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MAY 2018 / VOL. 21 / NO.

Inspection
Trends
THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTION AND TESTING PERSONNEL

AWS.ORG

▪ NDE Education
▪ Applications of Stud, Back, Backing,
and Surfacing Weld Symbols

▪ Understanding Peening

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY TO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATION OF WELDING
AND ALLIED JOINING AND CUTTING PROCESSES WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND THERMAL SPRAYING
AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
Join or Renew: Mail: Form with your payment, to AWS Call: Membership Department at (800) 443-9353, ext. 480
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Miami, FL 33166-6672
CONTACT INFORMATION Telephone (800) 443-9353
FAX (305) 443-5647
q New Member q Renewal Visit our website: www.aws.org

q Mr. q Ms. q Mrs. q Dr. Please print • Duplicate this page as needed Type of Business (Check ONE only)
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E q Fabricated metal products
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04 q Purchasing
q Check here if you would prefer not to receive email updates on AWS programs, new Member benefits, savings opportunities and events.
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INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP 21 q Engineer — manufacturing
06 q Engineer — other
è Please check each box that applies to the Membership or service you’d like, and then add the cost together to get your Total Payment. 10 q Architect designer
q AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (One Year)......................................................................................................$88 12 q Metallurgist
13 q Research & development
AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (Two Years) SAVE $25 New Members Only....................................$151 22 q Quality control
07 q Inspector, tester
q New Member Initiation Fee ...........................................................................................................................................$12
08 q Supervisor, foreman
OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS ONLY: 14 q Technician
09 q Welder, welding or cutting operator
A.) OPTIONAL Book Selection (Choose from 25 titles; up to a $192 value; includes shipping & handling) 11 q Consultant
q Individual Members in the U.S..................................................................................................................................$35 15 q Educator
17 q Librarian
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ONLY ONE SELECTION PLEASE. For more book choices visit https://app.aws.org/membership/books 18 q Customer Service
q Jefferson’s Welding Encyc.(CD-ROM only) q Design & Planning Manual for Cost-Effective Welding q Welding Metallurgy q Welding Inspection Handbook 19 q Other

Welding Handbook Selections: q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 5) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 4) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 3) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 2) q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 1) Technical Interests (Check all that apply)
A q Ferrous metals
B.) OPTIONAL Welding Journal Hard Copy (for Members outside North America) B q Aluminum
C q Nonferrous metals except aluminum
q Individual Members outside North America (note: digital delivery of WJ is standard)..............................................$50
D q Advanced materials/Intermetallics
E q Ceramics
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP TOTAL PAYMENT..................................................................................$_____________ F q High energy beam processes
NOTE: Dues include $17.30 for Welding Journal subscription and $4.00 for the AWS Foundation.
G q Arc welding
H q Brazing and soldering
I q Resistance welding
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP J q Thermal spray
K q Cutting
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with digital Welding Journal magazine)................................................$15 L q NDT
M q Safety and health
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with hard copy Welding Journal magazine)..............................................$35
N q Bending and shearing
Option available only to students in U.S., Canada & Mexico.
O q Roll forming
P q Stamping and punching
PAYMENT INFORMATION Q q Aerospace
R q Automotive
Payment can be made (in U.S. dollars) by check or money order (international or foreign), payable to the American Welding Society, or by charge card. S q Machinery
q Check q Money Order q AMEX q Diners Club q MasterCard q Visa q Discover q Other T q Marine
U q Piping and tubing
CC#:____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ Expiration Date (mm/yy) ________ / ________ V q Pressure vessels and tanks
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X q Structures
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OFFICE USE ONLY Check #:_______________________________ Account #____________________________________ 1 q Robotics
May 2018 / Vol. 21 / No. 2

Inspection
Trends
THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTIONS AND TESTING PERSONNEL

Features

Applications of Stud, Back, Backing, and Surfacing Weld


Symbols
by Richard D. Campbell and J. P. Christein / The sixth in a series of
articles about the proper use of welding symbols, this feature
addresses the basic welding symbol requirements for stud, back,
backing, and surfacing welds / 28

Understanding Peening
Cover photo: Ohio Technical College Instruc-
tor Bruce McIntyre (left) inspects a workpiece
by Brent Boling / The differences between peening and caulking are
with Student Nathan Ehrmann; Student explained, along with some of the concerns these useful processes
Welder Mason McCarty is in the background. raise / 34

INSPECTION TRENDS (ISSN 1523-7168) is


The Challenges of Nondestructive Examination Education
published quarterly by the American Welding Society. by Rand Ernst / An insightful article about the importance of
Editorial and advertising offices are located at 8669 NW instructors, equipment, and raising awareness of the career / 37
36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443-
9353. Printed by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co., Senatobia,
Miss. Subscriptions $30.00 per year for noncertified,
nonmembers in the United States and its possessions;
$50.00 per year in foreign countries; $20.00 per year for
noncertified members and students; $10.00 single issue
for nonmembers; and $7.00 single issue for members.
American Welding Society is located at 8669 NW 36 St.,
#130, Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443-9353.
Periodicals postage paid in Miami, Fla., and additional
mailing offices.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to
Inspection Trends c/o American Welding Society, 8669
NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166.

Readers of Inspection Trends may make copies of articles


for personal, archival, educational, or research
purposes, and which are not for sale or resale. Permis-
sion is granted to quote from articles, provided custom-
ary acknowledgment of authors and sources is made. Departments
Starred (*) items excluded from copyright.

AWS MISSION STATEMENT Editorial........................................6 Mark Your Calendar ..................40


The mission of the American Welding Society is to advance
the science, technology, and application of welding and
allied joining processes worldwide, including brazing,
News Bulletin ...............................8 Certification Calendar ...............42
soldering, and thermal spraying.
Print and Product ......................12 Mail Bag .....................................43
AWS DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION
STATEMENT The Answer Is.............................14 Classifieds ..................................44
AWS values diversity, advocates equitable and inclusive
practices, and engages its members and stakeholders in
establishing a culture in the welding community that Just the Facts.............................16 Advertiser Index ........................44
welcomes, learns from, and celebrates differences among
people. NDE School Profiles ...............20
AWS recognizes that a commitment to diversity, equity,
and inclusion is essential to achieving excellence for the
Association, its members, and employees.

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 5


Editorial
Publisher
Mary Ruth Johnsen, mjohnsen@aws.org

Editorial
NDE and Relevant Work Experience
Editor
Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and welding
go together like milk and cookies. While each is Senior Editor
tasty, together they complement each other. Milk Cindy Weihl, cweihl@aws.org
enhances the flavor of the cookie without chang-
ing the cookie’s flavor. NDE allows us to better Features Editor
utilize the potential of the weld. Kristin Campbell, kcampbell@aws.org
There are certain conditions that must be ful-
Albert J. Moore Jr. filled to enjoy the benefits of NDE. One key con- Associate Editor
AWS SCWI sideration that is essential is to utilize people Katie Pacheco, kpacheco@aws.org
Level III NDE – RT, UT, MT, who have the skills and experience, as well as ap-
and PT
preciate the importance of the work they per- Assistant Editor
form. The skills needed to perform the inspection Roline Pascal, rpascal@aws.org
task include an understanding of how the test method works, how the test
is performed, and the information provided by the test. Comprehensive Design and Production
classroom training can meet those three objectives. However, classroom
training alone isn’t sufficient to provide industry with competent inspec- Production Editor
tion personnel. On-the-job training and relevant work experience is also Zaida Chavez, zaida@aws.org
needed to reinforce classroom instruction.
Assistant Production Manager
There are several recognized and recommended practices and standards Brenda Flores, bflores@aws.org
used by industry as governing documents relating to the qualification and
certification of NDE personnel. Each requires relevant work experience as Manager of Electronic Media
one condition of the qualification and certification process. Gaining the re- Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
quired work experience is probably the most difficult aspect of becoming a
certified NDE inspector. The relevant work experience is accrued once the
Advertising
classroom training is completed, but where does the individual go to gain
work experience? The following are a couple of avenues to consider: Manager of Sales Operations
1) Working with a contractor who provides NDE services. Smaller con- Lea Paneca, lea@aws.org
tractors expect new hires to “hit the ground running” and to have the requi-
site work experience. They also generally expect their new employees to be Senior Advertising Sales Executives
certified by their previous employer. The small contractor who has those ex- Sandra Jorgensen, sjorgensen@aws.org
pectations usually is not a good fit for an individual who was not previously Annette Delagrange, adelagrange@aws.org
certified. That leaves the possibility of going to work with a larger contrac-
tor company that offers in-house training and advancement. Large contrac- Senior Advertising Production Manager
tors usually have programs in place to team the new hire with an ASNT Frank Wilson, fwilson@aws.org
Level II or a Level III to assess the new employee’s knowledge, skills, and Subscriptions Representative
work habits. They typically provide additional instruction to supplement Sonia Aleman, saleman@aws.org
the classroom training, and they have a system to track the hours worked
and apply them toward the qualification and certification requirements. American Welding Society
2) If the individual is an independent contractor, they can hire a NDE 8669 NW 36 St., #130
contractor to provide NDE services. The contractor’s Level II or Level III Miami, FL 33166-6672
provides oversight while the individual toils beside him or her, earning the (800/305) 443-9353
necessary hours needed to meet the qualification requirements.
Often overlooked in the certification process is the need to have a writ- Copyright
ten practice that defines the qualification and certification process. There is Copyright © 2018 by American Welding Society in both
no certification without a written practice. The independent contractor is printed and electronic formats. The Society is not responsi-
ble for any statement made or opinion expressed herein.
unlikely to have a mastery of the subject at the outset and usually needs Data and information developed by the authors of specific
help setting up a qualification/certification program. The contractor provid- articles are for informational purposes only and are not
intended for use without independent, substantiating
ing the on-the-job training and oversight often employs a Level III who can investigation on the part of potential users.
help the independent contractor develop the documentation needed to sup-
port NDE operations.

— continued on page 43

6 Inspection Trends / May 2018


News Bulletins
Nine-Year CWI Recertification Course Performance Contractors Partners with
Held in Sacramento, Calif. Southeastern Hammond
On April 8–13, 2018, AWS held a nine-year Certified Performance Contractors, an industrial construction,
Welding Inspector (CWI) recertification course at the Field management, and fabrication firm headquartered in Baton
Ironworkers Apprenticeship in Sacramento, Calif., instruct- Rouge, La., is partnering with Southeastern Louisiana Uni-
ed by AWS Past President (2004–2005) Jim Greer. Greer versity to create a new academic concentration in welding
is a professor and coordinator of the welding program at inspection and supervision. The partnership will enable
Moraine Valley Community College, Palos Hills, Ill. Southeastern’s industrial technology program to develop
Members of the class included (in alphabetical order): the concentration and increase enrollment.
Ty Amberg, Walter Andersen, Phil Berretta, Brian Brace, Cofounder and CEO of Performance Contractors Art
Howard Breene, Randy Brown, Monte Casner, Edgar Favre has donated $1 million to the university in support of
Cimafranca, Joe Garcia, Willie Henderson, Heng Huang, Ray the partnership. Favre said he hopes this partnership with
Jackson, Tina Jobe, Francisco Leal, Brian Lenius, Bill Levell, Southeastern will encourage other industry partnerships,
Jess Lim, Steve Long, Brooks Martin, Jesse Mayne, Fred making the university a center for producing much-needed
Michels, Jeff Miller, Meysam Nasri, Oscar Olvera, Christo- industrial specialists to meet Louisiana’s workforce needs.
pher Osman, Dan Pfeifer, Darrin Roche, Erika Rutledge, “Southeastern’s current and developing programs will
Clay Salzman, Brian Schirmers, and Jay Skeen. help boost the workforce expertise in these important ar-
Please see the Certification Schedule in this issue for up- eas,” Favre said. “We need well-prepared and trained indus-
coming certification dates. trial team members at the professional level, and Southeast-

Nine-year CWI recertification course


attendees met in Sacramento, Calif.

8 Inspection Trends / May 2018


Performance Contractors has teamed up with Southeastern
Louisiana University. Pictured are (front row, from left) Executive
Vice President Kevin Courville, President Art Favre, Southeastern
President John L. Crain, Vice President for University Advancement
Wendy Lauderdale, and Director of Corporate and Foundation
Relations Lynn Horgan. Also shown are (back row, from left)
Computer Science and Industrial Technology Department Head
Lu Yuan, Vice President William “Willie” Lefever, Professor of
Industrial Technology and Undergraduate Coordinator Roy
Bonnette, Instructor of Industrial Technology Anthony Blakeney,
College of Science and Technology Dean Dan McCarthy, and
Corporate Quality Control Director Jerome Mabile.

ern is committed to providing opportunity to students to be-


come job-ready in those areas.”
“An important part of Southeastern’s mission is to lead
the economic development of this region,” said John L. Crain,

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 9


Measure Ferrite Content with
h Southeastern Louisiana University president. “We strive to
work directly with industry partners on an ongoing basis to
the FISCHER FERITS ® determine their needs in the future and develop curricula to
meet those needs. Our board of advisors for industrial and
engineering technology has a significant hand in creating ar-
eas of academic focus. Partnership with industry and eco-
nomic development entities is key to being responsive to the
needs of the marketplace as well as to offer students the
most in-demand fields of study.”

