Phys101 ch07 KinEnergy Work 7p

13/01/2016
Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 1 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 4
7-2 Kinetic Energy

Example 1
Two identical cars start from rest at the opposite ends of a 1.0-km straight
road. Each car weighs 5.0x103 N and accelerates at constant rate of 1.5
m/s2. a = 1.5 m/s2
1.0 km
What is the total kinetic energy of the two cars just before the collision?
Chapter 7 Solution
The kinetic energy of the two cars just before the collision is
Kinetic Energy and Work 1
K = 2( m v 2 ) = (510 kg)(1500 m2 /s2 ) = 7.7 x 105 J
7-1 What is Energy? 2
7-2 Kinetic Energy Finding the mass of one car Finding the speed of one car
7-3 Work weight
7-4 Work and Kinetic Energy m= v 2 = v 02 + 2 a (x-x 0 )
g
7-5 Work Done by the Gravitational Force 5.0 x 103 N v 2 = 0 + 2 (1.5 m/s2 )(500 m)
7-6 Work Done by a General Variable Force = = 510 kg
9.8 m/s2 v 2 =1500 m2 /s2
7-7 Work Done by a Spring Force
7-8 Power
7-1 What is Energy? 7-3 Work

Quantity associated to the state of a system Transfer of energy
Initial Final Initial Final
Energy is a number that we associate with a system of one or more objects. → → → → → → → →
F v0 F v F v0 F v
Energy is a scalar quantity.
Energy can be used to predict the behavior of a system. The force increases the kinetic The force decreases the kinetic
energy of the object. energy of the object.
The force has transferred The force has transferred
Energy can be transformed from one type to another and transferred from energy to the object from you. energy from the object to you.
one object to another, but the total amount of energy of an isolated system is Positive work is done on the Negative work is done on the
always the same. object by the force. object by the force.
Energy of an isolated is conserved.
In this chapter, Work W is energy transferred to or from an object by means of a force

we study one type of energy = kinetic energy acting on the object.
and
one way in which energy can be transferred = work. Energy transferred to the object is positive work.
Energy transferred from the object is negative work.
7-2 Kinetic Energy 7-4 Work and Kinetic Energy

Formula Work by a constant force
→ →
F F The force does not change
Bead in magnitude or direction as
→
φ d φ the object moves.
Wire
Initial Final
Kinetic energy
Work done by a Constant force
1 constant force
K= m v2 → →
Displacement
2 Speed
Work is a scalar quantity. W = Fd
Mass SI unit for work is the joule.
W = F d cos φ
m 2
SI unit for energy is the joule
1 J = 1 kg ( ) =1Nm
s Angle between the
m 2 force and displacement
1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg ( ) F cos φ is the component of the force along the direction of the
s
displacement.
All the work is done by the force component along the displacement.
The force component perpendicular to the displacement does zero work.
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7-4 Work and Kinetic Energy 7-4 Work and Kinetic Energy
Positive and negative work Derivation - Work-kinetic energy theorem
W = F d cos φ → → The force does not change

F F
in magnitude or direction as
→ → Bead the object moves.
→ → → → →
F F
F F
F F Wire φ d φ
→
x
→
→ →
φ →
φ Initial v 0 Final v
φ d φ d d
Newton's second law along the x axis
0° < φ < 90° φ = 90° 90° < φ < 180° Fx = m a x
The force does positive The force does zero The force does negative Since the force is constant, the acceleration is constant
work on the object work on the object work on the object v 2 = v 02 + 2 a x d multiply both sides by ½ m
1 1
m v2 = m v 20 + m a x d
2 2
K f = K i + Fx d → →
A force does positive work when it has a vector component in the same F cos φ d = Fd = W
direction as the displacement and it does negative work when it has vector
K f = Ki + W
component in the opposite direction.
A force does zero work when it has no component along the K f - Ki = W
displacement.
ΔK = W Work-kinetic energy theorem
Work by several forces Checkpoint 1
Solution
→
FNet A particle moves along the x axis. 1
K= m v2
If the particle's velocity changes 2
→
F2 from ΔK W = ΔK
→
F1 (a) -5 m/s to -1 m/s decreases negative
→
d (b) -3 m/s to 3 m/s remains the same zero
(c) 2 m/s to -3 m/s increases positive

