2017 3rd Iranian Conference on Signal Processing and Intelligent Systems (ICSPIS)
3ds MAX to FEM for
building thermal distribution
A Case study
Zahra Pezeshki
Shahrood University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Robotic, Shahrood, Iran.
tejaratemrooz@gmail.com
Ahmad Darabi
Shahrood University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Robotic, Shahrood, Iran.
darabi_ahmad@hotmail.com
Abstract— The complication of building constructions, with
irregular geometry, different building materials, variable
morphology, alterations and damages, poses numerous
challenges in the digital modeling and simulation of structural
performances under different types of actions. Most of the
research is focused on importing Three Dimension (3D)
geometry data in a Finite Element Method (FEM) applications.
This paper presents an innovative two-step methodology (3ds
MAX-to-FEM) able to convert a Three Dimension Studio
Modeling, Animation & Rendering Software/Autodesk (3ds
MAX) file into a FEM for structural simulation. In this study,
the 3ds MAX file is a large building, has been carried out with
an accurate survey that integrates geometrical aspects, element
interconnections, and architectural considerations. Then it is
turned into COMSOL Multiphysics environment and tested
thermal simulation with a geometric rationalization which
preserves irregularities and anomalies, such as verticality
deviation and variable thickness. After setting material
properties, loads, and boundary conditions, the structural
simulation is run with a detailed model that respects the
uniqueness and authenticity of the building. A real case study is
illustrated and discussed to prove that a rigorous 3ds MAX to
FEM workflow allows the generation of an accurate practical
methodology for 3D visualization and simulation for thermal
distribution operation in COMSOL. Structural simulation was
carried out with a 3D mesh derived from the 3ds MAX file in
order to take into consideration the geometrical irregularity of
a building. COMSOL Multiphysics is a software tool uses
artificial intelligent and soft computing for doing computations
with high speed and accuracy, and computes and shows
different types of phenomenon together. In this study simulation
results compare with the reality results. Here, the advantages
and disadvantages of the proposed approach are illustrated.
Keywords—3ds MAX; FEM; Thermal Distribution
I. INTRODUCTION
There is an increasing interest in FEM analysis of thermal
bulking [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. A number of publications
and projects showed promising results [1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10]. 3ds
MAX people and the FEM people use different technology,
978-1-5386-4972-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Ali Soleimani
Shahrood University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Robotic, Shahrood, Iran.
solimani_ali@shahroodut.ac.ir
standards and syntax descriptions. There aren’t any attempts
to convert 3ds MAX file to FEM for thermal distribution or
other applications. The two options seen so far are (1)
Converting 3d modeling data of the buildings in the FEM
world by using 3ds MAX technology and Revit standards isn’t
done by FEM people that look at buildings as information in
a thermal distribution context. The other work we see (2) is
done by 3ds MAX people who are modeling advanced
detailed 3D buildings with high semantics. 3ds MAX should
be seen as an essential data source for built environments by
FEM user. FEM is seen as a crucial data source for design and
integration of new three dimensional models in a spatial
context [11]. There is a need to develop technology and create
a synergy between the strong parts of both worlds.
A. Relation between visualization and simulation in
construction
The capability to visualize the geometrical characteristics
of the modelled system and the dynamic nature of all the
entities involved in the construction process will greatly
improve the accessibility of simulation as an operation-level
planning tool in the construction industry [12]. The purpose of
using computer simulation to model construction operations
is to assist decision makers in better understanding planned
operations and predicting the performance resulting from
alternative decisions. To achieve this goal, the simulation
models should be credible and fully comprehensible to
construction practitioners [13]. The FEM [7, 9] is vastly used
in material strength analysis. The nature of the FE solver,
which solves the Fourier equation of stress and strain analysis,
made it possible to apply for conduction heat transfer Fourier
equation. FEM gives an excellent quantitative prediction for
thermal and stress distribution which makes it a perfect tool to
aid in designing and implementing solid-state devices.
COMSOL is one of FEM softwares and a post-simulation
visualization engine that has the following characteristics:
- Attempt to seek a relatively optimal data-driven model for
forecasting from three aspects: model inputs, modeling
methods, and data-preprocessing techniques [15].
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- Provide the best model for predicting the amount of
thermal and stress distribution basis of artificial
intelligent and soft computing models [16, 17].
- Maintains an independent, user-controllable simulation
time and its Graphical User Interface (GUI) is more user-
friendly than other softwares (for example, ABAQUS)
- Allows the users to navigate easily in the 3D virtual space.
- Allows the users to jump ahead or back to any desired
point in the simulation by specifying a time value.
- Permits the users to start and pause the animation at any
time to make static observations.
Nowadays many methods for creating diverse classifiers
were developed during the past decade. When these diverse