Zetec to Host Webinar on How to


Improve Flaw Detection in Aerospace
Zetec Inc., Snoqualmie, Wash., will host a 1-h webinar in
• Measurement range g 0.1
0 1 to 80%
% Fe or 0.1 1 to 110 FN May on how the latest advancements in eddy current array
‡&RQWLQXRXVGLVSOD\PRGHWR¿QGZHOGVHDPVRQ technology can improve the accuracy, speed, and cost effec-
polished surfaces tiveness of nondestructive examination techniques in the
‡8VHRQGXSOH[VWHHODXVWHQLWLFVWHHOZHOGV WXEHV aerospace industry. Titled “Improve Flaw Detection in Aero-
VKHHWV QRUPDOVWHHOZLWKDXVWHQLWLFFKURPHDOOR\ space with Advanced Eddy Current Array Technology” the
VWHHOZHOGHGFODGGLQJ ERLOHUVYHVVHOV
live webinar will be presented by Jesse Herrin, product man-
ager for Zetec, and given in two sessions: May 23 at 10 a.m.,
and May 24 at 7 a.m. Pacific daylight time. The online event
(860) 283-07
781
will also feature a solution that detects flaws more reliably
ZZZ¿VFKHUWHFKQRORJ\FRP while emphasizing portability and ease of use in hard-to-
LQIR#¿VFKHUWHFKQRORJ\FRP reach inspection areas.
“Today’s eddy current array (ECA) solutions are promi-
nent in aerospace inspections but have key performance
Coating Thickness Material Analysis
challenges,” said Herrin. “This webinar will demonstrate how
advanced ECA solutions with improved signal-to-noise ra-
Microhardness Material Testing
e

10 Inspection Trends / May 2018


tios can produce faster, more accurate inspections of the
multilayered materials and complex-shaped components
Aerospace Laboratories in the United
that are prevalent in the aerospace industry.” States and Mexico Rebrand as Element
The online presentation will conclude with a question-
and-answer period. A recorded version will be available for Following its recent acquisition of Exova Group Ltd., Ele-
later viewing. ment Materials Technology, a provider of aerospace testing
Registration is currently open. For more information, services, has rebranded four aerospace laboratories in the
visit zetec.com. United States and Mexico. Laboratories in Portland, Ore.;
Glendale Heights, Ill.; Gary, Ind.; and Monterrey, Mexico,
are now operating under the Element brand, with the Glen-
War2In Program Transforms High-Tech dale Heights location now identified as Element Chicago.
Training into High-Paying Jobs These are the first laboratories to be rebranded in a compre-
hensive program of integration the company is undertaking.
Warrior to Inspector (War2In), Flagstaff, Ariz., founded by “It is with great pleasure that we can officially welcome
Kenny Greene, president and lead instructor, is a military tran- these first four rebranded laboratories to the Element
sitioning pipeline integrity nondestructive examination (NDE) Group,” said Rick Sluiters, EVP Aerospace at Element. “This
trade school and apprenticeship program. The school helps vet- is a major milestone in what is a very extensive integration
erans transition from military service to high-paying civilian program that involves close to 140 former Exova laborato-
jobs. The inspiration behind the school came from Greene’s ex- ries being integrated into Element. I am delighted with the
perience as an NDE technician and the knowledge that al- results, which are down to the hard work and focus of the
though his job was in high demand, there had been a shortage laboratory teams, and the project managers that have sup-
of qualified personnel for those positions for years. ported them. Our alliance with Exova has created one world-
“The industry isn’t marketing itself very well,” Greene class global testing services partner, and we are excited to
said. “Usually you find out about it because you know some- continue supporting our customers under the Element
one else in the field. It’s mostly through word of mouth.” brand, offering cost-effective and innovative solutions.’’
Greene submitted his business plan for War2In to the
Northern Arizona Center for Entrepreneurship and Technol-
ogy (NACET) in 2014. His application to be part of the busi-
ness incubator was accepted, and by October 2015, War2In’s
first students were attending classes and labs in NACET’s
newly opened accelerator building.
“War2In is a great fit with the purpose of NACET,” said
Scott Hathcock, president and CEO of NACET. “Kenny is
taking an ever-growing industry that is hungry for responsi-
ble, skilled employees and providing an innovative, highly
respected training program that quickly connects his stu-
dents with good-paying jobs. Now he’s making those con-
nections before they even graduate. His unique structure is
turning War2In into a workforce development powerhouse.”
Over three semesters (about 2500 h), War2In teaches its
full-time students numerous testing techniques, including
magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, phased-array, liq-
uid penetrant testing, and welding inspection. The school also
includes in its curriculum more than 1000 h of on-the-job
training, required to become certified in these techniques.
Each semester costs $10,000, and students also have to
make living arrangements in Flagstaff. Once students are
fully trained and certified, however, annual salaries in excess
of $100,000 are not uncommon.
The school currently has eight students. While most are
former military, some are not. Typically, those in their first
semester attend ten h of classes and labs four times a week
at NACET. Others are completing field training at sites
around the country.
The innovation this year, Greene said, was to accelerate
some first-semester students and provide them with enough
skills so they could get paid internships, apprenticeships, or
entry-level jobs in the sector while they were still receiving
their education. Billy Steele and Ross Thomas, two students in
the War2In program, are the first students to successfully se-
cure positions in their first semester. Both men were hired by a
global provider of equipment and services for the owners and
operators of pipelines.

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 11


Print and Product Showcase
ibility, comfort, and coverage during
Mobile Battery-Operated fluorescent inspection. The UV-
Lamp Provides Coverage 365MEH, a mobile battery-operated
During Fluorescent LED UV-A inspection lamp, features
Inspection three UV-A LEDs for fluorescent detec-
tion and one white light LED for the vi-
sual inspection. These LEDs provide a
The latest addition to the uVision™ uniform beam profile and widen the
series of inspection lamps provides flex- coverage area. The UV-A lenses are long

lasting and able to endure rigorous use,


offsetting the effects of lens deteriora-
tion. In addition, the lamp is compact,
lightweight, and ergonomic, weighing
1.9 lb and standing 7.5 in. tall. The fan-
less, cool-running design enables the
lamp to operate at temperatures reach-
ing upwards of 122°F. The unit also fea-
tures an IP65 rating, which means it
can be covered in dust without intru-
sion. It is also protected against jets of
water from all directions.
The lamp has a nominal steady state
intensity of 7000 W/cm² at 15 in., a
coverage area encompassing a large 7
in. (17.7 cm) diameter at 15 in. (38
cm), and a minimum UV-A intensity of
1200 W/cm². It produces less than
1.0 foot-candle (< 11 lux) of visible
light emission. For mobile inspection,
the BP-30 battery runs for 4.5 h before
depleting. The adjustable strap on the
BP-30 allows the user to carry the bat-
tery pack on his/her shoulder. The unit
can also be purchased with an extend-
ed 20-ft power supply.

Spectronics Corp.
spectroline.com

Drone Thickness Gauge is


Designed for High-Level
Inspections
Designed for mounting onto drones
or unmanned aerial vehicles, the
Multigauge 6000 drone thickness
gauge performs readings on curved
surfaces, such as storage tanks and
pipelines.
The ultrasonic metal thickness
gauge is delivered as a complete kit for
OEM installation onto drones, and it

12 Inspection Trends / May 2018


nected, resulting in a matched probe aerospace, oil and gas, manufacturing,
and gauge for enhanced performance. and power generation. The surface ar-
ray instrument promises to reduce in-
Tritex NDT spection time by up to 95%. Its er-
tritexndt.com gonomic design, long battery life, and
intuitive touchscreen allow users to in-
spect more areas faster without fatigue.
The handheld instrument supports a
Handheld Eddy Current wide range of existing probes and scan-
Instrument Can Save Time ners. It is available in three models with
and Money single frequency and surface array op-
accepts an input supply of 8 to 35 Vdc. tions to meet a range of inspection needs
Its Multiple Echo technology ignores and budgets.
coatings up to 6 mm thick, and the au-
tomatic measurement verification sys- Zetec
tem displays precise measurements, zetec.com
even on heavily corroded metals. Meas-
urements are transmitted wirelessly in
real time to a PC or laptop up to 500 m Report Outlines
away using its integrated radio frequen-
cy transmitter, and the readings are dis- Nondestructive Test
played and stored on the Communica- Equipment Market From
tor software. 2017 to 2022
The drone weighs 45g and the sup-
plied plastic probe weighs 15g, both The MIZ®-21C, an affordable hand- Non-Destructive Test Equipment Mar-
contributing to an overall light weight. held eddy current instrument with sur- ket Report from 2017 to 2022 gives an
Additionally, all probes contain intelli- face array capabilities, delivers fast, ac- outline of the historical and current
gent probe recognition, which auto- curate inspections in nondestructive market size and the future potential of
matically adjusts settings when con- examination applications including the market. — continued on page 43

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 13


The Answer Is By A. Moore and K. Erickson

the company’s discretion. Over many


Q: I am part owner of a midsize fabri- ALBERT J. MOORE JR.
years of involvement and exposure to (amoore999@comcast.net) is vice
cation and welding shop. Over the
past several years, we have noted several companies and industries, I president, Marion Testing & Inspection,
an upward trend in the need for have noted that the specifications for Canton, Conn. He is an AWS Senior
welder qualifications can and will Certified Welding Inspector and an ASNT
qualified welders. Starting in 2019,
NDT Level III. He is also a member of the
the company has decided to start change per project. D1.1 will only be AWS Certification Committee and the
contracting welders through the used as the referencing standard, and Committee on Methods of Inspection of
present company. Would you sug- additional requirements along with Welds.
gest we qualify these welders using time considerations pertaining to
radiography or bend tests, as both qualifications will be enforced. KENNETH ERICKSON
are permitted through AWS D1.1? (ken.erickson@nicinc.com) is manager of
My advice moving forward would quality at National Inspection &
be to perform both radiography and Consultants Inc., Ft. Myers, Fla. He is an
bend tests when feasible. Upon com- AWS Senior Certified Welding Inspector,
A: (by Ken Erickson) The nature of pletion of the weld test coupon, have an ASNT National NDT Level III Inspector
this question indicates to me that you in four methods, and provides expert
the coupon radiographed, and upon witness review and analysis for legal
are thinking ahead and preparing acceptance, follow up with sectioning considerations.
your company for the potential re- the coupon and performing the re-
quirements of your customer base for quired bend tests. You will then have
which you can contract out these all your bases covered for any and all The Society is not responsible for any
welders. Without knowing all the ap- customers who may be requesting ei- statements made or opinions expressed
plication processes and materials ther testing application to satisfy herein. Data and information developed by the
your company is involved with, such their specific project requirements. authors are for specific informational purposes
only and are not intended for use without
as structural, piping, vessels, or non- This will also give you the additional independent, substantiating investigation on
code work, I would suggest that the internal satisfaction that the individ- the part of potential users.
contract welders be as broad based as ual (welder) you are providing is fully
possible encompassing multiple capable of passing a similar test if re-
credentials. quired on site by your customer.
You are correct in acknowledging Good luck and I applaud your vi-
that AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structur- sion on forecasting the needs of the
al Welding Code — Steel, does permit industry while creating an additional
both radiography and bend testing for revenue base.
certain welder performance testing at

Technology Notes
Page 39, Table 7.1, “Mismatch between Members after
Errata D17.1 welding”: Replace “7.3.2.1” with “7.4.2.1.”
Page 42, Figure 7.2, root side images and notes: replace
The following errata have been identified and will be in- “F1,” “F2,” with “D1,” “D2” in three places.
corporated into the next reprinting of D17.1/D17.1M:2017,
Specification for Fusion Welding for Aerospace.
Amendment D17.1
Page 30, Table 6.2, Recommended Shielding Gases for
Welding: Column “N” should be “N2.”
Page 33, Table 6.4, Base Metal column: Change The following errata have been identified and will be in-
“A92212” to “A92219.” corporated into the next reprinting of D17.1/D17.1M:2017,
Page 38, Table 7.1, “Undercut” first row: Revise for full Specification for Fusion Welding for Aerospace.
length of weld to read “… 0.002 [0.05]” (three places).
Page 39, Table 7.1, “Maximum Weld Reinforcement — Amendment #: 1
manual welds,” last row: revise [12.9] to [13]. Subject: Table 5.1, Table 5.3

14 Inspection Trends / May 2018


American Welding Society®

aws.org BRING BRA


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Just the Facts By Richard D. Campbell

Positive Material Identification Acceptance


Criteria and Accuracy or Tolerances
PMI is frequently used to verify the correct base metal and filler metal are used in
welding of higher alloys, but what are the acceptance criteria and accuracies required?

it can be readily utilized to analyze


The Purpose of PMI solid filler metals for welding appli-
PMI Equipment and
Frequently, client or engineering cations. With appropriate controls, Operation
specifications require positive material PMI analysis also can be used to eval-
identification, typically called PMI, on uate the chemical composition of the Obviously, all PMI testing must be
pressure-retaining materials. But what top surfaces of weld metal. For weld performed in accordance with the
is PMI used for, and what accuracy or metal, it is often utilized when a manufacturer’s instructions and oper-
tolerances should be applied in inter- nonmatching filler metal or two dif- ating procedures. After initialization
preting the results? The purpose of ferent base metals are joined. The of the instrument, the analyzer typi-
PMI is to verifiy, or check, that the width of the deposited weld metal af- cally is checked for material-specific
correct material has been received, or fects the ability to utilize most PMI performance prior to and after exami-
used, in applications such as process analyzers, because if the weld is too nations are performed. Most PMI
piping, pressure vessels, and other narrow, some of the base metal on ei- manufacturers provide a sample, but
equipment or assemblies where alloy ther side will be included in the many engineering specifications and
identification (especially for corrosion analysis. For welds, engineering spec- procedures require this pre- and post-
resistance) is important. The process is ifications will often specify that the test to be performed against a known
seldom utilized for actual alloy accept- two base metals be tested and either alloy standard that is traceable to a
ance; rather for verification only. the filler metal or the top surface of certified material test report or a na-
While best suited for base metals, the deposited weld metal. tional standard (note that this is not
really “calibration”). For example, if
the alloy being examined is UNS
S31600/S31603, a known alloy stan-
dard made from this same material
will be used. Likewise, if a 6% molyb-
denum alloy is used (UNS N08367), a
similar known alloy standard would be
selected. This is to ensure that the ele-
ments of interest (such as chromium,
nickel, and molybdenum) and their
general ranges are properly verified.
Positive material identification in-
struments utilize various technolo-
gies. While other equipment is avail-
able to detect lower atomic number el-
ements (for example, carbon), such as
portable optical emission analyzers
and newer laser technology, this arti-
cle is focused on data from handheld
PMI analyzers that utilize X-ray fluo-
rescence (XRF) and are limited to de-
tecting higher atomic number ele-
ments, typically, titanium and higher
Handheld PMI analyzers that utilize x-ray fluorescence are limited to detecting higher atomic on the periodic table.
number elements, typically, titanium and higher on the periodic table. (Photograph courtesy of The PMI instruments provide data
Olympus.) in numerous modes: 1) quantitative,

