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▪ NDE Education
▪ Applications of Stud, Back, Backing,
and Surfacing Weld Symbols
▪ Understanding Peening
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May 2018 / Vol. 21 / No. 2
Inspection
Trends
THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTIONS AND TESTING PERSONNEL
Features
Understanding Peening
Cover photo: Ohio Technical College Instruc-
tor Bruce McIntyre (left) inspects a workpiece
by Brent Boling / The differences between peening and caulking are
with Student Nathan Ehrmann; Student explained, along with some of the concerns these useful processes
Welder Mason McCarty is in the background. raise / 34
Editorial
NDE and Relevant Work Experience
Editor
Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and welding
go together like milk and cookies. While each is Senior Editor
tasty, together they complement each other. Milk Cindy Weihl, cweihl@aws.org
enhances the flavor of the cookie without chang-
ing the cookie’s flavor. NDE allows us to better Features Editor
utilize the potential of the weld. Kristin Campbell, kcampbell@aws.org
There are certain conditions that must be ful-
Albert J. Moore Jr. filled to enjoy the benefits of NDE. One key con- Associate Editor
AWS SCWI sideration that is essential is to utilize people Katie Pacheco, kpacheco@aws.org
Level III NDE – RT, UT, MT, who have the skills and experience, as well as ap-
and PT
preciate the importance of the work they per- Assistant Editor
form. The skills needed to perform the inspection Roline Pascal, rpascal@aws.org
task include an understanding of how the test method works, how the test
is performed, and the information provided by the test. Comprehensive Design and Production
classroom training can meet those three objectives. However, classroom
training alone isn’t sufficient to provide industry with competent inspec- Production Editor
tion personnel. On-the-job training and relevant work experience is also Zaida Chavez, zaida@aws.org
needed to reinforce classroom instruction.
Assistant Production Manager
There are several recognized and recommended practices and standards Brenda Flores, bflores@aws.org
used by industry as governing documents relating to the qualification and
certification of NDE personnel. Each requires relevant work experience as Manager of Electronic Media
one condition of the qualification and certification process. Gaining the re- Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
quired work experience is probably the most difficult aspect of becoming a
certified NDE inspector. The relevant work experience is accrued once the
Advertising
classroom training is completed, but where does the individual go to gain
work experience? The following are a couple of avenues to consider: Manager of Sales Operations
1) Working with a contractor who provides NDE services. Smaller con- Lea Paneca, lea@aws.org
tractors expect new hires to “hit the ground running” and to have the requi-
site work experience. They also generally expect their new employees to be Senior Advertising Sales Executives
certified by their previous employer. The small contractor who has those ex- Sandra Jorgensen, sjorgensen@aws.org
pectations usually is not a good fit for an individual who was not previously Annette Delagrange, adelagrange@aws.org
certified. That leaves the possibility of going to work with a larger contrac-
tor company that offers in-house training and advancement. Large contrac- Senior Advertising Production Manager
tors usually have programs in place to team the new hire with an ASNT Frank Wilson, fwilson@aws.org
Level II or a Level III to assess the new employee’s knowledge, skills, and Subscriptions Representative
work habits. They typically provide additional instruction to supplement Sonia Aleman, saleman@aws.org
the classroom training, and they have a system to track the hours worked
and apply them toward the qualification and certification requirements. American Welding Society
2) If the individual is an independent contractor, they can hire a NDE 8669 NW 36 St., #130
contractor to provide NDE services. The contractor’s Level II or Level III Miami, FL 33166-6672
provides oversight while the individual toils beside him or her, earning the (800/305) 443-9353
necessary hours needed to meet the qualification requirements.
Often overlooked in the certification process is the need to have a writ- Copyright
ten practice that defines the qualification and certification process. There is Copyright © 2018 by American Welding Society in both
no certification without a written practice. The independent contractor is printed and electronic formats. The Society is not responsi-
ble for any statement made or opinion expressed herein.
unlikely to have a mastery of the subject at the outset and usually needs Data and information developed by the authors of specific
help setting up a qualification/certification program. The contractor provid- articles are for informational purposes only and are not
intended for use without independent, substantiating
ing the on-the-job training and oversight often employs a Level III who can investigation on the part of potential users.
help the independent contractor develop the documentation needed to sup-
port NDE operations.
