GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR

PIPEWORK FABRICATION
SCOPE

 This standard specifies the requirements for welded

fabrication, inspection and testing of pressure and process
containing piping and all welded attachments to that piping.

MATERIALS

 Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steels (C & C – Mn )

 Low Alloy Steels
 Austenitic Stainless Steels (18 Cr – 8 Ni)
 Ferritic Stainless Steels
 Cu – Ni Alloys
 Duplex Stainless Steels.
CODES AND STANDARDS

 ASME B31.1 (Power Piping)

 ASME B31.3 (Process Piping)
 IBR Standard (Steam Service)
 API RP 582 (Welding Guidelines for the Chemical, Oil, and Gas Industries)
 ASME Section IX (Welding and Brazing Qualifications)
 NACE MR 0103 & NACE RP 0472 (Sour Service)
 API 941 (Hydrogen Service)
 ES – 24 (Pipe Fabrication Institute Standard)
 ASME B16.25 (For Pipe length and butt weld fittings)

PROJECT SPECIFICATION:

 PDRP – 8230 – SP – 0001 (Pipe Class Index)

 PDRP – 8440 – SP – 0009 (Submission of welding and manufacturing
procedures)
 WELD DESIGN
BUTT WELDS:

 Spool pieces shall have excess 100 mm plain end length on one
component of the joint.

RADIAL MISALIGNMENT:

 Thickness up to 15 mm - ≤ 1.5 mm is allowed.

 Thickness greater than 15 mm - ≤ 2.5 mm is allowed.
 Excess internal misalignment shall be corrected by machining pipe ends (It
should not reduce the required wall thickness)

FLANGES:

 The distance from the flange face to the pipe end = the pipe wall thickness
+ 3 mm
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES:

Up to and Nom pipe (+/-)

including(mm) size(inches) Tolerances(mm)
250 10 3.2
900 36 4.8
1200 48 5.6
1500 60 6.4
1800 72 7

CUTTING AND WELD PREPARATION:

PROHIBITIONS:
 For Stainless steels, thermal cutting shall be limited to plasma arc. Arc –
gouging and oxy – gas methods are specifically prohibited.
 For all materials, excavation of defects and back gouging by oxy gas
method is prohibited.
DRESSING AFTER THERMAL CUTTING:

 Heat affected base metal shall be removed by grinding or

machining back the cut edge by at least 1.5 mm.
 All thermally cut edges of low alloy steels shall be examined by
the magnetic particle method to demonstrate freedom from
cracks.

CLEANING PRIOR TO WELDING:

 Minimum of 25 mm of adjacent material shall be thoroughly

cleaned of contaminants which could adversely affect weld
quality.
 For Copper/Nickel and Nickel based alloys, the joint area shall
be scratch – brushed using stainless steel wire brush.
 WELDING
WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION (WPS):

 All WPS shall be submitted for review by IOCL in accordance with PDRP –
8840 – SP – 0009

WELDING PROCESSES:

Acceptable Welding Processes

 SMAW or MMA (Shielded Metal Arc Welding or Manual Metal Arc)

 GTAW or TIG (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding or Tungsten Inert Gas)
 SAW (Submerged Arc Welding)
 FCAW (Flux Cored Arc Welding)
 GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding)
PROHIBITIONS:

 In GTAW Arc ignition by touch start is prohibited. – HF to be used

 In FCAW self shielded is prohibited.
 T – 2 & T – 5 type wires shall not be used for vertical – up welding.
 FCAW shall be limited to carbon steel and austenitic stainless steels.

JOINT DETAILS:

FULL PENETRATION WELDS:

 SMAW electrode diameter for the root pass in 3’’ NPS shall not exceed 2.5
mm.(For carbon and low alloy steels with up to 2% Cr )
 GTAW shall be used for root pass in less than 3’’ NPS.

PROHIBITIONS:

 Backing Strips and EB type inserts are prohibited.

 Vertical down welding is prohibited.
 Peening is prohibited in all passes.
WELDING CONSUMABLES:

 Welding consumables with the designation EXXT – G or ERXXS – G shall

not be used.

SHIELDING/ PURGE GASES:

 Inert gas shall contain not more than 2% oxygen for GTAW or GMAW of
Austenitic stainless steel.
 Shielding and purging gases for GTAW welding of Ni alloys shall be in high
purity (99.99%) argon or helium.