16 Inspection Trends / May 2018


Table 1 — PMI Data and Standard Deviations Compared with Material Specification Limits

Chemical Element PMI Analyzer Data (wt-%) Chemical Composition Acceptance Criteria
Range from Material Specification
Nominal Standard Deviation Range (ASTM A270/A270M)
Composition (Tolerance/Accuracy) (wt-%)

Cr 17.19 ± 0.12 17.07–17.31 16.0–18.0


Ni 10.05 ± 0.13 9.92–10.18 10.0–14.0
Mo 1.99 ± 0.02 1.97–2.01 2.00–3.00

recordable, elemental composition re- ASME BPE Standard, these elements


sults; 2) simple alloy identification (for
ASME Bioprocessing typically are chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni),
example, Type 304/304L); and 3) Equipment (BPE) Standard and molybdenum (Mo), which have the
go/no-go. The purpose of PMI analysis greatest impact on corrosion resistance,
is to verify that all materials identified In the ASME Bioprocessing Equip- the characteristic of most concern.
by the PMI instrument are consistent ment (BPE) Standard, Part MM covers Most PMI equipment provides an al-
with the composition of the specified Metallic Materials. Paragraph MM-6.6, loy identification or matching mode and
material. Positive Material Identification (PMI), an analysis mode (Ref. ASME BPE, Ap-
states, “When PMI is performed, it is pendix U-2). For example, if a 316L-
Code Applications limited to alloy verification. Refer to type component was being analyzed,
Nonmandatory Appendix U for guid- the instrument might report the mate-
Several codes and standards incor- ance regarding procedures and data in- rial as “316/316L” (alloy identification)
porate positive material identification terpretation.” There is no specific re- along with a chemical composition of
(PMI), but typically through non- quirement for PMI testing in this na- 16.33% Cr, 10.10% Ni, and 2.21% Mo
mandatory appendices, not in the tional standard; rather, if it is per- (analysis mode). Most instruments also
body of the code or standard. This is formed as a result of a client or engi- list an accuracy tolerance (or standard
because most welding codes have the neering specification requirement, then deviation) for each chemical element.
goal of ensuring safety, such as pres- it must be limited to alloy verification Depending on the industry and ap-
sure safety, with corrosion resistance (not material certification). plication, the alloy identification mode
being a secondary interest. Nonmandatory Appendix U, Posi- may be acceptable. In this mode, “the in-
Many specifications include re- tive Material Identification, is provid- strument will display a specific alloy
quirements for performing PMI on ed for guidance, and describes that type, based on a comparison between
certain materials, especially higher al- PMI “is a form of (check) analysis in the chemical composition data obtained
loys such as stainless steels, 6 molyb- which a partial chemical composition during testing and the data ranges in
denum alloys, or nickel alloys. In the is determined and used to verify mate- the instrument’s internal library. When
biotechnology and pharmaceutical in- rial identification.” This appendix dis- using this mode, the user is cautioned
dustry, PMI is often performed during cusses the scope of PMI for the that any alloy identified by the PMI in-
incoming receiving inspection or fab- biotechnology and pharmaceutical in- strument is defined by a single material
rication. In this industry, 316L-type dustries is limited to alloy verification specification in the unit’s internal li-
alloys (UNS S31603) are the industry using portable, handheld x-ray fluores- brary whose chemical composition
standard. The process has been used cence (XRF) equipment, which is limit- ranges may not coincide with those in
for decades to verify that 316L-type ed in detection capability such that el- the applicable material specification or
alloys are provided and incorporated ements having atomic numbers lower contract requirement. As a result, the
into equipment such as pressure ves- than 22 (titanium) cannot be detected. user of the PMI instrument must take
sels, tanks, and tubing systems. Ini- Appendix U explains that PMI is not into consideration potential differences
tially, there were instances where suitable for material acceptance as a between the material specification
304L-type alloys, (UNS S30403) were stand-alone analysis, but is utilized in ranges loaded into the PMI unit’s inter-
either inadvertently (or intentionally, conjunction with material test reports nal library and those specified for the
because it is less expensive) provided. (MTRs) or certificates of compliance material…” (Ref. ASME BPE-2016, Ap-
Both materials have the same physical (C of Cs) from the material manufac- pendix U-2).
appearance and acceptable oxidation turer to verify the material is as identi- As a consequence of differences in
resistance, but 316L-type alloys con- fied on the MTR or C of C (Ref. ASME material specification limits, the analy-
tain 2-3% molybdenum, which is criti- BPE, Appendix U-1). sis mode is the preferred mode for the
cal in certain corrosive environments “The alloying elements to be tested biotechnology and pharmaceutical in-
compared with 304L-type alloys, shall be either those necessary to identi- dustries. As the BPE Standard states,
which contain 0% molybdenum. The fy the alloy in question or those having “In the analysis mode, the PMI instru-
application of PMI is used as a valida- a significant effect on the performance ment will produce chemical composition
tion check to ensure the proper alloy characteristics of the material” (Ref. data, including an accuracy tolerance,
is utilized. ASME BPE, Appendix U-2). For the for each alloying element. This will re-

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 17


Table 2 — PMI Data Compared with Material Specification Limits Modified by Product Analysis Tolerances

PMI Data Material Specification (wt-%)


Chemical Nominal Chemical Composition Product Analysis Tolerances Acceptable Range Based on
Element Composition Acceptance Criteria from General Requirements Material Specification plus
(wt-%) Range from Material Specification Product Analysis Tolerances
Specification (ASTM A480/A480M)
(ASTM A270/A270M)

Cr 17.19 16.0–18.0 ± 0.20 15.80–18.20


Ni 10.05 10.0–14.0 ± 0.15 9.85–14.15
Mo 1.99 2.00–3.00 ± 0.10 1.90–3.10

This specification addresses product


Table 3 — PMI Acceptance Criteria for Base Metal, Filler Metal, and Deposited analysis (formerly check analysis) as a
Weld Metal means “to verify the identity of the
finished material” (Ref. paragraph
Cr Ni Mo 7.1). Paragraph 7.2 states that the
“chemical composition determined in
UNS S31603 (Type 316L) 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 accordance with 7.1 shall conform to
Base Metal (ASTM A312/A312M) the limits of the material specification
ER 316L Filler Metal (AWS A5.9) 18.0–20.0 11.0–14.0 2.0–3.0
within the tolerances of Table A1.1.”
For each chemical element, that table
Deposited Weld Metal with Above 16.0–20.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 provides product analysis tolerances.
Base Metals and Filler Metal Table 2 provides sample data from a
PMI test on UNS S31603 tubing manu-
factured to ASTM A270/A270M. The
chemical composition ranges from
sult in a range of values for each alloying specification to determine acceptability. ASTM A270/A270M are shown, and
element” (Ref. ASME BPE, Appendix U- As a means of demonstrating this, if the again the Mo composition from the PMI
2). This standard then identifies that for PMI equipment provided the data instrument falls below the lower limit
a reading to be considered acceptable, shown in Table 1, the nominal composi- of the acceptance criteria. However,
one of the following two conditions tions of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) when the product analysis tolerances
must be met: are within the acceptance criteria ranges from ASTM A480/A480M are added,
• “The nominal values displayed on the for the material specification (in the last the acceptable range for Mo is 1.90–
PMI instrument, plus the accuracy tol- column). However, the nominal compo- 3.10 wt-%. The nominal composition of
erances displayed on the instrument, sition of molybdenum (1.99% Mo) is 1.99 wt-% is within this range, thus, the
shall be within the corresponding chem- slightly below the lower limit of the ma- chemical composition of the material is
ical composition ranges in the applicable terial specification acceptance criteria acceptable.
material specification” (Ref. ASME BPE- (2.00–3.00 wt-%). Adding 1 standard The important point is there are two
2018 to be published, Appendix U-2(a)). deviation (or instrument tolerance, or methods described in the ASME BPE
• “The nominal values displayed on the accuracy) to the nominal composition Standard to evaluate the accuracy or tol-
PMI instrument shall fall within the results in the range shown (1.97–2.01 erances, but only one or the other is to
chemical composition ranges in the ap- wt-%). The upper limit of this is within be utilized. A combination of both sets
plicable material specification as modi- the acceptance criteria in the material of tolerances cannot be utilized.
fied by the product (check) analysis tol- specification, thus, this material has ac-
erances in the material specification in- ceptable results.
corporated by reference” (Ref. ASME The second method will now be Accuracy
BPE-2016, Appendix U-2(b)). used to compare the PMI data for veri-
fication that this UNS S31603 tubing It should be noted that the standard
Base Metal Testing has a chemical composition consistent deviation represents the accuracy or tol-
with ASTM A270/A270M, Standard erances of the PMI data (in wt-% of the
Using the first method, the accuracy Specification for Seamless and Welded reading), which are dependent upon
tolerances displayed on the PMI instru- Austenitic and Ferritic/Austenitic Stain- many testing variables, including expo-
ment are added to the nominal chemical less Steel Sanitary Tubing. For product sure time (the longer the exposure time,
composition values also displayed on analysis tolerances, that specification the more accurate the reading). For
the instrument. The resulting ranges of references ASTM A480/A480M, Stan- some instruments, the PMI results are
composition are then compared with dard Specification for General Require- accurate to within two times the stan-
the corresponding chemical composi- ments for Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat- dard deviation shown on the analyzer at
tion range in the applicable material Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip. the time of testing (meaning that two

18 Inspection Trends / May 2018


times the plus or minus standard devia- priate code, standard, or specification
tion or tolerance can be added to and
ASME BPVC, Section VIII, requirements. Typically, this involves
subtracted from the displayed value), Division 2 one of two means: 1) adding the toler-
while for other analyzers, only one stan- ances or standard deviations from the
dard deviation shown on the instru- The ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Rules PMI unit to the nominal chemical com-
ment shall be used. Again, the appropri- for Construction of Pressure Vessels, Divi- position results, then comparing to the
ate engineering specification and manu- sion 2, Alternative Rules, includes In- acceptance criteria in the material speci-
facturer’s instructions and recommen- formative Annex 6-A Positive Material fication, or 2) taking the nominal chem-
dations must be followed. Identification Practice. This annex is ical composition results from the PMI
specifically for alloy verification using unit, then comparing those values with
portable, handheld XRF PMI instru- the limits in the appropriate material
Weld Metal Testing ments “to analyze metals used for the specification after adding and subtract-
construction of vessels and pressure ing any product analysis tolerances that
For deposited weld metal composi-
parts to the requirements of this Divi- specification allows.
tion limits, engineering specifications
sion…as specified by the User’s Design However, depending on the specifi-
typically provide acceptable chemical
Specification” (Ref. ASME BPVC, Sec- cation and code, the accuracy or toler-
composition ranges based on the
tion VIII, Annex 6-A.4). ances provided by the PMI instrument
widest ranges from the base metal and
In this code, “PMI is limited to alloy or the product analysis tolerances, or in
filler metal chemical compositions.
verification” (Ref. ASME BPVC, Section some cases both, can be utilized to de-
For example, for gas tungsten arc
VIII, Annex 6-A.6.2). The acceptance cri- termine acceptability. Other specifica-
welds on UNS S31603 pipe, the com-
teria for PMI data is one of two meth- tions or codes provide for a percentage
position requirements for the deposit-
ods (Ref. ASME BPVC, Section VIII, An- tolerance based on the nominal compo-
ed weld metal might be the maximum
nex 6-A.6.7): sition. The appropriate method varies
range of both base metal and filler
metal, as illustrated in Table 3, be- • “In the analysis mode, the PMI in-
strument will produce chemical compo-
depending on the code, thus, it is im-
cause the widest variation in dilution portant to know what the specifications
sition data, including an accuracy toler- and procedures call for.
must be accounted for. If the PMI in-
ance, for each alloying element of inter- As always, all testing shall be per-
strument detector orifice is larger than
est. This will result in a range of values formed in accordance with the PMI
the width of the weld, the PMI meas-
for each alloying element. These ranges manufacturer’s operating instructions.
urements will include both weld metal
shall fall within or overlap the corre-
and base metal compositions.
sponding chemical composition ranges
in the applicable material specification
ASME BPVC, Section I as modified by the product (check)
analysis tolerances in the material speci-
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Ves- fication incorporated by reference.”
sel Code (BPVC), Section I, Rules for • “When used in the alloy identifica-
Construction of Power Boilers, includes tion (alloy matching) mode, the instru-
Nonmandatory Appendix B Positive ment shall confirm that the tested ma-
Material Identification Practice that terial is identified as, or at least is con- RICHARD D. CAMPBELL, PhD, PE
“is provided as a guide for use by the sistent with, the alloy specified in the (rdcampbe@bechtel.com), is a
Manufacturer in developing a Positive purchase specification.” Bechtel Fellow and Welding
Material Identification Practice that Technical Specialist with Bechtel
may be applied to address the materi- Summary Corp., Houston, Tex. He is an AWS
al or item of concern,” for pressure- Senior Certified Welding Inspector,
retaining boiler parts (Ref. ASME Positive material identification is a CWB Level 2 Welding Inspector,
for alloy verification — to ensure that an ASNT NDT Level III Visual
BPVC, Section I, Appendix B-1). This Testing Inspector, a registered
appendix provides a table of the mini- the correct material has been received professional metallurgical
mum chemical elements that are to or used. It is not for material certifica- engineer, member of the AWS D1
be tested for each alloy, which for tion. PMI data should be used to show Committee on Structural Welding,
316L-type alloys include Cr, Ni, and that the chemical compositions of cer- chair of the D1K Subcommittee on
Mo. It also identifies that for analysis tain alloying elements are within the Stainless Steel, member of the D1H
mode, “the measured value of alloy- composition ranges as specified for Subcommittee on Sheet Steel,
ing elements shall be within 10% of that alloy in the material specification member of the AWS A2C
the specified level or range in the ap- within reasonable accuracy. The point Subcommittee on Symbols,
plicable materials standards. For ex- is not the accuracy but proper alloy member of the ASME B31.3
identification. Process Piping Section Committee,
ample, for 5 wt. % Cr, where the al- chair of the ASME B31.3 Subgroup
lowable range is 4% to 6%, the meas- When PMI is required by a client’s or E on Fabrication, Examination, and
ured value shall fall within the range engineering specification, a great deal of Testing, member of the ASME B31
3.6% to 6.6%” (Ref. ASME BPVC, Sec- data is provided by most XRF PMI in- Fabrication and Examination
tion I, Appendix B-8.2). struments. The accuracy of the results Committee, and member of the
Of course, this appendix, and thus can vary with equipment, but it is es- ASME Board on Conformity
the tolerances, only apply if required in sential that the results and accuracy be Assessment.
the client’s or engineering specification. evaluated in accordance with the appro-