— continued on page 43
Spectronics Corp.
spectroline.com
Technology Notes
Page 39, Table 7.1, “Mismatch between Members after
Errata D17.1 welding”: Replace “7.3.2.1” with “7.4.2.1.”
Page 42, Figure 7.2, root side images and notes: replace
The following errata have been identified and will be in- “F1,” “F2,” with “D1,” “D2” in three places.
corporated into the next reprinting of D17.1/D17.1M:2017,
Specification for Fusion Welding for Aerospace.
Amendment D17.1
Page 30, Table 6.2, Recommended Shielding Gases for
Welding: Column “N” should be “N2.”
Page 33, Table 6.4, Base Metal column: Change The following errata have been identified and will be in-
“A92212” to “A92219.” corporated into the next reprinting of D17.1/D17.1M:2017,
Page 38, Table 7.1, “Undercut” first row: Revise for full Specification for Fusion Welding for Aerospace.
length of weld to read “… 0.002 [0.05]” (three places).
Page 39, Table 7.1, “Maximum Weld Reinforcement — Amendment #: 1
manual welds,” last row: revise [12.9] to [13]. Subject: Table 5.1, Table 5.3
C
Contact AW
WS for more
m information at 800-443-9353
8
Advertising contacts:
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Annette Delagrange at Ext. 332, adelagrangge@aws.org
Lea Panecca Owen, at Ext. 220, lea@aaws.org
Just the Facts By Richard D. Campbell
Chemical Element PMI Analyzer Data (wt-%) Chemical Composition Acceptance Criteria
Range from Material Specification
Nominal Standard Deviation Range (ASTM A270/A270M)
Composition (Tolerance/Accuracy) (wt-%)
Don Hodges
8204 Pulaski Highway
Joanna Blythe, President
Baltimore, MD 21237
4231 Southside Drive
(410) 687-8400
Acworth, GA 30101
Dhodges@earlbeck.com
(770) 590-9353
earlbeck.com
jblythe@georgiatradeschool.com
georgiatradeschool.com
Hill College Welding program offers comprehensive training ISTUC, S.C. was founded in 2001 with the objective of
in a hot job market on both the Hillsboro and Cleburne, helping Mexico become more competitive and create
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Associate of Applied Science degree in Welding Technology. ISTUC offers training, qualification and certification of
Hill College is equipped with state-of-the-art technology to international programs (welder, inspector, practitioner,
help you get a jump start on your career. With the hands-on specialist, technologist and engineer) and AWS programs
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Jeffrey Daubert, Vice President 7303 Windfern Rd.
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United Technical Training Academy WESCO Gas & Welding Supply Inc.
United Technical Training Academy, an AWS Accredited In today’s welding market staying competitive requires skill
Testing Facility (ATF), offering occupational training and and knowledge. With four AWS certified welding inspectors
certifications in accordance with AWS SENSE program. (CWIs), and one Registered Professional Engineer WESCO
AWS CWE and welding engineers develop custom training offers just that. Whether you need welder certification,
courses to create experienced skilled trades personnel for non-destructive testing, or help writing and qualifying
your company in such areas as structural assemblies, weld procedures, our team can help. WESCO is an AWS
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Summary
This article provided a review of
stud, back, backing, and surfacing
welding symbol requirements. This ar-
ticle is part of a series of articles to
provide a foundation of basic welding Fig. 21 — Entire area to be weld surfaced.
symbol requirements per AWS
A2.4:2012. The next article will pro-
vide information on supplementary
symbols and other weld symbols to
support T-joint groove welds with fil-
let weld reinforcement, skewed T-
joints, weld-all-around, field welds,
and seal welds.
