QUESTION,

Explain the principles and challenges for using power point presentation,
chalk board, television and radio in teaching.
 Power point presentations, chalkboard, radio and television are the necessary Medias
used in teaching and learning. During class presentation it is necessary to use among the
above tools in facilitating teaching and learning. The choice of the media depends on the
extent of challenges facing it. The following are the principles and challenges of the above
mentioned Medias.

The radio is a box like equipment involved in communication systems includes a

transmitter and a receiver

The following are the principles for using radio in teaching and learning in schools and
colleges.

It should involve use of simple and clear language with moderate speed of delivery in
order to attain the objectives intended the use of simple language that listeners will
understand easy and with moderate speed. Balogun, T.A. and Abimbade, A. (2002)

It should supplement with what taught by the teacher. What is presented should
supplement what the teacher has taught.

Tune the radio to the station before the schedule time all pupils should be able to hear
. Prepare early the station before the time period start so as to avoid interference.

Make sure the environments are conducive so that learners to understand and hear
what is presented. The environment includes settings of the room where learners meet.
Balogun, T.A. and Abimbade, A. (2002)

There are some challenges facing radio due to the use of it as a presentation method in the
class as follows;

Time for broadcasting may not fit with the school time table, for example the school
time table shows that the period is at morning but the broadcasting time is at noon, this is a
challenge facing the use of radio in teaching and learning.

It is selective method of presentation to some people, especially those who have

hearing problem will not be able to hear what is presented at the time and lead them to fail to
participate in that presentation. Also may lead them to feel bad as they are not part of the
students due to the use of the method which favors few students at their class.

Lack of skilled professionals who can produce high quality radio programs, many of
the people who conducting radio programs do not have a great knowledge on the specified
lessons and becomes harder for the learners to ask questions since there is no chance for them
to ask questions.

No room for questions and participation method, during presentation learners have no
chance to ask questions since they listen what is taught through the radio and fail to
participate by exchanging ideas of what is taught. The participatory method is not applied
during teaching hours because the one who presenting the lesson is not the one who is in the
class.
Television ; is a device shaped like a box with a screen that receive electrical signal and
change them into moving image and sound, the method or business of sending images and
sound by electrical signal.

Breadth and depth: considering the total development of the children and the time
constraints, attention needs to be given to maintain a good balance in the curriculum in terms
of breadth and depth when making adaptation or when designing learning material for the
children. Neither of these elements in the curriculum should be emphasized to the inclusion
of the other.

Continuity: change in levels, particularly from the primary to the secondary, change in
schools and change of teacher may possibly leave gaps in the children knowledge, which are
often obstacle to progress in learning. To ensure continuity, the teacher needs to identify
these possible gaps in individual children through assessment and take remedial action to
bridge these gaps without however, neglecting the general progress in the whole class.

Previously knowledge: learning is often easily and more effective when built upon
previously knowledge. It is therefore important that the teacher should identify the previously
knowledge of individual children in the specific subject and establish their baseline. Plans as
what learning material and teaching approach to use can then be formulated. This will not
only ridge possible gas in children knowledge but also avoid unnecessary overlapping of
learning materials.

Individual difference: Through basically school and classes for hearing the impaired
children are encouraged to follow the mainstream curriculum with adaptation s.
Consideration needs to be given to individual difference in the children in terms of ability and
interest so that individual learning material can be designed.

The challenges of using television in teaching and learning are.

Getting an operational license for the television may be a little bit difficult for
institution of higher learning as it is the case in Nigeria presently.
Occurrence of wastage of time In case of technical problems, when the technical
problems occur there will occur a problem of wastage of time. Adeyanju, R.J. (1999)
Unless care is taken during the preparation and presentation of the programme, the
Teacher may not be adequately and functionally integrated. This maybe experienced in a
situation where production is to be handled mainly by few professional broadcasters.
It is one way communication, when using television in teaching and learning process,
there is no feedback which can be used to assess and evaluate the understanding of the
learners concerning the lesson taught.

Lack of personal contact and interaction, students do not have personal contact with
the presenter or teacher, after the television lesson the teacher can form group discussion to
discuss again.
 PowerPoint presentation refers to visual media that involves using PowerPoint
program in teaching and learning, and in businesses. Managers, financial analysts, or
university professors, are very likely to suffer through frequent PowerPoint presentations.
PowerPoint presentations are seen everywhere— not only at meetings but also online. Slides
for PowerPoint presentation should be clear, simple, and capable of being seen and
understood from all parts of the classroom in which it is being projected.