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 19


NDE School Profiles

Attention Schools in Training and Testing Central Piedmont Community


for Materials Evaluation, Weld Inspection,
CWI 9-Year Recertification, A.A.S. Degree, and Certificates
and Quality Assurance: for Nondestructive Examination Level I and Level II.
Central Piedmont Community College is a leader in NDE
Included in this section are welding schools across training in the Southeast. We offer online training classes
the country that have taken this advertising in Visual Testing 1 & 2 and Introduction to NDE that satisfy
opportunity to promote their resources, both to AWS requirements for CWI 9-year recertification. We also
industry in need of welders and to those searching offer a two year Associate in Applied Science degree in
for a solid career path to employment and growth. Nondestructive Examination Technology and special short
Reach more than 36,000 readers whose livelihoods term certificate classes for individual test methods. The
depend on quality assurance, materials testing, or NDET curriculum includes extensive theory and hands on
weld inspection with your school profile. lab work in UT, RT, ET, MT, PT, and VT and meets training
requirements of ASNT Recommended Practice
This logo indicates that the facility is a Weld-Ed No. SNT-TC-1A for Levels I and II.
affiliate. The National Center for Welding Education
and Training (Weld-Ed) is a partnership of community
colleges, universities, business and industry, and the
American Welding Society, and is funded by the
National Science Foundation. The Center’s primary
mission is to increase the quantity and quality of (704) 330-4486
welding and materials joining technicians to meet Rand.ernst@cpcc.edu
industry demand through curriculum reform and cpcc.edu/ndet
educator professional development. Additional
information is available at weld-ed.org.

American River College Divers Academy International


The welding program at American River College offers an For over 40 years, Divers Academy International has served
Associate of Science degree in Welding Technology as well as a fully accredited professional commercial diving and
as certificate options. Students have the opportunity to underwater welding school. We educate students from
choose their Welding Path if particular processes are around the world in inland and offshore dive and trade
desired. The program has been qualified as an Accredited disciplines, including underwater welding, nondestructive
Test Facility by the American Welding Society. Options for testing (NDT) inspection, remotely operated vehicles (ROV),
welding inspection, ultrasonic testing and sculpture are and more. Our single tuition cost and full-immersion
offered. The welding course is made affordable for students training include a comprehensive commercial diving and
with no material lab fees. underwater welding education, a complete set of industry-
recognized certifications, and on-the-job experience. Jump
into the adventurous world of underwater welding today.

Lakeside Business Park


4700 College Oak Drive 1500 Liberty Place
Sacramento, CA 95841 Erial, NJ 08081-1139
(916) 484-8354 (800) 238-3483
messiec@arc.losrios.edu info@diversacademy.edu
arc.losrios.edu diversacademy.edu

20 Inspection Trends / May 2018


NDE School Profiles

Earlbeck Gases & Technologies Georgia Trade School


Founded 2012
Earlbeck Gases & Technologies as a training partner with
local Community Colleges offers welding training in the Georgia Trade School graduates build iconic projects from
Baltimore/DC and York, PA areas. Our Fundamentals Mercedes Benz Stadium to SunTrust Park, Battery Atlanta
course instructs in the basics of oxyfuel, GTAW, GMAW and and Ponce City Market. Our students travel from 17 states
SMAW. Students may then progress through intermediate to see how we are “Rebuilding America”. In an era where the
and advance classes. Intermediate classes offer certification average welder is 55, the median age of a GTS student is 19
testing in plate. Advanced classes offer certification testing proving that skilled trades can be an attractive option for an
in pipe. Customized and mobile training is also available otherwise university bound population. Many people talk
for employers. about workforce development, but we live it every day!

Don Hodges
8204 Pulaski Highway
Joanna Blythe, President
Baltimore, MD 21237
4231 Southside Drive
(410) 687-8400
Acworth, GA 30101
Dhodges@earlbeck.com
(770) 590-9353
earlbeck.com
jblythe@georgiatradeschool.com
georgiatradeschool.com

Florida State College at Jacksonville HACC, Central Pennsylvania’s Community College


Founded 1965
HACC, Central Pennsylvania’s Community College, offers
Florida State College at Jacksonville (FSCJ) has been training in welding at its Midtown site in Harrisburg, Pa.,
serving the First Coast community since 1965, and ranks as well as the York Campus in York, PA. Students can
among the top colleges and universities in Florida. obtain a diploma or certificate in welding or an AA degree
You can register in one of 164 programs. FSCJ transforms in technology studies, which prepares students with the
the lives of students. Our faculty’s dedication to knowledge and skills needed for immediate job entry.
high-quality learning, academic excellence, innovative The diploma program places emphasis on the basic
teaching and passion inspires students to achieve at the techniques of blueprint reading, oxy fuel welding, shielded
highest level and prepares them for success in academic, metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten
career, and personal goals. arc welding. The certificate program offers advanced skills
in flux cored and pipe welding, robotics and testing and
inspection. Hands-on training is provided in a state-of-the
art laboratory, which includes welding on carbon steel,
aluminum, and stainless steel. Instruction prepares
students for American Welding Society certification
tests and American Society of Mechanical Engineers
101 West State Street, Suite B 115-H
Certification tests.
Jacksonville, FL 32202
(904) 633-5943 One HACC Drive
webster.skelton@fscj.edu Harrisburg, PA 17110
trades@fscj.edu
fscj.edu York Location:
facebook.com/FSCJOfficial 2010 Pennsylvania Ave
youtube.com/user/FloridaStateCollege York, PA 17404
1-800-ABC-HACC
admit@hacc.edu

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 21


NDE School Profiles

Hill College ISTUC


Founded 1923 Founded 2001

Hill College Welding program offers comprehensive training ISTUC, S.C. was founded in 2001 with the objective of
in a hot job market on both the Hillsboro and Cleburne, helping Mexico become more competitive and create
Texas, campuses. You can choose from several program reliability in the industry. The institute is an AWS acredited
options, including a certificate in basic welding, up to an facility (ATF) and a IIW/EWF authorized training body.
Associate of Applied Science degree in Welding Technology. ISTUC offers training, qualification and certification of
Hill College is equipped with state-of-the-art technology to international programs (welder, inspector, practitioner,
help you get a jump start on your career. With the hands-on specialist, technologist and engineer) and AWS programs
curriculum, you are given experience that exceeds what a (entry, expert, entry welder, inspector, and supervisor).
classroom can teach.

Welding Department
(817) 760-5555
bbennett@hillcollege.edu
www.hillcollege.edu
Wallace Welding Bldg.
197 Walnut Hill Ave. Calle Begonias N° 112
Hillsboro, TX 76645 Col. Insurgentes
76117 Querétaro, Qro.
Cleburne Technical Center Mexico
319 E. Henderson St. (442) 220-1486
Cleburne, TX 76031 Fax: (442) 220-1699
Visit us online at hillcollege.edu/welding
istuc.com

Hobart Institute of Welding Technology Mitchell Technical Institute


Founded 1930
Mitchell Technical Institute offers an industry-driven
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology offers a wide Welding & Manufacturing Technology program providing
range of welding skill and technical training classes and skills for graduates to excel in welding, machining,
certifications. The catalog lists the skill training programs, drafting, laser/plasma cutting systems, robotics and lean
over 25 individual courses, corporate training, and a listing manufacturing techniques. Instruction is American Welding
of the AWS® certified testing services provided. Corporate Society code based. During the second year, students learn
training may be done at our facility or yours. The HIWT clearly defined and communicated welding quality standards
bookstore offers complete training curriculum that include and learn to test welds by various methods including dye
DVDs, Instructor Guides, and Student Workbooks along penetrant, radiographic, visual, tensile load testing and
with other weld education-related items. bend-and-break testing conducted by a CWI within an
ATF facility.

1800 E. Spruce St.


400 Trade Square East Mitchell, SD 57301
Troy, OH 45363 (800) 684-1969
(937) 332-9500 mitchelltech.edu
Fax: (937) 332-9550
welding.org

22 Inspection Trends / May 2018


NDE School Profiles

Modern Welding School NDT Training and Testing Center


Founded 2001
NDT Training and Testing Center provides classroom and
Modern Welding School is an ACCSC School of Excellence online training in nondestructive testing methods,
award recipient. Students receive training in OAW, SMAW, including VT – visual inspection, MT – magnetic particle
pipe, GTAW, and GMAW/FCAW. The schools fulltime testing, PT – liquid penetrant testing, and UT – both wall
program is 900 hours and the evening part time program thickness techniques and shear wave for weld inspection.
is 665 hours. Job placement assistance is available for Our classes include all training material, and all tests
students of the career programs. Training is also available to required for qualification according to ASNT SNT-TC-1a.
companies looking for specialized welding training, welding Quality education for welders and quality managers.
certification testing, or consulting for their personnel. Give us a call today or visit our website for
more information.

Schenectady, NY 12304
Jeffrey Daubert, Vice President 7303 Windfern Rd.
1-800-396-6810 or Houston, TX 77040
(518) 374-1216 (713) 849-4006
MWS@albany.twcbc.com teddy.levron@ndt-training.org
modernwelding.com ndt-training.org

National Institute of Technology (NIT) Nondestructive Testing Institute


Our Welding technology program employs the NCCER The Nondestructive Testing Institute offers training in
Curriculum sequenced in accordance to the (AWS) SENSE the following methods: MT/PT/UT/VT/RT/ET, as well as,
school/program with 10 weeks on-the-job training. the CWI/CWE prep course and CWI endorsement training.
We utilize state-of-the-art facilities, including welding Classes occur monthly at our Allentown, Pennsylvania
simulators. Our premises area covers over 120,000 m². facility, or can be conducted at customer sites. NDT courses
All this is administered by a diverse multinational faculty are led by ASNT Level III personnel. Our facility’s lab is
with technical field and instructing experience and accredited to ISO 17025 for destructive and nondestructive
administration staff fostering an excellent rapport with test methods. Visit our website for more information on
students. Our other programs include Electrical, Electro- Inspection courses and schedules at www.ndtinstitute.com.
Mechanical, Electronics, HVAC, Instrumentation and
Materials Management Technology.

P.O. Box 15065, Jeddah 21444, Saudi Arabia 1144 N. Graham Street
+966125912662, ext. 8333 Allentown, PA 18109
Fax: +966125915211 (610) 820-4196
jsoliman@nit.edu.sa Fax: (610) 820-0271
nit.edu.sa ndtinstitute.com

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 23


NDE School Profiles

Northern Industrial Training Ohio Technical College Welding &


Established in 2003 Fabrication Technology
Northern Industrial Training, LLC, is Alaska’s only Ohio Tech’s Welding and Fabrication program is the
nationally Accredited Test Facility recognized by the AWS. fastest growing program on campus with a 12-month
NIT trains structural and pipe welding disciplines with the comprehensive, hands-on training process that teaches
SMAW, FCAW, GMAW, and GTAW processes. Programs are students basic through advanced principles, theory, and
structured to challenge students in both the classroom and applications of welding. We also include the study of
the shop, providing extensive time in the welding booth as practical mathematics and blueprint reading for welders
well as providing practical training in basic structural including the interpretation of welding symbols required
fabrication, advanced aluminum and fabrication welding, to interpret working sketches, drawings, and blueprints
oxyfuel and plasma cutting, CAC-A and I-beam coping. common to the welding and metal working fields.
Certification testing available through recognized
professional organizations. AAS Degree option available.

1740 N. Terrilou Court


Palmer, AK 99645
(907) 357-6400
Fax: (907) 357-6430 1374 E 51st Street
info@nitalaska.com Cleveland, OH 44103
(800) 322-7000
Fax: (216) 881-9145
csmith@ohiotech.edu
ohiotech.edu

Odessa College Pitt Community College


Nationally recognized as one of the leading colleges in The Welding Technology program at Pitt Community
the country, the award-winning Odessa College Welding College (PCC) offers a multitude of degrees, diplomas, and
Technology program provides the educational training for certificates including BPR/Testing, GMAW (MIG), GTAW
tomorrow’s welding technicians. The four specialized lab (TIG), SMAW (stick), and pipe. We offer over 40 day, night,
areas are equipped with 75 welding stations for instruction and weekend courses. Instruction includes consumable and
on SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW, SAW and robotic welding nonconsumable electrode welding and cutting processes, as
procedures. The cutting processes include oxyfuel, plasma well as destructive and nondestructive testing. Established
and CAC-A in both manual and mechanized methods. in 1961 and located in Greenville, North Carolina, PCC is a
The modern classrooms utilize Smartwall technology along fully accredited community college. It currently has over
with Lincoln Electric Virtual Welding training systems to 22,000 students.
enhance the learning experience. Students have the
opportunity to earn a one-year certificate or a two-year
A.A.S. degree in Welding Technology. The program is an
AWS Educational Institution Member and a FMA Certified
Education Center. Our AWS Student Chapter is active on
the OC campus and in our community.

201 W. University Keith G. Kinlaw, A.A.S.


Odessa, TX 79764 Department Chair,
(432) 335-6474 Welding Technology, M/W 114
James Mosman – CWI/CWE PO Drawer 7007, Greenville, NC 27835
odessa.edu/dept/welding kekinlaw@email.pittcc.edu
(252) 493-7643
pittcc.edu

24 Inspection Trends / May 2018


NDE School Profiles

Quality Testing Services Inc. Southeast Community College


Welding Technology Program
QTS offers NDT courses in: VT, PT, MT, UT, RT, ET, LT,
TIR and radiation safety. We are certified to operate as a Southeast Community College offers associate degree,
proprietary school by the State of Missouri. We can train diploma and certificate programs using a comprehensive
personnel at your facility or ours to SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, curriculum and modern equipment. Students enjoy
etc. We also offer responsible Level 3 services and extensive hands-on training from experienced and
qualification examination administration. QTS is an knowledgeable instructors in all major welding processes.
ASNT Authorized Exam Center. Ask about our internship Students also will gain valuable experiences with CNC
program to gain valuable real world experience. plasma, fabrication, blueprints, and related equipment.
The program also is an American Welding Society-accredited
test facility and offers welder qualification/certification
and training services to business and industry. Contact us
for more information.