INTER PASS TEMPERATURES:

 Low alloy and Ferritic Stainless steels – 315⁰C

 Carbon steels – 315⁰C
 Austenitic Stainless steel – 175⁰C
 Nickel and Cu – Ni alloys – 175⁰C
 Duplex Stainless Steel – 150⁰C
 Inter pass temperature should not fall below the specified preheat temperature
until the completion of not less than 30% of final weld depth.
 Piping shall not be moved until at least 50% of final weld depth is complete.

PWHT:
 No welding shall be performed after PWHT

 Austenitic stainless steel shall not be Post Weld heat treated.

WELDING PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION

ESSENTIAL AND SUPPLEMENTARY ESSENTIAL VARIABLES:

 An increase in the specified current range.

 An increase in the maximum electrode diameter.
 An increase in the width of weave or a change from string to weave bead
technique.
 An increase in maximum interpass temperature above 250 ⁰C.
 A change of SMAW electrode manufacturer or brand.
 A change in consumable manufacturer and brand designation.
POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT(PWHT)

Material Type Thickness Min Holding Time at Holding

(mm) Temperature Temperatures(Min)
(⁰C) Per mm Minimum

Carbon Steel Up to 19(a) 595 2.5 60

Over 19(a) 595 2.5 60
1 Cr – 0.5 Mo
Or All (b) 704 2.5 120
1.25 Cr – 0.5 Mo
2.25 Cr – Mo All (b) 704 2.5 120
5 Cr – 0.5 Mo
Or All (b) 730 2.5 120
9 Cr – 1 Mo
Notes:
 Except where specifically required by the governing code, or called for in the piping class for process
or other reason, PWHT is not generally required for carbon steel up to an including 19 mm thick.
 Where specifically agreed in writing with IOCL, PWHT is not required for small bore(1.5” NS and
below)
 socket welds performed using SFA-5.11 ENiCrFe-2 or SFA-5.14 ERNiCr-3 consumables.
PQR TESTING REQUIREMENT:
 Test welds for carbon and low alloy steels shall be subject to a 10 Kg
Vickers hardness survey of the weld.
 The maximum hardness shall not exceed 248 HV10.

NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION (NDE) AND TESTING

 Where ever the extent indicated is 10% this is defined as 100%

examination of 1 in 10 of those welds indicated.
 NDE shall be performed within 48 hours after completion of each weld.
 Root runs may be subject to 10% MPI or DPI at the discretion of the
responsible engineers.
RT:
 All shop examination up to and including 25 mm total wall thickness shall
use X rays
 For above 25 mm, Gamma rays shall be used.
 Sensitivity shall be 2%.
 Where ever radiography is impractical, ultrasonic examination may be used
in lieu of radiography.
NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION(NDE) AND TESTING
EXAMINATION CLASS:
 All NDE shall follow the Materials Examination Class(ASME Rating)
requirements of ASME B31.3 Class I(c) Class II Class III Class IV
Notes: Carbon 900 – 150 – - 150 (b)
a) This table is for information Steel 2500 600
only . Low alloy 150 – - - -
b) Non hazardous duties only steel 2500
(below 400⁰C)
c) Pipe in the following services Cement - - All -
Shall be treated as Class I lined C.S
Disregarding the pressure Austenitic 900 – 150 – - -
Rating S.S 2500 600
) Sulphuric acid
Cupro – 150 – - - -
) SS pipe in cryogenic service
Nickel 2500
) Hydrogen service
Titanium 150 – - - -
) Chlorine service
2500
) H₂S(Both wet and High
Duplex 150 – - - -
Temperature service)
S.S 2500
) Cyclic and Amine service
Nickel 150 – - - -
alloy 2500
EXTEND OF NDE
Examination Examination Applicable Butt Branch Fillet/Sock Attach-
Class methods materials welds welds et welds ment
welds
I Visual All 100 100 100 100
Radiography All 100 - (note b) NR
(note a)
Mag Particle CS,LAS 100(h 100(g, h) 100 100
Dye Aus S.S ) 100(g) 100 100
Penetrant Duplex S.S 100
& Non
ferrous

II Visual All 100 100 100 100

Radiography All 10 - 10(note b) NR
(note a)
Mag particle CS,Aus 10 10(g) 10 10
Dye S.S 10 10(g) 10 10
Penetrant S.S & Non
ferrous

