Waste Water Treatment

IF THERE IS MAGIC ON THE PLANET ,
IT IS CONTAINED IN THE WATER.
- Loren Eisley
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WATER . . . .
WATER is the hub of life.

Water is its matter and matrix, mother and medium
Water is the most extraordinary substance!
Practically all its properties are anomalous,
which enabled life to use it as building material for
its machinery.
Life is water dancing to the tunes of solids.
- Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

The good rain , like the bad preacher,
does not know when to leave off.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson

VADODARA . . . .
Vadodara, earlier known as Baroda was established

by Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekwad.
The city is divided by the River Vishwamitri in two
parts. The eastern bank of the river houses the old
city, which includes the old fortified city of Vadodara.
This part of the city is characterized by packed
bazaars, places of worship etc.
Development in the west side began during the
Colonial Era. Vadodara gradually became famous as
the cultural and educational capital of Gujarat.

FACTSANDFIGURES . . . .
LOCATION
Latitude - 22º30‘ North

Longitude - 73º20‘ East
Elevation – 39 m
TEMPERATURE
Summer Max 36ºC

Min 23º C
Winter Max : 30ºC
Min : 15ºC
AVERAGE RAINFALL
93.9 cm From the South West Monsoon

Infrequent Torrential Rain.
CLIMATE :
Humid climate = mid -June to mid-September.

Hot Dry climate = March – June , September - November
Moderate climate = December to March.
SOIL TYPE:
‘Goradu’ soil. - Alluvial ,

Texture : Loamy Sand.
PH lvl : 7.7. (alkaline)
RAINFALL IN VADODARA
RIVERS FLOWING THROUGH THE REGION
Narmada (15 km from site )

Mahi ( 45 km from site)
Vishwamitri (12 km from site)
Dhadhar (.05 km from site)
Jambuva (1.5 km from site)
Seismic Zone :
Zone III
RAINFALL RECORD OF VADODARA FROM 1985-2002 ( in mm)

SITE . . . .
Village Itola falls in the taluka Por ,which is the

largest industrial setup in the city with a population
of 5000. Village Itola is relatively untouched by
industrialization . There are few setups which cater
to the agro based needs like fodder factory.
Agriculture is the primary occupation over here.
Tobacco , jowar and castor are the chief crops.
VADODARA
NH 8
ITOLA
VILLAGE
SITE
NH 8
TOWARDS
TOWARDS MUMBAI
MUMBAI
The site is 35km from the Vadodara city. River Dhadhar

is situated 50mts away from the site. There is a railway
track near it. Village Itola is at a higher level than the
site.

River Dhadhar is a small perennial river . The main
source of water is rainfall and the distribution of water
through canals from Sardar Sarovar Dam on the
River Narmada.The river flows in full flow from July to
January, but gradually dries out in the summer months.
KEY PLAN
SITE
The water is sweet and hence
used for Agricultural and Domestic
needs. Industrial use and discharge
are strictly prohibited. The river
N boasts of a rich aquatic life including
NOT TO SCALE fishes, turtles, crocodiles, aquatic
vegetation etc.
TRAIN
FACTORY
ROAD
VILLAGE
FACTORY
RIVER SLOPES TOWARDS

THE RIVER
Since the site lies in the path of natural

hydrological slope, it is prone to receive
lot of storm water ,hence top soil erosion ,
water stagnation are the main problems
SCHEMATIC SECTIONS THROUGH THE RIVER AND THE RAILWAY LINE SHOWING THE NATURAL
GROUND SLOPE .

SITE STUDY. . . .
AREA STATEMENT
Towards
TOTAL SITE AREA : 30,000 sq.m MANGO CULTIVATION : 5100 sq.m MUMBAI
TOTAL BUILT UP AREA: 1290 sq.m CASTOR CULTIVATION : 3600 sq.m
LEGEND
Factory structure
Mango trees
Castor cultivation
Existing borewell
9 m wide
access road
to the site
Towards
AGRICULTURAL LAND VADODARA
NOT TO SCALE

FACTORYLAYOUT . . . .
NOT TO SCALE
ENTRY
LEGEND
Office
Lab
Store
Packing
Production
Toilet
SCHEMATIC SECTIONS

FACTORYDETAILS . . . .
Storage of Raw Material Dough Making
Cooling and Finishing of Biscuits Molding and Baking
Cream Machine Packing
The processes involved in the manufacturing of

biscuits in the factory do not produce large amount
of wastes. Finished Product

FACTSANDFIGURES . . . .
AREA STATEMENT
TOTAL SITE AREA : 30,000 sq.m

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA : 1290 sq.m
PAVED + ROAD AREA :
AGRICULTURAL LAND :
TOTAL RAINFALL :
93.9 cm from South West Monsoon
SOIL TYPE :
GORADU soil , alluvial in nature .