classifiers are generated, it is important to select the proper
base classifier to join the ensemble for data analysis [18, 19].
Classifiers can be combined with COMSOL [20] (for
example: Gaussian Process Classifier GPC). For defining the
exact physics by the known governing equation of that
physics, ABAQUS and COMSOL is versatile, but COMSOL
is more benefits [21] than ABAQUS and other softwares (for
example, ANSYS) that are used for FEM. In fact, COMSOL
is a FE analysis, solver and simulation software, especially
coupled phenomena, or multiphysics, but ABAQUS and
ANSYS is suite of software applications for FE analysis,
computer-aided engineering, engineering simulation and
aren’t multiphysics. 3ds MAX is a professional 3D computer
graphics program for making 3D animations, models, games
and images, developed and produced by Autodesk Media and
Entertainment. It contains many features specifically designed
to help artists, architects, engineers and designers in various
disciplines in the realization of their projects [22]. 3ds MAX
and FEM have strengths, but either also make progress and
steps in new technologies. A small comparison: 3ds MAX
started the revolution in 3D computer graphics, compared to
the other 3D graphics software packages. 3ds MAX follows
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard IFC has a
strong focus on constructive solid geometry, boundary
representation, Boolean operations, et cetera [23]. Important
concepts in 3ds MAX are the decomposition and
specialization of objects in the model. The relation between
objects has a strong importance [24]. On the other hand, FEM
is widely applied for electromagnetic analysis of the complex
conducting or dielectric models because of its powerful ability
of modeling inhomogeneous materials. When FEM is used to
analyze the scattering problems, the artificial boundaries
should be introduced to truncate the infinite calculational
domain. The relation between objects is based on the
coordinates [25]. 3ds MAX is a powerful computer program
and modeling process cannot be imagined without knowledge
of working with polygons or editable poly and understanding
how turbosmooth modifier works [22]. Most of the architects
use 3ds MAX instead of other softwares such as MAYA,
Revit and etc for 3d modeling because:
- 3ds MAX has got a lot of small tools that make the job
done faster.
- 3ds MAX has all important tools for modeling, texturing,
rigging, animation, rendering and dynamics.
- There are some nice plugin renderers available for 3ds
MAX software.
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- 3ds MAX is well optimized for architectural visualization.
- 3ds MAX has strong rendering capabilities, improved
interoperability with industry standard products as well
as additional time-saving animation and mapping
workflow tools.
This paper presents a technical approach to integrating 3D
visualization and the simulation of complex construction
operations in FEM. The 3ds MAX and FEM users can meet
together in several complex projects, so both worlds must try
to solve the planning questions by using their own technology
and way of working. The development and growing use of
both 3ds MAX and FEM can create a breakthrough in the
future. In this paper the generic case study can show validity
and advantages of the proposed methodology.
II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND INFORMATION FLOW
Nowadays, due to the rapid development of FEM software
and Multiphysics approaches, it should be possible to build
and simulate full 3D models of buildings regarding the energy
demand [14]. In newer study [5], the accuracy of the FE code
has been varied by comparing the results with other studies
and also with other softwares. Preparation of the 3D model in
3ds MAX is a complex process in which it is necessary to have
basic knowledge of polygonal modeling. Polygonal modeling
is an approach for modeling objects, representing or
approximating the surfaces using polygons. To create
polygons as a starting point, 3ds MAX offers dozens of classes
form such as cube, sphere, plane, cylinder, pyramids, etc. By
converting these forms into polygons, then moving, adding or
dividing the vertices and polygons and using some modifiers,
arbitrary objects can be created [26]. The research work was
carried out (i) to determine how an accurate 3ds MAX can be
used for structural analysis and simulation, (ii) to check the
main difficulties in the analytic description of the construction
(including morphology and material aspects, which requires
initial assumptions and empirical data), and (iii) to evaluate
the numerical performances and the required simplifications
for numerical computations that may exceed the memory
capacity of computers.
III. FEM MODULE FOR THERMAL DISTRIBUTION
For making the thermal distribution for each floor
accurately and overcoming difficulties in the analytic
description and viewing structural analysis and simulation
accurately, we separate building floors in 3ds MAX and then
import them in COMSOL. We export the SAT file from 3ds
MAX and then we lower the size file by CAD Exchanger.
Then we call the x_t data on FEM by import (see Figure 1).
Fig. 1. Geometry modeling paradigms of 5th floor between 3ds MAX (left),
CAD Exchanger (middle) and FEM (right).
We select heat transfer in solids physics from heat transfer
module in COMSOL. The heat transfer through the material
is a combination of conductive, convective and radiative heat
transfer components [27]. So, we must define three key TABLE II. BUILDING MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS
parameters in this study to create the simulation model: (1) Wall Floor
thermal conductivity; k, (2) heat transfer coefficient; h, and (3)
emissivity constant coefficient; . k [28] is the property of a
material that indicates its ability to conduct heat. It is
expressed by W/m∙K which is defined by:
∆
=( )
(1)
Roof Window