III(note c) Visual CS 100 100 100 100

Mag particle CS NA NA 100 100
IV (note d) Visual All 100 100 100 100
Mag particle All (note e)
NA: Not Applicable NR: Not Required

NOTES:

a)As per 11.4.2 ultrasonic examination may be utilized when radiography is

inappropriate.
b)Radiography may be used to verify correct gap for socket welding.
c)Examination Class III is applicable to carbon steel concrete lined pipe.
d)Examination Class IV will not normally be used on pressure containing pipe work.
e)Fire water Services: 10% Radiography
Amine Services: 100% Radiography
Concrete lined site joints: Random radiography
f)Including seal welds of threaded joints
g)For branch welds, the required DPI/MPI shall apply to the root pass and final
pass.
h)For butt welds in carbon steel and any low alloy steel piping classes designated
for NACE MR 0103 duty, the MPI shall be:
a.The DC prod method permitted only for non-impact tested carbon steel piping
that is not subject to PWHT. Any arc strikes resulting from this method shall be dressed out.
b.All other material/service combinations shall use the electormagnetic AC yoke method.
c.MPI of welds shall include a minimum of 25 mm of base material either side of the weld
centerline.
If the extent indicated is 10%, this is defined as 100% examination of 1 in 10 of
)those welds indicated
)The first five production welds by each welder should be examined shall cover
)each pipe size
PRODUCTION HARDNESS TESTING:

 Production macro – hardness values shall not exceed 200 BHN for carbon
steel welds or 225 BHN for alloy steel welds.

PRESSURE TESTING:

 The chloride content of the hydro test water for austenitic stainless steels
shall not exceed 30 ppm and the hydro test temperature shall not exceed
50⁰C

PRODUCTION ALLOY CHECK ANALYSIS:

 Austenitic stainless steel weld subject to stress relief or service over 500 ⁰C,
shall be subjected to a minimum of 3 ferrite checks per weld.
 With minimum of 1 ferrite check per 200 mm length of manual welds.
 Ferrite levels shall be in the range of 3% to 10%.
 Checking shall be performed before PWHT by using ``Ferritescope” or
``Permascope”.
REPAIRS
 Repairs or not permitted for use on 300 series stainless steels or non –
ferrous alloys.
 Unacceptable flaws found during NDE shall be repaired in accordance with
an approved repair procedure.
Material Max no of permitted
repair attempts per weld
CS ≤ 300# 3
CS > 300# 2
KCS 2
Low alloy steel 2
Austenitic S.S 2
3.5 % Ni steel 2
Others 2

RECORDS

 The contractor shall maintain accurate and up to date records of piping

fabrication for each isometric or contractors piping spool drawing.
TABLES
WELDING CONSUMABLES FOR SPECIFIC MATERIALS
Base material Consumable classification per ASME II Part C
SMAW Electrode GTAW or GMAW wire
Carbon steel SFA – 5.1 or 5.5 E7015/16 or 18(or SFA - 5.18 ER70S – 3 or 6
SFA – 5.1 E6010/11/12 or 13 up to
13 mm weld thickness, with out
notch toughness requirement)

Low alloy steels:(c)

1.25 Cr – 0.5 Mo SFA-5.5 E8016 or 18-B2 SFA-5.28 ER80S-B2
2.25 Cr – 1 Mo SFA-5.5 E9015/16 or 18-B2 SFA-5.28 ER90S-B3
5 Cr – 0.5 Mo SFA-5.4 E502-15 or 16 SFA-5.9 ER502
9 Cr – 1 Mo SFA-5.4 E505-15 or 16 SFA-5.9 ER505

Austenitic S.S: (wires also for SAW)

Type 304(a) SFA-5.4 E308-15 or 16(a) SFA-5.9 ER308(a)

Type 306(a) SFA-5.4 E316-15 or 16(a) SFA-5.9 ER316(a)
Type 321 or 347(a) SFA-5.4 E347-15 or 16(a) SFA-5.9 ER347(a)
WELDING CONSUMABLES FOR SPECIFIC MATERIALS continue…..

