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−27
m p =1. 673×10 kg
−27
mn =1 . 675×10 kg
−31
me =9 .11×10 kg
−19
e=1 . 60×10 C
coulombs
18.1 The Origin of Electricity
q=Ne
18.1 The Origin of Electricity
q=Ne
q 1 . 00 C 18
N= = =6 .25×10
e 1. 60×10 -19 C
18.2 Charged Objects and the Electric Force
The body that loses electrons has an excess of positive charge, while
the body that gains electrons has an excess of negative charge.
18.2 Charged Objects and the Electric Force
During any process, the net electric charge of an isolated system remains
constant (is conserved).
18.2 Charged Objects and the Electric Force
Not only can electric charge exist on an object, but it can also move
through and object.
COULOMB’S LAW
In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the electron is in orbit about the
nuclear proton at a radius of 5.29x10-11m. Determine the speed of the
electron, assuming the orbit to be circular.
|q1||q 2|
F=k
r2
18.5 Coulomb’s Law
2
F=ma c =mv /r
v =√ Fr /m=
√ ( 8 .22×10−8 N )( 5 . 29×10−11 m )
9 .11×10 -31 kg
=2 . 18×106 m/s
18.5 Coulomb’s Law
The positive charge experiences a force which is the vector sum of the
forces exerted by the charges on the rod and the two spheres.
The electric field that exists at a point is the electrostatic force experienced
by a small test charge placed at that point divided by the charge itself:
⃗F
⃗E =
qo
It is the surrounding charges that create the electric field at a given point.
18.6 The Electric Field
The charges on the two metal spheres and the ebonite rod create an electric
field at the spot indicated. The field has a magnitude of 2.0 N/C. Determine
the force on the charges in (a) and (b)
18.6 The Electric Field
⃗
⃗E = F
qo
|q1||q 2|
F=k
r2
18.6 The Electric Field
|q||q o|
F=k 2
r
( 8 .99×10 9 N⋅m2 /C 2 )( 0 . 80×10−6 C )( 15×10−6 C )
¿ 2
=2 .7 N
( 0 . 20 m )
F 2. 7 N 6
E= = -6
=3 . 4 ×10 N /C
|q o| 0 . 80×10 C
18.6 The Electric Field
F |q||q o| 1
E= =k 2
|q o| r |q o|
|q|
Point charge q: E=k 2
r
18.6 The Electric Field
|q|
E=k 2
r
18.6 The Electric Field
|q| E1 =E 2
E=k 2
r
( 16×10−6 C ) ( 4 . 0×10−6 C )
k 2
=k
d ( 3 . 0 m−d )2
2 2
2.0 ( 3 .0 m−d ) =d
d =+ 2. 0 m
18.6 The Electric Field
charge density
q σ
Parallel plate E= =
capacitor ε o A εo
ε ο =8 . 85×10−12 C 2 / ( N⋅m2 )
18.7 Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines or lines of force provide a map of the electric field
in the space surrounding electric charges.
18.7 Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines are always directed away from positive charges and
toward negative charges.
18.7 Electric Field Lines
EPE
V
qo
EPE WAB
V
qo qo
19.2 The Electric Potential Difference
(b)
E 12 mv 2 12 I 2 mgh 12 kx 2 EPE
One electron volt is the magnitude of the amount by which the potential
energy of an electron changes when the electron moves through a potential
difference of one volt.
19
1 eV 1.60 10 V
19.2 The Electric Potential Difference
1
2
mvB2 EPEB 12 mv A2 EPE A
1
2
mvB2 12 mv A2 EPE A EPEB
1
2
mvB2 12 mv A2 qo VA VB
19.2 The Electric Potential Difference
(a) 1
2 mvB2 qo VA VB
vB 2qo VA VB m
kqqo kqqo
WAB
rA rB
WAB kq kq
VB VA
qo rA rB
Potential of a kq
point charge V
r
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges
(a)
kq
V
r
8.99 109 N m 2 C 2 4.0 10 8 C
1.2 m
300 V
(b)
V 300 V
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges
VA
8.99 109
N m 2 C 2 8.0 10 8 C
8.99 109 N m 2 C 2 8.0 10 8 C
240 V
0.20 m 0.60 m
VB
8.99 10 9
N m 2 C 2 8.0 10 8 C
8.99 109 N m 2 C 2 8.0 10 8 C0 V
0.40 m 0.40 m
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges
Two point charges are fixed in place. The positive charge is +2q and the
negative charge is –q. On the line that passes through the charges, how
many places are there at which the total potential is zero?
