Chapter I

Background of the Study

This chapter describes the background of the study, statement of the

problem, and scope and delimitation. This chapter also describes the significance

of the study and definition of terms.

Introduction

The emergence of social media in the 21st century has paved way for

media interaction among variety of users: professionals, students, stakeholders

and the government. With the advancement of technology and stimulation of

social media in people’s lives, life was made easy and has been useful for

development academically, socially, and politically for any that is connected to it

(Oghenetega, Oyenike&Ugeh, 2014). In the educational aspect, the old

curriculum education has shifted to a technology-based one, which is one of the

most fast-paced facilities that one could observe now. Social media is an

integrating tool of education that improved national development in the education

sector. Social media have affected the communication between people in

education community positively. The rapid growth in technology, especially the

internet, has made the learning system in institutions of higher education to

become publicly adaptable by everyone, not limited to students.

Social media as a concept has been variously defined. One of such

definitions describe it as a multi-purpose platform and a web-based technology

which has the ability to allow the sharing of videos, text, sound and images in a

more collaborative and interactive manner (Kaplan and Haelein, 2010).The

introduction of social media in this digital era has deeply enhanced interactions

and communication globally. The dependence and reliance on social media sites

by people across the globe in their day-to-day activities make it necessary for

researchers to always find out more about the effects of these sites on users.

The effect of social media poses a great risk to variety of users, most especially,

students. For an instance, the presence of social networking sites, particularly

Facebook, can disrupt the focus of students in doing their homework and other

school activities. Instead of concentrating on their tasks, students tend to get

distracted, either through chatting with their friends or to like, share, and post on

their friend’s timeline or on their own. However, this is only one side of the reality.

One could also take into consideration the importance of social media in the

students’ lives. For example, based on a real case scenario, teachers would be

announcing school activities or other news and information in Facebook pages,

instead of announcing it in school premises. In addition, if one is not online in

Facebook, student could probably miss some important updates regarding new

discussions, projects and assignment for school. One could also miss important

class discussions online applicable to some subjects. In this manner, how social

media was used could greatly affect the performance of students in school.

Social media brings easy access to global communication, sharing,

creating and expressing ideas and information to a worldwide scope. In the

Philippines, about forty-four (44%) of the total population in the year 2016

2
accessed social media. The presence of social media appealed to kids as young

as 6 years old. Even kids as young as 6 years old gained knowledge in

accessing social media. In this digital era, more and more people gained

knowledge and see through the impact of social media in their lives.

To give more emphasis on social media, classification of social media

platforms would be discussed. Social media can be classified into different types

of platforms: (a) social news, (b) social networking sites, (c) micro-blogging sites,

(d) blogging sites, (e) blogs and forums. Example include: social news, i.e.

Reddit; social networking sites, i.e. Facebook; blogging sites, i.e. Tumblr and

Pinterest; micro-blogging sites, i.e. Twitter; and blogs and forum, i.e. Jimdo and

Wordpress.

The use of social media plays a variety of roles in education as highlighted

by Al-Khalifa and Garcia (2013), which include providing a media to share ideas

as well as allowing students to build their own communities to collaborate with

each other, facilitating the art of learning and reaching out to the students in

order to understand and teach them at the same time. However, social media

can also divert the attention and concentration of students towards activities

which are not educational and time wasting such as chatting on non-educational

topics.

Statement of the Problem

The aim of the present study is to determine the impact of social media

and how it affects the academic performance of Grade 12 ABM-Students. The

3
present study intends to investigate the situations of Grade 12 ABM-Students in

Mindanao State University-General Santos City. Specifically, the study aims to

answer the following research questions:

1. How often do Grade 12 ABM students use social media?

2. What are the common usages of social media to Grade 12 ABM

students?

3. Is there a significant relationship between social media usage and

academic performance of Grade 12 ABM students?

Research Hypotheses

Ho: There is no significant relationship between social media usage and

academic performance of Grade 12 ABM students in Mindanao State University-

GenSan

H1: There is a significant relationship between social media usage and

academic performance of Grade 12 ABM students in Mindanao State University-

GenSan

Significance of the Study

The study is significant to the students, teachers, parents and other

researchers. This study is significant to the student for they will be informed of

what certain thing and variable of social media might affect their academic

performance or performance in school. In effect, this study will help them in

better utilization of social media in different fields.

4
 This will provide clear information to the teachers about how social affect

the academic performance of a student and for them to know better techniques in

utilizing social media to different academic fields. In effect, better teaching tools

will be demonstrated by teachers for the betterment of learners.

This will help them know the advantages and disadvantages of social

media to their children. This will also help them teach their children about the

proper and responsible usage of social media.

The result of this study may serve as a basis for future studies of other

researches which are related to the topic. The findings of this study can also

serve as a conceptual framework of their study.

Scope and Delimitation

The focus of this research work is to primarily study the impact of social

media on the academic performance of students. This study mainly focuses on

two major variables: social media and academic performance.

The social media is determined through to these usages; as information

provider, entertainment, socialization/communication, collaboration, and, reviews

and opinion. On the other hand academic performance was delimited to

academic grades and students’ study habits.

The information and data needed in the study will be limited to the

information and answers of Grade 12 Accountancy, Business and Management

students in Mindanao State University-Gensan. And other information will be

provided by the school’s library and internet.

5
Definition of Terms

The following definitions are given to these words since a word may mean

differently if put in a different context. The definition of these words used is

intended to be understood for the purpose of this study:

Social Media - they are forms of electronic communication which facilitate

interactive base on certain interest; includes web and mobile technology; web

applications that students use, i.e. Facebook, Youtube (Oshrasive, Peter, 2015).

As used in the study, it is the factor that might affect the academic performance

of the Grade 12 ABM students which researchers try to examine.

Social Networking Sites - website that is designed to help people

communicate and share information, photographs etc. with a group.

(CambridgeDictionary,org, n.d.). Moreover, it is a kind of site respondents of this

study used to visit.

Academic Performance - outcome of education; measured by examinations or

continuous assessment; refers to the grade in school (Ebele, Okereke C., 2014).

In this study, it is the variable affected or not affected by the social media. It also

refers to the performance of the Grade 12 ABM students on their academe.

