LOGD Lecture Module Compilation YuRi

LOGD133 : Logic Design and Switching Theories 1
Introduction to Switching Theory and Logic Circuits
Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Course Outline
Prelim Period
A. Introduction
B. Number System
- Binary, N2
- Decimal, N10
- Octal, N8
- Hexadecimal, N16
C. Conversion
D. Binary Arithmetic Operations
- Basic Addition
- Subtraction using R’s
Complement
- Direct Multiplication
- Simple Division
Midterm Period
A. Introduction to Logic Design and
LOGD 133: Switching Theories

B. Logic Gates, Families, and
Parameters
Logic Design
- AND gate
- OR gate
- NOT gate
- NAND gate
And
- NOR gate
- XOR gate
C. Logic Gates, Truth Table, and
Theories
Switching Theories
D. Logic Circuit design and Analysis
Prefinal Period
A. Breadboarding
B. Integrated Circuits
- 7408, 2-input Quad AND gate
- 7432, 2-input Quad OR gate
- 7404, Inverter
- 7400, 2-input Quad NAND
gate
- 7402, 2-input Quad NOR gate
- 7486, 2-input Quad XOR gate
C. Combinational Circuits Activities
and Experiments
Final Period
A. Introduction to Electronics
B. 0 to 9 Counter
C. Design Project

PRELIM PERIOD
History
 The binary number system was refined by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (published in 1705) and he also
established that by using the binary system, the principles of arithmetic and logic could be combined.
 Digital logic as we know it was the brain-child of George Boole, in the mid19th century. Boole died
young, but his ideas lived on. In an 1886 letter.
 Charles Sanders Peirce described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching
circuits. Eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations.
 Lee De Forest's modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as an AND logic gate.
 Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table as proposition 5.101 of Tractatus
Logico-Philosophicus (1921).
 Walther Bothe, inventor of the coincidence circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics, for the
first modern electronic AND gate in 1924.
 Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less
power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable
than vacuum tubes and had longer, indefinite, service life. Transistorized computers could contain tens
of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space.
 While working at Texas Instruments, Jack Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated
circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September
1958. This new technique allowed for quick, low-cost fabrication of complex circuits by having a set
of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
 In the early days of simple integrated circuits, the technology's large scale limited each chip to only a
few transistors, and the low degree of integration meant the design process was relatively simple.
Manufacturing yields were also quite low by today's standards
 As the technology progressed, millions, then billions of transistors could be placed on one chip, and
good designs required thorough planning, giving rise to new design methods
Digital Number System

Computers have made possible in many scientific, industrial, and commercial advances, in our society. It can
manipulate data and information given in any form of input.
Number system is a way or methodology on how numbers are represented inside the computer’s memory.
Human beings think in decimal, while computers process in binary. Technically, computer can accept data in human
readable form then convert them into acceptable computer code to generate an output which can be understood by
man.
There are two (2) important concepts involved when studying number systems, these are:
1. That all number systems follow the concept of positional notation. This means that the numerical value
given to a digit is determined by its relative position in a given number.
2. That all number systems follow a set of valid values
Number System Base (N) Range
Binary N2 0 to 1
Decimal N10 0 to 9
Octal N8 0 to 7
Hexadecimal N16 0 to 9 followed by A,B,C,D,E,F
Where A=10, B=11, C=12,
D=13, E=14, F=15
The Binary Number Base System, N2

 Most modern computer systems (including the IBM PC) operate using binary logic.
 The computer represents values using two voltage levels (usually 0V for logic 0 and either +3.3V or +5V for
logic 1).
 With two levels, we can represent exactly two different values. These could be any two different values, but
by convention we use the values 0 and 1. These two values coincidentally correspond to the two digits used
by the binary number system.
 The binary number system uses base 2 and includes only the digits of 0 and 1, such that, any other digit
would make the number system invalid.
The Octal Number Base System, N8