J. P. CHRISTEIN (jpc00@verizon.net) is
chair of the AWS A2 Committee on
Definitions and Symbols as well as chair
of the A2C Subcommittee on Symbols. He Fig. 23 — Weld surfacing over an existing weld.
is also a member of the AWS Technical
Activities Committee.
RICHARD D. CAMPBELL
(rdcampbe@bechtel.com) is with Bechtel
Corp. and has taught AWS CWI seminars
for more than 21 years. He also
developed a seminar on welding symbols
that he teaches for AWS at FABTECH
shows and in-house seminars. He is also
a member of the AWS D1 Structural
Welding Committee. Fig. 24 — Correction of dimensions.
Understanding Peening
This useful process can also raise concerns
While walking the shop floor a while mechanical (not necessarily mecha- ceptable to the engineer, all inspec-
ago, one of the welders came over and nized) working of materials to control tions have been performed, and any
asked, “What’s the difference between shrinkage, prevent cracking, and work discernable discontinuities are accept-
caulking and peening?” Shortly after harden them. able by the required codes, then caulk-
writing the article, Understanding ing can be used to make the coating
Caulking, in the August 2015 issue of Reviewing Caulking surface smoother or sealed for bond-
Inspections Trends, I got an email from ing integrity of certain coatings.
a reader asking if I was going to do a When we looked at caulking in the However, we also found that caulk-
follow up about peening. Although it August 2015 article, we discovered ing is often misused to hide disconti-
has taken some time, these inquiries there are times it is an acceptable op- nuities from the inspector, who must
have prompted me to write this article eration within AWS D1.1, Structural know how to be vigilant, discerning,
to explain the difference between Welding Code — Steel, but we must ex- and aware of the ongoing work to
these two closely related processes, amine an issue from Clause 5.26, make correct judgments and observa-
and to expand on the questions they Peening. There are areas that can easily tions of weld surfaces.
raise. overlap between the two processes, There was mention in that article of
Caulking is the plastic deformation and this review may help to further times when caulking and peening may
of the surface of the material, weld, or understand our conclusions from that have the same effect upon the weld:
base metal for smoothness purposes, article. cracking. To see peening in its proper
used in preparation for coatings that We found that caulking can be done light, we need to know where it came
need a smooth surface. It can also be with any number of blows and is used from, as we did with caulking. This in-
misused when not done to the code to “seal” discontinuities in a weld, such formation will not be a complete trea-
and may be masking or hiding discon- as porosity and uneven surfaces, and tise on peening but give just enough
tinuities not yet determined by the in- even to mask items like undercut, background for an understanding of
spector to be acceptable. Peening is the overlap, and cracks. If the usage is ac- the process.
History of Peening
Peening, or peining (both are cor-
rect), has been around in one form or
another since man started working
with metals. Any shaping of metals for
weapons or farming instruments in-
volves peening. As the blacksmith
shapes a horseshoe, sword, scythe,
plowshare, armor, or knife, for exam-
ple, he or she incorporates peening as
the item is moved around on the anvil
or other surface to get the angle,
shape, and hardness desired. Often,
the main tool incorporated in this
process was the ball-peen hammer, also
called a machinist’s hammer, which has
a hemispherical head — Fig. 1.
Other variants of the peening ham-
mer have a wedge, chisel, or pointed
head. The wedge-shaped heads are clas-
sified as straight, cross, or diagonal, de-
Fig. 1 — Ball-peen hammers. pending on the rotational position of
Practical Uses
To cover this thoroughly, we must
mention some other processes includ-
ed in the category of peening: shot,
roto (flail), needle (as in scaler for re-
moving slag — Fig. 2), and laser peen-
ing. Because peening can be accom-
plished with a wide variety of tools at
our everyday disposal, as well as new
technology, it can be done by the un- Fig. 2 — Needle scalers.
suspecting and untrained welder who
has no grasp of the metallurgical con- Training is more important than many
sequences of certain work habits. Peening per D1.1 take into account, even in inspections.
