JAZZ

Background
Earliest form of jazz appeared in New Orleans in between 1885-1920
Root: African diaspora who travelled to US in 1619 for slavery
Jazz is the descendants of African tradition “Ring Shout”
Characteristic: emphasis o rhythm, a lot of improvisation, spontaneous, unwritten
Important term: call and response
Fungsional jazz and Quasi art jazz

Blues
Considered as the first American native music
Very influential for development of jazz, along with ragtime
Text of blues: lament, poverty, social injustice, lost love, or anything that depicts hard times
12 bar blues form: repeated harmonic pattern of 12 measures in 4/4 time

New Orleans Jazz/Dixieland

Derived its melody from popular tune
New Orleans bands: cornet, clarinet, trombone as the melody, tuba/string bass, piano, guitar, drum as
accompaniment
No soloist, but improvising on each other’s part
Coda=tag
New Orleans jazz later developed into hot jazz
Important musician: Louise Armstrong
Louise Armstrong developed scat singing

Swing
Appeared in 1920, but reached its peak in 1930
Performed in big band style
Notable pianist/arranger/composer: Duke Ellington
Another musicians who are important in development of swing era: Count Basie, Benny Goodman (The
King of Swing), Billie holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra
Swing band: Saxophones, brass, and rhythm
Need arrangement
Ostinato = riff

Bebop
Appeared in 1940 when swing’s popularity was declining
Bebop: Jazz style that is performed in very quick tempo and rapid chord change
Smaller scope than swing
Unpredictable and complex
Musician: Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie

Cool Jazz
Appeared in 1950
Characteristic: Relax and clam
Need arrangement
New instruments
Musician: Miles Davis

Free Jazz
Appeared in 1960
Free jazz: a style that was not based on regular forms or established chord pattern
Pioneer: Ornette Coleman
Free jazz allowed the musicians to improvise individually, no guidelines on melody, form, or harmony
Another musician: John Coltrane

Jazz Rock (Fusion)

Jazz was influenced by rock genre in late 1960
Combining jazz improvisatory approached with rock rhythm
Extremely popular (its popularity is unmatched with other jazz style mentioned above, except for swing)
Jazz rock group: combining acoustic wind and brass instruments with synthesizer and electric instrument
Musician: Miles Davis, Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock

Listening:
1. Lost Your Head Blues - Bessie Smith
2. Duke Ellington - I don’t mean a thing
3. Louise Armstrong : When the Saints Go Marching In
4. Louise Armstong: Heebie Jeebies
5. Hotter than that.
6. Duke Ellington : Take the A Train
7. Billie Holiday - Strange Flute
8. Charlie Parker - Ko-Ko
9. Dave Brubeck - Time Out, Take Five.
10. Ornette Coleman - Free Jazz
11. John Coltrane - Ascension 1/4
12. Miles Davis - In a silent way

Opera
1. Italy - Florentine Camerata (composer: Giovani de Bardi, Vincenzo Galilei, Jacopo Peri, G.
Caccini, Cavalieri)
2. “The First Opera” (composer: J. Perri, Caccini, Cavalieri)
• Libretto adalah naskah dalam opera.
• Librettis adalah penulis naskah.
• Recitative: singing/speaking.
3. Aria: solo voice with accompaniment.
4. Opera Seria (Mitologi/tragic content, da capo Aria-ABA, Recitative - Aria, overture-
orchestral prelude)
5. French Court Opera (tokohnya: Jean Babtise Lully, King Louis XIV-Ballet Dance, Ballet,
French Overture)
6. England
• Masque/semi-opera. Masque awalnya seperti parade
7. Opera Buffa. Awalnya lahir dari intermezzo (drama giocosso).
• Contoh opera: Mozart Don Giovani, The Magic Flute, Marriage of Figaro.