 It was once a popular number base system, especially in the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP/8 and other
old computer systems.
 Rarely used today.
 It is based on the binary system with a 3-bit boundary.
 The octal number system uses base 8 and includes only the digits of 0 to 7, such that, any other digit would
make the number system invalid.
The Decimal Number Base System, N10

 Decimal number base uses base 10.
 It includes the digits from 0 to 9.
 The place value of the digits determines the numerical values of the number.
The Hexadecimal Number Base System, N16

A big problem with the binary system is verbosity. Verbosity is the representation of numeric value in large
bits. When dealing with large values, binary numbers quickly become too unwieldy. The hexadecimal numbering
system solves these problems.
 Hexadecimal numbers are very compact.
 It is very easy to convert from hex to binary and binary to hex.
 The hexadecimal system is based on the binary system using a Nibble or 4-bit boundary.
 It uses the base 16
 Numeric range = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F} where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15
Number Base Conversion

In order to convert a decimal number into its representation in a different number base, repeatedly divide the
decimal b
y the base in which it is to be converted, until the quotient is no longer divisible by the base. As the number is divided,
the remainders in reverse order form the digits of the number in the other base.
A. Decimal to Binary Number (Base 10 to Base 2)

Convert 2910 to N2
Rem.
2 29 1 Therefore, 2910 = 111012
2 14 0
2 7 1
2 3 1
1 1

B. Decimal to Octal Number (Base 10 to Base 8)

Convert 94210 to N8
Rem.
8 942 6 Therefore, 94210 = 16568
8 117 5
8 14 6
1 1
C. Decimal to Binary Number (Base 10 to Base 16)

Convert 259810 to N16
Rem.
16 2598 6 Therefore, 259810 = A2616
16 162 2
10 10 = A
D. Binary to Decimal Number (Base 2 to Base 10)

Using Bit Factor, simply add the factors of each bit representing logic 1.
Factor 213 212 211 210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Bit 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Examples:
Convert 101101 to Decimal 1 + 4 + 8 + 32 = 45
32 16 8 4 2 1 Therefore 1011012 = 4510
1 0 1 1 0 1
Convert 1100110 to Decimal 2 + 4 + 32 + 64 = 102

64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Therefore 11001102 = 10210
1 1 0 0 1 1 0
E. Binary to Octal Number (Base 2 to Base 8)

1. Begin at the binary point (rightmost digit) and block off groups of three binary digits.
2. Replace each group of three binary digits with its equivalent octal digit. The digit will range from 0 to 7.
Examples:
Convert 111100110 to Octal
4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 Therefore 11110001102 = 7468
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
7 4 6
Convert 101011010 to Octal

4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 Therefore 1010110102 = 5328
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
5 3 2
F. Binary to Hexadecimal Number (Base 2 to Base 16)

1. Begin at the binary point (rightmost digit) and block off groups of four binary digits.
2. Replace each group of four binary digits with its equivalent hexadecimal digit. The digit will range from 0
to 9 followed by A to F signifying the equivalent of 10 to 15.

Examples:
Convert 10111110110 to Hexadecimal
4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 Therefore 101111101102 = 5F616
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
5 15 = F 6
G. Octal and Hexadecimal to Binary Number (Base 8 and Base 16 to Base 2)

Replace each octal digit with the equivalent three binary digit. Replace each octal digit with the equivalent
four binary digit
Examples:
1. Convert 264 in octal to binary
2 6 4 Therefore 2648 = 0101101002
010 110 100
2. Convert 9AD in Hexadecimal to binary

9 A D Therefore 9AD16 =1001101011012
1001 1010 1101
Exercises. Convert the following number system to the requires number value
Binary Decimal Octal Hexadecimal
11100100101
123
7552
ACE
Binary Arithmetic Operations