Peening, even laser peening, is con- There can be abuses on the part of the
sidered a cold-working process that D1.1 Clause 5.26, Peening, tells us,
fabricator and the inspectors.
takes advantage of plastic deforma- “Peening may be used on intermediate
AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms
tion, a property we talked about be- weld layers for control of shrinkage
and Definitions, defines peening as
fore. Plastic deformation is moving stresses in thick welds to prevent
“The mechanical working of metals us-
metal past the point where it can re- cracking or distortion, or both. No
ing impact blows.” As noticed in our
turn to its original shape. As with peening shall be done on the root or
background on peening, that covers a
caulking, this is done with gentle surface layer of the weld or the base
lot of ground. A wide variety of tools
blows, not hard beating of the metal. metal at the edges of the weld except
and the ability to take advantage of
In this process, the metal is thinned as provided in 9.2.7.6(3) for tubulars.
the material’s property of plastic de-
and work hardened, terms worth look- Care should be taken to prevent over-
formation must be taken into account.
ing into for self-study. lapping or cracking of the weld or base
Peening includes everything from
Imagine a peening hammer with a metal.” Clause 5.26.1, Tools, states,
laser peening of aluminum on aircraft,
soft face of plastic, rawhide, or “The use of manual slag hammers,
to impact peening a weld on structural
brass/copper to not damage the struck chisels, and lightweight vibrating tools
steel, to relieve stresses between pass-
surface. But they are still peening, for the removal of slag and spatter is
es to impact peening a weld on cast
moving the material, and altering its allowed and shall not be considered
iron to keep the weld from cracking as
plastic state or hardening the surface. peening.”
it cools and shrinks at a different rate
Most peening tools have a rounded The Commentary on Clause 5.26
than the cast iron. The material grade
or hemispherical head to produce a tells us, “Except as provided in
and thickness will be a major part of
nicely rounded indentation upon im- 9.2.7.6(3), peening of the surface layer
the determination as to which method
pact: small indentations from a needle of the weld is prohibited because me-
or tooling is used to accomplish either
scaler to larger ones from the ball- chanical working of the surface may
caulking or peening without negatively
peen hammer. A peening gun is shown mask otherwise unacceptable surface
affecting the workpiece.
in Fig. 3. The formation of the inden- discontinuities. For similar reasons,
How does this relate to us? Once
tation causes the surface area of the the use of lightweight vibrating tools
again, we find that the main point in
base material to yield or stretch in ten- for slag removal should be used with
time of the welding process, where ei-
sion, while the subsurface area of the discretion.”
ther caulking or peening may be of an
material attempts to return to its orig- We saw similar cautions when we
issue and consideration when applied
inal state, thus creating a highly looked at caulking. That is what is un-
to use according to D1.1, is on the root
stressed area in compression. der consideration when the Commen-
and cover passes.
When done properly, it is this area tary says it “may mask otherwise unac-
of compression stress that resists ceptable surface discontinuities.” It is
crack propagation. To be done proper- the same as we discussed for caulking, Overworking Root and
ly, normally there is a calculated num- because the two may overlap in use, Cover Passes
ber of impacts per inch of weld with a misuse, and application. Normal tool
depth or other method of measuring operation is not considered caulking or There are three areas of concern
the amount of impact. peening. But caution must be exercised. when considering both peening and
Covered is the importance of instructors, equipment, and raising awareness of the career
Components of Good
NDE Education Fig. 1 — Students performing eddy current surface inspections.
