell Update Confirm message and reconfigures the UE. If the
measurement report is included, the reconfiguration can be based thereon. If the radio conditions don’t
allow a reconfiguration, the RRC connection will be released.
1: The UE signals the Radio Link Failure via a Cell Update message to the SRNC. The timer
rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer or timer rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer is stopped (if running).
2: The old Radio Link is removed if it was done previously (this is the case when the Radio Link Failure is
first detected in UL by the Node B). A new Radio Link is set up. If necessary, the compressed mode is
configured and possibly activated.
3: The SRNC sends a Cell Update Confirm message to the UE.
4: The UE confirms the successful reconfiguration with a Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete message
and the calls already established go on.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
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RLF detected at L3 layer
l pollingTimer is started when a PDU with the polling bit set is transmitted.
l If
no STATUS PDU (containing the acknowledgement of all previously sent PDUs) has been received
before the timer pollingTimer expires, the receiver must be polled again, either by transmission of a
new PDU, or in a retransmitted PDU.
l pollingTimer may be stopped by a status PDU carrying the wanted information.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 17
RLF detected at L3 layer
l RLC Reset procedure
The sender sends the RESET, starts the resetTimer and counts the RESET iteration.
n Upon reception of a RESET, the receiver responds with a RESET ACK.
n If the receiver does not answer, the sender retransmits the RESET upon expiry of resetTimer.
n In case of unsuccessful RESET, the RESET can be reiterated maxNbrOfResetRetrans.
l Algorithm

n An RLC unrecoverable error occurs, when the number of retransmissions for a Reset PDU
has exceeded maxNbrOfResetRetrans, or a protocol error occurs.
n The UE in Cell-DCH or Cell-FACH sends a Cell Update message on CCCH (RB 0) to notify
UTRAN of an unrecoverable error in the RLC entities by setting the cause value to RLC
unrecoverable error and setting the AM_RLC error indication for RB 2, 3 & 4 or RB > 4 to true.
n The recovery algorithm is then similar to the one implemented for RL failure. If the call cannot
be recovered, the call is dropped with an IU RELEASE, cause ‘Radio Connection with UE Lost’.
n At reception of a Cell Update with the IE RLC unrecoverable error set to true, the
SRNC resets the URBs if an unrecoverable error is indicated by the UE on URB. If the
UE indicates an unrecoverable error on the SRBs, the RNC releases the RRC
connection.

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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 18
1: A DL RLC Unecoverable Error is detected by the RNC.
2: A Radio Link Deletion procedure is performed. If this is the last Radio Link for the UE then the timer
rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer or timer rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer is started in order to wait for
the UE to send a Cell Update message to re-establish the connection. The timer should be larger than T314
/ T315 respectively which is the maximum time after which the UE will release the RAB.
3: On expiry, the RNC initiated Iu release is started towards all involved CN parts and SRNC peg call drop
counters on expiry of the timer rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer or timer rrcReestPSMaxAllowedTimer.

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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 19
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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 20
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 21
Use the following list of impacts:
1. increase the number of Radio Link Failure detections
2. decrease the number of Radio Link Failure detections
3. increase the number of RLC unrecoverable error detections
4. decrease the number of RLC unrecoverable error detections

Duration = 10 min

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 22
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
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Duration = 5 min

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 24
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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 25
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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 26
These charts show the Density Function of the Probability to go to Out-of-sync state as a function of the
time.
The higher nOutSyncInd value, the lower the probablility to go Out-of-sync after a defined time.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 27
nOutSyncInd increase will also reduce the ping-pong effect in SHO areas with fast variation of radio
conditions that can lead to a call drop (ASU not seen by the UE). (Corner Effect)

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 28
NOTES:
1. The CDR improvement on january 12th is not due to NOutsyncInd modification.
2. The CDR on january 20th is degraded due to UTRAN system problems.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.5 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 29
NOTES:
1. The CDR improvement on january 12th is not due to NOutsyncInd modification.
2. The CDR on january 20th is degraded due to UTRAN system problems.

Explanation

l Once radio synchronization is lost, the UE takes around 5 seconds to detect the RL failure
((16+N313) x 10 ms+T313), then it takes around 2 seconds to reselect a cell and perform a Cell
Update procedure.
So it means at least 7 seconds before RL Recovery starts.

l When maxDAT= 15, the UE may retransmit during 3 seconds (maxDAT x pollingTimer = 15 x
200 ms) and then waits for 1.2 second ((maxNbrOfResetRetrans +1) x resetTimer = (3+1) x
30 0ms) before resetting RLC.
So it means at least 4.2 seconds before RLC reset.
Therefore, the RL Failure cannot be recovered.

l When maxDAT = 35, the UE may retransmit during 7 seconds (maxDAT x pollingTimer = 35 x
200 ms) and then waits for 1.2 second ((maxNbrOfResetRetrans +1) x resetTimer = (3+1) x
300 ms) before resetting RLC.
So it means at least 8.2 seconds before RLC reset.
n Therefore, the RL Failure can be recovered.
n If the UE has a message to transmit in UL, which is of course not always the case, it will
manage to avoid the RLC reset if the first Cell Update is successful.