Lincoln, Nebraska Campus


Quality Testing Services Inc. Mark Hawkins, Program Co-Chair
2305 Millpark Drive (402) 437-2694
Maryland Heights, MO 63043 mhawkins@southeast.edu
(888) 770-0607 Dan Zabel, Program Co-Chair
(314) 770-0607 (402) 437-2692
dzabel@southeast.edu
Fax: (314) 770-0103
training@qualitytesting.com College Admissions Office
qualitytesting.com Lincoln (402) 437-2600

Schoolcraft College United Technical Inc.


Located in one of the largest manufacturing areas of the United Technical Inc. is an accredited A2LA laboratory
USA, Schoolcraft College offers certificates and Associates which provides laboratory services and NDT inspection
Degrees in an AWS accredited test facility. The college services. Performing: tensile, bend, fracture toughness,
provides state of the art welding and fabrication equipment fillet breaks, peel tests, resistance spot weld evaluations,
in an innovative, dynamic and productive environment. macro and micro cross-sections, metallurgical preparation,
Small class size give easy access for students to knowledgeable macro and micro hardness, stereoscopic and metallographic
industry trained experts and CWI instructors who strive measurements and analysis, proof loading, scanning
to educate students for real life, on the job scenarios. electron microscopy and failure analysis. We develop written
Schoolcraft College offers classes in all major welding procedures, conduct welding, test and qualify your company
processes as well as specialized classes in blueprint reading, PQR/WPS, various materials. ASNT Level II & III
inspection, metallurgy, OSHA 30, CAD, CNC manufacturing (Ultrasonic Phase Array, PT, MT, VT). AWS CWI Services.
and metal sculpture. Schoolcraft College also offers courses
for AWS certifications in Aerospace, ASME, D1.1, B2.1 and
several other codes and standard to enrolled students as
well as local skilled tradesmen and tradeswomen.

1081 E. North Territorial Road


Whitmore Lake, MI 48189
18600 Haggerty Road (248) 667-9185
Livonia, MI 48152 unitedtechnicalinc.com
(734) 462-4400 ext. 5176
Coley McLean
cmclean@schoolcraft.edu

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 25


NDE School Profiles

United Technical Training Academy WESCO Gas & Welding Supply Inc.
United Technical Training Academy, an AWS Accredited In today’s welding market staying competitive requires skill
Testing Facility (ATF), offering occupational training and and knowledge. With four AWS certified welding inspectors
certifications in accordance with AWS SENSE program. (CWIs), and one Registered Professional Engineer WESCO
AWS CWE and welding engineers develop custom training offers just that. Whether you need welder certification,
courses to create experienced skilled trades personnel for non-destructive testing, or help writing and qualifying
your company in such areas as structural assemblies, weld procedures, our team can help. WESCO is an AWS
robotics, aerospace, automotive, die repair and pipe. Our accredited test facility, one of the few in the region.
metallurgical/weld laboratory develops written procedures, Cleveland Rhoades, CWI, is the Director of the department.
welds, tests and qualifies your company PQR/WPS (steel, Please feel free to contact him with any questions.
stainless, aluminum, etc.). Welding simulator, welder
qualifications, ASNT NDT inspection services and training.
CWI services are also provided.

1081 E. North Territorial Road 940 North M. L. King Dr.


Whitmore Lake, MI 48189 Prichard, AL 36610
(248) 667-9185 (251) 457-8681
unitedtechnicalinc.com (800) 477-9353
clevelandr@wescoweld.com
wescoweld.com

USA Borescopes Butte-Glenn Comm. College


USA Borescopes is a Recipients of NASDCTEc 2015 Excellence in Action award
global supplier of world for the best CTE program in the nation. CITEA 2015
class visual inspection Community College Program of the Year. The Welding
equipment. We are the Technology program is designed to produce qualified
one stop source of personnel for certified welding jobs. Butte has modern and
professionals around the well-equipped welding facilities. Program standards are
world. Whether you require a small .5 mm fiberscope, a in accordance with the AWS SENSE program and follows
Rigid Borescope, a fully articulating aviation borescope, or NCCER curriculum, ASME, and API codes. Produces entry-
an Intrinsically Safe Pipe Inspection System we can help. level welding technicians qualified in the 6-G pipe position.
USA Borescopes versatile 6mm diameter Portable Large emphasis on SMAW, FCAW, GMAW, GTAW, OAW,
Videoscope. The USAVS Series videoscopes provides the OFC, PAC and AAC processes, in all positions using various
flexibility and durability to be used in a variety of metals and alloys. Qualifications earned in AWS, ASME,
applications. The borescope is lightweight, durable and and API according to personal skill. PG&E Power Pathway
budget friendly. The videoscope offers image clarity and Gas Pipeline Welding Capstone Program: The Pathway
features that rival borescopes with much higher cost. specifically trains welders for potential careers within the
The standard systems provides an interchangeable petrochemical/natural gas pipeline industry.
90 degree viewing tip for inspecting side walls of pipes Russell Thomas, thomasru@butte.edu
and other constricted areas. (530) 879-6140 • Fax: (530) 895-2302
Don Robinson, robinsondo@butte.edu
(530)893-7509 • Fax: (530)895-2302 Drive,Oroville, CA 95965
Chris Armitage, armitagech@butte.edu
(530) 895-2911 • Fax: (530) 895-2302
Miles Peacock, peacockmi@butte.edu
(931) 362-3304 (530) 879-6162 • Fax: (530) 895-2302
Sales@USABorescopes.com Kyle Lovelady, loveladyky@butte.edu
USABorescopes.com (530) 879-6138 • Fax: (530) 895-2302
Seth Vader, vaderse@butte.edu
(530) 879-6138• Fax: (530) 895-2302

26 Inspection Trends / May 2018


Feature By J. P. Christein and Richard D. Campbell

Applications of Stud, Back, Backing, and


Surfacing Weld Symbols
Their use and proper applications are explained

This is the sixth in a series of arti-


cles about improving the communica-
tion of welding symbols. The previous
five issues of Inspection Trends have ad-
dressed groove weld symbols; fillet
weld symbols; spot, seam, and projec- REFERENCE LINE

tion weld symbols; plug and slot weld


symbols; and edge weld symbols. This
article will address basic welding sym- ARROW
bol requirements for stud, back, back-
ing, and surfacing weld symbols.
Welding symbols provide a system
for placing welding information on Fig. 1 — Reference line and arrow.
drawings, procedures, and data sheets
for the purpose of relaying informa-
tion to fitters, welders, fabricators,
and inspectors. Welding symbols
quickly indicate the type of weld joint
needed to satisfy the requirements for
the intended service conditions.
There are a number of standards
throughout the world that relate to
welding symbols; however, AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing,
and Nondestructive Examination, is the
standard most widely used. The data
in this article is referenced from AWS
A2.4:2012 and AWS A3.0M/A3.0:2010,
Standard Welding Terms and Definitions.

Welding Symbol Basics Fig. 2 — Stud weld symbol.

In the AWS system, the terms weld


symbol and welding symbol have impor-
tant and different meanings. The weld
symbol identifies the specific type of
weld (for example, fillet, groove, plug,
and slot). The welding symbol contains
the weld symbol with all the additional
element information (for example,
size, length, and pitch) applied to it.
Even though a welding symbol may
consist of several elements, only the
reference line and an arrow are re-
quired elements — Fig. 1. The refer-
ence line is always drawn horizontally.
The arrow connects the reference line Fig. 3 — Side significance of the stud welding symbol.

28 Inspection Trends / May 2018


to the arrow-side member of the weld
joint. The arrow may or may not be
broken to indicate the member to re-
ceive the preparation for the weld.

The Stud Weld Symbol


The stud weld symbol, as shown in
Fig. 4 — Stud size. Fig. 2, is a relatively new symbol. This
symbol first appeared in the 1986 edi-
tion of AWS A2.4. Before 1986, the use
of a groove weld symbol was used
based on the edge preparation, and the
stud welding process was placed in the
tail of the welding symbol to distin-
guish it from arc- or gas-welded studs,
using the same groove weld symbol.
With the use of the stud weld symbol,
Fig. 5 — Spacing of stud welds. it is no longer required to designate
the process in the tail of a stud weld-
ing symbol.

The Stud Welding Symbol


The stud welding symbol is unique
in that it has arrow-side significance
only. The symbol shall be placed below
the reference line, as shown in Fig. 3,
and the arrow shall point clearly to the
Fig. 6 — Number of stud welds. surface to which the stud is to be weld-
ed. All supporting dimensions shall be
placed on the same side of the refer-
ence line as the stud weld symbol.
To designate the stud weld size, the
stud diameter shall be specified to the
left of the weld symbol — Fig. 4.
The pitch (center-to-center dis-
tance) of stud welds in a straight line
shall be specified to the right of the
weld symbol — Fig. 5. The spacing of
stud welds in any configuration other
than a straight line shall be dimen-
sioned on the drawing.
The number of stud welds shall be
specified in parentheses below the
stud weld symbol — Fig. 6.
Fig. 7 — Application of the stud welding symbol.
It is important to provide enough
information to locate the starting and
ending locations of stud welds being
shot in a straight line. This informa-
tion should be specified clearly on the
drawing or any other engineering de-
sign product. An example of a stud
welding symbol and its usage is shown
in Fig. 7.
AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structural
Welding Code — Steel, includes Clause
7, Stud Welding, with numerous spe-
cific requirements. In addition to arc
stud welding (as illustrated by the stud
welding symbols discussed above), this
clause also allows arc welding of studs
Fig. 8 — Back or backing weld symbol. with other welding processes, such as

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 29


flux cored arc, gas metal arc, or shield-
ed metal arc welding. However, those
are not stud welds but fillet welds,
thus, they would not be represented by
the stud weld symbol.

The Back and Backing


Weld Symbol
The back and backing weld symbol
is as shown in Fig. 8. This weld symbol Fig. 9 — Back welding symbol.
masquerades under two names. The
back weld is a weld made at the back of
a welded groove weld, whereas the
backing weld is backing in the form of
a weld made on one side of an unweld-
ed groove weld joint. Backing welds of
sufficient metal typically are used to
close the weld joint and prevent the
welding on the other side from melt-
ing through. Since the weld symbol is
the same for back or backing welds,
the method to distinguish the type of
weld is by designating “back weld” or Fig. 10 — Back welding symbol multiple reference lines.
“backing weld” in the tail of the weld-
ing symbol, or use of multiple refer-
ence lines.

The Back Welding Symbol


The back weld symbol is placed on
the side of the reference line opposite
a groove weld symbol. When a single
reference line is used, “back weld” shall
be specified in the tail of the welding
symbol — Fig. 9.
As an alternate, when multiple ref-
erence lines are used, the back weld Fig. 11 — Applications of the back welding symbol.
symbol shall be placed on a reference
line subsequent to the reference line
specifying the groove weld, as shown
in Fig. 10, remembering that the first
operation is specified on the reference
line nearest the arrow, with subse-
quent operations specified on addi-
tional reference lines. Note that in this
method, the “back weld” designation is
not needed because it’s clear on the or-
der of welding.
The application of the back welding
symbol is as shown in Fig. 11. An ex- Fig. 12 — Backing welding symbol.
ample of application of a back weld in
AWS D1.1/D1.1M is a revision in the
prequalified complete joint penetra-
tion (CJP) groove weld requirements
that now allows a weld to be made
with backing other than steel, provid-
ed the backing is removed after weld-
ing and the weld is backgouged to
sound weld metal, then a back weld is
made (Ref. AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015,
paragraph 3.13.2.1.).
Fig. 13 — Backing welding symbol multiple reference lines.

30 Inspection Trends / May 2018


The Backing Welding
Symbol
The backing weld symbol is placed
on the side of the reference line oppo-
site a groove weld symbol. When a sin-
gle reference line is used, “backing
weld” shall be specified in the tail of
the welding symbol — Fig. 12.
Alternately, if multiple reference
Fig. 14 — Applications of the backing welding symbol. lines are used, the backing weld sym-
bol shall be placed on the reference
line prior to the reference line specify-
ing the groove weld — Fig. 13.
The application of the backing
welding symbol is as shown in Fig. 14.
The 2015 edition of AWS D1.1/D1.1M
allows the use of backing welds as a
form of backing for groove or fillet
welds (Ref. AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015,
paragraph 5.9.2).

The Surfacing Weld


Symbol
The surfacing weld symbol is shown
in Fig. 15. Per AWS A3.0M/A3.0, a sur-
Fig. 15 —Surfacing weld symbol
facing weld is applied to a surface as
opposed to making a weld joint.

The Surfacing Welding


Symbol
Since a surfacing weld is deposited
upon an unbroken surface, there is no
joint, hence, the significance of the ar-
Fig. 16 — Surfacing welding symbols. row and other side of the joint is lost.
Nevertheless, the placement of the
surfacing weld symbol shall be placed
below the reference line — Fig. 16.
Also, the arrow of the surfacing
welding symbol shall point clearly to
the surface on which the surfacing
weld is to be deposited. The thickness
or size of the surfacing weld shall be
specified by placing the dimension of
the required thickness to the left of
the surfacing weld symbol — Fig. 17.
Fig. 17 — Thickness of the surfacing weld. If no specific thickness of a surfac-
ing weld is required, the size dimen-
sion need not be included in the weld-
ing symbol. The direction of welding
may be specified by a note in the tail of
the welding symbol as shown in Fig.
18, or indicated in the drawing.
3
Multiple-layer surfacing welds may
be specified by using multiple refer-
ence lines — Fig. 19.
The direction of welding for each
layer may be specified by an appropri-
Fig. 18 — Direction of welding. ate note in the tail of the welding sym-

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 31


bol, as shown in Fig. 20, or a note on
the drawing.
When the entire area of a plane or
curved surface is to be weld surfaced,
only the thickness (if required) of the
surfacing weld, and an arrow to point
clearly to the surface on which the sur-
facing weld is to be deposited, is neces- Fig. 19 — Surfacing welds with multiple layers.
sary — Fig. 21.
When only a portion of a surface is
to receive a surfacing weld, the extent,
location, and orientations shall be
shown on the drawing — Fig. 22.
Weld surfacing over a previously
made weld may be designated by the
use of multiple reference lines, as
shown in Fig. 23. Fig. 20 — Surfacing welds with multiple layers with the direction provided.
Finally, the weld surfacing welding
symbol may be used to correct assem-
bly problems such as excessive root
openings, as shown in Fig. 24.