An inspector is made competent by An NDE technician’s job is as de- struction on final documentation.
studying both the theory behind the pendent on him or her following pre- Certified Welding Inspectors (CWIs)
test method and getting sufficient scribed codes and procedures as it is are primarily hired for their expertise
hands-on training by looking at being able to do the inspection itself. in the inspection of materials, but ul-
flawed specimens with the actual A school must not only instill how timately, the report is the final prod-
equipment — Fig.1. important it is to follow the oversee- uct that goes to the customer, the
One of the most important ele- ing documents, but must prepare stu- boss, the company that contracts
ments of good NDE education is an ex- dents by showing them how to locate, your services, or the end buyer. A fi-
perienced instructor who can get a interpret, and apply information in nal report is normally much more
student to understand the inspection the documents. Technicians must re- than just a box to check for accept-
methods and the practical realities of alize they need to follow the Ameri- able or unacceptable. There must be
the job. The best instructors are the can Welding Society’s (AWS) D1.1, all the pertinent inspection data, no
ones with field experience who not Structural Welding Code — Steel, to omissions, and everything clearly and
only can get students to understand prevent putting life and property at accurately stated. Often when I give a
difficult new concepts and language, risk. Moreover, if things go wrong corrected report back to a student
but also relate how the theory and with the product tested, that could that has mistakes, omissions, or un-
hands-on practice will be applied in affect the litigation outcome of mil- clear data, the common response is,
the job — Fig. 2. Giving the “tips from lion-dollar contracts, the company’s “You know what I mean!” That will
the trenches” provides the student a culpability, the inspector’s reputation not be an acceptable answer for
more realistic understanding of how and employment, and in some cases, someone paying for the results of the
the job is done, makes them a better even jail time. inspection.
prepared new employee, and reduces Another essential ingredient that The student must be trained to
some of the students’ uncertainty helps to determine the level of quality make sure the report is clear, com-
about what they’re getting into. of an educational facility is its in- plete, and beyond reproach. I always
aws.org
E-Courses in Destructive and Nondestructive Testing Preparatory and Visual Weld Inspection Courses
of Welds and Other Welding-Related Topics One- and two-week courses presented in Pascagoula, Miss.;
Online video courses taken at one’s own pace offer certifi- Houston, Tex.; and Houma and Sulphur, La. Contact Real
cates of completion and continuing education units. Hobart Educational Services Inc., (800) 489-2890;
Institute of Welding Technology, (800) 332-9448; info@realeducational.com.
welding.org/product-category/online-courses/.
T.E.S.T. NDT Courses
EPRI NDE Training Seminars CWI preparation and NDE courses, including ultrasonic
EPRI offers NDE technical skills training in visual examina- thickness testing and advanced phased array. T.E.S.T., (714)
tion, ultrasonic examination, ASME Section XI, and UT opera- 255-1500; ndtguru@aol.com; testndt.com.
IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Please verify your event dates with the Certification Dept. to confirm your
course status before making travel plans. Applications are to be received at least six weeks prior to the seminar/exam or exam. Applications
received after that time will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee. Please verify application deadline dates by visiting our website
aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. For information on AWS seminars and certification programs, or to register online, visit
aws.org/certification or call (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars.
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Market opportunities, market risk, and market overview are ue and volume; reporting and estimation of recent industry de-
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ccess To Plastic Replicas And Tools
q Mr. q Ms. q Mrs. q Dr. Please print • Duplicate this page as needed Type of Business (Check ONE only)
A q Contract construction
Last Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
B q Chemicals & allied products
C q Petroleum & coal industries
First Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
D q Primary metal industries
E q Fabricated metal products
Birthdate: _____________________________ E-Mail:____________________________________________
F q Machinery except elect. (incl. gas welding)
G q Electrical equip., supplies, electrodes
Cell Phone ( )__________________________ Secondary Phone ( )______________________
H q Transportation equip. — air, aerospace
Were you ever an AWS Member? q YES q NO If “YES,” give year________ and Member #:____________________ I q Transportation equip. — automotive
J q Transportation equip. — boats, ships
Company (if applicable):___________________________________________________________________ K q Transportation equip. — railroad
L q Utilities
Address:________________________________________________________________________________ M q Welding distributors & retail trade
N q Misc. repair services (incl. welding shops)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ O q Educational Services (univ., libraries, schools)
P q Engineering & architectural services (incl. assn
City:_____________________________________State/Province:__________________________________ Q q Misc. business services (incl. commercial labs)
R q Government (federal, state, local)
Zip/PostalCode:_____________________Country:______________________________________________ S q Other
Who pays your dues?: q Company q Self-paid Sex: q Male q Female Job Classification (Check ONE only)
01 q President, owner, partner, officer
Education level: q High school diploma q Associate’s q Bachelor’s q Master’s q Doctoral
02 q Manager, director, superintendent (or assistant
q Check here if you learned of the Society through an AWS Member? Member’s name:_______________________Member’s # (if known):________ 03 q Sales
04 q Purchasing
q Check here if you would prefer not to receive email updates on AWS programs, new Member benefits, savings opportunities and events.