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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 30
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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 31
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Section 2 · Module 5 · Page 32
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Document History

Edition Date Author Remarks

01 YYYY-MM-DD Last name, first name First edition

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Page

1 Objectives of radio resource management algorithms 7


1.1 Objectives 8
1.2 RRM algorithms 1 & 2 at R99 PS call admission 9
1.3 RRM algorithm 3 at CS (or R99 PS) call admission 10
1.4 RRM algorithms 4 & 5 during R99 PS I/B call 11
1.5 RRM algorithm 6 during R99 PS Str/I/B call 12
1.6 RRM algorithm 7 during R99 PS I/B call 13
1.7 RRM algorithm 8.x during Calls (CS, PS, R99, HSPA) 14
2 Tune iRM algorithm 15
2.1 Overview 16
2.2 iRM DL load color thresholds 17
2.3 iRM UL load color thresholds 18
2.4 Estimate the impact of an iRM parameter change 19
2.5 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 20
3 Tune CAC on UL radio load algorithm 21
3.1 iRM UL load color thresholds 22
3.2 Estimate the impact of a UL CAC parameter change 23
3.3 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 24
4 Tune pre-emption process algorithm 25
4.1 Mono-step / Multi-step pre-emption 26
4.2 Selection of services to be downgraded 27
4.3 Example: downgrading pre-emption in downlink 28
4.4 Estimation of resource de-allocation 29
4.4.1 Examples 30
4.5 Estimate the impact of a pre-emption parameter change 31
4.6 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 32
5 Tune always-on algorithm 33
5.1 AON transitions overview 34
5.2 AON downsize 35
5.2.1 AON downsize step 1: cell_DCH -> cell_FACH 36
5.2.2 AON downsize step 2: cell_FACH -> X_PCH 37
5.2.3 AON downsize step 3: X_PCH -> Idle 38
5.2.4 AON downsize step 3: cell_FACH -> Idle 39
5.3 AON upsize 40
5.3.1 AON upsize step 2: X_PCH -> cell_FACH 41
5.3.2 AON upsize step 1: cell_FACH -> cell_DCH (UL reason) 42
5.3.3 AON upsize step 1: cell_FACH -> cell_DCH (DL reason) 43
5.4 Which key parameters to tune? 44
5.5 Which QoS indicators to monitor? 46
6 Tune RB rate adaptation algorithm 48
6.1 RB rate adaptation overview 49
6.2 Traffic monitoring: UL & DL throughput 50
6.3 Traffic monitoring: UE buffer occupancy 51
6.4 Traffic monitoring: RNC buffer occupancy 52
6.5 RB UL downsize 53
6.6 RB DL downsize 54
6.7 RB UL upsize 55
6.8 RB DL upsize – Step by step 56
6.9 RB DL upsize – multi stage 57
6.10 Estimate the impact of an RB RA parameter change 58
6.11 Estimate the impact on QoS indicators 59
7 Tune iRM scheduling algorithm 60
7.1 iRM scheduling objective 61
7.2 iRM scheduling overview 62
7.3 iRM scheduling downgrade 63

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 5
Page

7.3.1 Primary cell in DRNC 64


7.4 iRM scheduling upgrade to nominal RB 65
7.4.1 Primary cell in DRNC 66
7.5 iRM scheduling upgrade to intermediate RB 67
7.5.1 Primary cell in DRNC 68
7.6 Which key parameters to tune? 69
7.7 Which QoS indicators to monitor? 70
8 Examples of radio resource management tuning 71
8.1 totalRoTMax to increase UL Mac-d HSUPA cell throughput 72
8.2 timerT1 to decrease RB blocking rate 73
8.2.1 RB success rate 74
8.2.2 RadioLinkEstablishedPerCell for PS384 75
8.2.3 RadioLinkEstablishedPerCell for PS128 & PS64 76
8.2.4 kbytes before drop 77
8.2.5 Number of AON downsize and upsize step1 78