A. Addition
Rules:
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10 ; 0 carry 1 to the digit at the left side
1 + 1 + 1 = 11 ; 1 carry 1 to the digit at the left side
Examples:
1. Add 101011 to 110010
1 1
1 0 1 0 1 12
+ 1 1 0 0 1 02
1 0 1 1 1 0 12
Answer: 10111012
2. Add 111001 to 101011
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 12
+ 1 0 1 0 1 12

1 1 0 0 1 0 02
Answer: 11001002
B. Subtraction using R’s Complement

R’s complement is a method used in the subtraction of logical number system using double complementation
addition.
Rules:
0-0=0
0-1=1 ; with borrow of 1 digit at the left side
1-0=1
1-1=0
Using R’s Complement

1. Complement the Minuend by changing all 1 to 0 and all 0 to 1 with the consideration to the
places. (R1)
2. Add the Subtrahend to the complement of the Minuend.
3. Recomplement the Sum. (R2)
Examples:
1. Subtract 111001 to 101010
Minuend 1 1 1 0 0 12
Subtrahend - 1 0 1 0 1 02
R1 (Complement of the Minuend)
1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 02
+ 1 0 1 0 1 02
1 1 0 0 0 02
R2 (Recomplement of the Sum)
0 0 1 1 1 12
Answer: 0011112 or 11112
2. Subtract 110011 to 100011
Minuend 1 1 0 0 1 12
Subtrahend - 1 0 0 0 1 12
R1 (Complement of the Minuend)
0 0 1 1 0 02
+ 1 0 0 0 1 12
1 0 1 1 1 12
R2 (Recomplement of the Sum)
0 1 0 0 0 02
Answer: 100002
Note: To check if the answer is correct, try converting the binary values to decimal then operate the
subtraction method

C. Multiplication
Rules:
0x0=0
0x1=0
1x0=0
1x1=1
Examples:
1. Multiply 101 by 11 2. Multiply 1101 by 110
101 1101
x 11 x 110
101 0000
+ 101 . + 1 11101
11112 1101 .
10011102
D. Division
Rules:
1. Begin from the left of the dividend
2. Perform a series of subtraction, wherein the subtrahend is subtracted to the minuend
3. If the subtraction is possible, the quotient is 1
4. If not, the quotient is 0
Examples:
1. 1101 divided by 0
110 r.1 Checking:

102 11012 110
- 10 . x 10
10 000
- 10 . + 110 .
1 1100
- 0 . + 1 remainder
1 1101

MIDTERM PERIOD
Digital Logic Design

A digital computer stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to
the next. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or
absence of magnetic markers in a storage medium, on-off switches or relays. In digital computers, even letters, words
and whole texts are represented digitally.
Digital Logic is the basis of electronic systems, such as computers and cell phones. Digital Logic is rooted
in binary code, a series of zeroes and ones each having an opposite value. This system facilitates the design of
electronic circuits that convey information, including logic gates. Digital Logic gate functions include and, or and not.
The value system translates input signals into specific output. Digital Logic facilitates computing, robotics and other
electronic applications.
Digital Logic Design is foundational to the fields of electrical engineering and computer engineering. Digital
Logic designers build complex electronic components that use both electrical and computational characteristics.
These characteristics may involve power, current, logical function, protocol and user input. Digital Logic Design is
used to develop hardware, such as circuit boards and microchip processors. This hardware processes user input,
system protocol and other data in computers, navigational systems, cell phones or other high-tech systems.
Logic Gates and Logic Families