Grade – a mark indicating the quality of a student’s work. (YourDictionary.com,

n.d.). As used in the study, grade refers to the first semester grade of the Grade

12 ABM-students.

ABM – Accountancy, Business, and Management, a strand in the senior high

school program. Furthermore, it is the strand of the respondents of this study

(Grade 12 ABM Students).

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Students - a person formally engage in learning, who is studying at a school or

college. (Dictionary.com, n.d). As used in the study, these are group of people

who use Social Media.

Impact –The action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another and

a marked effect or influence (Hearn, 2016). In this study, it is both the positive

and negative effects of social media to the academic performance of the Grade

12 ABM students.

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 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter discusses the related literatures and studies to further

understand the variables and statement of the problem of the study.

Review of Related Literature

The title of thesis Social Media: Its Impact on the Academic Performance

of Grade 12 Accountancy, Business and Management Students of Mindanao

State University General Santos City includes two major variables: social media

and academic performance. In this study, social media is classified into two sub-

variables: information provider and entertainment. In the academic performance,

it can be measurable in terms of academic grades and study habit.

Social Media

Nowadays, social media is becoming the popular means to interact with

people even from across borders of the country. As Daluba and Maxwell (2013)

put it, “The traditional way of meeting each other is long gone and now the world

meets at social media websites”. In addition, Techtarget (n.d.) mentioned that

social media is the collective of online communication channel dedicated to

community-based input, interaction, content-sharing and collaboration. Moreover,

the key thing for social media is “interacting”- a site where the commenting and

interaction was the key purpose and design of the website would probably be
more so (i.e. a blog). Social media phrase that we throw around a lot these days,

often to describe on what we post on sites or apps such as Facebook, Twitter,

Instagram, Snapchat and others (Nations, 2017). Social media has greatly

changed the way people act in the society because everything has become easy

with the presence of social media.

Social media provides people with entertainment and information. Social

media brings information to people by what is seen in the videos or news posted

online by people. Through this, people gain information. In relation to social

media as an information provider, according to Lougnborough University,

information providers are often referred to as a form of short hand. It could be

through news or in a piece of information and etc. This means that social media

has been used for gathering societal news. Because of social media, news has

been wide coverage because not only reporters could provide news to everyone,

but also people in the society could report it online, and then this embarks an

opportunity for the news to be publicly broadcasted either online, with detailed

information, or through television and radios, which are locally broadcasted.

Aside from being an information provider, social media is also used for

communication, collaboration, reviews and opinions, brand monitoring, and etc.

(Fernando, 2012). By means of collaboration, in obtaining data, they use varied

sources from social media to spread societal, environmental and political news.

This means that people do not only use one source as basis for spreading

information, but also using different sources to check the verifiability and

credibility of such information. Social media includes, also, online reviews and

9
opinions regarding different problems present in our society whether locally or

internationally. Through this, it can create awareness and public information for

every individual in a society and critically think about the societal issues and

concerns whether there is government involvement or local mass involvement.

Social Media Platforms

Social media, alone, has a wide coverage. It can be in the form of social

networking sites (SNS), bookmarking sites, micro-blogging sites, media sharing

sites, social news sites, and blogs and forums (Grahl, 2012).

Grahl (2012) defined social networking sites (SNS) as services in which

users set up a profile in order to establish a connection with friends or other

users, who have similar backgrounds or interests. The profile contains a users’

personal information. SNS provide various ways for users to interact with one

another. Examples of SNS include Facebook and LinkedIn.

Moreover, he defined other forms of social media such as bookmarking

sites, micro-blogging sites, and media sharing sites, societal news sites, and

blogs and forums. Bookmarking sites are services which allow users to save

search and organize links to various internet resources and websites. Some

services will allow the tagging of links in order for them to be shared easily as

well as being searched for. Examples of bookmarking sites include del.icio.

Micro blogging sites, on the other hand, are services which combine SNS

and blogging but the messages exchanged are limited in terms of size. Users

10
have to subscribe to the services. Examples of micro blogging sites include

Twitter.

In addition, media sharing sites are defined by Grahl (2012) as services

which allow users to upload and share media such as videos and photos as well

as allowing users to comment and tag media. Examples of media sharing

services include YouTube and Flickr.

He further defined social news sites as services that allows other users to

vote on news articles and links to external articles, which are posted by users.

The news articles that get the most votes are displayed more prominently on the

site. Examples of social news sites include Digg and Reddit.

Lastly, Grahl (2012) introduced the last form of social media which are

Blogs and forums. He emphasized that blogs are like online diaries of thoughts,

which give other users the opportunity to post comments on the blog postings

while forums allow registered users to have conversations with other users by

post messages. Examples of blogging sites include Wordpress.

Despite of all the presented forms of social media, the researchers have

identified websites, instead, than using categorical way of defining social media.

In this research, social media are referred to as the top 10 most widely used

social media sites emphasized by Sareah (2015) which are as follows:

Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Youtube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Google +, Tumblr,

Flickr, and Reddit.

The aforementioned social media sites have great impact on how students

fare in their academic performance. In this latter, social media sites mentioned

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could either help spread and bring information useful in academic-related work

serving its role as an information provider, or for entertainment purposes making

a huge impact on the academic lives of students.

Social Media in Education

Social media usage varies from one person to another. According to

Kirkup (2010), a big portion of social media users is made up of youths where

most of them are students. Social media may be applied by schools in various

ways, like the Facebook was recommended as a way of communication for

getting together with students (Mack, 2007). Moreover, Eke etal (2014) has noted

the following positive impacts of social media on the academics of students: web

engagement, informal knowledge and skill, education, individual identity and self-

expression, and strengthening interpersonal relationships.

The use of social media plays a variety of roles in education as highlighted

by Al-Khalifa and Garcia (2013), which include providing a media to share ideas

as well as allowing students to build their own communities to collaborate with

each other, facilitating the art of learning and reaching out to the students in

order to understand and teach them at the same time.