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 6
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 7
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 8
The parameters red2BlackCLCThreshold and black2RedCLCThreshold define the thresholds on code load to
transition from Red to Black and Black to Red. They are only used by IMCRA and IMCTA and will not impact
old features. Indeed, the iRM feature will still use Green/Yellow/Red.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 9
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 10
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 11
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 12
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 13
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 14
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 15
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 16
The parameters red2BlackCLCThreshold and black2RedCLCThreshold define the thresholds on code load to
transition from Red to Black and Black to Red. They are only used by IMCRA and IMCTA and will not impact
old features. The iRM feature will still use Green/Yellow/Red.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 17
The parameters red2BlackCLCThreshold and black2RedCLCThreshold define the thresholds on code load to
transition from Red to Black and Black to Red. They are only used by IMCRA and IMCTA and will not impact
old features. The iRM feature will still use Green/Yellow/Red.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 18
Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay G to Y color change
2. speed-up G to Y color change
3. delay Y to R color change
4. speed-up Y to R color change
5. delay R to Y color change
6. speed-up R to Y color change
7. delay Y to G color change
8. speed-up Y to G color change
Precise if it is:
a. DL Code color change
b. DL Power code change
c. DL Iub Load color change
d. DL CEM color change
e. UL Radio Load color change
f. UL CEM color change

Duration = 10 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 19
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l RB blocking rate = Percentage of RBs that cannot be set up due to a lack of resources
l% of time cell is red = Percentage of time that a cell is in iRM RED color
l RRC conn. Success rate = Percentage of RRC Connections that are successfully set up
l% of time cell is yellow = Percentage of time that a cell is in iRM YELLOW color
l Avg number of CS calls = Average number of CS RABs that are simultaneously established

Duration = 10 min

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 20
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 21
Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 22
Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay UL Radio Load CAC failure
2. speed-up UL Radio Load CAC failure
3. increase R99 UL traffic capacity of the cell
4. decrease R99 UL traffic capacity of the cell
5. increase E-DCH UL traffic capacity of the cell
6. decrease E-DCH UL traffic capacity of the cell
7. increase total (R99+E-DCH) UL traffic capacity of the cell
8. decrease total (R99+E-DCH) UL traffic capacity of the cell

Duration = 10 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 23
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l RB blocking rate = Percentage of RBs that cannot be set up due to a lack of resources
l% of time cell is red = Percentage of time that a cell is in iRM RED color
l RRC conn. Success rate = Percentage of RRC Connections that are successfully set up
l Avg number of CS calls = Average number of CS RABs that are simultaneously established
l E-DCH cell throughput

Duration = 10 min

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 24
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 25
In case of a pre-empted DCH PS call, there is a possibility to downgrade the PS call RB bit rate before
triggering a PS call drop if needed.
In order to set the parameter preemptionDowngradeReleaseStep to ReleaseOnly, it is required to have the
parameters preemptionFloorBitRateInDownlink/Uplink defined to <unset>.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 26
The preemptionFloorBitRateInxxxx (xxxx is downlink or uplink) is the RB bit rate over which the DCH
PS call can be selected for being pre-empted. It is also, at the same time, the target RB bit rate to which
the pre-empted DCH PS call is reconfigured.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 27
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 28
An estimation of the resource needed has to be done in the following CAC failure cases:
l Node B: DCH resource allocation failure
l Code: DCH or HS-DSCH resource allocation failure
l Power: DCH or HS-DSCH resource allocation failure
When the CAC failure occurs at Node B level for HS-DSCH or E-DCH resource allocation, a “one to one”
release action is processed (i.e. a P-Service established on HS-DSCH or E-DCH is released) without taken
into account the resource quantity used.
In order to have a common estimator of all resources to be de-allocated, whatever where the CAC failure
occurs, the estimation of resources needed is based on:
l the current radio bit rates if the CAC failure concerns DCH resources allocation at Node B or RNC sides
(power and code). The resource quantity to be de-allocated in a congested cell is based on the sum of
radio estimated downlink rates needed to establish all P-Services of the call in this cell.
l the fair bit rate if the CAC failure concerns HSDPA resources allocation on RNC side (power and code).
The resource quantity to be de-allocated in a congested cell is based on the sum of fair bit rates
needed to establish all P-Services of the call in this cell. The fair bit rate of a P-Service is calculated by
the fair sharing function and is either the GBR, the MinBR (defined by OAM) if non null or the
minHsDschReservationForCac (defined by OAM).
The resource de-allocation calculation uses a de-allocation factor (defined by OAM) to major the quantity of
resources to be freed. The unit is the kbits/sec. The resource to be freed is defined by the formula:
l ULresource rate to be freed= UL Radio rate to be allocated * UL de-allocation factor
l DL resource rate to be freed= DL Radio rate or fair bit rate to be allocated * DL de-allocation factor
The de-allocation factor depends on the resource quantity to be freed:
n If the resource quantity <= threshold, the de-allocation factor used is the high factor value
defined by OAM.
n If the resource quantity > threshold, the de-allocation factor used is the low factor value defined
by OAM.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 29
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 30
Use the following list of impacts:
1. Increase the amount of DL resources freed when R99 PS RB pre-emption is triggered
2. Increase the amount of UL resources freed when R99 PS RB pre-emption is triggered
3. Decrease the amount of DL resources freed when R99 PS RB pre-emption is triggered
4. Decrease the amount of UL resources freed when R99 PS RB pre-emption is triggered
5. Increase the number of R99 PS RB downgraded in DL by the pre-emption process
6. Increase the number of R99 PS RB downgraded in UL by the pre-emption process
7. Decrease the number of R99 PS RB downgraded in DL by the pre-emption process
8. Decrease the number of R99 PS RB downgraded in UL by the pre-emption process