Where Q is the conducted heat quantity (J); ∆ is the

thickness of a material (m); A is the heat transfer area (m2) and Double glazing with Gas
t is the time for the heat transfer (s) [28]. One end is in thermal Argon (Curtain wall with no
mullions)
contact with an energy reservoir at indoor temperature , and
the other end is in thermal contact with a reservoir at outdoor
temperature in °K. [29]. The most important of the design In this study, thermal distribution has been done for hottest
of heat exchangers [30] is an overall ℎ. This is a measure of and coldest day between 23 September 2014 till 21 September
general resistance of a heat exchanger to the flow of heat (also 2015 obtained from I. R. of Iran Meteorological organization.
known as Kapitza resistance). ℎ can be written as, We compare our results with reality obtained from Mastech
Infrared Thermometer (see Figure 3). Outdoor temperature
=ℎ ( − ) (2) for the hottest day is 314.1° and the coldest day is 256° .
Convection energy [29], , is transmitted from the heated Ambient temperature for summer and winter have been also
material to the indoor of the building with convection, and given 296.8° and 285° [32].
after radiation is converted to thermal radiation energy E, as
follow, TABLE III. HEAT TRANSFER SPECIFICATIONS ( )
∙
= ( − ) (3) Specifications of outside walls Specifications of windows
Building
Where is ambient temperature, is Stefan- specificat The thickness = 20 cm The thickness = 10 milimeter
ion of NE. E N
Boltzmann coefficient equal to 5 ∙ 6696 × 10 . The sections N.a E.b S.c d W.e N.
.
S.
E.
W.
×°
value of can vary between zero and unity, depending on the Hotel 0.53 2.8
properties of the surface of the building materials. is equal
Residenti
to the fraction of the incoming radiation that the surface al
0.53 - 0.53 2.8 - 2.8
absorbs [29, 31]. Commerc
0.53 2.8 - 2.8 - 2.8
ial
A. Technical approach Building
Floor and roof thickness = 10 cm
Lightning thickness = 10
specificat milimeter
The following steps describe the simulation process ion of Floor specifications of Floor and roof
Lightning specifications
performed in the FEM module: sections uncontrolled spaces specifications
(1) Separate floors of the building in 3ds MAX software. Hotel 0
-
(2) Export each floors to SAT file. Residenti 0 0.61
al
(3) Convert SAT file to x_t file by CAD Exchanger Commerc
0.52 2.8
software for less memory space and faster analysis and ial
simulation. a.
N.: North; b. E.: East; c. S.: South; d. NE.: North East; e. W.: West.

(4) Import x_t file to COMSOL software.