The following are principles of using PowerPoint presentation in teaching and

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The Principle of Relevance, Communication is most effective when neither too much
nor too little information is presented. The presenter must be able to organize information
into concepts or narratives, specifically from known to unknown or from simple to complex.
So, before beginning to prepare your presentation, you need to decide what message you
want to convey; only after you have made this decision you can determine what information
to include. This principle also considers the level of the audiences before presenting a given
content that will be relevant to them.

The Principle of Appropriate Knowledge, Communication requires prior knowledge

of relevant concepts, and symbols. After you have decided what to say, you need to
determine how to say it. You will communicate effectively only if you make uses of what the
audience members already know. As a general rule, the audience will understand a new idea
most easily if it is presented as growing out of a familiar one. The good flow of the presented
materials makes easy understanding of the contents being presented. Therefore prior
knowledge should be considered before presentation.

The Principle of Salience, Salience is crucial for directing and holding attention.
Attention is drawn to large perceptible differences. During PowerPoint presentation
important issues should be given priorities since the slides must be in a simple form, short
and direct those main intentions of presenter must appear in unique way to attract attention.
This principle intends to make meaningful presentations when any presenter is preparing
presentation to consider important matters first. Attention of the audiences should be well
captured to make the presentation successful.

The Principle of Discriminability, Two properties must differ by a large enough

proportion or they will not be distinguished. PowerPoint presentation must be organized in
the way that one concept can well be distinguished from the other and if possible different
colors should be used. Otherwise problem appears, for example when words are too small for
us to distinguish the individual letters. Similarly, consider again those decorations and
elaborate backgrounds. These backgrounds can make reading text the visual equivalent of
sorting wheat from chaff, and can turn your slide into a puzzle to be solved.

The Principle of Perceptual Organization, People automatically group elements into

units, which they then attend to and remember. This principle is concern with the
arrangement of the contents that are to be presented. For effective presentation the slides
should be arranged in the form that elements of the content are ease and simple to remember.
The arrangement most of the time determine whether the audience to perceives contents to be
simple or difficult. A presenter can direct audience’s attention in part by how she/he arranges
the material on the slide; viewers will consider together material that is organized into a
single group.

The Principle of Compatibility, A message is easiest to understand if its form is

compatible with its meaning. . Our mental processes tend to make a direct connection
between the properties of what we see and hear, and the content of the message being
conveyed. In other words, we infer content from form. The admonition not to judge a book
by its cover is necessary precisely because we have this tendency. During the presentation the
messages should be well explained in the easiest form and additional explanation can be
given when it noticed that the concept is not well understood making the audiences more
familiar on the matter concern.

The Principle of Informative Changes, People expect changes in properties to carry

information. The audiences expect changes during presentation times this helps and rescue
them from inconveniences of getting bored and feeling tired when the presenter changes
positions, use body language and change sounds this motivate audiences and make them
more active during presentation on the other side when the presenter fail even to capture the
audience’s attention they will feel bored and some fall asleep. Therefore when preparing
presentation all these factors should be put into consideration for it to be effective.

The Principle of Capacity Limitations, People have a limited capacity to retain and to
process information, and so will not understand a message if too much information must be
retained or processed. This principle has two parts, Memory Limitations and Processing
Limitations. PowerPoint presentation must also adhere to this principle which is concern with
ability to retain materials and ability to process them. This means that during presentation the
presenter must be straight to the point, the reason behind is to ensure that not too much
information is presented.

The following are the challenges that face the PowerPoint presentation, Aremu, G.B.
(1994):

PowerPoint presentations lack flexibility. Using the PowerPoint program, you can
create, format and edit slides before a presentation. However, you cannot edit or change the
contents and the format of the slides during a presentation. If a slide contains an error, you
cannot edit it right away without exiting the PowerPoint show. An error made before a report
cannot be rectified during the presentation. Any error could be prevented by carefully
proofreading the slides before making the presentation.

Boredom and fatigue, Students and teachers have tendencies to induce “Death by
PowerPoint.” The term refers to state of boredom and fatigue brought about by too much
information placed on the slides. Too much information on slides is counterproductive.
Though it may save time, placing too much information on slides would reduce the ability of
the audience to retain the message conveyed by the report. To prevent this, the presenter
should place only the important details and use bullet points.