Duration = 10 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 31
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l RB blocking rate = Percentage of RBs that cannot be set up due to a lack of resources
l RRC conn. Success rate = Percentage of RRC Connections that are successfully set up
l Avg number of CS calls = Average number of CS RABs that are simultaneously established
l Avg R99 PS throughput = Average throughput measured on all the R99 PS RB of a certain bit
l rate

l AvgHSxPA throughput = Average HSDPA or E-DCH throughput measured on all the HSDPA RB or
HSUPA RB

Duration = 10 min

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 32
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 33
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 34
Transition Trigger
l CELL_DCH to CELL_FACH: User low traffic (UL&DL) & Timer
l CELL_DCH to CELL/URA_PCH: User inactivity & Timer or CS call release
l (CS+PS00)

l CELL_DCH/CELL_FACH to CELL/URA_PCH: Trigger of SCRI by UE


l CELL_FACH to CELL_PCH: User inactivity & Timer
l CELL_FACH to URA_PCH: User inactivity & Timer
l CELL_FACH to Idle: User inactivity & Timer
l CELL_PCH to URA_PCH: Number of cell update procedures & Timer
l CELL_PCH to Idle: RRC Signaling inactivity & Timer
l URA_PCH to Idle : RRC Signaling inactivity & Timer
l CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH:
n Traffic resuming
n New service establishment
n Signaling message
l CELL/URA_PCH to CELL_DCH:
n PS Traffic resuming based on TVI (UA08.1)
n CS Call Establishment (UA08.1 or UA7.1.3.6)
n PS MUX traffic resuming
l CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH: User traffic (buffer threshold in UL or DL)

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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 35
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 36
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 37
When the UE is in either CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, no dedicated Radio Bearer is assigned to the user.
The DTCH Logical Channel no longer exists.
Hence there is no need to measure the user traffic activity, as the user is inactive as long as:
• It is not paged by the network. The UE then answers to the Paging type 1 by a Cell Update message
(with cause Answer to paging).
• It performs a cell update (with cause Uplink data transmission) before a timer expires.
The decision is then based on signaling activity monitoring.

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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 38
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Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 39
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 40
Ast case is when CN CS initiates a call setup, UE being in X_PCH state:

Specific case of PS I/B Mux configuration:


l This Multi-RAB configuration is not supported on the FACH yet. Thus, the Always-on Step 1 is skipped
for (PS I/B Mux + SRB) configurations: there is a direct transition from CELL_DCH to CELL_PCH (or
URA_PCH) for the downsize and from CELL_PCH (or URA_PCH) to CELL_DCH for the upsize.
The principle used for the monitoring of the downsize is the following:
l If one of the 2 RABs is inactive, nothing is done, i.e. no synchronous Radio Link or Radio Bearer
reconfiguration is triggered.
l If the 2 RABs are inactive (i.e. 0 kbps in uplink and downlink during a certain period of time) then the
UE is moved to CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state depending on activation flags. In case X_PCH is not
activated, the Iu and the RRC Connection are released.
It is managed the same way if there is a simultaneous speech call, except that the UE is kept in CELL_DCH
but reconfigured to CS + PS I/B Mux UL 0 kbps / DL 0 kbps. In case X_PCH is not activated, the Iu-PS is
released but the RRC Connection is kept, as well as the Iu-CS connection.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 41
The Always-on Step 1 upsize procedure is going through the iRM & CAC and is also limited by the
parameters maxUlEstablishmentRbRate and maxDlEstablishmentRbRate.
That’s why the resource allocated to the user at the upsize will not necessarily be the same as the one
allocated at the admission.

