Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By:
Celis, Jasmin J.
Laggui, Champagne C.
April 2017
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Chapter 1
Introduction
its discharging large volumes of highly polluting effluents throughout the year. In fact, beer is
the fifth most consumed beverage in the world behind tea, carbonates, milk and coffee. In
addition, cleaning of tanks, bottles, machines, and floors produces high quantities of polluted
water. It is estimated that for the production of 1 L of beverage such as beer and soft drinks, 3–
10 L of waste effluent is generated depending on the production and specific water usage. In
other words, very large quantities of water consumed during the process. Similarly, and
because of voluminous water usage, the beverage industry discharges large volumes of highly
polluting effluents throughout the year. It must also be noted that effluents from individual
The disposal of untreated (or partially treated) wastewater into water bodies can
constitute potential or severe pollution problems since the effluents contain organic compounds
that require oxygen for degradation. If water of high organic matter content value flows into a
river, the bacteria in the river will oxidize the organic matter consuming oxygen from the water
faster than the oxygen dissolves back in the river from the air. Furthermore, as regulations
become more and more stringent and the cost of water increases, the call for water recycling is
Bottle washing process in a beverage industry results in a large wastewater volume, but
it contains only a minor part of the total organics discharged from the processes. On the other
hand, effluents from fermentation and filtering are high in organics or biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), but generally low in volume, accounting for about 3% of the total wastewater
volume but 97% of the BOD. Using Biological treatment or trickling filters that are cost-
effective method in which the wastewater is to pass through suitable media. When it comes to
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contact with a microbial layer generated on the surface of media where treatment is done with
degradation of organic matters by the microorganisms, in fact microbes oxidize pollutants and
reduce the organic and inorganic contaminants. (Binnie and Partners 1986)
Beverage industry in some countries is significant from a water intake and an effluent
discharge point of view. The information used for this paper has been gathered from detailed
industry. Specifically, the study aims to design a trickling filter in treating the wastewater of a
bottling plant. It also aims to design a caustic recovery unit to reduce the pH concentration of
wastewater generated from the bottle washing process for a high quality of effluent as well as
a reduced effluent volume. Environmental impacts of wastewater in the beverage industry will
also be evaluated.
Producing a high quality effluent from the production of beverages in bottling plants
has been a challenge to manufacturing facilities. On some cases, aquatic life span from the
ponds on a wastewater facility can only last for a few days. Trickling filters are considered a
viable alternative treatment due to its lower energy maintenance requirements and its ability to
treat variable organic loads and toxic substances (Bureau of Safe Drinking Water 2016). The
circumstances because of the ability of trickling filters to produce a high, reliable quality
effluent. The implication of caustic recovery unit in the wastewater treatment process is the
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Chapter 2
wastewater generation, collection, its treatment, and disposal in urban areas have been raised.
The untreated Wastewater usually contains organic contaminants such as pesticides, oil, and
some inorganic pollutants like metals, ions, nitrates, sulphates, phosphate, arsenic cadmium,
mercury, lead, etc. Some microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and viruses, were often found in
sewage water in an appreciable amount, which may cause a threat to community health. A large
quantity of sewage and other effluents released from urban areas and use of this wastewater in
beverage industry and other purposes depends on its contamination level. A small portion of
the generated wastewater goes to limited treatment before entering into rivers or surface water
bodies. Due to this addition of wastewater, the surface water quality is going to decrease and
the pollution is going to increase day by day. (Binnie and Partners 1986)
Untreated wastewater, which contains sludge and other commercial effluents, may flow
toward the rivers and finally find its way to irrigation canals. Moreover, it has a potential to
cause bacteriological diseases such as polio, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid, paratyphoid, and
bacterial infections. Wastewater from a beverage plant may be discharged in several ways
including the following: directly into a waterway (oceans, rivers, streams, or lakes), directly
into a municipal sewer system, into the waterway or municipal sewer system after the
wastewater has undergone some pretreatment, and into the beverage’s own wastewater
concern, and to get rid of these harms it is necessary to treat the wastewater before its disposal.