Very expensive, you must be aware that a successful PowerPoint presentation has various
requirements such as computer, electricity, speakers and some other so whether you are
planning of giving presentation for a small, medium or large audience, you must note that
breakdown in any of these sources may ruin your presentation completely.

Audience distraction, Since PowerPoint presentation tool gives you the liberty to use
various graphics, animations, background pictures and visuals so it could possibly distract
your audience and leave your audience unsatisfied. But because the primary purpose of
giving a presentation is to take out the major details and message in front of the students, so
you must know what to use and how much.

PowerPoint presentations may negatively affect the value of the report, there are
students who get too lazy and just read the text as indicated in the slides. The slides are not
the source of the report, but rather the reporter or the presenter. The slides are just
presentation props that add value and style to the report. It is the reporter or the presenter who
brings the all-important substance to the report.

Time consuming, organising and preparing data into power point slides takes much
time compared to the using of Microsoft word which does not require excess procedures like
those required in preparing power points.

Blackboard or Chalkboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or drawings are made
with sticks of calcium sulphate known, when used for this purpose as chalk. Chalkboard was
originally made of smooth then sheets of black or dark grey slate stone. Modern versions are
often green or brown and are thus sometimes called a green board or brown board. Adeyanju,
R.J. (1999)

So Generally Chalk Board or Blackboard is the mostly commonly available visual media. It
cheapest and most useful aid requiring a minimum expertise

According to Adeyanju, R.J. (1999), the following are principles of Using Black Board in
teaching and learning.

Plan careful how will you use the blackboard and what will you write on it. In
planning how to use the Board divide the board into three parts write Main Topic at the
centre, and underline, Write subtopic on the left and date on the write top of the board.
 Hold A chalk At Approximately 45 degree angle, this will enable student to see well
what is being written by a teacher on a board.

Use good quality chalk and press it hard against the board If it squeak break it into
piece or replace it by another. With age, use of certain types of chalk, and or improper
cleaning practice boards can become cloudy as they retain chalk dust

Write legibly and neatly, what is being written by a teacher should be in a neat
manner to enable the learners understand the content

Maintain the flow of talk as you are writing but do not speak to the board, what is
being written on a board should be explained by talking.

When writing avoid talking with your back to the students look frequently at the
audience for eye contact, the teacher should face the students when he or she want to talk to
them.

Don’t stand in front of what u have just written since you can obstruct learners from
seeing and deny them an opportunity to jot down points.

Don’t erase anything especially new material before the students have understand, this
means that allow sufficient time for the audience to copy or absorb the material.

Underline, write in capital or use coloured chalk for drawing special attention to
important points or significant portion of drawing diagrams

The writing should be of uniform style and size not is too large or too small, writings
by the teacher should be similar and uniformity.

Illustration on the board should be in outline not complicated with details, some
drawings or any illustrations should simple relating to what is being written.

The following are the challenges of using chalkboard in teaching and learning.

The chalkboard carries with temporaries material put on the board this means cannot
be saved or made permanent. Material written on the chalk board are easily erased and cannot
last for a while and thus and cannot be used for future references. Adeyanju, R.J. (1999)!!!!

Chalkboards are often fixed in such a way that they are not always at a comfortable
height for all potential users; Chalkboards are not suitable for teachers with different height
example for those short teacher they can reach especially to the top of the blackboard.

Being fixed chalkboard can put restrictions on the use of classroom space and
classroom activities as learners need to be placed where they can see the boards, The
immobility of the chalkboard limits the users freedom to use the classroom the way they
wish. Adeyanju, R.J. (1999)
 Problems can arise for learners who have vision impairments; learners who have
vision problems face a great challenge on using a board. Adeyanju, R.J. (1999)

The chalkboard carries with temporaries material put on the board this means cannot
be saved or made permanent.

All in all the choice of the media to be used by a teacher depends on level of the
learners, availability of the media, costs involved, lesson taught, level of understandability,
level of coverage and distant learning.

Reference,

Adeyanju, R.J. (1999). Basic Concepts in Educational Technology. A handbook for Pre-
service and in-service Teachers in West African Countries, Winneba-Ghana.

Balogun, T.A. and Abimbade, A. (2002): Introduction to Instructional Technology, Ibadan:

Centre for External Studies, University of Ibadan.

Salawu, I.O., Taiwo, S.A. and Aremu, G.B. (1994): Introduction to Educational Technology,

Ibadan: Afolabi Press.

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