Chapter 4 PDF

C H A P T E R 4
Integration
Section 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration . . . . . . . . . 350
Section 4.2 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Section 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Section 4.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . 385
Section 4.5 Integration by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Section 4.6 Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

C H A P T E R 4
Integration
Section 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration
9
1.
d 3

dx x3
d
dx
C 3x3 C 9x4 4
x
2.
d 4 1
dx 1
x C 4x3 2
x x
d 2x2 3
3.
dx 3
d 1 3

x 4x C x2 4 x 2x 2 4.
dx
3x
C
dx 3
d 2 32

x 2x12 C
x2 1
x12 x32
x32
dy dr
5. 3t2 6.
dt d
y t3 C r C
d 3 d
Check: t C
3t2 Check: C

dt d
dy dy
7. x32 8. 2x3
dx dx
2 2x2 1
y x52 C y C 2 C
5 2 x
d 1
d 2 52
Check:
dx 5
x C x32 Check:
dx x 2
C 2x3
Given Rewrite Integrate Simplify
9.
3 x dx
x13 dx
x 43
43
C
3 43
4
x C
10. 1
x2
dx x2 dx
x1
1
C
1
C
x
11. xx
1
dx x32 dx
x12
12
C
2
x
C
12. xx2 3 dx x3 3x dx

x4
4
3
x2
2
C
1 4 3 2
4
x x C
2
13. 1
2x3
dx
2
1 3
x dx
1 x2

2 2
C
1
4x2
C
14. 1
3x2
dx
9
1 2
x dx
1 x1

9 1
C
1
9x
C
350
Section 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration 351
15. x 3 dx
x2
2
3x C 16. 5 x dx 5x
x2
2
C
Check:
d x2
dx 2 3x C x 3 Check:
d
dx x2
5x C 5 x
2
17. 2x 3x 2 dx x 2 x3 C 18. 4x3 6x 2 1 dx x 4 2x 3 x C
d 2 d 4
Check: x x3 C
2x 3x 2 Check: x 2x 3 x C
4x 3 6x 2 1
dx dx
19. 1
x3 2 dx x 4 2x C
4
20. x 3 4x 2 dx
x4
4
2x 2 2x C
Check:
dx 4
d 1 4
x 2x C x3 2 Check:
d x4
dx 4 2x 2 2x C x3 4x 2
21. 2
x32 2x 1 dx x52 x2 x C
5
22. x
1
2x

dx 1
x12 x12 dx
2
Check:
dx 5
d 2 52

x x2 x C x32 2x 1
x32 1 x12

32 2 12
C
2
x32 x12 C
3
Check:
dx 3
d 2 32 1

x x12 C x12 x12
2
1
x
2x
23. 3 x2 dx
x23 dx
x53
53
3
C x53 C
5
24.
4 x3 1 dx
4
x34 1 dx x74 x C
7
Check:
dx 5
d 3 53

x C x23
3 x2 Check:
dx 7
d 4 74

x x C x34 1
4 x3 1
25. 1
x3
dx x3 dx
x2
2
1
C 2C
2x
26. 1
x4
dx x4 dx
x3
3
1
C 3C
3x
Check:
d

1
dx 2x2
1
C 3
x Check:
d

1
dx 3x3
1
C 4
x
27. x2 x 1
x
dx 2 2 2
x32 x12 x12 dx x52 x32 2x12 C x123x2 5x 15 C
5 3 15
x2 x 1
Check:
dx 5
d 2 52 2 32
3
x x 2x12 C x32 x12 x12
x
28. x 2 2x 3
x4
dx x2 2x3 3x4 dx
x1 2x2 3x3
1