PROPERTIES : Texture is loamy .
Organic carbon - low ( 0.36 % )
Nitrogen - low ( 0.031 % )
Available Phosphorous -medium ( 540.18 kg / ha)
Sulphur-medium ( 450 .0 kg / ha )
Slightly alkaline having pH 7.7 .
Soil is deep enough to respond well to manuring and variety of crops of the tropical and
sub- tropical regions cab grow here.
ROCK TYPE :
Dolerites , basalt
Diorites and other acidic derivatives of Basaltic sagea
WATER DEMAND :
1200 liters / day in factory .
SOURCE OF WATER :
Under ground water . Water table depth - 90 mts.
WASTE DISCHARGE COMPOSITION :
Easily bio- digestable waste - animal fat ,starch , flour
EXISTING CROPS :
Castor , Mango

ISSUES . . . .
. . . RAIN WATER HARVESTING

- FROM THE ROOF.
- FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND.
. . . USAGE OF GREY WATER FROM THE FACTORY
. . . PREVENTION OF TOP SOIL EROSION
. . . COMMUNITY INTERACTION SPACE

RAINWATERHARVESTING . . . .
“Capture the rain water, store and use it ”.

Collect the rain water falling on house tops, collection ponds, lakes,
open areas with natural grading.
Rain water is generally pure except when it becomes acid rain due
to industrial pollution.
Benefits of rainwater harvesting :
· It increases water availability.

· It checks the declining water table.
· An ideal cost effective solution to meet water crisis.
· It improves the quality of groundwater through dilution, mainly of fluoride, nitrate, and
reduces salinity.
· It prevents soil erosion and water logging in low lying areas.
Total Rain Water
Run off water entering

site due to Natural gradient.
Run off from Rain Water from Rain water from

outside site Plot Built Area.
3802950 1212600
Muddy water rich in top soil and Sedimentation

Sedimentation
other waste, Filtration
Ground water
Agriculture Use in factory
Recharge
4,38,000

Rain water harvesting potential = Rainfall in mm X Collection efficiency - FROM ROOF
Annual rainfall at the site = 939.9 mm

Area of roof catchment = 1290 sq.m
Height of rainfall = 0.939 m = 0.94 m ( approx)
Volume of rain from roof = Area of roof X Height of rainfall
= 1290 X 0.94
= 1212.6 cu.m
Rainwater endowment = 1212600 litres
Co-efficient for roof = 0.85

Co-efficient for evaporation, spillage, first flush wastage = 0.8
Effectively harvested water quantity = Rainwater endowment

X Coefficient of roof
X Coefficient for
evaporation
= 1212600 X 0.85 X 0.8
= 824568 litres
say 824570 litres
Volume of water required at factory, = 1200 litres/day X 365 days

currently = 4,38,000 litres/ annum
= 438.00 cu.m
say 440 cu.m ( approx)
CONCEPTUAL IDEAS -
The water requirement in the factory is 440 cu.m .
Hence we propose to purify only 500 cu.m of the
rain water obtained from terrace.
The water requirement for the factory is of POTABLE
WATER . There are 3 EXISTING TANKS, which shall be
used for preliminary COLLECTION, SEDIMENTATION AND
FILTRATION. LIME IN EARTHEN POTS will be used to
deter any organic growth.

- FROM SITE AND RUN OFF WATER FROM HIGHER PLAINS
Since the site is at lower level , rain water from the higher
plains ( village ) flows through the site causing water
logging, top soil erosion, harming the crops and structures
present. Channelizing that water is vital.
The volume of water entering into the site is high. This

water will be channelized from the field through dikes
to a collection tank .
Finger dikes
BUILT STRUCTURE
PRE FABRICATED ROAD SECTION
NATURAL DEPRESSION
KHADIN SYSTEM : 1 = Catchment area

2 = Khadin bed
The rain water follows the natural hydrology and 3 = Earthen bund
4 = Spillway
flows to a lower level without any external aid. This 5 = Pipe sluice
water at the lower level can be easily collected and
stored. The volume of water collected shall depend
on the catchment area and the capacity of the
storage pond.
Because of surface runoff , good earth/top soil

erodes. Simple techniques can be used to conserve
top soil, de-stilting and regular maintenance
of the system are essential.
"Water collection", graded bunds or furrows are

used for diverting runoff from agricultural fields,
village and waste lands to tanks situated at a
lower level. This water will be used for
supplementing irrigation in the dry periods.