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Wastewater treatment cost can be reduced by applying those beneficial operations, which can
It is a costly for underdeveloped and developing countries. Less than 50% of the
receives treatment to only the primary level. Therefore, this paper addresses a Trickling Filter-
based Wastewater treatment system that utilizes beverage industrial waste with caustic
recovery unit as support medium. Moreover, the treated water will be available for other
very important in design, operation, and management of collection, treatment, and disposal of
characteristics which depend on the water usage in the community, the industrial and
When fresh, wastewater is gray in color and has a musty and not unpleasant odor. The
color gradually changes with time from gray to black. Foul and unpleasant odors may then
develop as a result of septic sewage. The most important physical characteristics of wastewater
are its temperature and its solids concentration. Temperature and solids content in wastewater
are very important factors for wastewater treatment process. Temperature affects chemical
reaction and biological activities. Solids, such as total suspended solids (TSS), volatile
suspended solids (VSS), and settleable solids, affect the operation and sizing of treatment units.
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2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics
measurement of the amount of oxidizing agent required to oxidize the organic materials. Total
the organic materials by combustion and measurement of CO2 evolves. Organic Nitrogen is the
amount of nitrogen in organic compounds such as protein and urea, ammonia nitrogen (NH3),
Wastewater contains vast quantities of bacteria and other organisms that originate in discharge
wastes. The feeding activities of these organisms assist in decomposing wastewater. Aerobic
bacteria decompose organic matter that is shut off from free oxygen, such as in the interior of
a mass of feces or a dead body. The products of anaerobic decomposition have an extremely
unpleasant odor. Matter in which this condition exists is said to be septic. A large number of
the bacteria in wastewater are coli form bacteria—those are found in the digestive tract of
normal humans. While most of these bacteria are harmless, pathogens will usually be present
in wastewater containing the discharges of many persons. It is these relatively few pathogenic
organisms that pose the greatest public health hazard. Wastewater that is not properly treated
may eventually find its way into a community water source and spread waterborne diseases.
organic matter by micro- organisms. Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand is the amount of oxygen
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2.3 Sources of Wastewater
The quality and quantity of effluent can vary enormously depending on the size and
nature of the plant and the management practices implemented. Quantity is proportional to
fresh-water intake but is greatly influenced both by nature of the process and product, bottle-
effluent is often influence by a reduced water intake (increased concentration), bottle washing
techniques, and the varying nature of the process. (Binnie and Partners 1986)
Area Contribution
To assist in the control and managing of the pollution load it is recommended that the
and biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter and, sometimes,
nutrients from wastewater. General terms used to describe different degrees of treatment, in
order of increasing treatment level, are preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary and/or
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2.4.1 Activated Sludge
In the activated sludge process, the dispersed-growth reactor is an aeration tank or basin
containing a suspension of the wastewater and microorganisms, the mixed liquor. The contents
of the aeration tank are mixed vigorously by aeration devices which also supply oxygen to the
biological suspension. Hydraulic retention time in the aeration tanks usually ranges from 3 to
8 hours but can be higher with high BOD5 wastewaters. Following the aeration step, the
microorganisms are separated from the liquid by sedimentation and the clarified liquid is
secondary effluent. A portion of the biological sludge is recycled to the aeration basin to
maintain a high mixed-liquor suspended solids (MLSS) level. The remainder is removed from
the process and sent to sludge processing to maintain a relatively constant concentration of
Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are fixed-film reactors similar to bio filters in
that organisms are attached to support media. In the case of the RBC, the support media are
slowly rotating discs that are partially submerged in flowing wastewater in the reactor. Oxygen
is supplied to the attached biofilm from the air when the film is out of the water and from the
liquid when submerged, since oxygen is transferred to the wastewater by surface turbulence
created by the discs' rotation. Sloughed pieces of biofilm are removed in the same manner
to a medium are used for removing organic matter from wastewater. This type of system is
common to a number of technologies such as rotating biological contactors (RBCs) and packed
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bed reactors (bio towers). These reactors are also called as non-submerged fixed film biological
reactors. Trickling filter uses packing medium composed of crushed stone, slag, rock or plastic
mechanism distributes wastewater from the top of the filter percolating it through the interstices
of the film-covered medium. As the wastewater moves through the filter, the organic matter is
adsorbed onto the film and degraded by a mixed population of aerobic microorganisms. The
oxygen required for organic degradation is supplied by air circulating through the filter induced
by natural draft or ventilation. As the biological film continues to grow, the microorganisms
near the surface lose their ability to cling to the medium, and a portion of the slime layer falls
off the filter. This process is known as sloughing. The sloughed solids are picked up by the
under-drain system and transported to a clarifier for removal from the wastewater.
Revolving Arms
Wastewater
Inlet
To
settler
The design of any wastewater treatment facility is to find the most economical solution
which will best accomplish the required amount of waste removal. When trickling filtration is
selected as the process to be used, the most economical filter design is desired. The cost of a
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trickling filter can be separated into the cost of construction and the cost of operation and
maintenance.