2

3
C
1
x
1 1
2 3C
x x
x 2 2x 3
d

1

1 1
Check: 2 3 C x2 2x3 3x4
dx x x x x4
352 Chapter 4 Integration
29. x 13x 2 dx
3x2 x 2 dx 30. 2t2 12 dt 4t4 4t2 1 dt
4 4
1 t5 t3 t C
x3 x2 2x C 5 3
2
Check:
dx
d 3 1 2

x x 2x C 3x2 x 2
2
Check:
d 45 43
dt 5 3
t t t C 4t 4 4t2 1
x 13x 2 2t2 12
31. y2y dy 2
y52 dy y72 C
7
32. 1 3tt2 dt 1 3
t2 3t3 dt t3 t4 C
3 4
Check:
d 2 72
dy 7
y C y52 y2y Check:
d 13 34
dt 3
t t C t2 3t3 1 3tt2
4
33.
dx 1 dx x C 34. 3 dt 3t C
d d
Check: x C 1 Check: 3t C 3
dx dt
35. 2 sin x 3 cos x dx 2 cos x 3 sin x C 36. 1

t 2 sin t dt t3 cos t C
3
Check:
d
dx
2 cos x 3 sin x C 2 sin x 3 cos x Check:
d 13
dt 3
t cos t C t2 sin t
37. 1 csc t cot t dt t csc t C 38. 1

2 sec2 d 3 tan C
3
Check:
d
dt
t csc t C 1 csc t cot t Check:
d 1 3
d 3
tan C 2 sec2
39. sec2 sin d tan cos C 40. sec ytan y sec y dy sec y tan y sec2 y dy
d sec y tan y C
Check: tan cos C sec2 sin
d d
Check: sec y tan y C sec y tan y sec2 y
dy
sec ytan y sec y
41. tan2 y 1 dy sec2 y dy tan y C 42. cos x

1 cos2 x
dx cos x
sin2 x
dx 1
sin x cos
sin x
x
dx
Check:
d
dy
tan y C sec2 y tan2 y 1 csc x cot x dx csc x C
d 1 cos x
Check:
dx
csc x C
csc x cot x
sin x
sin x
cos x

1 cos2 x
43. f x 2 44. fx x 45. fx 1 x2

f x 2x C x2 x3
f x C f x x C
2 3
f )x) 2x 2
y 2
y f ( x) = x + 2 x3
2 f )x) x
5 3
y x3
8 x2 f )x) x 3
4 f ( x) = 2 3
4
3 6
f )x) 2x
f′ 3
4 f′ 2
x
3 2 1 2 3 x
3 2 3
x
1
−4 −2 2 4
f 2
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
y
1 dy
46. fx 47. 2x 1, 1, 1
x2 f′ dx
1
f x C
x
f (x) = − 1x + 1
x
y 2x 1 dx x2 x C
−4 −2 4
1 12 1 C ⇒ C 1
−2 f (x) = − 1x
−4
y x2 x 1
dy
48. 2x 1 2x 2, 3, 2
dx
y 2x 1 dx x2 2x C
2 32 23 C ⇒ C 1
y x2 2x 1
49. (a) Answers will vary. 50. (a) y
5
y
x
−4 4
x
−3 5
−5
−3
dy
x2 1, 1, 3
5
(b)
dy 1 6 dx (−1, 3)
(b) x 1, 4, 2
dx 2
x3 −4 4
2 y xC
x 3
y xC
4 −4 8
13 −5
2 −2
3 1 C
4 3
2 4C
4
1
3 1C
2C 3
x2 7
y x2 C
4 3
x3 7
y x
3 3
dy
cos x, 0, 4
7
51. (a) y (b)
dx
6
y cos x dx sin x C −6 6
−1
x
4 sin0 C ⇒ C 4
−4 3
−2
y sin x 4
dy 1
52. (a) y (b) 2 , x > 0, 1, 3 5
dx x
x1 dx x x1
(1, 3)
1
y 2 dx C C
2 1 x −1 8
x 1 −1
1 7 3 C ⇒ C2
1
1
y 2
x
dy
53. (a) 9 (b) 2 x, 2, 2 (c) 12
dx
−3 3 y 2x dx x 2
C −15 15
−9
2 22 C 4 C ⇒ C 6 −8
y x2 6
54. (a) 20 dy
(b) 2x, 4, 12 (c) 20
dx
y 2x 12
4
dx x 3 2 C
3
0 6
0 0 6
4 4 32 4
12 432 C 8 C C ⇒ C 0
3 3 3 3
4 4
y x 32
3 3
55. fx 4x, f 0 6 56. gx 6x 2, g0 1
f x 4x dx 2x 2 C gx 6x 2 dx 2x3 C
f0 6 202 C ⇒ C 6 g0 1 203 C ⇒ C 1

