Plate Boundaries

8th Grade Science
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

Chapter 17- Plate Tectonics
Section 1: Restless Continents
Section 2: The Theory of Plate

Tectonics
Section 3: Deforming the Earth’s

Crust
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1
Do the Continents Move?
What Do You Think?

Explain why the following statement is
true or false:
The state of Texas is moving to the west

•As the ocean

floor spreads,
Europe moves
east and North
America
moves west
•The earth is
layered like a
chocolate-
covered cherry

•The layers
have different
properties and
different
compositions

•The
lithosphere is
the cool,
outermost layer
of the Earth

•It is divided into

huge pieces
called tectonic
plates, which
move on the
asthenosphere
•Asthenosphere
is the solid, soft
layer of the
mantle below the
lithosphere
•Asthenosphere
is made of
mantle rock that
flows slowly,
allowing
tectonic plates
to move on it
•The mesosphere
is the solid lower
part of the mantle
below the
asthenosphere

•The outer core

is the outer shell
of Earth’s core.
It is made of
liquid iron and
nickel
•The inner core

is a sphere of
solid iron and
nickel

•The core is the

solid cherry
surrounded by
gooey mantle
covered with a
thin chocolate
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
crust Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1
•Alfred Wegener,
a German scientist,
first had the idea
that continents can
drift around the
Alfred Wegener
1880-1930 globe
•Wegener’s theory
of continental
drift explained
why some land
masses fit like
puzzle pieces
•Continental drift also explained

why similar fossils are found
separated by the oceans
•Wegener’s theory
had the continents
plowing through
the oceans like
this ship plows
through ice
•As is usual with

new theories,
most scientists
didn’t believe in
continental drift

•In the late

1960s, this ship
was designed to
drill into the
ocean floor for
Glomar Challenger
core samples
•The core samples

revealed that rock
at the center of the
Atlantic (Red) was
younger than rock
at the edges (Blue)
•The process by which new oceanic

crust forms at mid-ocean ridges was
called seafloor spreading
•Scientists later discovered that the

earth’s magnetic field changes
polarity every few thousand years
•As the rock cools, it records these

magnetic reversals in the seafloor
•With continental fit,

seafloor spreading,
and magnetic
reversals as proof,
Wegener’s theory
Alfred Wegener was proved!
1880-1930
•With this new theory of Plate

Tectonics, Wegener’s idea of a
supercontinent was accepted
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
What Do You Think?

Consider the amount of energy it would
take for humans to pick up a public school
and move it a mile. What forces do you
think cause the movement of the
continents?





Tectonic Plate Boundaries
•Where the
plates meet,
three types of
plate
boundaries
can form…
•A convergent
boundary is
where two
tectonic plates
collide, or run
Convergent Boundary into each other
Convergent Boundaries



•A divergent
boundary is
where two
tectonic plates
separate from
Divergent Boundary each other
Divergent Boundary

•A transform
boundary is
where two
tectonic plates
slide past one
Transform Boundary
another
horizontally
Transform Boundary

Tectonic Settings
Scientists use plate tectonics to explain how

landforms like mountains and ocean basins form
Tectonic Settings

Tectonic Settings

Tectonic Settings

Tectonic Settings

Deforming the Crust
What Do You Think?
The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004

originated at a subduction zone. How did
plate tectonics cause these waves that
killed over 100,000 people?

Deforming the Crust

Deforming the Crust

Deforming the Crust
•Stress is
the amount
of force per
unit area that
is put on a
rock
Deforming the Crust
•Strain is
any change
in a rock’s
shape
caused by
stress
Deforming the Crust
•The deformed
strata have
been strained
by the stress
of compression
Deforming the Crust
•Folding is a type of strain that

occurs when rocks bend
Deforming the Crust
•Faulting is a type of strain that

occurs when rock breaks
Building Mountains
•Almost all
mountains
are formed at
tectonic plate
Mt. Everest, Himalayas boundaries
Building Mountains- Divergent
•The mid-
ocean ridge
system is
made of two
types of
mountains:
•Fault-block
mountains
form where
the crust is
rifting, or
separating
•Volcanic
mountains
form outside
of the Rift
Zone, on
either side
Building Mountains- Convergent
•At convergent
boundaries,
either volcanic
or folded
mountains can
Convergent Boundary form
•In Alaska, the

subduction of
the oceanic
Pacific plate
has created a
chain of
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade volcanoes
Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 3
•When ocean was between India

and Asia, there were volcanoes

•As the continents collide, they

create only folded mountains

•The Nazca
Plate is
being
subducted
beneath the
SA Plate
•The result is a
trench in the
ocean and a
chain of
volcanoes on
the continent
Let’s Review!
-1-
Describe Alfred
Wegener’s theory of
continental drift.
How is this different
from the modern theory
of plate tectonics?
Let’s Review!
-2-
What are the three
possible driving forces
of plate tectonics?

Let’s Review!
-3-
What kind of mountains
would you expect to find
near an ocean trench?

Let’s Review!
-4-
What kinds of mountains
would you expect to find
at a mid-ocean ridge?

http://www.scotese.com/
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17

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8th Grade Science

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade

Section 1: Restless Continents

Section 2: The Theory of Plate

Section 3: Deforming the Earth’s

What Do You Think?

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1

•As the ocean

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1

•It is divided into

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1

•The outer core

•The inner core

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1

•The core is the

•Continental drift also explained

•As is usual with

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1

•In the late

•The core samples

•The process by which new oceanic

•Scientists later discovered that the

•As the rock cools, it records these

•With continental fit,

•With this new theory of Plate

What Do You Think?

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

Scientists use plate tectonics to explain how

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

What Do You Think?

The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 3

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 3

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 3

•Folding is a type of strain that

•Faulting is a type of strain that

•In Alaska, the

•When ocean was between India

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 3

•As the continents collide, they

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 3

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 2

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 3

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 3

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17

© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade Unit 4 : Chapter 17 : Section 1

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