The basic logic gates are the basic building blocks of more complex logic circuits. These logic gates perform
the basic Boolean Functions, such as AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT (Inversion/Complement), XOR (Exclusive-OR)
and XNOR (Exclusive-NOR). The small circle on the input and output of the circuit symbols designates the logic
complement, which is also called a bubble. The AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates can be extended to have more
than two inputs. A gate can be extended to have multiple inputs if the binary operation it represents is commutative
and associative.
Levels of Integration
Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of transistors and other electronic components they
contain:
 SSI (Small-Scale Integration) – Up to 100 electronic components per chip
 MSI (Medium-Scale Integration) – From 100 to 3,000 electronic components per chip
 LSI (Large-Scale Integration) - From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chip
 VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) – From 100,000 to 1,000,000 electronic components per chip
 ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) – More than 1 million electronic components per chip
Logic Families
TTL ECL MOS CMOS
Transistor-transistor Emitter-coupled logic Metal-oxide Complementary
logic semiconductor metal-oxide
semiconductor
TTL and ECL are based upon bipolar transistors. TTL has a well-established popularity among logic families.
ECL is used only in systems requiring high-speed operations. MOS and CMOS are based on field effect transistors.

They are widely used in large scale integrated circuits because of their high component density and relatively low
power consumption. CMOS logic consumes far less power than MOS logic.
There are various commercial integrated circuit chips available. TTL ICs are usually distinguished by
numerical designation as the 5400 and 7400 series. The former has a wide operating-temperature range, suitable for
military use, and the latter has a narrower temperature range, suitable industrial use. The power supply for TTL ICs
usually is 5V. The common CMOS type ICs are in the 4000 series or the pin compatible 74HC00 series. The power
supply for CMOS ICs ranges from 3V to 15V. The common ECL type is designated as the 10000 series.
Logic Circuit Parameters

 Fan-out specifies the number of standard loads that the output of a gate can drive without impairing its
normal operation. A standard load is usually defined as the amount of current needed by an input of
another gate in the same logic family.
 Power dissipation is the supplied power required to operate the desired logic function. This parameter
does not include the power delivered from another gate.
 Propagation delay is the time delay for a signal transition to propagate from input to output when the
binary input signals change in value.
 Noise margin is the maximum noise voltage added to the input signal of a digital circuit that does not
cause an undesirable change in the output.

Basic Logic Gates

Gates are electronic circuit that produces output signal when one or more
specified inputs conditions are met.
Truth Table is a table of all unique input variable combination showing the
relation of the input variables and the result of the operation. Analysis of
basic logic gates can be easily understood using switching circuits that
demonstrates binary logic.
Digital Logic Gate is an electronic device that makes logical decisions based on the different combinations
of digital signals present on its inputs. Digital logic gates may have more than one input but generally only have one
digital output. Individual logic gates can be connected together to form combinational or sequential circuits or larger
logic gate functions.
AND gate
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its
inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in
mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB
OR gate
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or
more of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.
NAND gate
This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT
gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The
symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.
NOR gate
This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NOR gates are low
if any of the inputs are high. The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents
inversion.

NOT gate
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted
version of the input at its output. It is also known as
an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is
known as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over
the top, as shown at the outputs.
XOR gate
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either,
but not both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign is used to
show the XOR operation
XNOR gate
The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will
give a low output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The
symbol is an XOR gate with a small circle on the output.

PREFINAL PERIOD
Breadboarding
Using Breadboard (Socket Board)

The breadboard has many strips of metal (copper usually) which run underneath the board. The metal strips
are laid out as shown.
These strips connect the holes on top of the board. This makes it easy to connect components together to
build circuits. To use the breadboard, the legs of the components are placed in the holes or sockets. The holes are
made so that they will hold the components in place. Each hole is connected to one of the strips running
underneath the board.
Each wire forms a node. A node is a point in a circuit where two components are connected. Connections
between different components are formed by putting their legs in a common node. On the breadboard, a node is
the row of holes that are connected by the strip of metal underneath. The long top and bottom row of holes are
called terminals in which the power source is being attached.
The rest of the circuit is built by placing components and connecting them together with jumper wires.
Then when a path is formed by wires and components from the positive supply node to the negative supply node,
we can turn ON the power and current flows through the path, and the circuit comes alive.