f x 2x 2 6 gx 2x3 1
57. ht 8t3 5, h1 4 58. fs 6s 8s 3, f 2 3
ht 8t3 5 dt 2t4 5t C f s

6s 8s 3 ds 3s 2 2s 4 C
h1 4 2 5 C ⇒ C 11 f 2 3 322 224 C 12 32 C ⇒ C 23

ht 2t4 5t 11 f s 3s 2 2s 4 23
59. f x 2 60. f x x2

f2 5 f0 6
f 2 10 f 0 3
fx 2 dx 2x C1 fx 1
x 2 dx x3 C1
3
f2 4 C1 5 ⇒ C1 1 f0 0 C1 6 ⇒ C1 6
fx 2x 1 1
fx x3 6

3
f x 2x 1 dx x2 x C2
f 2 6 C2 10 ⇒ C2 4
f x 1 3
3 1
x 6 dx x 4 6x C2
12
f 0 0 0 C2 3 ⇒ C2 3
f x x2 x 4
1 4
f x x 6x 3
12
61. f x x32 62. f x sin x

f4 2 f0 1
f 0 0 f 0 6
fx x32 dx 2x12 C1

2
x
C1 fx sin x dx cos x C1
2 f0 1 C1 1 ⇒ C1 2
f4 C1 2 ⇒ C1 3
2 fx cos x 2
fx
2
x
3 f x cos x 2 dx sin x 2x C2
f x 2x12 3 dx 4x12 3x C2 f 0 0 0 C2 6 ⇒ C2 6

f x sin x 2x 6
f 0 0 0 C2 0 ⇒ C2 0
f x 4x12 3x 4x 3x
63. (a) ht 1.5t 5 dt 0.75t 2 5t C 64.

dP
dt
kt, 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
h0 0 0 C 12 ⇒ C 12
ht 0.75t 5t 12
2
Pt 2
kt12 dt kt32 C
3
P0 0 C 500 ⇒ C 500
(b) h6 0.7562 56 12 69 cm
2
P1 k 500 600 ⇒ k 150
3
2
Pt 150t32 500 100t32 500
3
P7 100732 500 2352 bacteria
65. f 0 4. Graph of f is given.

(a) f4 1.0 (e) f is concave upward when f is increasing on , 1 and
5, . f is concave downward on 1, 5. Points of inflection
(b) No. The slopes of the tangent lines are greater than 2
at x 1, 5.
on 0, 2
. Therefore, f must increase more than 4 units
on 0, 4
. (f) f is a minimum at x 3.
(g) y
(c) No, f 5 < f 4 because f is decreasing on 4, 5
. 6
(d) f is a maximum at x 3.5 because f3.5 0 and the 4
First Derivative Test. 2
x
−2 2 4 6 8
−6
66. Since f is negative on , 0, f is decreasing on 67. at 32 ftsec2

, 0. Since f is positive on 0, , f is increasing
on 0, . f has a relative minimum at 0, 0. Since f is vt 32 dt 32t C1
positive on , , f is increasing on , .
y
v0 60 C1
f′
3
2
st 32t 60 dt 16t 2 60t C2
1 f ′′
x
s0 6 C2
−3 −2 1 2 3
st 16t2 60t 6, Position function
−2
f −3
The ball reaches its maximum height when
vt 32t 60 0
32t 60
t 15
8 seconds.
s 8 16 8 60 8 6 62.25 feet