Arnold and Paulus (2010) emphasized that even when social media is

used for an educational purpose, students incorporate the technology into their

lives in a way that may differ from the intentions of the course instructor. For

example, off-topic or non-academic discussions occur on social media because

of its primary design as a social networking tool (Lin et al., 2013). Further, as a

12
student’s age increases, the frequency of off-topic discussions also increases

(Lin et al., 2013). This indicates that while social media may encourage broader

discussions of course content, older students may spend more time than younger

students engaging in unrelated discussions. Social media can also negatively

affect student GPA as well as the amount of time students spend preparing for

class (Annetta et al., 2009; Junco, 2012). One explanation for this impact is that

social media provides too much stimulation and therefore can distract students

from completing their coursework (Hurt et al., 2012; Patera et al., 2008). Another

reason for this may be that students who spend more time on social media may

have difficulty balancing their online activities and their academic preparation.

Moreover, many academicians have a fear that time spent on social media

is beyond the required time, this may lead to plagiarism and privacy issues and in

most cases contribute minimally to actual student learning outcomes. They often

view the using social media as superfluous or simply not conducive for better

learning outcomes (Moran, Seaman, &Tinti-Kane, 2012). This supports the idea

of Rowlandset al. (2011) wherein they reported that one of the problems

associated with using social networking sites (part of different social media

platforms) for scientific studies is the possibility of students spending a lot of time

on them and denying other important aspects the time they deserve .

In addition, Tariq et.al (2012) have emphasized that social media diverts

the attention and concentration of students towards activities which are not

educational and time wasting such as chatting on non-educational topics. This

idea makes a gap in the sole responsibility of social media as an information

13
provider that can help relate with educational topics. This can be one of the

negative impacts of social media on students’ academic performance.

According to Kuppuswamy and Shankar (2010) social network websites

grab attention of the students and then diverts it towards non-educational and

inappropriate actions including useless chatting. Based on the above statement

we can say that social networking sites may badly affect the academic life and

learning experiences of the student. Trusov, Bucklin, and Pauwels (2009) noted

that the Internet is no doubt evolution of technology but specifically social

networks are extremely unsafe for teenagers, social networks become hugely

common and well-known in past few years

Moreover, Alim and Shahzad (2014) clarified that the hypothesis ‘‘The

increase in use of social networks decreases the academic performance of the

students’’ is not satisfied by the findings of their study. Examining the variables

social media and GPA scores separately, it was found that social media usage

on a weekly basis displayed a positive skew where most students do not use

social media excessively. There are a few exceptional cases where students

showed excessive use of social media. On the other hand, average GPA scores

displayed a small negative skew in the distribution. Scores were high with a few

small scores.

Twitter and Facebook are among the most popular social networks where

the students spend most of their time. Students in this study felt that time

management and football were factors that contributed towards negative

academic performance besides excessive social media use. This study has

14
explored the relationship between social media usage and GPA score in a Saudi

Arabian university and provided a basis for future work on social medi usage in

Saudi Arabia.

Academic Performance

On the other hand, academic performance might be referred to in this

study as the academic grades. Academic grades refer to the average grade

obtained from all subjects involved. According to Bell (n.d.), performance in

school is evaluated in a number of ways. For regular grading, students

demonstrate their knowledge by taking written and oral tests, performing

presentations, turning in homework and participating in class activities and

discussions. Overall, the academic performance only covers the general average

of the students.

On the point of academic performance or excellence, Tuckman (1975)

cited that, performance is used to label the observable manifestation of

knowledge, skills, concepts, and understanding and ideas. Thereby, performance

is the application of a learning product that at the end of the process provides

mastery. It is the acquisition of particular grades on examinations indicates

candidate’s ability, mastery of the content, skills in applying learned knowledge to

particular situations. A student’s success is generally judged on examination

performance. Success on examinations is a crucial indicator that a student has

benefited from a course of study (Wiseman, 1961).

15
 In educational institutions, success is measured by academic performance,

or how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the

institution itself. As career competition grows ever fiercer in the working world,

the importance of students doing well in school has caught the attention of

parents, legislators and government education departments alike. Therefore,

when the term “low” is used with the term “academic performance”, it is the

inability to acquire particular grades on examinations that indicates the

individual’s mastery of the content, and skills in applying learned knowledge to

specific circumstances.

The reason why some students get higher grades among others is

because they study harder and are smarter (Loveless, 2018). Study habits refer

to the strategies that students apply when they study their lessons or coursework.

Students' study habits help them memorize and understand lessons fast.

Different strategies are being used by students when studying (Strang, 2014).

Some students prefer to study alone, some prefer to study with partners, and

there are also students who study in groups of three or more. Different subjects

call for different strategies in studying. He mentioned that subjects like Math

require studying alone doing practice problems. Moreover, he emphasized that

there are subjects that require interaction among peers such as learning

languages. This help students remember what they have talked with others

(Strang, 2014).

In this millennial generation, the emergence of internet, specifically social

media, students' access to learning has become fast and accurate. Different

16
references, aside from books, can be used. Study habits of students changed

minimally. Instead of using books, they prefer to browse in the internet, since it is

fast and requires little time. In addition, students are leaning towards online

learning. When they do not understand a particular subject matter, they read

articles online or watch educational videos. This has changed study habits

patterns of students. I stead of using books as major reference for their

assignments, they rely on different webpages. Moreover, instead of doing library

research, they are going to push more for online research as reference for their

coursework.

Review of Related Studies

Studies such as Junco, Heiberger, and Loken (2011), Tariq, Mehboob,

Khan, and Ullah (2012), Sampson, Lytras, Wagner, and Diaz, 2004, García-

Peñalvo, Colomo-Palacios, and Lytras, 2012 and Camilia, Ibrahim, and Dalhatu

(2013) have explored the effects of social media use on students’ academic

performance, ability to engage and the effect on their lives, in countries such as

USA, Pakistan and Nigeria.

Junco et al. (2011) research explored the impact of Twitter usage for

educational purposes on college student engagement and learning in the USA.

Results indicated that Twitter can engage students by being used as an

educational tool and to facilitate a more active role, in which teaching staff can

participate. Tariq et al. (2012) focused on the impact of social media, on the

education of Pakistani students as well as the impact on their lives. The research

17
concluded that the use of social media by teenagers and children could ruin their

lives as well as have a bad impact on their education. Social media diverts the

attention and concentration of students towards activities which are not

educational and time wasting such as chatting on non-educational topics.