05 q Engineer — welding
20 q Engineer — design
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP 21 q Engineer — manufacturing
06 q Engineer — other
è Please check each box that applies to the Membership or service you’d like, and then add the cost together to get your Total Payment. 10 q Architect designer
q AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (One Year)......................................................................................................$88 12 q Metallurgist
13 q Research & development
AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (Two Years) SAVE $25 New Members Only....................................$151 22 q Quality control
07 q Inspector, tester
q New Member Initiation Fee ...........................................................................................................................................$12
08 q Supervisor, foreman
OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS ONLY: 14 q Technician
09 q Welder, welding or cutting operator
A.) OPTIONAL Book Selection (Choose from 25 titles; up to a $192 value; includes shipping & handling) 11 q Consultant
q Individual Members in the U.S..................................................................................................................................$35 15 q Educator
17 q Librarian
q Individual Members outside the U.S (includes International shipping)...........................................................................$85 16 q Student
ONLY ONE SELECTION PLEASE. For more book choices visit https://app.aws.org/membership/books 18 q Customer Service
q Jefferson’s Welding Encyc.(CD-ROM only) q Design & Planning Manual for Cost-Effective Welding q Welding Metallurgy q Welding Inspection Handbook 19 q Other
Welding Handbook Selections: q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 5) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 4) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 3) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 2) q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 1) Technical Interests (Check all that apply)
A q Ferrous metals
B.) OPTIONAL Welding Journal Hard Copy (for Members outside North America) B q Aluminum
C q Nonferrous metals except aluminum
q Individual Members outside North America (note: digital delivery of WJ is standard)..............................................$50
D q Advanced materials/Intermetallics
E q Ceramics
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP TOTAL PAYMENT..................................................................................$_____________ F q High energy beam processes
NOTE: Dues include $17.30 for Welding Journal subscription and $4.00 for the AWS Foundation.
G q Arc welding
H q Brazing and soldering
I q Resistance welding
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP J q Thermal spray
K q Cutting
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with digital Welding Journal magazine)................................................$15 L q NDT
M q Safety and health
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with hard copy Welding Journal magazine)..............................................$35
N q Bending and shearing
Option available only to students in U.S., Canada & Mexico.
O q Roll forming
P q Stamping and punching
PAYMENT INFORMATION Q q Aerospace
R q Automotive
Payment can be made (in U.S. dollars) by check or money order (international or foreign), payable to the American Welding Society, or by charge card. S q Machinery
q Check q Money Order q AMEX q Diners Club q MasterCard q Visa q Discover q Other T q Marine
U q Piping and tubing
CC#:____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ Expiration Date (mm/yy) ________ / ________ V q Pressure vessels and tanks
W q Sheet metal
X q Structures
Signature of Applicant:_________________________________________ Application Date:_______________________
Y q Other
Z q Automation
OFFICE USE ONLY Check #:_______________________________ Account #____________________________________ 1 q Robotics
American Welding Society®
EDUCATION
aws.org
DON’T TR UST
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AWS
W offers the most accurrate, relevaant, and well-researchedd seminars in the weldingg industry.
When it comes to your career deevelopment, why not put it in the most capable haands?
Opportunities too further yoour education and careerr are heading your way.
Sign up for an AW W educational seminar near
WS n you today!