15 15 15 2
68. f t at 32 ftsec2 69. From Exercise 68, we have:
f0 v0 st 16t2 v0t
f 0 s0 v0
st 32t v0 0 when t time to reach

32
maximum height.
ft vt 32 dt 32t C1
32 1632 32 550

v0 v0 2 v0
f0 0 C1 v0 ⇒ C1 v0 s v0
ft 32t v0
v02 v02

550
64 32
f t st 32t v0 dt 16t2 v0t C2
v02 35,200
f 0 0 0 C2 s0 ⇒ C2 s0
v0 187.617 ftsec
f t 16t 2 v0t s0
70. v0 16 ftsec
s0 64 ft
(a) st 16t2 16t 64 0 (b) vt st 32t 16
16 t 4 0
t2
1 2 17 321 2 17 16

v
1 ± 17
t
2
1617 65.970 ftsec
Choosing the positive value,
1 17
t 2.562 seconds.
2
71. at 9.8 72. From Exercise 71, f t 4.9t2 1800. (Using the

canyon floor as position 0.)
vt 9.8 dt 9.8t C1 f t 0 4.9t2 1800
v0 v0 C1 ⇒ vt 9.8t v0 4.9t2 1800
f t 9.8t v0 dt 4.9t 2 v0t C2 t2

1800
4.9
⇒ t 9.2 sec
f 0 s0 C2 ⇒ f t 4.9t 2 v0t s0
73. From Exercise 71, f t 4.9t2 10t 2. 74. From Exercise 71, f t 4.9t2 v0t 2. If
v t 9.8t 10 0 (Maximum height when v 0.) f t 200 4.9t2 v0t 2,
9.8t 10 then
10 vt 9.8t v0 0
t
9.8
for this t value. Hence, t v09.8 and we solve
f
10
7.1 m
9.8 9.8 2 200
9.8 v0 2 v0
4.9 v0
4.9 v02 v02

2 198
9.8 9.8
4.9 v02 9.8 v02 9.82 198

4.9 v02 9.82 198
v02 3880.8 ⇒ v0 62.3 msec.
75. a 1.6
vt 1.6 dt 1.6t v0 1.6t, since the stone was dropped, v0 0.
st 1.6t dt 0.8t2 s0
s20 0 ⇒ 0.8202 s0 0
s0 320
Thus, the height of the cliff is 320 meters.
vt 1.6t
v20 32 msec
76. v dv GM 1
y2
dy 77. xt t3 6t2 9t 2 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
(a) vt xt 3t 12t 9
2
1 2 GM
v C
2 y 3t2 4t 3 3t 1t 3
When y R, v v0. at vt 6t 12 6t 2
1 2 GM (b) vt > 0 when 0 < t < 1 or 3 < t < 5.
v C
2 0 R
(c) at 6t 2 0 when t 2.
1 GM
C v02
2 R v2 311 3
1 2 GM 1 2 GM
v v0
2 y 2 R
2GM 2GM
v2 v02
y R
v2 v02 2GM 1y R1

1
78. xt t 1t 32 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 79. vt t12 t > 0
t

t3 7t2 15t 9
(a) vt xt 3t2 14t 15 3t 5t 3 xt vt dt 2t12 C
at vt 6t 14 x1 4 21 C ⇒ C 2
(b) vt > 0 when 0 < t <

5
and 3 < t < 5. xt 2t12 2 position function
3
7 1 1
(c) at 6t 14 0 when t . at vt t32 32 acceleration
3 2 2t
v 73 373 573 3 2 32 43

80. (a) at cos t
vt at dt cos t dt sin t C1 sin t since v0 0
f t vt dt sin t dt cos t C2
f 0 3 cos0 C2 1 C2 ⇒ C2 4
f t cos t 4
(b) vt 0 sin t for t k, k 0, 1, 2, . . .
1000 250 t 2 250