Camilia et al. (2013) looked into the role of social media in Nigerian

students’ studies by distributing a survey. The study found that the frequent use

of social media by students had no effect on their studies. In contrast to Kaplan

and Haenlein (2010), Wired Saftey (2009), Tariq et al. (2012), concentrated on

university students in Saudi Arabia. The aim is to explore the relationship

between the use of social media by Saudi Arabia university students and their

academic performance.

In the study conducted by Anjugu (2013), students believed that social

media has a great impact on their academic performance positively and

negatively. Based on the study, the researchers concluded that less than about

25 % of the respondents browsed social media for educational purposes, about

20% of the respondents use social media for sports and news. On the other hand,

more than half of the total respondents about 55% browse social media solely for

entertainment purposes.

Another relevant finding is that 44% of the total respondents use social

media for affiliation (chatting) and 23% of the respondents use social media as

information provider. In addition, study revealed that 55% of the total

respondents affirmed that social media has affected their academic performance

negatively, 40% said that it affected their academic performance positively, and 5%

18
of the total respondents said that it did not affect their academic performance at

all. Hence, the study suggests that social media has a negative impact on their

academic performance because students spend their time on social media for

affiliation (chatting), for things that are not relevant in their studies.

In addition, social media has been proven to give positive and negative

effect on students’ academic performance. This has been proven through the

study conducted by Dr. Kavitha ES (2016), wherein social media was referred to

as social networking sites. Based on his study, he concluded that social

networking sites has a negative impact on students because of the following: (a)

they distract students’ studies, (b) using social media require spending money

and wastage of time and by this way it will affect students’ academic life, (c)

addiction to social media can be problematic, (d) using social media can lead

students to play online games and visit sites by just logging onto them, (e) social

media are for personal or social, thus it is not useful to education.

However, he also cited some positive effect of using social networking

sites. According to Dr. Kavitha ES (2016), the positive impact that social media

brings to students, particularly social networking sites, are the following: (a)

social media is an effective communication application, thus it will be useful to

employ in higher education, (b) social media can set up group discussions the

will benefit students academically, (c) through social media, students can receive

the announcements from lecturers and faculty, (d) it can help students discuss

assignments and other school works through social media, and (e) social media

improves the interaction between classmates, lecturers and other subject experts.

19
This study would be useful to the proposed study because researchers aim to

know how social media influenced the academic life of students either positively

or negatively. In addition, since the variables used are similar, the researchers

would be able to identify if there are significant differences in terms of the

findings of the related study.

Moreover, Alwagait, Alim and Shahzad (2014) mentioned in their study

that “the increase in use of social networks decreases the academic performance

of the students” hypothesis is not satisfied by the findings of this study.

Examining the variables social media and GPA scores separately, it was found

that social media usage on a weekly basis displayed a positive skew where most

students do not use social media excessively. There are a few exceptional cases

where students showed excessive use of social media. On the other hand,

average GPA scores displayed a small negative skew in the distribution. Scores

were high with a few small scores.

Twitter and Facebook are among the most popular social networks where

the students spend most of their time. Students in this study felt that time

management and football were factors that contributed towards negative

academic performance besides excessive social media use. This study has

explored the relationship between social media usage and GPA score in a Saudi

Arabian university and provided a basis for future work on social medi usage in

Saudi Arabia.

This indicates that the academic performance of students was affected

positively and negatively. In addition, the study emphasized that the Twitter and

20
Facebook are the main social media sites that brought negative impact on

academic performance.

Another relevant study is the study conducted by Ijaz, Hanain and

Nasreen (2013), wherein they emphasized that social media and academic

performance has an inverse relationship. The correlation in their findings suggest

that id students spend maximum time on social media, then their academic

performance will fall considerably proving the inverse relationship. In addition, the

study suggests that the more students spend time on social media the poor they

perform in university. Since the researchers will determine how many hours do

students use social media, the relevant findings might be considered and might

give same results. This means that the proposed study might show same

findings as what have been found out in the related study. Moreover, since the

researchers wanted to know how students allocate their time on different social

media platforms, the findings might reveal that students allocate most of their

time on social networking sites, blogging sites, micro-blogging sites, video and

sharing websites and others.

Social media usage may vary for different ages, gender, and economic

status. In the study conducted by Rithika, M. & amp; Sara Selvaraj (2013),

through the gender analysis, the study showed that male students are the ones

who use the social networking sites as compared to female users. The study also

suggested that people use social networking sites due to the influence of their

friends. Moreover, the study revealed that most of the students use social media

for entertainment and not for educational purposes. It could be hypothesized

21
based in this study that social media has been used more by students for other

purposed, not for educational use.

Furthermore, according to Daluba and Maxwell (2013), social media

provides them a better learning scope for students by which access to different

people could help them gather more data and information socially through people

with common interests. Through this, people would be able to interact along with

co-peers that could give them social affiliation online. Moreover, the study

mentioned that access to social media provided them another portal to make new

learning strategies by preparing for quizzes, projects and assignments online.

This means that through social media, students could easily interact and discuss

things related to school activities. However, the study also emphasized that the

usage of social media especially in undergraduate students can hamper their

studies in some ways by getting distracted by other social media sites that are

not useful in their actual goal of learning. An example of which is through getting

distracted about posts, tweets and newsfeeds online, revealing that social media

violates one of its purpose which is to provide information.

Piotrowski, Chris (2015) designed to analysis the gauge the scope of the

research domain of education typology by conducting a content analysis of

dissertation research in this area.. A keyword search of the term (Social Media)

yielded 662 studies represented in ProQuest’s Dissertations & Theses database.

The author summarized the major outcome findings of 29 dissertations that had a

specific focus on SM-Education issues. Of these, only 2 studies reported any

negative views by either students or faculty on the implementation of Social

22
Media platforms for academic purposes. Instructors’ lack of efficacy in Web 2.0

technology, privacy issues, and data overload were the major concerns noted. As

these results are based on areas of investigatory interest of young researchers,

the current findings provide a barometer of emerging trends regarding critical

issues in Social Media-Education research.