USAGE OFGREYWATERFROM FACTORY . . . .
Vermi-
Culture
Pit
Soak Pit
Sources of Grey Water
Waste from the factory :

Organic waste from productions area
Toilet waste.
Waste from the Factory is Bio Degradeable.

Hence this waste rich in Organic matter, can
be easily converted to Manure, with the help
of Earth Worms. Soak Pits and Vermi - culture
Pits are ideal for this purpose.
VERMICULTURE . . . This is a simple technique where

Special type of Earth Worms are used to produce
COMPOST , an ideal manure for Horticulture.
Earth Worms break / digest the organic matter
into simpler form, hence the nutrients can be easily
used by the plants.

USAGE OFGREYWATERFROM FACTORY . . . .
Waste from the factory :
The production waste water is high is B O D ( > 100 )

(Biological Oxygen Demand), Fat, oil and Grease is
also high. C O D (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is low.
Average water : 400 lt / day
Most environment Friendly options :
1: E. T. P using EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM .

OR cow dung, Urea and Phosphates.
Effluent Inlet Plants Clean Water

for Irrigation
2: REED BED , PLANT FILTERS.

The waste water is passed through a sand bed
which contains plant species such as bamboo,
canna and reeds. The roots of these plants utilize
the nutrients present in waste water thus
reducing the BOD and COD Levels.

PREVENTIONOFTOPSOILEROSION . . . .
CONTINUOUS CONTOUR TRENCHING (CCT) :
Construction of trenches on slope contours to detain

water and sediment transported by water or gravity
Downslope are generally constructed with light
equipment.
These are also known as contour terraces or contour
furrowing,stacked or placed to form an erosion
resistant structure.
Creating BUNDS deters top soil erosion where
there is natural gradient. In case of absence of
the natural gradient, L shaped barricades need
to be constructed .
This will help

filtering the
storm water.
The best solution to prevent soil

erosion is to cultivate perennia
trees that helps in retaining the
soil.
Along with the existing mango trees and castor fields,we

propose to plant guava and chikoo trees.
GAUVA plants are generally grown under rainfed conditions
and the plants hardly require any irrigation during the
rainy season. It adapts to a variety of soils and climatic
conditions. Also it is responsive to the application of
organic fertilizer.
CHIKOO plant does not demand too much water. Irrigation
after a gap of 10 to 15 days in this season is sufficient. It is
also not fussy when it comes to soil type. It can be grown
under rain-fed conditions too.

COMMUNITY INTERACTIONSPACE . . . .
Water has always been an important element in

daily fabric of a communtiy.
KHADINS. . NADIS . . BAOLIS . . STEPWELLS . . GHATS . .
Systems of water harvesting and water

conveyance structures are not just utilitarian in
nature , but also an integral part of our community
interaction spaces.
Such set-ups are declining and deteriorating these days.
We propose to inculcate the same spirit of social

interaction using water as a key ingredient.
Tanks , Ghats , Kunds may not replace tap water but

can redefine community spaces in today’s rural setup.

PROPOSAL . . . .
NOT TO SCALE
D-3
NATURAL Towards
DEPRESSION MUMBAI
D-2
D-1
LEGEND 1 :
D-1 : ROAD SECTION
D-2 : CHECK DAM
D-3 : NATURAL DEPRESSION
Water Reharvesting and Site Development has 7 basic Parts : D-4 : COLLECTION CHAMBER
1. Horticulture : Chikoo, Guvava plantation proposed . LEGEND 2 :

2. Water collection and recharge tanks. GUAVA
3. Continuous Contour Trenching. CHIKOO
4. Check Dams.
CASTOR
5. Vermi- Compost.
6. Trenches and Slopes. RECHARGE SYSTEMS
7. Man made Pond in the natural depressions. CHECK DAM

DETAILS . . . .
D-1 : ROAD SECTION
9 m wide road
Pre - cast hollow concrete block can be used to channelize the 30 cm outlet pipe to
storm water, which can be redirected towards the collection the collection chamber
chamber and used for the cultivation.
D-2 : CHECK DAM
Masonry check dam along the bank of the river. The flood water is diverted from its natural
channel by dams or barrages and led to the agricultural fields .Provision of steps reduces the
velocity of the storm water as well as act a venue for socializing.
D-3 : NATURAL DEPRESSION

A framework supporting lime/ sedimentary
material which deters organic growth
R.C.C retaining wall constructed or pile of sand bags kept at the Recharge wells serving
natural depression near the bank of the river ,thus forming a the ground aquifer.
storage tank. Excess water can over flow into the river during
monsoons.
D-4 : COLLECTION CHAMBER
Recharge pits filled with gravel help