Nickel alloys: (wires also for SAW)

N02200(Nickel 200) (b) SFA-5.11 ENi-1 SFA-5.14 ERNi-1
N04400(Monel 400) (b) SFA-5.11 ENiCu-7 SFA-5.14 ERNiCu-7
N06 6 00(Inconel 6 00) (b) SFA-5.11 ENiCrFe-1 or 3 SFA- ERNiCr-3
N06 6 25(Inconel 6 25) (b) SFA-5.11 ENiCrMo-3 SFA-5.14 ERNiCrMo-3
N08810(up to 900⁰C) SFA-5.11 ENiCrMo-2 SFA-5.14 ERNiCr -3
(Incoloy 800H) (b)
N08810(Over 900⁰C) SFA-5.11 ENiCrMo-3 SFA-5.14 ERNiCrMo-3
(Incoloy 800H) (b)
N08825(Incoloy 825) (b) Incoloy 135 (b) SFA-5.14 ErNiFeCr-1

Cupro-Nickel:
C7 0 6 00(90/10) SFA-5.6 ECuNi or 90/10 SFA-5.7 ERCuNi or 90/10
C71500(7 0/30) CuNi CuNi
SFA-5.6 ECuNi

Duplex S.S:
SFA 2205 Sandvick 22.9 3LR Sandvik 22.8.3L
Soudochrom 544 6 2 Metrode ER329N
Metrode 2.9.3LR
Ferralium Ferralium 225HB Metrode ER225Cu
Metrode 25.6.2 CuR
Notes:

a. Where L or H grades, or other limits on composition are specified for 304,316,321 or

347 then the appropriate limits shall also apply to the welding consumables

b. Trade name of the INCO group of companies

c. Where specifically agreed in writing with IOCL, small bore(1.5” NS and below)
socket/fillet
welds, which will not be subject to PWHT, may be performed using SFA-5.11
ENiCrFe-2 or 3 or SFA-5.14 ERNiCr-3 consumables.
WELDING CONSUMABLES FOR DISSIMILAR METALS(d)
First base material Second base Consumable per ASME Part C
material
SMAW electrode GTAW or
GMAW wire

Carbon Ferritic S.S SFA-5.9 E309 (a)(b) SFA-5.9

Or or Or ER309 (a) (b)
low alloy Austenitic S.S(e) SFA-5.11 ENiCrFe-2 (c) Or
or Or Or SFA-5.14
Ferritic S.S Nickel alloys(e) SFA-5.11 ENiCrFe-3(c) ERNiCr-3(c)

Carbon steel Nickel alloy N04400 SFA-5.11 ENiCu-7 SFA-5.11

Or ERNiCu-7
SFA-5.11 ENiCrFe-2 Or
Or SFA-5.14
SFA-5.11 ENiCrFe-3 ERNiCr-3

Low alloy steel Other low alloy steel Consumable to be selected per table 1
for carbon steel.
WELDING CONSUMABLES FOR DISSIMILAR METALS(d) Continue…
Carbon steel (f) Low alloy steel Consumable to be selected
as per table 1 for carbon
steel
Carbon steel or Austenitic 90/10 Cupro-Nickel SFA-5.11 SFA-5.14
S.S ENiCrFe-2 ERNiCr-3
Or
SFA-5.11
ENiCrFe-3

NOTES:

a)Type E310 or ER310 consumables are specifically prohibited.

b)Type E309 or ER309 consumables shall not be used on nickel alloys, neither shall they be used
for design temperatures exceeding 315 oC where the second base material is ferritic stainless steel.
c)When welds can be exposed to high temperature, sulphur bearing, reducing process conditions
these high nickel alloys shall not be used
d) Where dissimilar base materials have dissimilar PWHT requirements, the detail design, welding and
PWHT sequence shall be subject to agreement with IOCL. Specific requirements apply per (e) and
(f)below.
e) Welding austenitic stainless steels or nickel alloys to low alloy or carbon steels requiring
PWHT:"Butter“ low alloy or carbon steel with nominal 3mm weld metal before PWHT of low alloy or
carbon steel part(s).Complete weld to austenitic stainless steel or nickel alloy without further PWHT.
f) Welding carbon steels to low alloy steels:- "Butter" low alloy with nominal 3mm weld metal before
PWHT of low alloy part(s). Complete weld to carbon steel without further PWHT unless required for
carbon
steel.
MINIMUM PREHEAT AND MAXIMUM INTER PASS TEMPERATURE
P.No Material type Nominal Minimum Maximum
thickness at preheat interpass
weld(mm) temperature(⁰ temperature(⁰
C) C)
1 Carbon steel² T ≤ 13 10⁽³⁾
13 < T ≤ 25 75
25 < T ≤ 50 100 315
T >50 150