Subramani, R (2015) examined the academic use of social media

applications by university students, and to study the usage of various academic

applications of social media by the university students. The population of the

study consisted of thirteen major discipline of students in Doctoral, M Phil and

Master Branches. The sample size of the study comprised of482 students

selected through convenient sampling technique. The structured questionnaire

was used for data collection. Helou, Adam Mahamat (2014) attempted to obtain

students’ perceptions on how their use of social networking sites influences their

academic performance and conduct preliminary survey of a group of Malaysian

university student to gather initial findings on their use of social networking sites

and its influence on their academic performance. This study found that the

majority of respondents agreed that social networking sites have a positive

impact on their academic performance.

Nee, Chee Ken (2014) investigated the impacts of incorporating Edmodo

as educational network, into a classroom setting on the academic achievement of

Biology students based on three types of conceptual level comprises of direct,

simple, and complex concept. The results indicated that students that were

instructed by the instruction with intervention performed a larger on the gain

23
scores of all the three cognitive levels; than those instructed by the conventional

approaches. This educational network will permeate all facets of the curriculum

as a new paradigm of teaching tools.

Salvation, Mark (2014) designed to analyze the impact of social network

sites on students’ academic performance in Malaysia. Using a conceptual

approach, the study gathered that more students prefer the use of Facebook and

Twitter in academic related discussions in complementing conventional

classroom teaching and learning process. Thus, it is imperative that lecturers and

academic institutions should implement the use of these applications in

promoting academic excellence. The discussion from this study however does

not represent the general sampling of Malaysian university students.

Alhazmi, Abdulsalam K (2013) conducted a study to understand the social

aspects of Facebook use among students and how they perceive using it for

academic purposes, an exploratory survey has been distributed to 105 local and

international students at a large public technology university in Malaysia. The

results indicated that the students’ perception of using Facebook for academic

purposes is not significantly related to students’ gender or students’ background;

while it is significantly related to study level and students’ experience. Moreover,

based on the overall results of the survey and literature reviews, the paper

presents recommendations and suggestions for further research of social

networking in a higher education context.

Hamat, Afendi (2012) presented the results of a nationwide survey on

tertiary level students in Malaysia. The results showed that SNSs penetration is

24
not at full 100% as initially assumed. The results also indicated that while the

respondents are using SNS for the purpose of informal learning activities, only

half (50.3%) use it to get in touch with their lecturers in informal learning contexts.

The respondents reported spending more time on SNS for socializing rather than

learning and they do not believe the use of SNS is affecting their academic

performance.

Weber, Alan S (2012) stated that SNSs are becoming more ubiquitous

they are also becoming more sophisticated and many operate on a free service

model based on advertizing revenues. The educational uses have generally been

the result of the creative adaptation of SNSs by educators and application

builders.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.

SOCIAL MEDIA ACADEMIC

o Information provider PERFORMANCE

o Entertainment o Academic Grades
o Socialization/ o Study Habit
Communication
o Reviews and Opinion

This proposed paradigm shows the dependency and independency of the

level of Academic performance of Grade 12 ABM students and social media.

First, the researchers determined the different usages of social media. Then find

25
its impact to the academic performance of Grade 12 ABM students. Academic

Performance depends upon the social media usage in this case, academic

performance is the criterion variable and the social media usage is the predictor

variable.

Theoretical Framework

The researchers will employ “Uses and Gratification Theory” by Blumler

and McQuail because this theory seeks to understand why people seek out the

media they do and what they use it for. Moreover, it is an audience-centered

approach that focuses on what people do with that media, as opposed to what

media does to people (David, L., 2016).This theory will be used since the current

study also examines how social media affects the academic performance of a

student. Also, the study will include the media usages of respondents to find a

common ground in their answers.

This study will also be anchored to Social Information Processing Theory

by Joseph Walter. This theory describes the relationship that people create when

they interact with each other online using Computer Mediated Communication

(CMC). However, the development of interpersonal relationship requires more

time than the face-to-face relationship, in order to yield same quality of

relationship (Mazzulla et al., 2010). This means that, as students use more of

their time in social media, the more they influence their disposition to studies,

since their friends in social media will start to influence each other.

26
 The researchers will also use the Displacement Theory by McCombs. This

theory describes how individuals have so much time in their lives in

communication. It states that the time is limited resource and people have

constraints in the amount of time they use in communication activities. In addition

with, when a communication is newly introduced, an individual may have less

time for other activities (Sienkowski, D., 2012).

This is related to the study since the researchers want to know the impact

of social media usage to the Grade 12 ABM students’ academic performance.

27
 CHAPTER III

Methodology

This chapter describes the conceptual framework, respondents, and

instruments of the study. Researchers also describe the data gathering

procedure, statistical treatment and theoretical framework of the study.

Research Design

This research study will use descriptive-correlation method of research to

gather data and information. The purpose of using this method is to describe the

current status of the variable and explore the relationship between variable using

statistical analyses. Data collection is observed in this research design and to

quantify the gathered data, the researchers will use quantitative method. The

researchers decide this kind of research to provide depth, detailed and rational

results and conclusion for the study.

Research Method

In gathering data and information for this study, the researchers will be

using Qualitative-Quantitative, non-experimental research method. Quantitative

method will be used because it focuses on gathering numerical data to explain a

particular phenomenon.Qualitative method because it relies to a depth

understanding of the sample. And the main aim of the study is to evaluate the

response of the sampling populationregarding a given set of statements through

hypothesis testing. It is also non-experimental because the study relies on the

observation of results to come up with the conclusion since the variables cannot

be manipulated. Questionnaires will be given to the survey samples to answer for

more time-efficient and easier collection of data.

Participants of the Study

In this study, the target population is the Senior High School students in

Mindanao State University who uses social media. The respondents of this study

are from the Grade 12 Accountancy, Business, and Management Students in

Mindanao State University - General Santos who use social media. The number
𝑁
of respondents is determined using Slovin’s formula (𝑛 = 1+𝑁𝑒 2). After computing,

the number of respondents is 55, at 10% margin of error from an estimated

population of 120 Grade 12 ABM Students.