81. (a) v0 25 kmhr 25 msec (b) st a t s0 0
3600 36 2 36
1000 800 275 132 250
v13 80 kmhr 80 msec s13 13 189.58 m
3600 36 234 2 36
at a constant acceleration
vt at C
250 250
v0 ⇒ vt at
36 36
800 250
v13 13a
36 36
550
13a
36
550 275
a 1.175 msec2
468 234
82. v0 45 mph 66 ftsec (a) 16.5t 66 44

30 mph 44 ftsec 22
t 1.333
16.5
15 mph 22 ftsec
at a s 16.5
22
73.33 ft
vt at 66
(b) 16.5t 66 22
a
st t2 66t Let s0 0. 44
2 t 2.667
16.5
vt 0 after car moves 132 ft.
66
at 66 0 when t .
s 16.5
44
117.33 ft
a
(c)
ec
ec
c
t/se
ft/s
ft/s

2
66 a 66 66
ph 22 f
66
66
44
s
a 2 a a
h=
h=
0m h=
mp
mp
mp
45
30
15
33
132 when a 16.5. 0 132
2
73.33 117.33
feet feet
at 16.5
It takes 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 45 mph to
vt 16.5t 66
30 mph, 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from 30 mph
st 8.25t 2 66t to 15 mph, and 1.333 seconds to reduce the speed from
15 mph to 0 mph. Each time, less distance is needed to
reach the next speed reduction.
83. Truck: vt 30 (a) s10 3102 300 ft

st 30t Let s0 0. (b) v10 610 60 ftsec 41 mph
Automobile: at 6
vt 6t Let v0 0.
st 3t2 Let s0 0.
At the point where the automobile overtakes the truck:
30t 3t2
0 3t2 30t
0 3tt 10 when t 10 sec.
1 mihr5280 ftmi 22
84. ftsec
3600 sechr 15
(a) (b) V1t 0.1068t2 0.0416t 0.3679
t 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
V2t 0.1208t2 6.7991t 0.0707
V1ftsec 0 3.67 10.27 23.47 42.53 66 95.33
V2ftsec 0 30.8 55.73 74.8 88 93.87 95.33
(c) S1t V1t dt

0.1068 3 0.0416 2
3
t
2
t 0.3679t
S2t V2t dt
0.1208t3 6.7991t2
3

2
0.0707t
In both cases, the constant of integration is 0 because S10 S20 0.
S130 953.5 feet

S230 1970.3 feet
The second car was going faster than the first until the end.
85. at k
vt kt
k
st t2 since v0 s0 0.
2
At the time of lift-off, kt 160 and k2t2 0.7. Since k2t2 0.7,
1.4k t
v k
1.4 1.4
160
k k
1602
1.4k 1602 ⇒ k
1.4
18,285.714 mihr2
7.45 ftsec2.
86. Let the aircrafts be located 10 and 17 miles away from the airport, as indicated in the figure.
vAt kAt 150 vB kB t 250 Airport A B
0 10 17
1 1
sAt kAt2 150t 10 sB kB t2 250t 17
2 2
(a) When aircraft A lands at time tA you have

50
vAtA kA tA 150 100 ⇒ kA
tA
1
sAtA kA tA2 150tA 10 0
2

1 50 2
t 150tA 10
2 tA A
125tA 10
10
tA .
125
—CONTINUED—
86. —CONTINUED—
kA
50
tA
50
125
10
625 ⇒ sAt
625 2
2
t 150t 10
Similarly, when aircraft B lands at time tB you have