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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 42
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TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 43
Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay AON Downsize Step 1: Cell_DCH -> Cell_FACH
2. speed-up AON Downsize Step 1: Cell_DCH -> Cell_FACH
3. delay AON Downsize Step 2: Cell_FACH -> X_PCH
4. speed-up AON Downsize Step 2: Cell_FACH -> X_PCH
5. delay AON Downsize Step 3: X_PCH -> Idle
6. speed-up AON Downsize Step 3: X_PCH -> Idle
7. delay AON Downsize Step 3: Cell_FACH -> Idle
8. speed-up AON Downsize Step 3: Cell_FACH -> Idle
9. delay AON Upsize Step 2: X_PCH -> Cell_FACH
10. speed-up AON Upsize Step 2: X_PCH -> Cell_FACH
11. delay AON Upsize Step 1: Cell_FACH -> Cell_DCH (UL reason)
12. speed-up AON Upsize Step 1: Cell_FACH -> Cell_DCH (UL reason)
13. delay AON Upsize Step 1: Cell_FACH -> Cell_DCH (DL reason)
14. speed-up AON Upsize Step 1: Cell_FACH -> Cell_DCH (DL reason)

Duration = 15 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 44
Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay AON Downsize Step 1: Cell_DCH -> Cell_FACH
2. speed-up AON Downsize Step 1: Cell_DCH -> Cell_FACH
3. delay AON Downsize Step 2: Cell_FACH -> X_PCH
4. speed-up AON Downsize Step 2: Cell_FACH -> X_PCH
5. delay AON Downsize Step 3: X_PCH -> Idle
6. speed-up AON Downsize Step 3: X_PCH -> Idle
7. delay AON Downsize Step 3: Cell_FACH -> Idle
8. speed-up AON Downsize Step 3: Cell_FACH -> Idle
9. delay AON Upsize Step 2: X_PCH -> Cell_FACH
10. speed-up AON Upsize Step 2: X_PCH -> Cell_FACH
11. delay AON Upsize Step 1: Cell_FACH -> Cell_DCH (UL reason)
12. speed-up AON Upsize Step 1: Cell_FACH -> Cell_DCH (UL reason)
13. delay AON Upsize Step 1: Cell_FACH -> Cell_DCH (DL reason)
14. speed-up AON Upsize Step 1: Cell_FACH -> Cell_DCH (DL reason)

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 45
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l CELL-DCH à CELL-FACH = Number of State Transitions Cell_DCH to Cell_FACH (AON downsize step 1)
l CELL-FACH à CELL-DCH = Number of State Transitions Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH (AON upsize step 1)
l CELL-FACH à xPCH = Number of State Transitions Cell_FACH to Cell_PCH or URA_PCH (AON downsize
step 2)
l xPCH à CELL-FACH = Number of State Transitions Cell_PCH or URA_PCH to Cell_FACH (AON upsize step
2)
l CELL-FACH à IDLE = Number of State Transitions Cell_FACH to Idle (AON downsize step 3 when PCH
states are not used)
l xPCH à IDLE = Number of State Transitions Cell_PCH or URA_PCH to Idle (AON downsize step 3 when
PCH states are used)

Duration = 15 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 46
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l AON downsize per call = Number of State Transitions Cell_DCH to Cell_FACH (AON downsize step 1) per
PS call
l AON upsize per call = Number of State Transitions Cell_FACH to Cell_DCH (AON upsize step 1) per PS
call
l PS RB blocking rate = Percentage of RBs for a PS call that fail to be set up because of a lack of radio
resources
l PS call drop rate =
Percentage of PS calls that drop (Iu Release Request sent by RNC to CN-PS for an
abnormal reason (different that Normal call release or Traffic inactivity timeout)

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The mechanism is made up of 2 main functions:
l Traffic Monitoring: periodically estimates the user activity in UL and DL at RLC level.
l RBResizing Process: determines if the current RB needs to be adapted (independently in UL and
DL) based on traffic monitoring output and triggers bit rate resizing if required.

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Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.
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Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay DL RB RA Downsize
2. speed-up DL RB RA Downsize
3. delay UL RB RA Downsize
4. speed-up UL RB RA Downsize
5. delay DL RB RA Upsize Step by Step
6. speed-up DL RB RA Upsize Step by Step
7. delay DL RB RA Upsize Multi-Stage
8. speed-up DL RB RA Upsize Multi-Stage
9. delay UL RB RA Upsize
10.speed-up UL RB RA Upsize
11.enable RB RA DL from a given Radio Bearer
12.disable RB RA DL from a given Radio Bearer
13.enable RB RA UL from a given Radio Bearer
14.disable RB RA UL from a given Radio Bearer
15.enable RB RA DL to a given Radio Bearer
16.disable RB RA DL to a given Radio Bearer
17.enable RB RA UL to a given Radio Bearer
18.disable RB RA UL to a given Radio Bearer

Duration = 10 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 58
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l RB blocking rate = Percentage of RBs that cannot be set up due to a lack of resources
l DL BLER PS = Average DL BLER for R99 PS calls
l UL BLER PS = Average UL BLER for R99 PS calls
l Average DL Cell Throughput PS = Average DL throughput for R99 PS calls
l Average UL Cell Throughput PS = Average UL throughput for R99 PS calls
l Number of RB Reconfiguration Attempts = Number of RB reconfigurations attempted by UTRAN
with UE

Duration = 10 min

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The iRM Scheduling feature allows one to ensure the PS service continuity for all PS services while trying to
offer the highest supported bit rate as much as possible. This is done through 2 complementary
procedures:
l Thedowngrade ensures the service continuity by reducing the user throughput when the radio
conditions are bad, towards a configurable fallback bit rate which is served on the whole network.
l The upgrade increases the user throughput (after being first downgraded) when he retrieves good
radio conditions.