For chips with many legs like ICs, place them in the middle of the board (IC slot) so that half of the legs are
on one side of the middle line and the half is on the other side.
In the real world of digital electronics, we very seldom deal with single logic gate structures, because it is not
practical to produce them. Instead we rely on the Integrated Circuits (IC), containing many transistors configured to
produce multiple logic circuits in one package.

The individual ICs has different configurations of logic gates inside but it considered the input/output
designation of the legs/pins. A typical 74-series IC has 14 legs divided in half to create the flow sequence between
legs. Pin 1 to Pin 7 is typically located below the IC notch which is denoted by the Pin 1 and PIN 14. The notch in
the IC indicates the IC façade and is placed at the left side. Pin 8 to Pin 14 is located at the top of the IC interface
considering the notch at the left side. The Pin numbers are designated in counter-clockwise setup.
Pin 7 is created to be connected at the GND (ground) which is mostly 0V while Pin 14 is connected to the
Vcc considering the +V of the circuit. This IC setup is called Dual In-line Package or DIP.
Logic Gates and their Equivalent ICs


ACTIVITY No. 1: Logic Gates Implementation

Breadboard
ICs (7408, 7432, 7400, 7402, 7404, 7486)
Materials: Connecting wires
LED bulbs
DC Power Source

Logic gate design: Truth Table

Inputs Outputs
A B 7408 7432 7400 7402 7486 7404
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Pin Layout
7408 7432 7400 7402 7486 7404

A 1 1 1 2 1 1
B 2 2 2 3 2 -n-
C
3 3 3 1 3 2
(LED)
Vcc
7408 7432 7400 7402 7486 7404
GND
ACTIVITY No. 2: Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Gate Implementation

Breadboard
ICs (7404, 7486)
LED bulb
DC Power Source


Inputs Output
A B 7486 + 7404
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Vcc
7486 7404
GND
ACTIVITY No. 3: Half-Adder Circuit using XOR and AND Gate

Breadboard
ICs (7408, 7486)
LED bulb
DC Power Source


Inputs Output
X Y Carry Sum
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
Vcc
7486 7408
GND
ACTIVITY No. 4: Half-Adder Circuit using OR, NOT and AND Gate Version 1
Breadboard
ICs (7432, 7404, 7408)
LED bulb
DC Power Source


Input
Output
s
Carr Su
X Y
y m
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
Vcc
7432 7408 7404
GND
ACTIVITY No. 5: Half-Adder Circuit using OR, NOT and AND Gate Version 2
Breadboard
ICs (7432, 7404, 7408)
LED bulb
DC Power Source


Inputs Output
X Y Carry Sum
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
Vcc
7408 7404 7432
GND
Full-Adder Circuit (3-bit Addition)

ACTIVITY No. 6:
Breadboard ICs (7486, 7432, 7408)
Materials:
Connecting wires LED bulb
DC Power Source

Inputs Output
Ci Carr Su
X Y
n y m
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
Vcc
7486 7408 7432
GND
Combinational Logic Gates Circuit

ACTIVITY No. 7:
Breadboard
ICs (7408, 7432, 7400, 7432, 7404)
LED bulb
DC Power Source


Inputs Output
X Y C F
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
Determine the
possible bit value for
each combination
Vcc
7408 7432 7400 7402 7486
GND
Sequential Logic Circuit (SR Flipflop)

ACTIVITY No. 8:
Breadboard
ICs (7408, 7432, 7400, 7432, 7404)
LED bulb
DC Power Source