135
vBtB kB tB 250 115 ⇒ kB
tB
1
sBtB kB tB2 250tB 17 0
2

1 135 2
t 250tB 17
2 tB B
365
t 17
2 B
34
tB hr .
365
kB
135
tB
135
34
365

49,275
34
⇒ sBt
49,275 2
68
t 250t 17
(b) 28,025 2
20
(c) d sBt sAt t 100t 7
68
Yes, d < 3 for t > 0.0505 hr.
sB
20
sA
0 0.1
0
d
3
0 0.1
0
87. True 88. True 89. True 90. True
91. False. For example,

x x dx

x dx x dx because
x3
3
C
x2
2
C1 x2 C .
2
2
92. False. f has an infinite number of antiderivatives, each 93. f x 2x

differing by a constant.
fx x 2 C
f2 0 ⇒ 4 C 0 ⇒ C 4
x3
f x 4x C1
3
8 16
f 2 0 ⇒ 8 C1 0 ⇒ C1
3 3
x3 16
Answer: f x 4x
3 3

1, 0 ≤ x < 2 y
94. fx 2 , 2 < x < 3 2
0 , 3 < x ≤ 4 1

x C1, 0 ≤ x < 2 x
1 2 3 4
f x 2x C2 , 2 < x < 3
C3 , 3 < x ≤ 4
f 0 1 ⇒ C1 1
f continuous at x 2 ⇒ 2 1 4 C2 ⇒ C2 5
f continuous at x 3 ⇒ 6 5 C3 1

x 1, 0 ≤ x < 2
f x 2x 5 , 2 ≤ x < 3
1 , 3 ≤ x ≤ 4
95. fx 1,3x, 0 ≤ x < 2

2 ≤ x ≤ 5

x C1, 0 ≤ x < 2
f x 3x2
C2, 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
2
f 1 3 ⇒ 1 C1 3 ⇒ C1 2
f is continuous: Values must agree at x 2:
4 6 C2 ⇒ C2 2

x 2, 0 ≤ x < 2
f x 3x 2
2, 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
2
The left and right hand derivatives at x 2 do not agree. Hence f is not differentiable at x 2.
96.
d
dx
sx
2 cx
2
2sxsx 2cxcx
2sxcx 2cxsx
0
Thus, sx
2 cx
2 k for some constant k. Since, s0 0 and c0 1, k 1.
Therefore, sx
2 cx
2 1.
[Note that sx sin x and cx cos x satisfy these properties.]
97. f x y f xf y gxg y

gx y f xg y gxf y
f 0 0
Note: f x cos x and gx sin x satisfy these conditions
f x y f xf y gxg y Differentiate with respect to y

g x y f xg y gxf y Differentiate with respect to y
Letting y 0, f x f xf 0 gxg0 gxg0
g x f xg 0 gxf0 f xg0
—CONTINUED—
Section 4.2 Area 363
97. —CONTINUED—
Hence, 2 f xfx 2 f xgxg0
2gxgx 2gxf xg0.
Adding, 2 f x fx 2g xgx 0.
Integrating, f x2 gx2 C.
Clearly C 0, for if C 0, then f x2 gx2 ⇒ f x gx 0, which contradicts that f, g are nonconstant.
Now, C f x y2 gx y2 f x f y gxg y2 f xg y gx f y2
f x2f y2 g x2g y2 f x2g y2 gx2f y2
f x2 gx2 f y2 g y2
C2
Thus, C 1 and we have f x2 gx2 1.
Section 4.2 Area

5 5 5
1. 2i 1 2 i 1 21 2 3 4 5 5 35
i1 i1 i1
6 4 1 1 1 1 1 158
2. kk 2 31 42 53 64 50
k3
3. k
k0
2
1
1
2 5 10 17

85
5 1 4
1 1 1 47
4. j 3 4 5 60
j3
5. c c c c c 4c
k1
4
6. i 1
i1
2 i 13 0 8 1 27 4 64 9 125 238
58 3 1 4
9 15 8 4 j 2
1 5 j
7.
i1 3i
8.
i1 1 i
9.
j1
10.
j1
n 2in
1 n
2 n 2i 3
2 n 2i 2
3 n 3i 2
1 n1 i 2
11. 12. 1 1 13. 2 1 14.
n i1 n i1 n n i1 n n i0
2021
2i 2 i 2
20 20 15 15
15.
i1 i1 2
420 16. 2i 3 2 i 315
i1 i1
2 15216 45 195
20 19 10 10 10
17. i 1
i1
2

i1
i 2
18. i
i1
2
1 i
i1
2
1
i1
192039
6
2470 1011621 10 375
15 15 15 15 10 10 10
19. ii 1
i1
2 i
i1
3 2 i
i1
2 i
i1
20. ii
i1
2 1 i
i1
3 i
i1
102112 1011