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Use the following list of impacts:
1. delay iRM Scheduling Downgrade when Primary cell is under SRNC
2. speed-up iRM Scheduling Downgrade when Primary cell is under SRNC
3. delay iRM Scheduling Upgrade to Nominal RB when Primary cell is under SRNC
4. speed-up iRM Scheduling Upgrade to Nominal RB when Primary cell is under SRNC
5. delay iRM Scheduling Upgrade to Intermediate RB when Primary cell is under SRNC
6. speed-up iRM Scheduling Upgrade to Intermediate RB when Primary cell is under SRNC
7. delay iRM Scheduling Downgrade when Primary cell is under DRNC
8. speed-up iRM Scheduling Downgrade when Primary cell is under DRNC
9. delay iRM Scheduling Upgrade to Nominal RB when Primary cell is under DRNC
10.speed-up iRM Scheduling Upgrade to Nominal RB when Primary cell is under DRNC
11.delay iRM Scheduling Upgrade to Intermediate RB when Primary cell is under DRNC
12.speed-up iRM Scheduling Upgrade to Intermediate RB when Primary cell is under DRNC

Duration = 10 min

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.6 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 6 · Page 69
Use the following list of QoS indicators:
l PS CDR = PS Call Drop Rate
l DL BLER PS = Average DL BLER for R99 PS calls only
l UL BLER PS = Average UL BLER for R99 PS calls only
l iRM Sched. Downgrade per call =Average number of iRM Scheduling Downgrade procedures triggered
per established PS call (PS RAB)
l iRM Sched. Upgrade per call =
Average number of iRM Scheduling Upgrade procedures (Intermediate or
Nominal) triggered per established PS call (PS RAB)
l Ratio between the number of iRM Scheduling Upgrades
Ratio of iRM S. Upgrade Intermediate vs Nominal =
to Intermediate RB rate and the number of iRM Scheduling Upgrades to Nominal RB rate

Duration = 10 min

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totalRotMax = 8 is better in multi-user environment

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Page

1 Optimal throughput for HSDPA 7


1.1 Rationale 8
1.2 HSDPA reference throughput figures 9
1.3 How to perform the initial throughput test 10
1.4 Key E2E parameters to optimize HSDPA throughput 11
1.4.1 Definitions 13
1.4.2 Configuration rule 14
1.4.3 TCP/RLC setting 16
1.4.4 FTP server recommendations 17
1.4.5 Minimum UL RAB requirement 18
1.4.6 CN bandwidth requirements 19
2 Optimal throughput for HSUPA 23
2.1 Rationale 24
2.2 E-DCH reference throughput figures 25
2.3 Key E2E parameters to optimize HSUPA throughput 26
2.3.1 Max UL SIR target 27
2.3.2 Diversity gain 29

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The throughput figures shown here are 3GPP theoretical maximum values (ideal radio conditions). The
typical throughput levels measured in lab or live environment are often substantially lower, due
to non-ideal radio conditions.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


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Section 2 · Module 7 · Page 9
Before saying that throughput is under expectations and going through investigation, it is required to
perform again the initial throughput test:
l with a different UE (e.g. different model and/or different vendor)
l witha different method (e.g. DOS command lines instead of FTP client) by running multiple FTP
sessions in parallel.

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


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Section 2 · Module 7 · Page 10
Maximum number of HS-PDSCH codes (15): Fair Sharing enabled (Dyn codes mgt part):
l BTSEquipment /hsdpaCodeTreeManagementActivation = True
l FDDCell / isHsxpaR99ResourcesSharingOnCellAllowed = True
1 SF16 used for ccc including multiple S-CCPCH, HS-SCCH and DL HSUPA codes (for ex: 1 S-CCPCH + 2 HS-
SCCH + 1 E-AGCH + 1 E-HICH/E-RGCH)