3 C-½Mo,Mn-Mo,Mn-Mo-Ni, T ≤ 13 10⁽³⁾
Mn-Mo-V 13 < T ≤ 25 75 315
25 < T ≤ 50 100
T>5 150
4 1Cr-½Mo, 1¼ Cr-½ Mo All 150 315
5A 2¼ Cr-1 Mo, 3Cr-1Mo
5B 5Cr-½Mo, 9Cr-1Mo All 200 315

6&7 Ferritic and Martensitic S.S All Per code⁽⁴⁾ ⁽⁴⁾

8 Austenitic S.S All 10⁽³⁾ 175
9A 2½Ni, 3½Ni All 125 250
MINIMUM PREHEAT AND MAXIMUM INTER PASS TEMPERATURE continue…..
P.No Material type Nominal Minimum Maximum inter
thickness at preheat pass
weld(mm) temperature temperature(°
(°C)⁽¹⁾ C)
11A Ni-Cr-Mo,Mn-Mo-Ni, T ≤ 13 125 315
& Ni-Cr-Mo-V 13 < T ≤ 25 150
11B T > 25 175
34- Cu-base alloys All 10⁽³⁾ 175
35
41- Ni-base alloys All 10⁽³⁾ 175
45
Notes:
1. Preheat temperatures are based on 8ml H2/100g weld metal hydrogen levels. Alternative preheat
temperatures may be calculated in accordance with EN 1011-2, in which case, the WPS and PQR shall show
all limiting factors such as combined thickness, CE value, weld metal hydrogen content and heat input or
run-out-length, upon which the preheat level is based.
2. Preheat requirements are based on conventional carbon steel with CE ≤ 0.45 and S > 0.01%.
Low sulphur steels (S ≤ 0.01%) may be at higher risk of HAZ hydrogen cold cracking than conventional
carbon steels and fabricator shall review the necessity of increasing the preheat temperature or lowering the
specified CE value for these steels based on fabricator’s experience.
3. Not required other than to remove moisture prior to welding.
4. Preheat temperature for martensitic type steels shall be 200°C minimum but shall not exceed the martensite
finish (Mf) temperature to ensure no untransformed austenite is present during PWHT. The maximum
interpass temperature shall not exceed the preheat temperature by more than 100°C.
HYDROGEN DIFFUSION HEAT TREATMENT – LOW ALLOY STEELS
Thickness Holding time in hours
(mm) 150°C 200°C 250°C 300°C

Up to 10 See note 1
Up to 20 1 1 1
Up to 30 6 3 2 1
Over 30 10 7 5 3
NOTES:

1.For thicknesses below 10mm the cooling from preheating to

ambient temperature shall be under an insulated cover.
POST BENDING HEAT TREATMENT FOR CARBON STEELS
Heat treatment

Material and service Calculated elongation of outer fibre (e) Note (a)

e < 5% 5% < e < 10% < e e > 20%

10% <20%

Non- impact No heat treatment No heat SR N

tested(Sour service not required treatment
specified) required
Non-impact tested No heat treatment SR SR N
(Sour service not required
specified)
Impact tested(All No heat treatment SR N N
services) required

Notes:

SR Stress relieve in accordance with Table 5 of this Standard.

N Normalize.
NOTE: a. 'e' shall be calculated by: e=t/2r : r=bend radius t=pipe O.D.
APPENDIX
 APPENDIX A - FABRICATION
SPECIFICATION FOR DUPLEX STAINLESS
STEEL
GENERAL:

 Fabrication of these materials shall be carried out in an area separate from

that used for carbon/low alloy steels and copper alloys.
 Saws, grinders and other tools used on duplex stainless steel shall not be used on
other materials.
 Bare carbon steel material is not acceptable.

WELDING:

PREPARATION:

 Cutting shall be by cold sawing or plasma – arc process.

 All low melting point materials including copper, lead and zinc compounds shall be
removed from the fabrication
 Due care and attention should be taken during installation and particularly
hook – up where overspray of zinc containing coating must be avoided.
ESSENTIAL VARIABLES:

 Any increase in heat input greater than 20% of the maximum reached during the
qualification.
 Any change in backing gas conditions including gas composition, flow rate,
damming method or oxygen levels in backing gas enclosure outside those reached
during the qualification test

CORROSION TEST/ IMPACT TEST:

 An impact test is the preferred option over the corrosion test.