Sampling Method

In this study, the researchers will employ Non-probability sampling since

this method is done by selecting respondents in which the members of the entire

population do not have an equal chance of being selected as samples. The

researchers will randomly choose Grade 12 ABM students in Mindanao State

University- General Santos City Senior High School who are using social media

in order to avoid biases.

29
Instrument of the Study

The researchers will use survey questionnaires in order to gather data

(answers) which will be analyze in the later days. The questionnaire is divided

into three sections. Section I was for collection of information or personal data of

respondents while section II consists of elicited responses from the respondents.

Furthermore, in the section III of the survey questionnaire, the researchers will

adopt the Likert Scale (Strongly Agree-5, Agree-4, Neutral-3, Disagree-2, and

Strongly Disagree-1) on their survey form. After the data have been collected, the

researchers will interpret the result through graphs and tables.

Researchers choose this kind of instrument since it is easily done and not

time-consuming. Also, it is an efficient instrument to gather data.

Validation and Reliability of the Instruments

The research instrument will be validated using a validity tooland also

through consultations with the research advisers and panelists. Dry run test will

used to determine the reliability of the research instrument. There will be four

sectors or groups of samples for the dry-run survey to be conducted. The results

will be compared to make a distinction if there are significant differences in the

responses of the samples in the dry-run test. If there is, the researchers will

determine what factor hampers the instrument's unreliability.

30
Method of Data Gathering

The researchers conducted the study in four steps:

Step 1- The researchers will ask permission from the Mindanao State University-

General Santos City Senior High School Department.

Step 2- The researchers will give out questionnaires to Grade12 ABM students

who use social media.

Step 3- The researchers will gather the survey forms.

Step 4- The researchers will analyze the answers of the respondents.

Method of Data Analysis

The researchers will conduct the data analysis for statement of the

problem 1 and 2 by using weighted mean or average to determine the general

response of the respondents.

For the statement of the problem 3, the researchers will conduct data

analysis by formulating and defining first the Null and Alternative Hypotheses.

The after that the researchers will be stating the Alpha, in this study, since the

level of confidence is 90, the alpha is 0.1 (α=0.1). The researchers will then

Calculate Degrees of Freedom. df is equal to N-2. In this case, since N is 55, the

degree of freedom is 53. After calculating the Degrees of Freedom, the

researchers will state the Decision Rule. Using the df and alpha, the critical value

in the r-table is 0.1755. To calculate Test Statistic the researchers will be using

𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥−∑𝑦
the formula r=𝑟 = . After that, the researchers will state the
√[𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 ][𝑛∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2 ]

31
results. If r is greater than the critical value, reject the null hypothesis. Lastly, the

researchers will state the conclusion based on the stated results.

Statistical Treatment

1. To determine how often do Grade 12 ABM students use social media,

and the common usages of social media to Grade 12 ABM students, the

researchers will use the Weighted Mean to determine the average answer of the

respondents to each question on the survey with some weight on the result than

other elements in the set.

∑𝑓(𝑥)
The formula in computing Weighted mean: 𝑋̅ = 𝑛

Where:

𝑋̅ - weighted mean

f – weight given to each respondent

x – number of respondents

n – total number of respondents

2. To determine if there is a significant relationship between social media

and the academic performance of Grade 12 ABM students, and what is its impact,

the researchers will also use Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

to know the relationship of some items to the other variables.

The formula in computing Pearson product-moment coefficient of

𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥−∑𝑦
correlation: 𝑟 =
√[𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 ][𝑛∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2 ]

Where:

r - Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

32
∑ – summation

x – social media usage

n – academic performance

33
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Sciences(AISS),, 31-41.

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Performance: A Study of Univeristy of Abuja. Unpublished researcher
project.

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Daluba, N. E. (2013). Effects of Social Media on the use of academic library by

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David, L. (2016, January 26). Uses and Gratification Theory in Learning

Theories. Retrieved November 26, 2017, from http://www.learning-
theories.com/uses-and-gratification-theory.html

Eke, H. O. (2014). The Use of Social Networking sites among undergraduate

students of University of Nigeria. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from
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Esam Alwagait, B. S. (2014). Impact of social media usage on students

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Loveless, B. (2018). Ten Habits of Highly Effective Students. Retrieved February
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Social+Information+Processing+Theory+-+Online+Communications
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Moran, M. S.-K. (2012). How Today's higher education faculty use social media.
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Academic Performance of Malaysian Students. International Journal of
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Sienkowski, D. (2012, June 6). Displacement Theory: Communication
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36
 Appendix A

Mindanao State University

Senior High School Department
Fatima, General Santos City

Name: Section:
Age: Sex:

I. Check () the blank that corresponds to your answers.

1. Do you use social media?
Yes No

2. How often do you use social media (in a week)?

____Once a week
____2-4 times a week
____5-6 times a week
____Everyday

3. In one day (by average), how many hours do you spend in social media?
____One hour
____Two to four hours
____Five to eight hours
____Eight to ten hours
____Greater than ten hours

4 Which social media sites do you use?

____Facebook ____Pinterest
____Twitter ____Tumblr
____Instagram ____Flickr
____Youtube ____Google +

5. What benefits do you get from using social media? You are allowed to have
multiple answers however; you must put a double check that corresponds to the
main benefit you gain from using social media.
____news information
____educational information
____downloading music and videos
____socialization and communication
____collaboration with peers

37
II. Check () the number that corresponds to your answer for each
statement
(5-Strongly Agree, 4- Agree, 3-Neutral, 2- Disagree, 1- Strongly Disagree).

Questions 5 4 3 2 1

Social Media
I use social media for entertainment (watching videos and
music streaming,)
I use social media as a source of societal information.
I use social media for socialization.
I use social media for information about academic works.
I use social media for collaborating with my peers online.
Social media help express my personal emotions and opinions
(i.e. status update)

Academic Performance

Social media has a positive impact on my academic works.

Social media helped me in my studies.
Social media served as a distraction in my studies.
Social media improved my communication skills among peers.