Hybrid Iub or Native IP Iub (xCcm on NodeB and GIGe on RNC needed): In order to achieve high
throughput, ATM BW (8 E1s) is not sufficient and Hybrid Iub is recommended.
l Correct Hybrid Iub setting:
n RadioAccessService/ HsdpaRncConf /minimumHsdschCreditPerTtiInBytes = 1456
n RadioAccessService/ HsdpaRncConf / maxIubHsDschFrameSize = 1472
l Correct ATM setting:
n RadioAccessService/ HsdpaRncConf /minimumHsdschCreditPerTtiInBytes = 2296
n RadioAccessService/ HsdpaRncConf / maxIubHsDschFrameSize = 1520
n Maximum value for txQueueLimit of Access Node according to the ATM card

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


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Correct Iub congestion management setting:
If not correctly set, the throughput can fluctuate very strongly and we couldn’t get more than 2 or 3 Mbps
max (some time less than 1M)
RNC/ RNCEquipment / INode / EM / RncIn / Cm / activation =discardAndBackPressure
RNC/ RNCEquipment / INode / EM / RncIn / Cm / bwPoolCellColor =enabled
RNC/ RNCEquipment / INode / EM / RncIn / Cm /bwPoolQosBackPressureThreshold
andbwPoolQosDiscardThreshold

No Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) limitation:


Ranap MBR higher than the max throughput and Iu Source Conformance disabled (If Source Conformance
is On, the RNC will limit the HSDPA throughput to min(MBR;maximumTokenGenerationRate))

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The parameter dlRlcQueueSizeForUeCa in DlRbSetConf provides the size of the buffers in the RNC. It
configures the number of incoming SDUs that RLC can hold in order to wait for transmission.
The size of this buffer may influence the application performances: when the buffer is already full, and the
RNC still receives data, these SDUs are deleted.
From UA07, the dlRlcQueueSizeForUeCa defined in RbSetConf/PS_HSDSCH_IB,
RbSetConf/PS_HSDSCH_IB_MUX, RbSetConf/PS_HSDSCH_IB_MUX3,
RbSetConf/PS_HSDSCH_STR are unused.
The parameter dlRlcQueueSizeForUeCaForUeCat in RNC/Radio Access Service/HsdpaRncConf is used
instead.

To prevent dlRlcQueueSizeForUeCa queue overflow, RWIN shall be ≤ dlRlcQueueSizeForUeCa value.

prohibitedStatusTimer: Minimum time in ms between STATUS reports.

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TCP/RLC setting:
l RWIN (TCP window) = 146 kB for UE Cat.9/10 or 350 kB for UE Cat.14 or 700.8 kB for UE Cat. 24
l DlRlcQueueSizeForUeCat = 256 RLC SDUs for Cat.9/10 or 512 for Cat.14 and Cat. 24
l prohibitedStatusTimer = 30 ms (reduced to 10 ms for Flexible RLC)

From UA07, the parameter DlRlcQueueSizeForUeCat in RNC/Radio Access Service/HsdpaRncConf is used


instead of the DlRlcQueueSize defined in RbSetConf/PS_HSDSCH_IB,RbSetConf/PS_HSDSCH_IB_MUX,
RbSetConf/PS_HSDSCH_IB_MUX3, RbSetConf/PS_HSDSCH_STR

prohibitedStatusTimer:
l For Cat6, Cat8, Cat10 and generally speaking the UEs using Fixed RLC PDU size:
n DlRlcAckMode/prohibitedStatusTimer to 30 ms.
l For Cat13 to Cat24 using Flexible RLC PDU size:
n DlRlcAckFlexibleMode/prohibitedStatusTimer to 10 ms
n Therotically, all categories of UE are able to operate with Flexible RLC PDUs, provided that they
run with Release 7 or above software. In practice, in the field, the UEs operating with Flexible
RLC PDUs are the high-rate capable UEs (e.g. Cat14 and Cat24).

Copyright © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent. All Rights Reserved.


TMO18351_V3-SG-UA08-Ed1 Module 2.7 Edition 1
Section 2 · Module 7 · Page 16
If the FTP server has a limited configuration and could not be changed, high throughput could be achieved
by establishing 2 (or more) FTP sessions in parallel.

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For HSxPA, when a MAC-e PDU is lost, 40 ms are necessary to retransmit the lost PDU. And the
interruption time observed at the GI interface is around 50 ms.
For HSDPA with UL R99, RLC RTT is dependent on UL TTI -20 ms or 10 ms UL 64/128 or 384 – and of RLC
layer configuration-TSP -.
Around 100-ms average interuption time shall be considered for a single RLC PDU loss. 100-ms interruption
time can generate up to 75 kB DL bursts sent at 100 Mbps.

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The throughput figures shown here are 3GPP theoretical maximum values (ideal radio conditions). The
typical throughput levels measured in lab or live environment are often substantially lower, due to non-ideal
radio conditions.