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
q CV
The capacitance C is the proportionality constant.
Eo
Dielectric constant
E
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
Eo q o A
Eo V
E
d
A
q o V
d
Energy 12 CV 2
Volume Ad
o A
Ed
2
Energy 1
2
d
Energy
Energy density Volume 12 o E 2
Električna struja
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
The electric current is the amount of charge per unit time that passes
through a surface that is perpendicular to the motion of the charges.
q
I
t
One coulomb per second equals one ampere (A).
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
If the charges move around the circuit in the same direction at all times,
the current is said to be direct current (dc).
If the charges move first one way and then the opposite way, the current is
said to be alternating current (ac).
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
The current in a 3.0 V battery of a pocket calculator is 0.17 mA. In one hour
of operation, (a) how much charge flows in the circuit and (b) how much energy
does the battery deliver to the calculator circuit?
(a)
q I t 0.17 10 3 A 3600 s 0.61 C
Energy
(b) Energy Charge 0.61 C 3.0 V 1.8 J
Charge
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
OHM’S LAW
V
R constant or V IR
I
Example 2 A Flashlight
V 3.0 V
R 7.5
I 0.40 A
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
L
R
A
L
R
A
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
The instructions for an electric lawn mower suggest that a 20-gauge extension
cord can be used for distances up to 35 m, but a thicker 16-gauge cord should
be used for longer distances. The cross sectional area of a 20-gauge wire is
5.2x10-7Ω·m, while that of a 16-gauge wire is 13x10-7Ω·m. Determine the
resistance of (a) 35 m of 20-gauge copper wire and (b) 75 m of 16-gauge
copper wire.
(a) R
L 1.72 10 8 m 35 m
1.2
-7 2
A 5.2 10 m
(b) R
L 1.72 10 8 m 75 m
0.99
-7 2
A 13 10 m
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
o 1 T To
temperature coefficient
of resistivity
R Ro 1 T To
20.4 Electric Power
Suppose some charge emerges from a battery and the potential difference
between the battery terminals is V.
energy
P
q V q
V IV
t t
power
time
20.4 Electric Power
ELECTRIC POWER
P IV
SI Unit of Power: watt (W)
P I IR I 2 R
V V2
P V
R R
20.4 Electric Power
V Vo sin 2 ft
20.5 Alternating Current
In circuits that contain only resistance, the current reverses direction each time
the polarity of the generator reverses.
V Vo
I sin 2 ft I o sin 2 ft
R R
peak current
20.5 Alternating Current
I oVo I o Vo
P I rmsVrms
2 2 2
20.5 Alternating Current
Vrms I rms R
P Vrms I rms
2
P I rms R
2
Vrms
P
R
20.5 Alternating Current
(a) Vo 34 V
Vrms 24 V
2 2
(b) V 24 V
I rms rms 3.0 A
R 8.0
There are many circuits in which more than one device is connected to
a voltage source.
Series wiring means that the devices are connected in such a way
that there is the same electric current through each device.
20.6 Series Wiring
(a) V 12.0 V
RS 6.00 3.00 9.00 I 1.33 A
RS 9.00
The two parallel pipe sections are equivalent to a single pipe of the
same length and same total cross sectional area.
20.7 Parallel Wiring
V V 1 1 1
I I1 I 2 V V
R1 R2 R1 R2 RP
parallel resistors
1 1 1 1
RP R1 R2 R3
20.7 Parallel Wiring
(a) 1 1 1 3
RP 2.67
RP 8.00 4.00 8.00
V 6.00 V
(b) I rms rms 2.25 A
RP 2.67
20.7 Parallel Wiring
V 6.00 V V 6.00 V
(c) I rms rms 0.750 A I rms rms 1.50 A
R 8.00 R 4.00
KIRCHHOFF’S RULES
Loop rule. Around any closed circuit loop, the sum of the potential drops
equals the sum of the potential rises.
20.10 Kirchhoff’s Rules
I 0.90 A
20.10 Kirchhoff’s Rules
20.12 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
q q 1 1
V V1 V2 q
C1 C2 C1 C2
1 1 1 1
Series capacitors
C S C1 C2 C3