→ →
Work done by the two forces = work done by F1 + work done by F2 Does the kinetic energy of the
→
= work done by FNet particle increase, decrease, or
remain the same?
Is the work done on the particle
positive, negative, or zero?
Work-kinetic energy theorem Example 2
Work-kinetic energy theorem Two men slide an initially Push
Pull
ΔK = W stationary box of mass 250 kg
→
50° →
F2 →
→
F2
on a frictionless surface for a F1 60° F1
⎛ Change in the kinetic ⎞ ⎛ Net work done ⎞ distance d = 7.25 m to the right.
⎜ energy of an object ⎟ = ⎜ on the object ⎟ →
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ F1 = 15.0 N, and F2 = 10.0 N. d
What is the net work done on
7.25 m
the box by the two men during
ΔK = K f - K i = W the displacement?
K f = Ki + W
⎛ kinetic energy after ⎞ ⎛ kinetic energy ⎞ ⎛ Net work done ⎞ Solution
y
⎜ the net work is done ⎟ = ⎜ before the net work ⎟ + ⎜ on the object ⎟ W = W1 + W2 →
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
FN
W1 = F1 d cos φ1 →
F2
=(15.0 N)(7.25 m) cos 50° = 69.9 J Box 60°
If the net work done on the object is positive, x
the object's kinetic energy increases by the amount of the work. W2 = F2 d cos φ2 50°
=(10.0 N)(7.25 m) cos 60° = 36.2 J → →
If the net work done on the object is negative, Fg F1
the object's kinetic energy decreases by the amount of the work. W = (69.9 J) + (46.2 J) = 106.2 J
2
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Example 3 Example 6
Two men slide an initially Push → ∧
stationary box of mass 250 kg 50° → Pull → d = (-6.0 m) i

→ F2 → F2 ∧ ∧
→ →
on a frictionless surface for a F1 60° F1
→
F F
distance d = 7.25 m to the right.
F = (3.0 N) i + (-5.0 N) j
→
F1 = 15.0 N, and F2 = 10.0 N. d Work done by the force = -18 J →
What is the work done on the Frictionless d
7.25 m
box by the gravitational force If the box's initial kinetic energy is Final Initial
and the normal force during the 20 J, what is its kinetic energy at
displacement? the end of the displacement?
Solution Solution
y
The work done by the gravitational force is → W = K f - Ki
Wg = Fg d cos 90° = Fg d ( 0 ) = 0 FN →
F2 K f = Ki + W
The work done by the normal force is Box 60°
WN = FN d cos 90° = FN d ( 0 ) = 0
x K f = 20 J + (-18 J) = 2 J
50°
→ →
The work is zero because the forces are Fg F1
perpendicular to the displacement.
Example 4 Checkpoint 2
Two men slide an initially Push A box slides on a frictionless surface rightward a distance d.
stationary box of mass 250 kg 50° → Pull → The magnitude of the force is same.
→ F2 → F2 Rank the situations according to the work done on the box, most positive
on a frictionless surface for a F1 60° F1 →
distance d = 7.25 m to the right. first. → F →
→
F F
F1 = 15.0 N, and F2 = 10.0 N. d →
→
The box is initially stationary. d F
7.25 m
What is the final speed of the
box at end the displacement? Work done by the two men = 106.2 J (a) (b) (c) (d)
Solution Solution 3
y 1 2 4
The speed of the box changes because its →
W = F d cos φ
kinetic energy is changed when energy is FN →
transferred to it by the forces of the two men. F2
1 1 Box 60°
W = K f - Ki = m v 2f - m v i2 initially x
2 2 50°
stationary
→ →
2W 2 (106.2 J) Fg F
vf = = = 0.922 m/s 1
m 250 kg
7-4 Work and Kinetic Energy 7-5 Work Done by the Gravitational Force
Example 5 Thrown object
→ ∧
Work done by the W = F d cos φ Angle between the
d = (-6.0 m) i
gravitational force gravitational force
→ ∧ ∧
→ → Wg = m g d cos φ and displacement
F = (3.0 N) i + (-5.0 N) j F F
How much work does the force →