Collection chamber
in ground water recharge. The
Low permeability
permeable material below the top soil
material
also helps in filtration. Since the man
made pond lining is of a permeable Permeable
material, ground water recharge is material
easily feasible. Water table

WATERHARVESTING SYSTEM . . . .
CONCRETE TRENCH
TRENCHES TO COLLECT
RAIN WATER FROM SEDIMENTATION TANK
HIGHER PLAINS
Inlet
Outlet
SEDIMENTATION
TANK
STILTING CHAMBER
Outlet
Inlet
STILTING Slurry
CHAMBER Outlet
COLLECTION CHAMBER
AND GROUND WATER
RECHARGE WELLS.
COLLECTION
CHAMBER
GROUND WATER RECHARGE WELL
COLLECTION CHAMBER
Steps
Inlet
Recharge wells

SECTIONS . . . .
SECTION 1
NATURAL DEPRESSION
RIVER
RECHARGE WELLS
FACTORY
9 M WIDE ROAD
SEDIMENTATION TANK
COLLECTION TANK
CHIKOO PLANTATION

SECTIONS . . . .
SECTION 2
RAILWAY TRACK
FACTORY
TRENCH
GUAVA PLANTATION MANGO PLANTATION
COLLECTION CHAMBER AND

GROUND RECHARGE WELL

OBJECTIVES . . . .
Vadodara does not face major water shortage problem. But the scarcity of this vital resource
is felt stronger every year. Like all with important resource, Resource management is
important.
With these proposal we plan to optimize the use of rain water as well as waste water.

DETAILS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
. . . .. . . .
BOOKS :
- Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation - Govt. Of India
- Manual of water Harvesting - GSFC
- Water Supply and Waste Water Engineering - B S N Raju
- Dying Wisdom - Anil Agarwal , Sunita Narain
- System Wide Initiative on Water Management - ICARDA
- Papers from - Central Ground Water Board , Ministry of Water Resources
- A water Harvesting Manual - CSE
WEB-SITES :
- www.globalrainwaterharvesting.com
- www.barefootcollege.org
- www.rainwaterharvesting.org

11.72
10.35
11.72
10.35
26.05
16.13
18.16

10.4
2.5
Water inlet
Water outlet
Sedimentation Tank
300 cu.m

10.4
Water outlet
Water inlet
4.5
Deposits
De Stilting Tank
550 cu.m

Water In-Let
7.3
5
17
Collection Tank
2200 cu.m
Ground water Re Charge Well
10300 cu.m
26.6
22.18
Pipes, recharge ground water

Waste Water Treatment

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IF THERE IS MAGIC ON THE PLANET ,

IT IS CONTAINED IN THE WATER.

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WATER is the hub of life.

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- Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Vadodara, earlier known as Baroda was established

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Latitude - 22º30‘ North

Summer Max 36ºC

93.9 cm From the South West Monsoon

Humid climate = mid -June to mid-September.

‘Goradu’ soil. - Alluvial ,

RIVERS FLOWING THROUGH THE REGION

Narmada (15 km from site )

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Village Itola falls in the taluka Por ,which is the

The site is 35km from the Vadodara city. River Dhadhar

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RIVER SLOPES TOWARDS

Since the site lies in the path of natural

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Storage of Raw Material Dough Making

Cooling and Finishing of Biscuits Molding and Baking

Cream Machine Packing

The processes involved in the manufacturing of

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

TOTAL SITE AREA : 30,000 sq.m

93.9 cm from South West Monsoon

GORADU soil , alluvial in nature .

1200 liters / day in factory .

Under ground water . Water table depth - 90 mts.

WASTE DISCHARGE COMPOSITION :

Easily bio- digestable waste - animal fat ,starch , flour

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. . . RAIN WATER HARVESTING

. . . USAGE OF GREY WATER FROM THE FACTORY

. . . PREVENTION OF TOP SOIL EROSION

. . . COMMUNITY INTERACTION SPACE

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“Capture the rain water, store and use it ”.

Benefits of rainwater harvesting :

· It increases water availability.

Total Rain Water

Run off water entering

Run off from Rain Water from Rain water from

Muddy water rich in top soil and Sedimentation

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Annual rainfall at the site = 939.9 mm

Co-efficient for roof = 0.85

Effectively harvested water quantity = Rainwater endowment

Volume of water required at factory, = 1200 litres/day X 365 days

PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

The volume of water entering into the site is high. This

KHADIN SYSTEM : 1 = Catchment area

Because of surface runoff , good earth/top soil

"Water collection", graded bunds or furrows are

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Sources of Grey Water

Waste from the factory :