38
 Appendix B
Time Table (Program of Research Activities)

February March April May

Research Activities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1. Revision

2. Validation of
Instruments

3. Data Gathering

4. Data Analysis

5. Preparation of
Manuscript

6. Final Defense

Research Title:
Social Media: It’s Impact on the Academic Performance of Grade 12 ABM
Students in Mindanao State University-GenSan

39
 Appendix C
Evaluation Tool/Rubrics
PRACTICAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL DEFENSE
Group/Name of Student:
Course/Yr/Sec:
Subject:
SY: ( ) 1st ( ) 2nd ( ) Summer
Direction: Rate the document by using the following criteria.
VG (5) – Very Good - if the element is accurately formulated with all components
andformatted properly
G (4) – Good - if the element is 61%-80% accurately formulated and formatted
F (3) – Fair - if the element is 41%-60% accurately formulated and formatted
P (2) – Poor - if the element is 21%-40% accurately formulated and formatted
N (1) – Needs Improvement - if the element is 61%-80% accurately formulated and formatted
INDICATOR VG G F P N
I. EVALUATION OF PAPERS (60%)
Title Major variables, Lacks one of Lacks two of Needs Needs
Formulation goal, the elements the elements improvement changes
respondents, or
subjects are
clearly stated

Introduction Rationale, Lacks one of Lacks two of Needs Needs

literature, the elements the elements improvement changes
statistics, and
purpose and
format are
adequate.

Statement of General problem, One of the Two of the Needs Needs

the Problem specific problemsis problems is improvement changes
problems, and not correct. not correct
format are
correctly
formulated.

Scope and Major variables, Lacks one of Lacks two of Needs Needs
Delimitation sub-variables, the elements the elements improvement changes
of the Study indicators,
settings, and
format are
mentioned
properly.
Significance Beneficiaries and Contents Contents Contents must Contents
of the Study the benefits are must be must be be revised. must be

40
 discussed enhanced. improved. changed.
completely.
Relevant At least three Lacks one of Lacks two of Needs Needs
Theories theories and the elements the elements improvement changes
relationship are
properly
discussed. The
theorists, titles,
and explanations
are present.
Related All variables and No literature No literature Needs Needs
Literature sub-variables basis for one basis for improvement changes
have adequate to two three to four
literature. variables, variables,
sub-variables sub-variables

Related Thesis statement, One element Two or more Needs Needs

Studies date, place, is not elements are improvement changes
findings, and included. not included.
relationship are
discussed.
Conceptual 81%-100% 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
Framework accurate accurate accurate accurate accurate
and Paradigm Variables are
included.
Relationships are
discussed and
symbols are
used.
Hypothesis/ The null 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
Assumption hypothesis and at accurate accurate accurate accurate
least five
assumptions are
mentioned
properly.
Definition of All terms are 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
Terms operationally accurate accurate accurate accurate
defined.
Research Methodology, One element Two Needs Needs
Design types, definition, is missing. elements are improvement changes
explanation, and missing.
rationale are
discussed.
Population Population, One element Two Needs Needs
samples, is missing. elements are improvement changes
sampling method, missing.
rationale and
profile are
discussed.
Instrument of Instrument, basis, One element Two Needs Needs
the Study explanation, and is missing. elements are improvement changes
description are missing.
discussed.

41
Validity and Method, basis, One element Two Needs Needs
Reliability and explanation is missing. elements are improvement changes
are discussed. missing.
Statistical Tool, basis, and One element Two Needs Needs
explanation are is missing. elements are improvement changes
discussed. missing.
Notes Elements such as One element Two Needs Needs
format, number, is missing. elements are improvement changes
and year are missing.
present.
Appendices Bibliography, One element Two Needs Needs
letters, is missing. elements are improvement changes
questionnaire are missing.
present.
II. ACTUAL DEFENSE (30%)
Question 1 81%-100% 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
answered answered answered answered answered
correctly correctly correctly correctly correctly
Question 2 81%-100% 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
answered answered answered answered answered
correctly correctly correctly correctly correctly
Question 3 81%-100% 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
answered answered answered answered answered
correctly correctly correctly correctly correctly
Question 4 81%-100% 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
answered answered answered answered answered
correctly correctly correctly correctly correctly
Question 5 81%-100% 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
answered answered answered answered answered
correctly correctly correctly correctly correctly
Question 6 81%-100% 61%-80% 41%-60% 21%-40% 0%-20%
answered answered answered answered answered
correctly correctly correctly correctly correctly
III. PERSONALITY (10%)
Confidence
Comm. Skills
Teamwork
Mastery

Suggestions: Criteria Raw Equi %

I
II
III
Final Grade:

42
 Appendix D
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
The researchers will conduct the hypothesis testing procedure in
seven steps.
1. Formulate and define Null and Alternative Hypotheses
2. State Alpha. In this study, since the level of confidence is 90, the alpha is
0.1 (α=0.1).
3. Calculate Degrees of Freedom. df is equal to N-2. In this case, since N is
55, the degree of freedom is 53.
4. State Decision Rule. Using the df and alpha, the critical value in the r-table
is 0.1755.
𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥−∑𝑦
5. Calculate Test Statisticusing the formula r=𝑟 =
√[𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 ][𝑛∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2 ]

6. State Results. If r is greater than the critical value, reject the null hypothesis.
7. State Conclusion based on the stated results.

43
 Appendix E

Frequently Ask Questions (FAQ’s)

1. What is the rationale (reasons and incidence) of your research?

Social Media has been widely used by almost half of the population

in the Philippines for about 44%. The introduction of social media in this

digital area has made people across the globe rely heavily on it. The

presence of social media has also appealed to adults up to kids as young

as 6 years old. Even students often use this from the moment they wake

up in the morning, and spend hours using it. Students’ access to social

media could be of different types, from Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest to

Youtube. Social media can be classified into different platforms: social

news, social networking sites, blogging, micro-blogging, blogs and forums.

These different platforms of social media could bring entertainment,

access information, and communication. Usually, when students surf the

internet, they access social networking sites such as Facebook, or open

micro-blogging sites such as Twitter. Using this sites could either bring

them entertainment and information. For students, accessing social media

is very significant whether for entertainment, information, or

communication. One example in the aspect of social media as information

provider is accessing Facebook. For instance, teachers would be

announcing school activities or other information in Facebook pages,

before they are to announce it in school premises. If one is not online in

Facebook, he could probably miss important updates in school or even

44
 important discussions in online class applicable to some subjects. That

example could be one of the reasons why students access social media.