Logic gate design:
State S R Q Q Description
Set 1 0 0 1 Set Q » 1
1 1 0 1 no change
Reset 0 1 1 0 Reset Q » 0
1 1 1 0 no change
Invalid
Invalid 0 0 1 1
Condition
FINAL PERIOD
Introduction to Electronics
Electronics is the science of how to control electric energy, energy in which the electrons have a
fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum

tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive electrical components and interconnection
technologies. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of
active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit.
The nonlinear behavior of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification
of weak signals possible, and electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunication, and signal
processing. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible.
Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of
communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular
working system.
Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro-mechanical science and technology, which deal with the
generation, distribution, switching, storage, and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms
using wires, motors, generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers, resistors, and other passive components.
This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which made
electrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device. Until 1950 this
field was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio
transmitters, receivers, and vacuum tubes.
Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. The study of
semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid-state physics, whereas the design and
construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering. This article focuses
on engineering aspects of electronics.
Branches of electronics
Electronics has branches as follows:
1. Digital electronics
2. Analogue electronics
3. Microelectronics
4. Circuit Design
5. Integrated circuit
6. Optoelectronics
7. Semiconductor
8. Semiconductor device
Electronic Devices and Components
An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system used to affect the electrons or their
associated fields in a manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system. Components are
generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an
electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may

be packaged singly, or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components
are capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as active (e.g.
transistors and thyristors) or passive (e.g. resistors, diodes, inductors and capacitors).
Digital Circuits
Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most
common physical representation of Boolean algebra, and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers,
the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. Most digital
circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled "0" and "1". Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and
referred to as "Low" while logic "1" is referred to as "High". However, some systems use the reverse definition ("0" is
"High") or are current based. Quite often the logic designer may reverse these definitions from one circuit to the next
as he sees fit to facilitate his design. The definition of the levels as "0" or "1" is arbitrary.
Ternary (with three states) logic has been studied, and some prototype computers made.
Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are
constructed of digital circuits. Digital signal processors are another example.
Building blocks:
 Logic gates
 Adders
 Flip-flops
 Counters
 Registers
 Multiplexers
 Schmitt triggers
Highly integrated devices:
 Microprocessors
 Microcontrollers
 Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
 Digital signal processor (DSP)
 Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
0 to 9 Counter Circuit using 7-Segment Display

Pin Configurations
555 Timer IC 7-Segment Display
CD 4033 IC

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LOGD133 : Logic Design and Switching Theories 1

Introduction to Switching Theory and Logic Circuits

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

LOGD 133: Switching Theories

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Digital Number System

D=13, E=14, F=15

The Binary Number Base System, N2

The Octal Number Base System, N8

The Decimal Number Base System, N10

The Hexadecimal Number Base System, N16

Number Base Conversion

A. Decimal to Binary Number (Base 10 to Base 2)

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

B. Decimal to Octal Number (Base 10 to Base 8)

C. Decimal to Binary Number (Base 10 to Base 16)

D. Binary to Decimal Number (Base 2 to Base 10)

Convert 1100110 to Decimal 2 + 4 + 32 + 64 = 102

E. Binary to Octal Number (Base 2 to Base 8)

Convert 101011010 to Octal

F. Binary to Hexadecimal Number (Base 2 to Base 16)

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

G. Octal and Hexadecimal to Binary Number (Base 8 and Base 16 to Base 2)

2. Convert 9AD in Hexadecimal to binary

Binary Arithmetic Operations

2. Add 111001 to 101011

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

B. Subtraction using R’s Complement

Using R’s Complement

Answer: 0011112 or 11112

2. Subtract 110011 to 100011

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

110 r.1 Checking:

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Digital Logic Design

Logic Gates and Logic Families

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Logic Circuit Parameters

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Basic Logic Gates

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Using Breadboard (Socket Board)

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Logic Gates and their Equivalent ICs

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

ACTIVITY No. 1: Logic Gates Implementation

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Logic gate design: Truth Table

7408 7432 7400 7402 7486 7404

7408 7432 7400 7402 7486 7404

ACTIVITY No. 2: Exclusive-NOR (XNOR) Gate Implementation

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Logic gate design: Truth Table

ACTIVITY No. 3: Half-Adder Circuit using XOR and AND Gate

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Logic gate design: Truth Table

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Logic gate design: Truth Table

7432 7408 7404

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology

Logic gate design: Truth Table