Summary
This article provided a review of
stud, back, backing, and surfacing
welding symbol requirements. This ar-
ticle is part of a series of articles to
provide a foundation of basic welding Fig. 21 — Entire area to be weld surfaced.
symbol requirements per AWS
A2.4:2012. The next article will pro-
vide information on supplementary
symbols and other weld symbols to
support T-joint groove welds with fil-
let weld reinforcement, skewed T-
joints, weld-all-around, field welds,
and seal welds.

Fig. 22 — Partial area to be weld surfaced.

J. P. CHRISTEIN (jpc00@verizon.net) is
chair of the AWS A2 Committee on
Definitions and Symbols as well as chair
of the A2C Subcommittee on Symbols. He Fig. 23 — Weld surfacing over an existing weld.
is also a member of the AWS Technical
Activities Committee.

RICHARD D. CAMPBELL
(rdcampbe@bechtel.com) is with Bechtel
Corp. and has taught AWS CWI seminars
for more than 21 years. He also
developed a seminar on welding symbols
that he teaches for AWS at FABTECH
shows and in-house seminars. He is also
a member of the AWS D1 Structural
Welding Committee. Fig. 24 — Correction of dimensions.

32 Inspection Trends / May 2018


Feature By Brent Boling

Understanding Peening
This useful process can also raise concerns

While walking the shop floor a while mechanical (not necessarily mecha- ceptable to the engineer, all inspec-
ago, one of the welders came over and nized) working of materials to control tions have been performed, and any
asked, “What’s the difference between shrinkage, prevent cracking, and work discernable discontinuities are accept-
caulking and peening?” Shortly after harden them. able by the required codes, then caulk-
writing the article, Understanding ing can be used to make the coating
Caulking, in the August 2015 issue of Reviewing Caulking surface smoother or sealed for bond-
Inspections Trends, I got an email from ing integrity of certain coatings.
a reader asking if I was going to do a When we looked at caulking in the However, we also found that caulk-
follow up about peening. Although it August 2015 article, we discovered ing is often misused to hide disconti-
has taken some time, these inquiries there are times it is an acceptable op- nuities from the inspector, who must
have prompted me to write this article eration within AWS D1.1, Structural know how to be vigilant, discerning,
to explain the difference between Welding Code — Steel, but we must ex- and aware of the ongoing work to
these two closely related processes, amine an issue from Clause 5.26, make correct judgments and observa-
and to expand on the questions they Peening. There are areas that can easily tions of weld surfaces.
raise. overlap between the two processes, There was mention in that article of
Caulking is the plastic deformation and this review may help to further times when caulking and peening may
of the surface of the material, weld, or understand our conclusions from that have the same effect upon the weld:
base metal for smoothness purposes, article. cracking. To see peening in its proper
used in preparation for coatings that We found that caulking can be done light, we need to know where it came
need a smooth surface. It can also be with any number of blows and is used from, as we did with caulking. This in-
misused when not done to the code to “seal” discontinuities in a weld, such formation will not be a complete trea-
and may be masking or hiding discon- as porosity and uneven surfaces, and tise on peening but give just enough
tinuities not yet determined by the in- even to mask items like undercut, background for an understanding of
spector to be acceptable. Peening is the overlap, and cracks. If the usage is ac- the process.

History of Peening
Peening, or peining (both are cor-
rect), has been around in one form or
another since man started working
with metals. Any shaping of metals for
weapons or farming instruments in-
volves peening. As the blacksmith
shapes a horseshoe, sword, scythe,
plowshare, armor, or knife, for exam-
ple, he or she incorporates peening as
the item is moved around on the anvil
or other surface to get the angle,
shape, and hardness desired. Often,
the main tool incorporated in this
process was the ball-peen hammer, also
called a machinist’s hammer, which has
a hemispherical head — Fig. 1.
Other variants of the peening ham-
mer have a wedge, chisel, or pointed
head. The wedge-shaped heads are clas-
sified as straight, cross, or diagonal, de-
Fig. 1 — Ball-peen hammers. pending on the rotational position of

34 Inspection Trends / May 2018


the head relative to the handle. The ball-
peen is one of the most common and is
found in many toolboxes. Notice with
the modern variants of this tool the
similarity with hand, power, and air
tools used in cleaning welds and utilized
in the previous discussion on caulking.
Therefore, everyday tools are easily used
for peening, caulking, and slag removal.

Practical Uses
To cover this thoroughly, we must
mention some other processes includ-
ed in the category of peening: shot,
roto (flail), needle (as in scaler for re-
moving slag — Fig. 2), and laser peen-
ing. Because peening can be accom-
plished with a wide variety of tools at
our everyday disposal, as well as new
technology, it can be done by the un- Fig. 2 — Needle scalers.
suspecting and untrained welder who
has no grasp of the metallurgical con- Training is more important than many
sequences of certain work habits. Peening per D1.1 take into account, even in inspections.
Peening, even laser peening, is con- There can be abuses on the part of the
sidered a cold-working process that D1.1 Clause 5.26, Peening, tells us,
fabricator and the inspectors.
takes advantage of plastic deforma- “Peening may be used on intermediate
AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms
tion, a property we talked about be- weld layers for control of shrinkage
and Definitions, defines peening as
fore. Plastic deformation is moving stresses in thick welds to prevent
“The mechanical working of metals us-
metal past the point where it can re- cracking or distortion, or both. No
ing impact blows.” As noticed in our
turn to its original shape. As with peening shall be done on the root or
background on peening, that covers a
caulking, this is done with gentle surface layer of the weld or the base
lot of ground. A wide variety of tools
blows, not hard beating of the metal. metal at the edges of the weld except
and the ability to take advantage of
In this process, the metal is thinned as provided in 9.2.7.6(3) for tubulars.
the material’s property of plastic de-
and work hardened, terms worth look- Care should be taken to prevent over-
formation must be taken into account.
ing into for self-study. lapping or cracking of the weld or base
Peening includes everything from
Imagine a peening hammer with a metal.” Clause 5.26.1, Tools, states,
laser peening of aluminum on aircraft,
soft face of plastic, rawhide, or “The use of manual slag hammers,
to impact peening a weld on structural
brass/copper to not damage the struck chisels, and lightweight vibrating tools
steel, to relieve stresses between pass-
surface. But they are still peening, for the removal of slag and spatter is
es to impact peening a weld on cast
moving the material, and altering its allowed and shall not be considered
iron to keep the weld from cracking as
plastic state or hardening the surface. peening.”
it cools and shrinks at a different rate
Most peening tools have a rounded The Commentary on Clause 5.26
than the cast iron. The material grade
or hemispherical head to produce a tells us, “Except as provided in
and thickness will be a major part of
nicely rounded indentation upon im- 9.2.7.6(3), peening of the surface layer
the determination as to which method
pact: small indentations from a needle of the weld is prohibited because me-
or tooling is used to accomplish either
scaler to larger ones from the ball- chanical working of the surface may
caulking or peening without negatively
peen hammer. A peening gun is shown mask otherwise unacceptable surface
affecting the workpiece.
in Fig. 3. The formation of the inden- discontinuities. For similar reasons,
How does this relate to us? Once
tation causes the surface area of the the use of lightweight vibrating tools
again, we find that the main point in
base material to yield or stretch in ten- for slag removal should be used with
time of the welding process, where ei-
sion, while the subsurface area of the discretion.”
ther caulking or peening may be of an
material attempts to return to its orig- We saw similar cautions when we
issue and consideration when applied
inal state, thus creating a highly looked at caulking. That is what is un-
to use according to D1.1, is on the root
stressed area in compression. der consideration when the Commen-
and cover passes.
When done properly, it is this area tary says it “may mask otherwise unac-
of compression stress that resists ceptable surface discontinuities.” It is
crack propagation. To be done proper- the same as we discussed for caulking, Overworking Root and
ly, normally there is a calculated num- because the two may overlap in use, Cover Passes
ber of impacts per inch of weld with a misuse, and application. Normal tool
depth or other method of measuring operation is not considered caulking or There are three areas of concern
the amount of impact. peening. But caution must be exercised. when considering both peening and

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 35


people at the same time over a large
shop area.
There is a difference between the re-
sponsibilities of QC and QA. Quality
control performs a lot more of the
work than QA does according to
ANSI/AISC 360-10, Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings, Chapter N.
But QA is supposed to document by
observation that QC is doing its job,
and often that includes verification us-
ing our equipment to testify that the
person did not just go through the mo-
tions, but that QC was done correctly.

Fig. 3 — Peening gun. Conclusions


Caulking and peening can overlap in
caulking: cracking of the weld or base ing machine in the hands of a compe- practical applications when used im-
metal, work-hardening an area where it tent welder will produce a slag layer properly, and the result is masking dis-
could be detrimental, and obscuring or that is easily removed from the cover continuities not yet observed by the
masking unacceptable discontinuities. pass. For the most part, an air, elec- inspector, or to accidentally initiate
What must be carefully taken into ac- tric, or even a manual hand tool is not cracking in the root. The tools used to
count is that the use of needle scalers, needed. Just scraping the slag with the produce both can be the same.
chipping guns, and slag hammers is not slag hammer will remove the slag after Just because the root and cap passes
peening nor caulking. However, Clause giving it a few seconds to cool. Since are the primary concern does not
5.26.1 would lead us to understand that the slag cools and shrinks at a differ- mean we can ignore the intermediate
this is true when used to remove slag. ent rate than the weld and base met- passes. If the welder is observed exces-
After the slag has been removed, the als, it often lifts off all by itself. Why sively using slagging tools, there is a
abuse of those tools by overworking an would the welder need to use the nee- very good chance something else is go-
area can cause caulking or peening, or dle scaler or chipping gun to remove ing on such as porosity, cracking, or
both. After all, all of the tools listed as the slag and distort the surface of the other discontinuities that are being
acceptable for slag removal are the weld so much that it is obvious it was concealed instead of corrected before
same tools used to peen or caulk a weld, deformed from its natural finished ap- depositing the next layer of weld. The
or to do both. Thus, there is a point pearance? The only reason that stands inspector’s responsibilities are to be
where they go from being profit-mak- out is to hide discontinuities. That is active, discerning, and vigilant about
ing, timesaving tools, to being an abuse unacceptable. If they are not hiding the job, and be informed about the ap-
of mechanical properties with negative discontinuities, then they are merely propriate code applications of various
results by using the same tools. wasting time as well as damaging the work procedures. Furthermore, the in-
This is very important when consid- mechanical properties of the weld. The spector should understand that peen-
ering the root pass, as this is usually power tools went from a time- and la- ing is not only accomplished with a
one of the hardest to get the slag re- bor-saving device to a loss-of-profit ball-peen hammer, and should recog-
moved from and gets lots of work with tool with wasted time, rework require- nize the overlapping and separate fea-
chipping tools. As the root pass is also ments, and even inferior products that tures of caulking and peening.
the thinnest and easily cracks under could lead to catastrophic failure.
stress because of its weakness at this
time, it is prudent to restrain from
placing forces on it that contribute to QC and QA Practices
cracking more than helping to relieve
the stresses. At that point, cracking in- Inspectors, whether in-house quali-
duced by overworking the root pass is ty control (QC) or third-party inspec-
a strong possibility — and it is a most tion (TPI) quality assurance (QA),
unacceptable condition for the work- need to be walking the floor and ob-
piece to begin its lifespan already serving the work being done. The only
cracked. Just running another pass way to catch many of the issues I bring
over it does not fix it, only hides it. up is to be active in the job, observing
When it comes to the cover pass, an the work in all its stages. The only ex- BRENT E. BOLING
overworked area is of great concern if cuse for not seeing everything is that (cwinspectorbrent@gmail.com) is
the inspections were not completed there is no way there can be an inspec- president of Arc-Tech Welding Inc.,
before the deformation of the weld tor for the detailer, fitter, and welder Prescott Valley, Ariz. He is also an AWS
surface. It does not matter which term of each part, or the finished product. CWI with a Bolting Endorsement, and an
you apply to it, either one is prohibited We must cover the work being done by ASNT Level II in VT and MT.
before inspection. A properly set weld- several people, sometimes dozens of

36 Inspection Trends / May 2018


By Rand Ernst Feature

The Challenges of Nondestructive Examination Education

Covered is the importance of instructors, equipment, and raising awareness of the career

There are many factors that need


to be in place and work together to
have a nondestructive examination
(NDE) inspection. The essential in-
gredients for a complete and accurate
inspection are competent inspectors,
proper governing documentation,
correctly calibrated and utilized
equipment for the job, and thorough
postinspection documentation. To
have a complete NDE inspection edu-
cation, an educational facility needs
to address all of these ingredients for
a future inspector to become truly
qualified and ready to face real-world
situations. Let’s take a look at each of
these components and see what it
takes for the school and the
inspector to be successful.

Components of Good
NDE Education Fig. 1 — Students performing eddy current surface inspections.