do on the box during the Frictionless d
→ Rising object Falling object
displacement? Final Initial v
Final φ = 180° Initial
→ φ = 0°
v0
→ Wg = - m g d → Wg = m g d
Solution ∧ ∧
Fg Fg
→ →
i i = 1 →
→
→
∧ ∧ d v0 d
W = Fd j j = 1
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ K f = Ki + W K f = Ki + W
W = [(3.0 N) i + (-5.0 N) j ][(-6.0 m) i ] k k = 1
Initial Object's kinetic energy Final Object's kinetic energy
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
W = (3.0 N)(-6.0 m) i i + (-5.0 N)(-6.0 m) j i i j = 0 → decreases because the → increases because the
∧ ∧ Fg F→g
gravitational force does gravitational force does
i k = 0 v
W = (3.0 N)(-6.0 m) = -18 J ∧ ∧ negative work on it. positive work on it.
k j = 0
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7-5 Work Done by the Gravitational Force 7-5 Work Done by the Gravitational Force
Work done in lifting or lowering an object Example 8
→
Work-kinetic energy theorem ΔK = K f - K i = W m = 10 kg →
T
→ → d = 4.0 m d
F Lifting an object F Lowering an object h = 2.0 m →
T h
The gravitational force The gravitational force The box is stationary before and after the lift.
Final does negative work W g Initial does positive work W g What is the work done by the gravitational force?
on the object. on the object. θ Frictionless ramp
→ →
Fg Fg Solution →
→
The applied force →
The applied force FN
The work done by the gravitational force is →
d does positive work Wa d does negative work Wa → d
→ →
F on the object. F on the object. Wg = m g d cos φ T
= m g d cos (θ + 90°) θ
ΔK = Wg + Wa ΔK = Wg + Wa φ
Initial Final = - m g d sin θ
→
→ → =-mgh
Fg Fg The work done by gravitational Fg
force depends only on the
If Kf = Ki, 0 = Wg + Wa Angle between the vertical displacement.
gravitational force
Wa = - Wg = - m g d cos φ
and displacement = - (10 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )(2.0 m) = - 20 J
Work done by the
applied force
Work done in lifting or lowering an object Example 9
→
Work-kinetic energy theorem ΔK = K f - K i = W m = 10 kg →
T
d = 4.0 m d
→
h = 2.0 m →
F Usually, we do not know how the applied force varies during T h
Final
The box is stationary before and after the lift.
lifting or lowering the object.
The work done by the gravitational force = - 20 J
→ We cannot use Wa = F d cos φ to find the work done by the →
θ Frictionless ramp
Fg What is the work done by the force T?
applied force.
→ Solution →
F But we can calculate the work done by this varying applied force FN →
from the fact that the change in the kinetic energy of the object Work-kinetic energy theorem → d
→ is the sum of the work done by this force and the work done by T
→ F
→
g the gravitational force. ΔK = W = WT + Wg + WN θ
d F φ
ΔK = Wg + Wa
→
→ Wa = ΔK - Wg Fg
Fg The box is stationary before and after the lift Æ ΔK = 0
→ The normal force is perpendicular to the displacement Æ W N = 0
F If the initial and final kinetic energies of the object are the 0 = WT + Wg
Initial same, Kf = Ki, then
→ The work done by the applied force WT = - Wg = 20 J
Fg g - m g d cos φ
Wa = - W=
Example 7 Checkpoint 3
→ →
d = 2.00 m →
T → T
Weight = 1000 N d d
What is the work done by the gravitational force? →
→
→ T h h
What is the work done by the applied force? Lifting T
d
θ Frictionless ramp θ Frictionless ramp
You raise the box by the same→height h but with a larger ramp.