AWS
W CERTIFIEDD WELDING INSPECTOR SEMINARS
Location Seeminar Date Exam Date Deadline Location Seminar Date Exam
am Date Deadline
Duluth, MN Juun. 17-22 Jun. 23 May 17 Portland, OR Sep. 9-14 Sepp. 15 Aug. 6
Spokane, WA Juun. 24-29 Jun. 30 May 21 Pittsburgh, PA Sep. 16-21 Sepp. 22 Aug. 13
Hartford, CT Juun. 24-29 Jun. 30 May 21 Houston, TX Sep. 16-21 Sepp. 22 Aug. 13
Atlanta, GA Juun. 24-29 Jun. 30 May 21 Kansas City, MO Sep. 23-28 Sepp. 29 Aug. 20
Waco, TX Juul. 8-13 Jul. 14 Jun. 4 New Orleans, LAA Sep. 23-28 Sepp. 29 Aug. 20
Louisville, KY Juul. 8-13 Jul. 14 Jun. 4 Long Beach, CA Sep. 30-Oct. 5 Octt. 6 Aug. 27
H t TX
Houston, JJuul.l 15
15-20
20 JJul.l 21 JJun. 11 Tuulsa,
l OK SSep. 30-Oct.
30 O t 5 Octt.t 6
O Aug.
A 27
Phoenix, AZ Juul. 15-20 Jul. 21 Jun. 11 Ann Arborr, MI Sep. 30-Oct. 5 Octt. 6 Aug. 27
Cleveland, OH Juul. 15-20 Jul. 21 Jun. 11 Newark, NJ Oct. 7-12 Octt. 13 Sep. 3
Philadelphia, PA Juul. 15-20 Jul. 21 Jun. 11 Chattanooga, TN Oct. 7-12 Octt. 13 Sep. 3
Baton Rouge, LA Juul. 22-27 Jul. 28 Jun. 18 Kankakee, IL Oct. 14-19 Octt. 20 Sep. 10
Helena, MT Juul. 22-27 Jul. 28 Jun. 18 Denver, CO Oct. 21-26 Octt. 27 Sep. 17
Omaha, NE Juul. 22-27 Jul. 28 Jun. 18 Des Moines, IA Oct. 21-26 Octt. 27 Sep. 17
Seattle, WA Juul. 29-Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Jun. 25 Cleveland, OH Oct. 28-Nov. 2 Novv. 3 Sep. 24
go, IL
Chicago Juul.
ul 29-Aug.
29-Aug 3 Aug.
Aug 4 Jun
Jun. 25 Sacramento,
Sacramento CA Nov. 4-9 Novv. 10 Oct.
Oct 1
Charlotte, NC Auug. 5-10 Aug. 11 Jul. 2 Dallas, TX Nov. 4-9 Novv. 10 Oct. 1
Dallas, TX Auug. 12-17 Aug. 18 Jul. 9 Charlotte, NC Nov. 11-16 Novv. 17 Oct. 8
San Diego, CA Auug. 12-17 Aug. 18 Jul. 9 Reno, NV Nov. 25-30 Decc. 1 Oct. 22
Salt Lake City, UT Auug. 12-17 Aug. 18 Jul. 9 Orlando, FL Nov. 25-30 Decc. 1 Oct. 22
Minneapolis, MN Auug. 19-24 Aug. 25 Jul. 9 Houston, TX Dec. 2-7 Decc. 8 Oct. 29
Miami, FL Auug. 19-24 Aug. 25 Jul. 9 Los Angeles, CA Dec. 2-7 Decc. 8 Oct. 29
San Francisco, CA Auug. 26-31 Sep. 1 Jul. 23 Richmond, VA Dec. 9-14 Decc. 15 Nov. 5
Beaumont,, TX Auug.
g 26-31 Sep.
p 1 Jul. 23 Miami,, FL Dec. 9-14 Decc. 15 Nov. 5
Nashville, TN Seep. 9-14 Sep. 15 Aug. 6
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