An inspector is made competent by An NDE technician’s job is as de- struction on final documentation.
studying both the theory behind the pendent on him or her following pre- Certified Welding Inspectors (CWIs)
test method and getting sufficient scribed codes and procedures as it is are primarily hired for their expertise
hands-on training by looking at being able to do the inspection itself. in the inspection of materials, but ul-
flawed specimens with the actual A school must not only instill how timately, the report is the final prod-
equipment — Fig.1. important it is to follow the oversee- uct that goes to the customer, the
One of the most important ele- ing documents, but must prepare stu- boss, the company that contracts
ments of good NDE education is an ex- dents by showing them how to locate, your services, or the end buyer. A fi-
perienced instructor who can get a interpret, and apply information in nal report is normally much more
student to understand the inspection the documents. Technicians must re- than just a box to check for accept-
methods and the practical realities of alize they need to follow the Ameri- able or unacceptable. There must be
the job. The best instructors are the can Welding Society’s (AWS) D1.1, all the pertinent inspection data, no
ones with field experience who not Structural Welding Code — Steel, to omissions, and everything clearly and
only can get students to understand prevent putting life and property at accurately stated. Often when I give a
difficult new concepts and language, risk. Moreover, if things go wrong corrected report back to a student
but also relate how the theory and with the product tested, that could that has mistakes, omissions, or un-
hands-on practice will be applied in affect the litigation outcome of mil- clear data, the common response is,
the job — Fig. 2. Giving the “tips from lion-dollar contracts, the company’s “You know what I mean!” That will
the trenches” provides the student a culpability, the inspector’s reputation not be an acceptable answer for
more realistic understanding of how and employment, and in some cases, someone paying for the results of the
the job is done, makes them a better even jail time. inspection.
prepared new employee, and reduces Another essential ingredient that The student must be trained to
some of the students’ uncertainty helps to determine the level of quality make sure the report is clear, com-
about what they’re getting into. of an educational facility is its in- plete, and beyond reproach. I always

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 37


efit for the manufacturer is that, un-
der certain circumstances, they can
write the equipment off of their taxes.
Industry can become involved when
it needs a specific technology. A local
energy company saw an upcoming
shortage of people trained in what it
needed, so it donated the funds for
our college’s digital radiography sys-
tem, three state-of-the-art eddy cur-
rent tubing systems, and sophisticated
visual inspection equipment.

Challenges of the NDE


Career
The challenge of the public’s lack
of awareness of NDE as a career is a
daunting one. The method has been
commercially in practice since the
Fig. 2 — Central Piedmont Community College (CPCC) Lab Facilitator John Burke Calibrates
1800s; yet, people are still unaware
an ultrasonic machine for weld inspections. of its wide reach. Publications like In-
spection Trends are helping to get the
word out. AWS and the American So-
tell my students they could do the good job giving an educational dis- ciety of Nondestructive Testing
best inspection on the face of the count to NDE schools buying major (ASNT) can go a long way in letting
earth, but if their report is sloppy — equipment. Other strategies that the public know about the benefits
especially from the boss’s point of might help everyone involved would an NDE career brings both to the
view — they and their work are slop- be for manufacturers to donate cur- practitioner and to our society in
py, and everything they’ve done could rent equipment lines or last genera- general.
come into question. tion of products that can’t be sold any Currently, there is a severe short-
more but are still functionally rele- age of qualified and experienced NDE
vant. This serves several purposes: technicians, which is projected to get
Challenges of Educational The school offers a high-quality, rele- worse. If industry is having trouble
Entities vant education, the students learn us- filling their open job positions, there
ing the current equipment they will are options that can help ease the sit-
Two of the greatest challenges see in the field, and the manufacturer uation and build a future workforce
facing NDE educational bodies today could gain customers because the stu- specialized in their operations. One
are the cost of NDE-related equipment dents become familiar with the equip- option is bringing current students
and the public’s lack of awareness of ment and may want to work with on for internships as they go to
nondestructive examination as a them in the future. An additional ben- school. This would allow the students
career. Each presents challenges, but it
can be dealt with and conquered
through creative thinking and
collaboration.
A facility that strives to be a high-
quality NDE educational facility re-
quires equipment that is current and
reflects what is being used out in in-
dustry — Fig. 3. It is the high cost of
NDE equipment that limits the num-
ber of good schools available to poten-
tial technicians. Public institutions, in
particular, have a hard time justifying
the millions of dollars needed for a
high-quality test lab that encompasses
the six major test methods. Just a few
Fig. 3 — The Central Piedmont Community College (CPCC) nondestructive examination
possible avenues to deal with this chal- technologies program offers a two-year A.A.S. degree specifically in nondestructive
lenge could involve the manufacturers examination technology, as well as certificates and specialized training in individual test
of the equipment and the industry methods. Additionally, it offers two online courses in introduction to NDE and visual testing that
who uses both the equipment and satisfy AWS nine-year recertification requirements for CWIs. The approximately 7000-sq-ft
facility has capabilities that include film and digital radiography, conventional and phased-array
graduates of the schools. ultrasonics, eddy current, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and visual testing.
Most major manufacturers do a

38 Inspection Trends / May 2018


to complete their education while
training specifically on that employ-
What’s Next RAND ERNST is program chair and
er’s inspection systems, paperwork, The future is bright for those just get- radiation safety officer for the
and culture. Once the student com- Nondestructive Examination
ting into the nondestructive examina- Technologies program at Central
pletes his or her education, the em- tion business. With a good portion of Piedmont Community College in
ployer gets a trained employee who the workforce nearing retirement, op- Charlotte, N.C. After completing a two-
also knows their operation. portunities abound and the wages will year education in nondestructive
Another option would be to hire examination, he’s been working in the
go up correspondingly. People interest- industry for 35 years encompassing
the student part time while his or her ed in an NDE career should research aerospace, power generation,
education is being completed. The what school is best suited to them, petrochemical, and construction. ERNST
company could offer tuition reim- check out the various websites about holds AWS CWI and Certified
bursement, with the agreement that NDE, and talk to experienced profes- Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)
the student would work for the com- credentials, as well as ASNT Level III
sionals for advice. People who do this certifications in Radiography (RT), Eddy
pany for a given amount of time after and complete their education can spe- Current (ET), Liquid Penetrant (PT), and
graduation. This would give the em- cialize in a variety of industries, types of Magnetic Particle (MT) testing.
ployer the same benefits as option inspection methods, and choose a loca-
one. tion they like. Additionally, once they
A third option would be to hire the gain experience, they aren’t limited to
student full time as a trainee during staying a technician, they can move
the summer break if they are going to onto supervision, management, engi-
a two-year college. neering, sales, or self employment.

American Welding Society®

aws.org

Looking for the laatest informaation to


accommplish your welding proojects?
Join us at thee 2018 Welding Suummit, on October 15 – 17, 2018.
Co-sponsored by REGISTER TOD
DAY TO:
• Meet industry experts
• Network withh colleagues
• Discuss common problems and solutions
American Welding Society® • Receive PDH credit hours
HOUSTON SECTION • Interact with industry representaatives duringg the Career Fair

Register at aws.org/Summit2018 befoore June 1st to receive disccounted pricing.


Conference Location:
L South Shore Harboor-Conference Center / League City, Texas

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 39


Mark Your Calendar
ASNT Refresher Courses — Spring 2018 Focusing on metal additive manufacturing, the event will
April 25–May 18. ASNT Center for Excellence, Dublin, Ohio. feature worldwide industry experts presenting the latest
The ASNT refresher courses are considered Level III courses technology developments in this fast-growing field. Visit
and are designed for those who are currently Level II or III and ampm2018.org.
are looking to become an ASNT Level III or to maintain their
Level III status.Visit asnt.org. Digital Imaging/Ultrasonics Conference
June 26–28. Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Conn. These
NDE of Aerospace Materials and Structures two volumetric methods are related yet different. The
June 5, 6. Crowne Plaza Hotel, St. Louis Airport, Bridgeton, DI/UT 2018 ASNT Topical Conference will cover the basic
Mo. The major drivers for growth in the aerospace NDE mar- fundamentals as well as the latest developments of each
ket include increasing investments in the aerospace and de- NDE method, providing one forum for sharing the respec-
fense sector, increasing the complexity of machines and struc- tive pros and cons. Visit asnt.org.
tures that need continual evaluation for maintaining structural
integrity, and government safety regulations mandating the NDE/NDT for Highway and Bridges: Structural Materi-
use of NDE techniques for clearances. Visit asnt.org. als Technology (SMT 2018) and the International Sym-
posium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering
European Conference on NDT (NDT-CE 2018)
June 11–15. Swedish Exhibition & Congress Center, Aug. 27–29. Hyatt Regency New Brunswick, New
Gothenburg, Sweden. The 12th ECNDT provides an opportu- Brunswick, N.J. This joint conference brings together inter-
nity to strengthen global collaboration. It is a unique occa- national researchers, manufacturers, service providers, own-
sion to see and to be seen by a large number of specialists in ers of structures, and those active in training, validation,
the field from all over the world. Visit ecndt2018.com. and standardization of nondestructive evaluation for civil
infrastructure. Topics include state-of-the-art and innova-
Additive Manufacturing with Powder Metallurgy tive NDE technologies, advanced modeling, and best prac-
June 17–20. Grand Hyatt San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex. tices. Visit asnt.org.

40 Inspection Trends / May 2018


tor training. Contact Sherryl Stogner, (704) 547-6174; sstogn-
Educational Opportunities er@epri.com.
The Atlas of Welding Procedure Specifications
The AWS Connecticut Section is hosting a three-day semi- NDE Classes
nar/workshop on developing welding procedure specifica- Moraine Valley Community College, Palos Hills, Ill., offers NDE
tions, procedure qualification records, and welder qualifica- classes in PT, MT, UT, RT, radiation safety, and eddy current, as
tion records. This event, scheduled for October 1–3 in Sims- well as API 510 exam prep and weld inspection. Contact (708)
bury, Conn., will provide instruction and the rationale for 974-5735; wdcs@morainevalley.edu; morainevalley.edu/NDE.
developing qualified and prequalified welding procedures
that meet AWS and ASME standards. The welding docu- NDE Training
ments developed are applicable to AWS, ASME, NAVSEA, NDE training at the company’s St. Louis-area facility or on-
and other military standards, and commercial welding stan- site. Level III services available. For a schedule of upcoming
dards. Contact Albert Moore, workshop leader, for more in- courses, contact Quality Testing Services Inc., (888) 770-
formation at amoore999@comcast.net. 0103; training@qualitytesting.net; qualitytesting.net.
CWI/CWE Course and Exam
Nondestructive Examination Courses
A ten-day program presented in Troy, Ohio. Contact Hobart
A course schedule is available from Hellier, 277 W. Main St.,
Institute of Welding Technology, (800) 332-9448; Ste. 2, Niantic, CT 06357; (860) 739-8950.
hiwt@welding.org; welding.org.

E-Courses in Destructive and Nondestructive Testing Preparatory and Visual Weld Inspection Courses
of Welds and Other Welding-Related Topics One- and two-week courses presented in Pascagoula, Miss.;
Online video courses taken at one’s own pace offer certifi- Houston, Tex.; and Houma and Sulphur, La. Contact Real
cates of completion and continuing education units. Hobart Educational Services Inc., (800) 489-2890;
Institute of Welding Technology, (800) 332-9448; info@realeducational.com.
welding.org/product-category/online-courses/.
T.E.S.T. NDT Courses
EPRI NDE Training Seminars CWI preparation and NDE courses, including ultrasonic
EPRI offers NDE technical skills training in visual examina- thickness testing and advanced phased array. T.E.S.T., (714)
tion, ultrasonic examination, ASME Section XI, and UT opera- 255-1500; ndtguru@aol.com; testndt.com.

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 41


Note: The 2018 schedule for all certifications is posted online at
aws.org/w/a/registrations/prices_schedules.html.
Certification Schedule
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) 9-Year Recertification Seminar for CWI/SCWI
For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to meet education re-
Location Seminar Dates Exam Date quirements without taking the exam. The exam can be taken
Cleveland, OH May 13–18 May 19 at any site listed under Certified Welding Inspector.
Albuquerque, NM May 13–18 May 19
Houston, TX May 20–25 May 26 Location Seminar Dates
Los Angeles, CA May 20–25 May 26 Las Vegas, NV May 13–18
Kansas City, MO May 27–June 1 June 2 Kansas City, MO May 27–June 1
Newark, NJ May 27–June 1 June 2 Pittsburgh, PA June 10–15
New Orleans, LA June 3–8 June 9 Miami, FL June 24–29
Denver, CO June 3–8 June 9 Phoenix, AZ July 15–20
Detroit, MI June 3–8 June 9 San Diego, CA July 29–Aug. 3
Milwaukee, WI June 10–15 June 16 Orlando, FL Aug. 12–17
Huntsville, AL June 10–15 June 16 Boston, MA Aug. 26–31
Duluth, MN June 17–22 June 23 Denver, CO Sept. 9–14
Spokane, WA June 24–29 June 30 Dallas, TX Sept. 23–28
Hartford, CT June 24–29 June 30 Appleton, WI Oct. 7–12
Atlanta, GA June 24–29 June 30 Omaha, NE Oct. 21–26
Sacramento, CA July 1–6 July 7
Waco, TX July 8–13 July 14 Certified Welding Educator (CWE)
Louisville, KY July 8–13 July 14 Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under CWI. Semi-
Houston, TX July 15–20 July 21 nar attendees will not attend the Code Clinic portion of the
Phoenix, AZ July 15–20 July 21 seminar (usually the first two days).
Cleveland, OH July 15–20 July 21
Philadelphia, PA July 15–20 July 21 Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR)
Baton Rouge, LA July 22–27 July 28 Prometric testing centers. More information at aws.org/
Helena, MT July 22–27 July 28 certification/detail/certified-welding-sales-representative.
Omaha, NE July 22–27 July 28
Seattle, WA July 29–Aug. 3 Aug. 4
Chicago, IL July 29–Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)
Charlotte, NC Aug. 5–10 Aug. 11 Prometric testing centers. More information at aws.org/
Dallas, TX Aug. 12–17 Aug. 18 certification/detail/certified-welding-supervisor.
San Diego, CA Aug. 12–17 Aug. 18
Salt Lake City, UT Aug. 12–17 Aug. 18 Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)
Minneapolis, MN Aug. 19–24 Aug. 25 The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can
Miami, FL Aug. 19–24 Aug. 25 exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.
San Francisco, CA Aug. 26–31 Sept. 1
Beaumont, TX Aug. 26–31 Sept. 1 Location Seminar Dates Exam Date
Nashville, TN Sept. 9–14 Sept. 15 Cleveland, OH June 4–8 June 9
Portland, OR Sept. 9–14 Sept. 15 Dallas, TX July 16–20 July 21
Pittsburgh, PA Sept. 16–21 Sept. 22 Kansas City, MO Aug. 20–24 Aug. 25
Houston, TX Sept. 16–21 Sept. 22 Philadelphia, PA Sept. 17–21 Sept. 22
Kansas City, MO Sept. 23–28 Sept. 29 Pittsburgh, PA Oct. 15–19 Oct. 20
New Orleans, LA Sept. 23–28 Sept. 29
Long Beach, CA Sept. 30–Oct. 5 Oct. 6 Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW)
Tulsa, OK Sept. 30–Oct. 5 Oct. 6 OTC Daihen Inc., Tipp City, OH; (937) 667-0800, ext. 218
Detroit, MI Sept. 30–Oct. 5 Oct. 6 Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH; (216) 383-4723
S. Plainfield, NJ Oct. 7–12 Oct. 13 Wolf Robotics, Fort Collins, CO; (970) 225-7667
Chattanooga, TN Oct. 7–12 Oct. 13 Milwaukee Area Technical College, Milwaukee, WI;
Chicago, IL Oct. 14–19 Oct. 20 (414) 456-5454
Denver, CO Oct. 21–26 Oct. 27 College of the Canyons, Santa Clarita, CA; (651) 259-7800
Des Moines, IA Oct. 21–26 Oct. 27 Ogden-Weber Applied Technology College, Ogden, UT;
Cleveland, OH Oct. 28–Nov. 2 Nov. 3 (800) 627-8448

IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Please verify your event dates with the Certification Dept. to confirm your
course status before making travel plans. Applications are to be received at least six weeks prior to the seminar/exam or exam. Applications
received after that time will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee. Please verify application deadline dates by visiting our website
aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. For information on AWS seminars and certification programs, or to register online, visit
aws.org/certification or call (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars.