(5) Define key parameters: thermal conductivity (see Table TABLE IV. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY SPECIFICATIONS ( )
∙
4), heat transfer (see Table 3), and emissivity constant Building specification
Floor Roof Wall Window
(see Table 1) for windows, walls, roofs, and floors for of sections
each floor in COMSOL software (see Table 2). Hotel
2.8
(6) Introduce Air for all indoor region in material section. Residential 2.3 2.3 2
(7) Set for emissivity constant and for heat Commercial 1
transfer.
IV. A CASE STUDY
(8) Add mesh and build it for domain selected.
(9) Compute thermal distribution for stationary sate. The proposed methodology has been tested in a
Residential, Commercial & Hotel building. The name is
TABLE I. BUILDING MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS
Arman Toos and its architecture is based on AutoCAD and
3ds MAX visualization and located in Mashhad, Iran. In terms
Building specification of energy consumption and in accordance with the Deputy for
Floor Roof Wall Window
of sections Housing and Construction laws, this building stays on large
Hotel commercial and administrative buildings category that is
0.95
Residential 0.94 0.94 0.94 required to average energy saving. External walls of this
Commercial 0.95 building are made of new materials, such as Autoclaved

112
Aerated Concrete (AAC) [33]. This concrete has a low heat The result obtained from this paper is very close to reality
transfer coefficient and reduces greatly the heat dissipation of and verify our assumptions. (see Figure 4)
the walls. It has 13 floors that 10 floors are usable for living
and 3 floors are not. Figure 3 shows this building. Some floors
are the same, such as 4, 5 and 6. After conversion of the 3ds
MAX files, the size of the files is increased. For example, for
ground floor file, 3ds MAX is 884 KB as a MAX file, after
export it is 14.5 MB as a SAT file. Then SAT file converts to
x_t file in CAD Exchanger (see Figure 1). After conversion
the size of the file is lower, 8.55 MB as (SAT file is about 14
times as big). Final issue is importing x_t file into FEM
software and computing thermal distribution. (see Figure 2)

Fig. 2. A case study model (Arman Toos Building).

This building has a total area of about 95000 square meters.

The city of Mashhad is 58 degrees 4 minutes’ longitude and
36 degrees 3 minutes’ latitude. The altitude of Mashhad city is
969.3 meters from the sea level. The maximum temperature
in the summer is 43◦C and in the winter, it is -23◦C.
V. RESULTS
In order to verify the results provided on our assumptions,
evaluation should be done. For evaluating the numerical Fig. 4. Building façade, unit 502 (yallow color) and comparicon real
performances and the required simplifications for numerical temperature with COMSOL.
computations, we compare our results with reality Mastech
Infrared Thermometer MS6520B (see Figure 3 and Table 5) Total results of thermal distribution in summer and in
obtained from 2 September 2017. winter for each floor (ground floor to 8th floor) has come in
Table 6 and Figures 5,6.

TABLE VI. TEMPERTAURE RESULTS OF FLOORS

Summer (° ) Winter (° )
floors
min Max min Max

Ground 296.476 318.301 245.871 298.188

1st 297.410 319.107 243.948 295.876

2nd 297.064 318.911 244.388 296.758

3rd 297.417 317.252 248.382 295.912

4th, left 297.891 315.941 251.126 294.757

5th 297.442 316.491 249.902 295.890
Fig. 3. Mastech Infrared Thermometer MS6520B. mid.
and
6th right 297.753 316.733 249.367 295.080
TABLE V. COMPARISON OF OUR RESULTS WITH REALITY BY
MASTECH INFRARED THERMOMETER MS6520B.
7th left 297.891 315.941 251.126 294.757
Results from 2 September 2016 ( = 29 ℃) in hour: 17 o’clock. 8th 296.707 318.411 245.875 297.618
(Initial Value is at 6 o’clock in the morning: 20 ℃)
From MS6520B 27.4 ℃
From Reality 27.407 ℃