The principal question in the design of trickling filters is that of required volume. The
required volume is usually calculated from one of the efficiency formulas. In. this work three
formulas are studied the National. Research Council formula; the Eckenfelder formula; and the
Galler-Gotaas formula. These formulas for efficiency maybe solved for volume:
The following equation is used for a single-stage system and the first stage of a two-
stage system:
𝑆𝑒1 1
1−( )=
𝑆1 𝑄𝑆1 0.5
[1 + 0.532 (𝑉 𝐹 ) ]
1 1
(1 + 𝑟𝑖 )
𝐹1 = [ ]
(1 + 0.1𝑟𝑖 )2
The following equation is used for the second stage of a two-stage system:
𝑆𝑒2 1
1−( )=
𝑆𝑒1 𝑄𝑆 0.5
[1 + 0.532 ( 𝑉 𝐹𝑒1 ) ]
2 2
(1 + 𝑟2 )
𝐹2 = [ ]
(1 + 0.1𝑟2 )2
𝑆𝑒 𝑄𝑆𝑎𝑚 −𝑛
( ) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [−𝐾𝐷𝑆 ( ) ]
𝑆𝑖 𝐴
Where, K is the observed rate constant for a given filter depth (m/d), 𝑆𝑎 is the specific surface
area of the filter (m2/m3), D is the filter depth (m), Q is the wastewater flow rate ((m2/d), A is
the filter plan area (ft2), and m and n are empirical coefficients.
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2.6 Effluent Law Requirements
The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 aims to protect the country’s water bodies
from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture
involving all the stakeholders. This act pursues a policy of economic growth in a manner
consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of fresh, brackish and
from any point source shall at all times meet the effluent standards set forth from section 7.1
to maintain the required water quality per water body classification. The GES shall be used
regardless of the industry category. All sources of sewage are required to comply with the law
(WQGGES 2016).
Glass bottled beverages is an efficient means in packaging various types of drinks such
as in carbonated drinks or in alcoholic drinks. The bottling process begins with the passing of
returnable bottles through a wash and rinse sequence. Careful inspection is done to the cleaned
bottles before they proceed in filling, crowning, labeling, packaging and shipping. During this
phase of production, wastewater is generated from bottle washing and rinsing, production line
spillage, equipment lubrication and wash downs. Wastewater from such processes may include
the waste blended syrup, syrup, detergents, lubricants and caustic (Hufemia 1996).
The bottle washing includes soaking or flushing the bottles with caustic soda solution
although some combine it with other cleansing agents such as soda ash, sodium aluminate, or
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tri sodium phosphate. The bottles are then scrubbed both inside and out before they are rinsed
Wastes from the bottle washer are highly alkaline in nature, since the washer consists
of a series of alkaline baths. Large amounts of suspended solids such as straws, cigarette butts
According to Fresnius et al. (1989), the amount of wastewater generated from bottling
industries can range from 166-223 L/100 bottles, with 107-123 L/100 bottles coming from
Table 2.1 Quality of wastes from bottle washing for various beverages
substances
(mg/L) (mg/L)
(mg/L)
lemonade
Drinks
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References
Aslam, Mian M. Ahson et, al,. "Performance Evaluation of Trickling Filter-Based Wastewater
Treatment System Utilizing Cotton Sticks as Filter Media." 2017: Vol. 26, No. 5.
Binnie and Partners. "Waste and Waste-water Mangament in the Softdrinks Industry." 1986.
Fresnius, W., Schneider,W., Bohnke, B. and Poppinghaus, K. Waste Water Technology: Origin,
Hosseini, B., M. Darzi, M. Sadeghpour, and M. Asadi. The Effect of the Sludge Recycle Ratio in an
Activated Sludge System for the Treatment of Amol's Industrial Park Wastewater, 2008.
Hufemia, Anna Marie M. "Caustic Soda Recovery In A Bottle Washing Plant Using Membrane
Technology." 1996.
Jacobs, M.B. "Manufacture and analysis of Carbonated Beverages." New York Chemical Engineering
Edition, 2006.
https://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/philippines_sanitation.pdf., n.d.
Simate, Geoffrey S, et. al,. "The Treatment of Brewery Wastewater for Reuse: State of the Art."
2011.
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Sperling, Marcos von. Volume Five: Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors. IWA Publishing,
2007.
WQGGES. "Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standard of 2016." Retrieved from
http://server2.denr.gov.ph/uploads/rmdd/dao-2016-08.pdf., 2016.
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