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Check the current UL RTWP levels at the OAM (only if OAM access is available):
Under WMS, open the Equipment Monitor window for the concerned BTSEquipment object(s) > Dynamic
Data menu > getRadioPowerInfo section >
for each concerned cell, check the values of rtwpMain, rtwpDiv and rtwpCombined metrics.

Observe the UL RTWP level variation through Monitoring (extended PM indicators):

l UULOAD009_CR_MainVsDiv: Difference between minimum RTWP on main and diversity branches


[10*LOG(VS_RadioWBandRxMainPwr_Min)-10*LOG(VS_RadioWBandRxDivPwr_Min)]
l UULOAD009_CR_StabilityMain: RTWP stability for the main branch
[-120 + 10*LOG(VS_RadioWBandRxMainPwr_Min)]
l UULOAD009_CR_StabilityDiv: RTWP stability for the diversity branch
[-120 + 10*LOG(VS_RadioWBandRxDivPwr_Min)]

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Section 3 · Module 1 · Page 2
# FDD Frequency Division Duplex
2G Second Generation FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
3G Third Generation FE Fast Ethernet
3GPP Third Generation Project Partnership FTP File Transfer Protocol

A G
ALCAP Access Link Control Application Protocol GE Gigabit Ethernet
AM Acknowledged Mode GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate GSM Global System for Mobile communications
AS Active Set
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode H
HHO Hard Handover
B HO Handover
BB BroadBand HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel HS-DSCH High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel
BDP Bandwidth-Delay Product HSPA High-Speed Packet Access
BLER Block Error Ratio HS-PDSCH High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared
BoQ Bill of Quantities Channel
BSC Base Station Controller HS-SCCH High-Speed Shared Control Channel
BSS Base Station Subsystem HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
BW BandWidth
I
C iMCTA intelligent MultiCarrier Traffic Allocation
CAC Connection Admission Control IP Internet Protocol
CCCH Common Control Channel Iu Interface between UTRAN and Core
CCO Cell Change Order Network
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access Iub Interface between RNC and Node B
CDR Call Drop Rate
CEM Channel Element Module K
CI Cell Identity KPI Key Performance Indicator
CM Configuration Management
CN Core Network L
CPICH Common PIlot CHannel L1 Layer 1
CQI Channel Quality Indicator LAC Location Area Code
CS Circuit Switching LTE Long-Term Evolution
CSSR Call Setup Success Rate
M
D MAC Medium Access Control
DCPS Dual Core Packet Server MAC-e enhanced MAC
DHT Diversity Handover Trunk MAC-hs high-speed MAC
DL Downlink MBR Maximum Bit Rate
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel MCPA Multi-Carrier Power Amplifier
DRNC Drift RNC MDA Media Device Adaptor
DRX Discontinuous Reception MO Mobile Originating
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel MOS Mean Opinion Score
MR Measurement Report
E MS Mobile Station
E2E End-to-End MSC Mobile services Switching Center
E-AGCH Enhanced Access Granted Channel MSS Maximum Segment Size
E-DCH Enhanced DCH MT Mobile Terlminating
E-DPDCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data MTU Maximum Transfer Unit
Channel
E-HICH Enhanced HARQ Indicator Channel N
E-RGCH Enhanced Relative Grant Channel NB Narrowband

F
FACH Forward Access Channel

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Section 3 · Module 1 · Page 3
O SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
OAM Operation, Administration and SHO Soft Handover
Maintenance SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
OCNS Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator SRB Signaling Radio Bearer
O&M Operation and Maintenance SRNC Serving RNC
OMC Operation and Maintenance Center
OMC-R Operation and Maintenance Center-Radio T
TCP Transport Control Protocol
P TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
PA Power Adjustment TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel TTI Transmission Timing Interval
PCH Paging Channel TX Transmission
P-CPICH Primary-Common Pilot Channel
PDU Packet Data Unit U
PICH Pilot Channel UE User Equipment
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network UL Uplink
PM Performance Configuration UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications
PS Packet Switching System
PSI Packet System Information URB User Radio Bearer
UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Q UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Network
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying W
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
R
RA Routing Area
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAC Radio Admission control
RAN Radio Access Network
RANAP Radio Access Network Application
Protocol
RAT Radio Access Technology
RB Radio Bearer
RCR RRC Connection Re-establishment
RFT Radio Fine Tuning
RL Radio Link
RLC Radio Link Control
RLF Radio Link Failure
RLM Radio Link Management
RNC Radio Network Controller
RNO Radio Network Optimizer
RNP Radio Network Planning
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RSCP Received Signal Code Power
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication
RTT Round Trip Time
RTWP Received Total Wideband Power
RUE RLC Unrecoverable Error
Rx Reception

S
SC Supervised Configuration
S-CCPCH Secondary – Common Control Physical
Channel
SDU Signaling Data Unit

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