INSPECTION AND TESTING:

 All welds in duplex stainless steel shall additionally be 100% examined by dye
penetrant method

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA:

The following features are unacceptable

 Any cracks
 Any lack of fusion or lack of penetration at the bore surface
 Surface – breaking porosity.
REPAIR:
 One repair per weld is permitted.
 If the repair contains unacceptable defects the complete weld shall be cut – out
PIPE SUPPORTS:
 Internal gas purging shall be required to prevent oxidation/discolouration while
welding directly on to the pressure retaining components of thin wall

APPENDIX B – FABRICATION SPECIFICATION FOR

NICKEL ALLOYS

GENERAL:

 Forming and bending of nickel alloys during fabrication shall be carried out at
or below 190⁰C.
 Grinding wheels or discs shall be iron – free and shall not be organic resin
bonded.
 Nickel alloys shall be heat treated to remove the effects of any cold working in
excess of 5% fiber strain, prior to welding.
WELDING:
 GTAW shall be used for root runs.
 SAW shall not be used, except for welding of heavy sections with prior
approval, when heat input shall be restricted at 4 K J/mm maximum.
 Brazing is not permitted.
 Autogenous welding is not permitted.

HEAT CONTROL:
 Preheat shall not be used
 Temperature of the joint surfaces shall not be less than 20 ⁰C before
commencement of welding
 The inter pass temperature shall be 150⁰C maximum(except NO8825 – 120 ⁰C)
 PWHT shall not be used.
SHIELDING AND BACKING GAS:
 The flow rate shall be minimum 15 liters per minute.
INSPECTION:
 Welded joints shall be 100% visually examined and 100% liquid penetrant
inspected.
 Lack of root penetration in excess of 1.6 mm is not permitted.
 APPENDIX C – FABRICATION SPECIFICATION FOR
9Cr 1MO V LOW ALLOY STEEL
DRESSING AFTER THERMAL CUTTING:
 The heat affected base metal shall be removed by grinding or machining
back the cut edge by at least 1.5 mm
WELDING:
Acceptable welding processes:
 SMAW
 GTAW
WELDING CONSUMABLES:
 Low hydrogen SMAW consumables shall be dried and stored in ovens prior
to issue to ensure that they are capable of meeting a maximum hydrogen
level of 10ml H₂/100g
 Electrodes shall only be issued for use in portable electrode ovens capable
of maintaining a temperature of 70⁰C minimum.
 Consumables for which no identification exists shall not be used.
 GTAW and SMAW consumables shall be procured against schedule J class
4 of AWS A5.01.
SHIELDING/PURGING GASES:
 Shielding and purge gases shall comply with EN439 with respect to mixture
tolerances, purity and dew point.
 Preheat and interpass temperature:
 Minimum preheat temperature – 200⁰C
 Maximum interpass temperature – 300⁰C
 For 9 Cr – 1 Mo – V :
 On completion the welds shall be maintained at 200 ⁰C – 400 ⁰C for 2 hrs
after welding.
 Joint shall be allowed to cool below 100⁰C prior to receiving PWHT.
 PWHT immediately after welding without this intermediate heat treatment
cycle is not permitted.
PQR TESTING REQUIREMENTS:
 Test welds shall be subject to 10Kg Vickers hardness survey of the weld.
 The maximum hardness shall not exceed 270 HV10.
 For impact testing the test temperature shall not exceed 0 ⁰C and the
energy
shall be 40J average and 34J average.
 APPENDIX D – FABRICATION SPECIFICATION FOR
CUPRO – NICKEL ALLOYS
WELDING:
PREPARATION:
 Material shall be cut by either cold sawing with sulphur – free lubricant or plasma.
 GTAW is used for root runs and GMAW may be used for capping runs on joints of
5 mm or greater thickness.
 SMAW electrodes shall be 3.25 mm or smaller diameter core size. Bead width
shall be restricted to four times electrode core diameter maximum.
FILLER MATERIALS:
 All filler materials for cupro – nickel shall be nominal 70% copper/30% nickel
composition.
HEAT CONTROL:
 Preheat shall not be used.
 Interpass temperature shall be 150 ⁰C maximum.
 PWHT shall not be used.
INSPECTION:
 Welded joints shall be 100% visually examined and 100% liquid penetrant
inspected.