113

Fig. 5. Winter minimum and maximum tempertures of floors.
Fig. 6. Summer minimum and maximum temperatures of floors.
VI. DISCUSSION
The purpose of using computer simulation to model
thermal distribution is to assist decision making in better
understanding planned operations. To achieve this goal, the
simulation models should be credible and fully
comprehensible to construction practitioners. The results
presented in this paper could help to convert 3ds MAX to
FEM. However, some elements still need some discussion and
remarks. First of all, in this research, the implementation
exports thermal distribution of 3ds MAX file of a sample
building, by the x_t extension data. In fact, 3ds MAX SAT file
converted x_t file with CAD Exchanger for importing into
FEM. This import takes less time. The growth of semantic
data in FEM and the growing complexity of 3D geometry
representations might cause situation where the usability of
the data increases. Of course the most common and most
valuable argument for this issue is that FEM was never
designed, nor intended to be used for these applications. To
prevent this issue, we think the 3D geometry representation
must be split. The 3D geometry is one of the properties of an
object. Another possible option is to start defining 3D
geometry by using models and standards. The use of standards
might help to speed up the adaptation of 3D usage on both the
FEM and 3ds MAX. When 3ds MAX extensions with
geometry representation are not shown to viewers obviously,
it is not clear how practical use-cases will develop in the
future. Software developers of 3ds MAX and FEM viewers
should extend their softwares to view geometry
representations of objects in less time and more comfortable.
In this paper, it was described the challenges met in an effort
to develop a 3D visualization system to improve the
credibility and communication of simulated construction
114
operations. This system was developed for the simulation and
3D visualization of thermal distribution. A case study was
used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed
methodology and to show the essential features of this
developed system.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
This study investigates the integration of 3ds MAX and
FEM for thermal distribution. The proposed 3ds MAX-to-
FEM methodology allows the generation of detailed large
building BIM of complex architectures, which are then
converted into 3D mesh for structural simulation via FEM.
Main part of this research was the development and
implementation of 3ds MAX extension on FEM for thermal
distribution data. The aim of this work was to demonstrate that
an accurate 3ds MAX generated can be simplified and meshed
to fulfill structural analysis requirements. This paper is
describing a development, which can be made. The work can
be intended as a 3ds MAX-centered approach, where
structural simulation is another step in the project workflow.
The work does not rely on the generation of a new model only
for structural purposes. The data is extracted from the 3ds
MAX, preserving the integrity and consistency of the file as a
common data processing environment for thermal
distribution. We concluded that it is technically possible to
add semantic information from 3ds MAX into FEM using the
developed 3ds MAX and FEM extension. As the 3ds MAX
reflects the geometric complexity of the historic construction,
the FE model reflects the geometric irregularity without an
excessive simplification of structural elements. This is a
fundamental aspect that improves structural simulation based
on regular elements and simplified shapes. The conversion of
3ds MAX data to FEM files, CAD Exchanger used due to less
time importing file into FEM. In fact, both 3ds MAX and FEM
have made decisions during the design and development of
their native schemas that impose restrictions on the
integration. We are aware that FEM was not originally
designed and implemented to be 100% consistent with the
semantics and content available in a 3ds MAX. FEM was
originally designed for sharing 3D models form AutoCAD,
Revit and Solid Work softwares, not internal infrastructure,
such as very large buildings. Then it will be difficult to get full
3ds MAX file in FEM and it must be minified. Future
developments will require the implementation of advanced
functions for automated or semi-automated 3ds MAX-to-
FEM conversion. To fully integrate 3ds MAX and FEM, the
Architecture, Engineering & Construction (AEC) sector needs
to start working with large models. This is a success for
Building Information Modeling (BIM) [34]. This experiment
had a strong focus on meshing algorithms based on
geometrical aspects and transforming 3ds MAX semantics
into FEM for thermal distribution and showed promising
results. 3ds MAX-to-FEM methodology is remarkable, and
COMSOL is a strong artificial intelligent FEM multiphysics
software for heat transfer numerical modeling computations.
This paper deserves future work for the automation of the
different phases, starting from better algorithms for mesh
generation, editing, and refinement. The investigation under
different actions, such as freeze and thawing materials will be
taken into consideration in new experiments. The aim is to
turned the proposed 3ds MAX-to-FEM into an operational
tool for simulation pre- and post-restoration, and simulation
for energy crisis management.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is related to my thesis entitle “Energy modeling
for estimation of indoor temperature of the building based on
the BIM platform”. The authors wish to express sincere
gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive
comments and helpful suggestions, which lead to substantial
improvements of this paper.
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