42 Inspection Trends / May 2018


Mail Bag

specification in its entirety, and referenced the correct code


Thank You, Mr. Campbell section. To quote from your article, ‘The weld acceptance cri-
teria can become very confusing; thus, it is critical for the
Your article "What Weld Examination and Acceptance inspector to know the fluid service to look up the
Criteria Apply for ASME B31.3 Piping Welds?" (Richard D. requirements.”
Campbell, Just the Facts, February 2018, Inspection Trends) I never stop learning and look forward to gaining new
reinforced what was a recent wake-up call for me. insights and knowledge from you, AWS, and other fellow
Prior to working on a piping project, I need to pay more members (such as Albert Moore, if I could only name one).
attention to the service and ensure the owner/engineer has Thanks again for the article, and as always, I will evalu-
designated it in his/her specification. I also need to refrain ate all requirements and never depend on anyone’s com-
from trying to memorize or think I know what examina- pendium.
tions and inspections are required, especially if the
owner/engineer has specified more stringent criteria. Jim Gardner
I was questioned recently by a contractor why he had to CWI
do a particular examination. I went back and re-read the Lake Elsinore, Calif.

— continued from page 13 Print and Product Showcase

The report recognizes the drivers of growth and challenges of markets; significant changes in market dynamics and overview;
industry players. It also evaluates the future impact of the pro- market breakdown up to the second or third level; market
pellants and limits on the market, and uncovers potential de- shares and the approaches of important players; current and
mands. predictable size of the market from the perspective of both val-
Market opportunities, market risk, and market overview are ue and volume; reporting and estimation of recent industry de-
enclosed along with an in-depth study of each point. Produc- velopments; and references to companies for establishing their
tion of this equipment is analyzed with respect to various re- position in the market.
gions, types, and applications. The sales, revenue, and price
analysis by types and applications are also covered. The report 360 Market Updates
covers the following: emerging trends by segments and regional
360marketupdates.com

— continued from page 6 Editorial


Once the requirements for qualification have been met, make accept/reject decisions. The person providing NDE
there is still the certification examinations that have to be services needs to verify he or she can provide the services re-
passed before the individual can be certified. The tests com- quested by the client.
pleted at the end of the classroom training are not certifica- Relevant work experience is an essential component in
tion examinations. Once again, the same contractor who pro- becoming a competent NDE inspector. It is through the work
vided oversight while the relevant work experience was ac- experience the inspector learns to appreciate the capabilities
crued can usually provide the examinations needed for certi- of the test method, its limitations, and the importance of the
fication as a Level I or Level II NDE inspector. work the NDE inspector performs. The value of relevant
Depending on the specific welding/fabrication standard work experience under the tutelage of a more experienced in-
governing the work, the Level I may or may not be able to spector cannot be overstated.

May 2018 / Inspection Trends 43


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n The Classroom Or Online


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Practice Questions Every Day And Night The Atlas of Welding


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Online: Pa
P rt B Lecture, Practice Questions
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44 Inspection Trends / May 2018


AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
Join or Renew: Mail: Form with your payment, to AWS Call: Membership Department at (800) 443-9353, ext. 480
Fax: Completed form to (305) 443-5647 Online: www.aws.org/membership 8669 NW 36 St, # 130
Miami, FL 33166-6672
CONTACT INFORMATION Telephone (800) 443-9353
FAX (305) 443-5647
q New Member q Renewal Visit our website: www.aws.org

q Mr. q Ms. q Mrs. q Dr. Please print • Duplicate this page as needed Type of Business (Check ONE only)
A q Contract construction
Last Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
B q Chemicals & allied products
C q Petroleum & coal industries
First Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
D q Primary metal industries
E q Fabricated metal products
Birthdate: _____________________________ E-Mail:____________________________________________
F q Machinery except elect. (incl. gas welding)
G q Electrical equip., supplies, electrodes
Cell Phone ( )__________________________ Secondary Phone ( )______________________
H q Transportation equip. — air, aerospace
Were you ever an AWS Member? q YES q NO If “YES,” give year________ and Member #:____________________ I q Transportation equip. — automotive
J q Transportation equip. — boats, ships
Company (if applicable):___________________________________________________________________ K q Transportation equip. — railroad
L q Utilities
Address:________________________________________________________________________________ M q Welding distributors & retail trade
N q Misc. repair services (incl. welding shops)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ O q Educational Services (univ., libraries, schools)
P q Engineering & architectural services (incl. assn
City:_____________________________________State/Province:__________________________________ Q q Misc. business services (incl. commercial labs)
R q Government (federal, state, local)
Zip/PostalCode:_____________________Country:______________________________________________ S q Other

Œ Who pays your dues?: q Company q Self-paid  Sex: q Male q Female Job Classification (Check ONE only)
01 q President, owner, partner, officer
Ž Education level: q High school diploma q Associate’s q Bachelor’s q Master’s q Doctoral
02 q Manager, director, superintendent (or assistant
q Check here if you learned of the Society through an AWS Member? Member’s name:_______________________Member’s # (if known):________ 03 q Sales
04 q Purchasing
q Check here if you would prefer not to receive email updates on AWS programs, new Member benefits, savings opportunities and events.
05 q Engineer — welding
20 q Engineer — design
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP 21 q Engineer — manufacturing
06 q Engineer — other
è Please check each box that applies to the Membership or service you’d like, and then add the cost together to get your Total Payment. 10 q Architect designer
q AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (One Year)......................................................................................................$88 12 q Metallurgist
13 q Research & development
AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (Two Years) SAVE $25 New Members Only....................................$151 22 q Quality control
07 q Inspector, tester
q New Member Initiation Fee ...........................................................................................................................................$12
08 q Supervisor, foreman
OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS ONLY: 14 q Technician
09 q Welder, welding or cutting operator
A.) OPTIONAL Book Selection (Choose from 25 titles; up to a $192 value; includes shipping & handling) 11 q Consultant
q Individual Members in the U.S..................................................................................................................................$35 15 q Educator
17 q Librarian
q Individual Members outside the U.S (includes International shipping)...........................................................................$85 16 q Student
ONLY ONE SELECTION PLEASE. For more book choices visit https://app.aws.org/membership/books 18 q Customer Service
q Jefferson’s Welding Encyc.(CD-ROM only) q Design & Planning Manual for Cost-Effective Welding q Welding Metallurgy q Welding Inspection Handbook 19 q Other

Welding Handbook Selections: q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 5) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 4) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 3) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 2) q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 1) Technical Interests (Check all that apply)
A q Ferrous metals
B.) OPTIONAL Welding Journal Hard Copy (for Members outside North America) B q Aluminum
C q Nonferrous metals except aluminum
q Individual Members outside North America (note: digital delivery of WJ is standard)..............................................$50
D q Advanced materials/Intermetallics
E q Ceramics
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP TOTAL PAYMENT..................................................................................$_____________ F q High energy beam processes
NOTE: Dues include $17.30 for Welding Journal subscription and $4.00 for the AWS Foundation.
G q Arc welding
H q Brazing and soldering
I q Resistance welding
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP J q Thermal spray
K q Cutting
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with digital Welding Journal magazine)................................................$15 L q NDT
M q Safety and health
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with hard copy Welding Journal magazine)..............................................$35
N q Bending and shearing
Option available only to students in U.S., Canada & Mexico.
O q Roll forming
P q Stamping and punching
PAYMENT INFORMATION Q q Aerospace
R q Automotive
Payment can be made (in U.S. dollars) by check or money order (international or foreign), payable to the American Welding Society, or by charge card. S q Machinery
q Check q Money Order q AMEX q Diners Club q MasterCard q Visa q Discover q Other T q Marine
U q Piping and tubing
CC#:____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ Expiration Date (mm/yy) ________ / ________ V q Pressure vessels and tanks
W q Sheet metal
X q Structures
Signature of Applicant:_________________________________________ Application Date:_______________________
Y q Other
Z q Automation
OFFICE USE ONLY Check #:_______________________________ Account #____________________________________ 1 q Robotics
American Welding Society®
EDUCATION
aws.org

DON’T TR UST
U YOUR WELDING
EDUCAATTION
N TO JUSTT ANYONE .
AWS
W offers the most accurrate, relevaant, and well-researchedd seminars in the weldingg industry.
When it comes to your career deevelopment, why not put it in the most capable haands?
Opportunities too further yoour education and careerr are heading your way.
Sign up for an AW W educational seminar near
WS n you today!

AWS
W CERTIFIEDD WELDING INSPECTOR SEMINARS
Location Seeminar Date Exam Date Deadline Location Seminar Date Exam
am Date Deadline
Duluth, MN Juun. 17-22 Jun. 23 May 17 Portland, OR Sep. 9-14 Sepp. 15 Aug. 6
Spokane, WA Juun. 24-29 Jun. 30 May 21 Pittsburgh, PA Sep. 16-21 Sepp. 22 Aug. 13
Hartford, CT Juun. 24-29 Jun. 30 May 21 Houston, TX Sep. 16-21 Sepp. 22 Aug. 13
Atlanta, GA Juun. 24-29 Jun. 30 May 21 Kansas City, MO Sep. 23-28 Sepp. 29 Aug. 20
Waco, TX Juul. 8-13 Jul. 14 Jun. 4 New Orleans, LAA Sep. 23-28 Sepp. 29 Aug. 20
Louisville, KY Juul. 8-13 Jul. 14 Jun. 4 Long Beach, CA Sep. 30-Oct. 5 Octt. 6 Aug. 27
H t TX
Houston, JJuul.l 15
15-20
20 JJul.l 21 JJun. 11 Tuulsa,
l OK SSep. 30-Oct.
30 O t 5 Octt.t 6
O Aug.
A 27
Phoenix, AZ Juul. 15-20 Jul. 21 Jun. 11 Ann Arborr, MI Sep. 30-Oct. 5 Octt. 6 Aug. 27
Cleveland, OH Juul. 15-20 Jul. 21 Jun. 11 Newark, NJ Oct. 7-12 Octt. 13 Sep. 3
Philadelphia, PA Juul. 15-20 Jul. 21 Jun. 11 Chattanooga, TN Oct. 7-12 Octt. 13 Sep. 3
Baton Rouge, LA Juul. 22-27 Jul. 28 Jun. 18 Kankakee, IL Oct. 14-19 Octt. 20 Sep. 10
Helena, MT Juul. 22-27 Jul. 28 Jun. 18 Denver, CO Oct. 21-26 Octt. 27 Sep. 17
Omaha, NE Juul. 22-27 Jul. 28 Jun. 18 Des Moines, IA Oct. 21-26 Octt. 27 Sep. 17
Seattle, WA Juul. 29-Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Jun. 25 Cleveland, OH Oct. 28-Nov. 2 Novv. 3 Sep. 24
go, IL
Chicago Juul.
ul 29-Aug.
29-Aug 3 Aug.
Aug 4 Jun
Jun. 25 Sacramento,
Sacramento CA Nov. 4-9 Novv. 10 Oct.
Oct 1
Charlotte, NC Auug. 5-10 Aug. 11 Jul. 2 Dallas, TX Nov. 4-9 Novv. 10 Oct. 1
Dallas, TX Auug. 12-17 Aug. 18 Jul. 9 Charlotte, NC Nov. 11-16 Novv. 17 Oct. 8
San Diego, CA Auug. 12-17 Aug. 18 Jul. 9 Reno, NV Nov. 25-30 Decc. 1 Oct. 22
Salt Lake City, UT Auug. 12-17 Aug. 18 Jul. 9 Orlando, FL Nov. 25-30 Decc. 1 Oct. 22
Minneapolis, MN Auug. 19-24 Aug. 25 Jul. 9 Houston, TX Dec. 2-7 Decc. 8 Oct. 29
Miami, FL Auug. 19-24 Aug. 25 Jul. 9 Los Angeles, CA Dec. 2-7 Decc. 8 Oct. 29
San Francisco, CA Auug. 26-31 Sep. 1 Jul. 23 Richmond, VA Dec. 9-14 Decc. 15 Nov. 5
Beaumont,, TX Auug.
g 26-31 Sep.
p 1 Jul. 23 Miami,, FL Dec. 9-14 Decc. 15 Nov. 5
Nashville, TN Seep. 9-14 Sep. 15 Aug. 6

For a complete listing please visit aws.oorgg/cw


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