Solution Is the work done by the force T greater, smaller, or the same as before?
The work done by the gravitational force is Is the tension needed to move the box greater than, smaller than, or the
→ same as before?
Wg = m g d cos φ F →
= (1000 N)(2.00 m) cos 180° d Solution
→
→ The work done is the same as before. FN →
= - 2000 J Fg
Wa = - Wg Wg depends only on the → d
The work done by the applied force is T
vertical displacement. θ
Wa = ΔK - Wg Initially and finally the
Tension to move the box is smaller T > m g sin θ φ
object is stationary ΔK = 0
= - Wg = 2000 J Smaller θ Æ smaller T →
Fg
4
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7-6 Work Done by the Gravitational Force 7-6 Work Done by a General Variable Force
Example 10 Linear force
xf
m = 5.0 kg
∫ F(x)dx
The work is the area between the F(x) curve
vi = 2.0 m/s W=
and the x axis from xi to xf.
xi
d = 1.0 m
Descending F(x)
a = g/10 F(x) = - k x
What is the work Wg done by the gravitational force? Initial
→
xi xf
What is the work WT done by the upward pull T? → x
d a
What is the net work W done on the object? When the force is a linear
What is the object's final kinetic energy? Final function of displacement,
the work is
Solution
y W = area of big triangle - area of small triangle
Wg = m g d cos 0° = 49 J → xf
→ T 1 1 1 1
WT = T d cos φ = m(g - g/10) d cos 180° = - 44 J a W = (- k x 2f ) - (- k xi2 ) Area = - (k x f )x f = - k x 2f
2 2 2 2
Finding T x kx f
W = Wg + WT = 5.0 J Newton's second law 1 1 curve is below the x axis
W= k xi2 - k x 2f xi
along the y axis → 2 2
K f = Ki + W Fg 1 1
T - Fg = m (- a) Area = - (k xi )xi = - k xi2
1 kxi 2 2
= m v i2 + W = 15 J T = m (g - g/10)
2
7-6 Work Done by a General Variable Force 7-6 Work Done by a General Variable Force
One Dimension Example 11
One dimensional How much work W is done by the F(N)
Work done by
variable force force to move the object from xi = 0 0.4
one dimensional
m to xf =40 m?
variable force xf 0.2
∫ F(x)dx
3
W=
0 x(m)
xi 10 20 30 40
2
-0.2
1
F(x) -0.4
The work is the area between the F(x)
curve and the x axis and between the Area
Solution
=
limits xi and xf. The work is the area between the F(x) curve and the x axis
Work
xi xf x W1 = -(10 m)(0.40 N) = - 4.0 J
W = W1 + W2 + W3 1
W2 = - (10 m)(0.40 N) = - 2.0 J
= -2.0 J 2
1
W3 = (20 m)(0.40 N) = 4.0 J
2
7-6 Work Done by a General Variable Force 7-7 Work Done by a Spring Force
Constant force The spring force
xf
∫ F(x)dx
The work is the area between the F(x) curve
W= Relaxed state Zero force
and the x axis from xi to xf.
xi Zero displacement
→
F(x) d
→
When the force is constant, the work is F(x) = F Fs
Area Stretched Negative force
W = Fd = Positive displacement
F
Work →
xi xf x d
d →
Fs
F(x) Compressed Positive force
F(x) = F Negative displacement
Area
= F
W = - Fd The spring force acts to restore the relaxed state.
Work
xf xi x The spring force is a restoring force.
d
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7-7 Work Done by a Spring Force 7-7 Work Done by a Spring Force
Hooke's law Example
→
Spring force d
→
Displacement Fs
→ →
Fs = - k d Hooke's law
x
Spring constant 0
(or force constant)
Fx = - k x Hooke's law
The spring force is a variable force because it is a function of x
Hooke's law is a linear relationship between Fx and x
The spring constant k measure the stiffness of the spring.

