N hall

ZERO CARBON SCHOOL

classroom
A school that possess minimal carbon foot print and energy consumption. This can be achieved by: s
 Prefabricating building materials – better fit, hence low permeability better insulation
 Reducing air permeability while maintaining the health and safety regulations
 Optimizing thermal efficiency of the roofs, walls and triple-glazed windows
 Using the latest technology with minimal carbon foot print; MVHR system and solar panels
 Minimizing artificial lighting

DAYLIGHT FACTOR nursery

staff room
The DF of 5% is to be achieved in
this design to ensure enough light
in the classroom. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
𝑇𝜃𝑎
𝐷𝐹 =
𝑎 (1 − 𝜌 ) The photovoltaic cells we are using is the SunPower X22-360W, which has
22.2% efficiency and are positioned on south facing roof.
0.7(90 − 15.1)(10.71) The area of cells used: 210 m2
𝐷𝐹 =
178(1 − 0.61 )
The energy generated from cells: 210m2 x 1000W x efficiency x avg. daily sun
= 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐%
hours
Hence, use of artificial lighting is
High glazing ratio. Windows are double glazed to provide minimized.
insulation. To avoid glare/overheating, windows are shaded Spring = 210 x 1000 x 0.222 x 15 = 699.3 kWh
using horizontal blinds to keep the sun out but let daylight in. Summer = 210 x 1000 x 0.222 x 20 = 932.4 kWh
Autumn = 210 x 1000 x 0.222 x 10 = 466.2 kWh
Winter = 210 x 1000 x 0.222 x 4 = 186.48 kWh
Average per day = 190.4 kWh
VENTILATION Heat required to heat up the building:
1
𝑄 =𝑄 +𝑄
= ∑𝑈𝐴 T + 𝑁𝑉 T
Natural ventilation 3
 Used in warmer days (summer) So, the energy requirements per degree of heating:
 Inward opening windows with reachable heights 𝑄 1
= ∑𝑈𝐴 + 𝑁𝑉
 Openable windows at roof in the middle to increase buoyancy 𝑇 3
𝑄 1
head × 24 = 46.34 + × 2.5 × (7 × 8 × 2.5) × 24 = 3.91 𝑘𝑊 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑇 3
 The glass roof at the courtyard promotes the
buoyancy effect as air under the roof is heated by Total heat requirement for a whole month of January (highest degree days):
sunlight 3.91𝑘𝑊ℎ × 406 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙 2017) = 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝒌𝑾𝒉
Mechanical Ventilation
 Use of Mechanical Ventilation Heat Recovery (MVHR) The energy produced by the photovoltaic cells is sufficient to heat up the school in January (highest
System when opening windows is not possible (winter) degree days), as well as generate electricity for lights and appliances, which reduces the running cost.
 Humidity of room is controlled while retaining
circa 80% of heat

ACOUSTICS
HEAT GAIN
Coefficient α (frequency)
Element name Output (W) No. of elements Heat Gain (W)
Students 100 30 3000 Surface Area 500 1000 2000
Teachers 150 1 150 Material (m²) Hz Hz Hz ∑Sαmf (500) ∑Sαmf (1000) ∑Sαmf (2000)
Total heat gain = 3150 W Walls 54.37 0.06 0.07 0.09 3.57 4.16 5.35
Floor 56.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.68 1.68 1.68
Ceiling 56.00 0.06 0.05 0.04 3.36 2.80 2.24
HEAT LOSS Wooden Door 3.80 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.34 0.27 0.23
Glass Window 16.83 0.18 0.12 0.07 2.11 1.41 0.82
U-value
Surface Reflectance Area (m2) (W/m2/K) Heat loss (W) Chalkboard 1.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Window 0.2 16.83 0.8 188.5 Audience (Students and
Teacher) 52.70 0.48 0.50 0.51 25.30 26.35 26.88
Walls 0.65 58.17 0.18 146.6
Floor 0.5 56 0.2 156.8 Total = 36.98 36.93 37.11
.
Ceiling 0.75 56 0.2 156.8 𝑇= Total volume = 140 m3
Heat loss through ventilation (heat recovery 80%) = 520.8 W
𝑇 = (𝑇 +𝑇 +𝑇 )/3
Total heat loss through fabric and ventilation = 1169 W
T500= 0.61, T1000 = 0.61, T2000 = 0.607
Therefore, the main heating source is the student and teachers Tmf= 0.609s
themselves as the total heat gain is more than the total heat loss. Reverberation time is defined as the time required for sound to decay 60 dB from its initial level.
Classroom should have reverberation time in the range of 0.4-0.6s so that teachers would not be
competing against the lingering reflections of his/her own voice for the student’s attention.

MATERIALS

Structure: Concrete
 Thermal inertia absorbs and store surplus heat/cold,
then release back into the air.
 Good sound suppression and vibration dampening
properties.
 Airtight.

Roof: Slate
 Durable, low maintenance, unaffected by
fungus/mould
 Resistant to temperature fluctuations
 Low embodied carbon
Non Tantiboon
Ting Sheng Chong
Esther Moa
Kenneth Lau