Another instance, students would be using social media to share files

(PowerPoint presentation, documents, and videos) to their classmates for

class purposes. On the other hand, students could also get distracted by

posts from friends or videos, which could hamper their focus to study or

gather information. In this sense, social media could affect them

negatively. Hence, there is a need to identify the impact of social media to

academic performance

2. What are the contributions of your study to society or to the study’s

relevant field?
BENEFICARIES BENEFITS RECEIVED FROM THE RESULT OF THE
STUDY
This study is significant to the student for they will be
informed of what certain thing and variable of social media
Students might affect their academic performance or performance in
school. In effect, this study will help them in better utilization
of social media in different fields.
This will provide clear information to the teachers about how
social affect the academic performance of a student and for
Teachers them to know better techniques in utilizing social media to
different academic fields. In effect, better teaching tools will
be demonstrated by teachers for the betterment of learners.
This will help them know the advantages and disadvantages
Parents of social media to their children. This will also help them
teach their children about the proper and responsible usage
of social media.
The result of this study may serve as a basis for future
Other researchers studies of other researches which are related to the topic.
The findings of this study can also serve as a conceptual
framework of their study.

45
 3. What is the most relevant theory of your study?

The most relevant theory in the study is the Displacement Theory by

Maxwell McComb. This theory describes how we as individuals only have

so much time in our lives in communication. The Displacement Theory

also states that the time is limited resource and we have constraints for

time we use in communication activities.

This theory is related to the study since the researchers want to know

the impact of social media usage to the Grade 12 ABM students’

academic performance. The theory emphasizes that, when a

communication is newly introduced, an individual may have less time for

other activities (e.g. using social media and studying).

4. What are the major variables and sub-variables in your study?

MAJOR VARIABLES SUB VARIABLES INDICATORS

- News (Societal)
Information provider - Scholarly Articles
- Political News
- Social Networking Sites
Entertainment - Online Music and Video
Streaming
Social Media
Socialization/ - Experience Sharing
Communication - Information Sharing
- Facts and Educational
Reviews and
Information
Opinion
- Blogs and Forums
- First Semester Grade
Academic Grades
- Second Semester Grade
Academic Performance
- Study time Management
Study Habit
- Willingness to learn

46
5. What is the paradigm of your study?

Figure 1.

SOCIAL MEDIA ACADEMIC

o Information provider PERFORMANCE

o Entertainment o Academic
o Socialization/ Grades
Communication o Study Habit
o Reviews and Opinion

6. What is the setting of your study?

The setting will be conducted at Barangay Fatima, General Santos

City, specifically in Mindanao State University.

7. What is your research design? Explain.

This research study will use descriptive-correlation method of

research to gather data and information since the researchers wanted

to identify the relationship of social media to the academic

performance of Grade 12 ABM students.

8. Who are the respondents of your study?

The respondents of the study will be the Grade 12 ABM students

from Mindanao State University-General Santos City

9. How will you select your respondents?

The researchers will use Non-probability sampling since this

method is done by selecting respondents in which the members of the

47
 entire population do not have an equal chance of being selected as

samples. The researchers will randomly choose Grade 12 ABM

students in Mindanao State University- General Santos City Senior

High School who are using social media in order to avoid biases. The

number of respondents is determined using Slovin’s formula ( 𝑛 =

𝑁
). After computing, the number of respondents is 55, at 10%
1+𝑁𝑒 2

margin of error from an estimated population of 120 Grade 12 ABM

Students.

10. How did you come up with your instrument?

The researchers will use survey questionnaires in order to gather

data from the samples. The instrument that will be used encompasses

Likert scale questions that will based on the statement of the problem

of the study.

11. How will you validate your instrument?

The research instrument will be validated using a validity tool and

also through consultations with the research advisers and panelists.

The researchers will ask some recommendations and opinions to the

appropriateness of the development of the instrument, if it covers the

main objective of the study.

12. How will you establish your instrument’s reliability?

Dry run test will be used to determine the reliability of the research

instrument. There will be four sectors or groups of samples for the dry-

run survey to be conducted. The results will be compared to make a

48
 distinction if there are significant differences in the responses of the

samples in the dry-run test. If there is, the researchers will determine

what factor hampers the instrument's unreliability.

13. How will you gather your data?

The researchers conducted the study in four steps. First, the

researchers will ask permission from the Mindanao State University-

General Santos City Senior High School Department. Second, the

researchers will give out questionnaires to Grade12 ABM students who

use social media. Then after that, he researchers will gather the survey

forms. Lastly, the researchers will analyze the answers of the

respondents.

14. How do you plan to present, analyze, and interpret the results of your

study?

The data will be gathered, tabulated and the ratings for each

question will be added. The researchers will then compute for the

average or mean and express the range of all the answer. The

researchers will then use the mean or average of the data gathered to

describe the findings. Lastly, the researchers will put the conclusion

and will also add some recommendations to help the different

beneficiaries of the study.

15. What statistical treatment will you apply?

a. To determine how often do Grade 12 ABM students use social

media, and the common usages of social media to Grade 12 ABM

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 students, the researchers will use the Weighted Mean to determine

the average answer of the respondents to each question on the

survey with some weight on the result than other elements in the

set.

∑𝑓(𝑥)
The formula in computing Weighted mean: 𝑋̅ = 𝑛

Where:

𝑋̅- weighted mean

f – weight given to each respondent

x – number of respondents

n – total number of respondents

b. To determine if there is a significant relationship between social

media and the academic performance of Grade 12 ABM students,

and what is its impact, the researchers will also use Pearson

product-moment coefficient of correlation to know the relationship

of some items to the other variables.

The formula in computing Pearson product-moment coefficient

𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥−∑𝑦
of correlation: 𝑟 =
√[𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 ][𝑛∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2 ]

Where:

r - Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

∑ – summation

x – social media usage

n – academic performance

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