The larger k is, the lager the force needed for a given displacement.
The SI unit for k is

Newton per meter
N/m
7-7 Work Done by a Spring Force 7-7 Work Done by a Spring Force
Formula Example
Work done by a spring force
Initial
1 1
Ws = k xi2 - k x 2f
2 2 x
Final position 0 xi
Initial position Final
Spring constant
x
0 xf
Work Ws is positive if the block ends up closer to the relaxed state.
Work Ws is negative if the block ends up farther away form x = 0.
Derivation xf xf
Ws = ∫ F(x)dx = ∫ -k x dx
xi xi
xf
1 1
= -k ∫ x dx
xi
=
2
k xi2 -
2
k x 2f
7-7 Work Done by a Spring Force 7-8 Power

Work done by an applied force Definition
The average power Pavg due to a force during a time interval Δt is
Initial Average power Work
→
Fa W
Pavg =
x Δt
0 xi Time interval
Final
The instantaneous power P is the time rate of doing work.
→
Fa Instantaneous
x power dW Derivative of work with
0 xf P= respect to time
ΔK = Ws + Wa dt
Units for power
The SI unit for power is the watt (W)
If the initial and final kinetic energies of the object are the
same, Kf = Ki, then 1 Watt = 1 W = 1 J/s
1 horsepower = 1 hp = 746 W
Wa = - Ws
kilowatt-hour is a unit for work or energy
I kilowatt-hour = 1 kW h = (103 w)(3600 s) = 3.60 MJ
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7-8 Power 7-8 Power

Power and velocity Example 3
→
For a particle that is moving along a straight line and is acted on by a F1 = 2.0 N F2
constant force directed at some angle φ to that line F2 = 6.0 N
→
→ v = 3.0 m/s v
Power F →
600
→ → F1
P = Fv φ
Velocity →
v What is the power due to each force acting on the box at that instant?
Force
What is the net power?
Is the power is changing?
Derivation
→ →
dW Solution P1 = F1v = F1 v cos 180° = - 6.0 W
P= → →
dt P2 = F2 v = F2 v cos 60° = 9.0 W
d(F cos φ x) Pnet = P1+ P2 = 6.0 W + 9.0 W = 3.0 W
=
dt The transfer of energy to the box has positive value.
F cos φ dx dx
= = F cos φ The kinetic energy of the box is increasing.
dt dt The speed of the box will is increasing.
→ → Thus the net power will be changing.
= F cos φ v = Fv Pnet = 3.0 W only at the instant the speed is 3.0 m/s.
Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 38
7-8 Power
Checkpoint 3
Is the power due to the force on the object from the cord positive,
→
negative, or zero? v
→
F
Uniform motion
Solution → →
P = Fv = F v cos φ
Power is zero.
The force from the cord is always
perpendicular to the velocity of the
object.
Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 39
7-8 Power
Example 3
→
F1 = 2.0 N F2
F2 = 4.0 N
→
v = 3.0 m/s v
→
600
F1
What is the power due to each force acting on the box at that instant?
What is the net power?
Is the power is changing?
→ →
Solution P1 = F1v = F1 v cos 180° = - 6.0 W
→ →
P2 = F2 v = F2 v cos 60° = 6.0 W
Pnet = P1+ P2 = 6.0 W + 6.0 W = 0
The transfer of energy to or from the box is zero.

The kinetic energy of the box is not changing.
The speed of the box will remain 3.0 m/s.
Thus the net power will stay the same.

Phys101 ch07 KinEnergy Work 7p

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13/01/2016

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 1 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 4

7-2 Kinetic Energy

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 2 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 5

7-1 What is Energy? 7-3 Work

In this chapter, Work W is energy transferred to or from an object by means of a force

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 3 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 6

7-2 Kinetic Energy 7-4 Work and Kinetic Energy

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 7 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 10

W = F d cos φ → → The force does not change

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 8 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 11

(c) 2 m/s to -3 m/s increases positive

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 9 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 12

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 13 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 16

stationary box of mass 250 kg 50° → Pull → d = (-6.0 m) i

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 14 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 17

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 15 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 18

How much work does the force →

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 19 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 22

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 20 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 23

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 21 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 24

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 25 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 28

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 26 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 29

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 27 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 30

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 31 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 34

The spring constant k measure the stiffness of the spring.

The SI unit for k is

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 32 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 35

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 33 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 36

7-7 Work Done by a Spring Force 7-8 Power

I kilowatt-hour = 1 kW h = (103 w)(3600 s) = 3.60 MJ

Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 37 Aljalal-Phys101-Oct 2007-Ch7-page 40

7-8 Power 7-8 Power

The transfer of energy to or from the box is zero.

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