152162
4
2
151631 1516
6

2

4

2
3080
14,400 2480 120
12,040
21. sum seqx 2 3, x, 1, 20, 1 2930 (TI-82) 22. sum seqx 3 2x, x, 1, 15, 1 14,160 (TI-82)
>
>
20 2020 1220 1 15
15 215 1 2 1515 1
i
i1
2
3
6
320 i
i1
3
2i
4
2
2
202141 152162
60 2930 1516 14,160
6 4
23. S 3 4 2 51 2 16.5 24. S 5 5 4 21 16

9 33
s 1 3 4 1 9
2
25
2 12.5 s 4 4 2 01 10

2 1 55
25. S 3 3 51 11 26. S 5 2 1
3 2 6
s 2 2 31 7

2 1 1 9
s 21 4.5
3 2 3 2
27. S4
14 14
12 14
34 14 114 1 2 8 3 2 0.768
s4 0

1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 3

0.518
4 4 4 2 4 4 4 8
28. S8
14 214
12 214
34 214
1 2 14

54 214
32 214
74 214
2 2 14
1
2
3

1
5
6
7
16 1
2 6.038
4 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
s8 0 2
4
14 2 14
12 2 14 . . .
74 214 5.685
29. S5 1 15 65
1 1
5 75
1 1
5 85
1 1
5 95
1 1
5 51 61 71 81 91 0.746
s5
1 1
65 5

1 1
75 5

1 1
85 5

1 1
95 5

1 1
2 5
1 1 1 1

1
6 7 8 9 10
0.646
15
1 15 15
1 25 15
1 35 15
1 45 15
2 2 2 2
30. S5 1

24
21
16
9

1
51
5

5

5

5
0.859

1 15 15
1 25 15
1 35 15
1 45 15 0 0.659
2 2 2 2
s5
81 n2n 12 n4 2n3 n2

n
81 81 81
31. lim 4 lim 1
n→ 4 4 n→ n4 4 4
64n nn 16 2n 1 2n3 3n2 n

64 64 64
32. lim 3 lim 2
n→ 6 n→ n3 6 3
18 nn 1 n2 n 1 nn 1 n2 n
33. lim
n→
n
2
2

18

lim
2 n→ n2
18
1 9
2 34. lim
n→
n
2 2 1
lim
2 n→ n2 1
1
2
1
2
2i 1 1 nn 1 n2

n 1 n 2
35.
i1 n 2
2
n i1

2i 1 2 2
n 2
n
n
1 Sn
n
12
S10 1.2
10
S100 1.02
S1000 1.002
S10,000 1.0002
4j 3 1 4nn 1 2n 5

n
1 n
36.
j1 n
2 2
n j1
4j 3 2
n 2
3n
n
Sn
25
S10 2.5
10
S100 2.05
S1000 2.005
S10,000 2.0005
6kk 1 6 nn 12n 1 nn 1

n 6 n 2
37.
k1 n 3
3
n k1
k k 3
n 6

2
6 2n2 3n 1 3n 3

1 2
22n2 2 2 2 Sn
n2 6 n n
S10 1.98
S100 1.9998
S1000 1.999998
S10,000 1.99999998
4i2i 1 4 n2n 12 nn 12n 1

n 4 n 3
38.
i1 n 4
4
n i1

i i2 4
n 4

6
4 n3 2n2 n 2n2 3n 1

n3 4

6
1
3n3 6n2 3n 4n2 6n 2
3n3
1
3n3 2n2 3n 2 Sn
3n3
S10 1.056
S100 1.006566
S1000 1.00066567
S10,000 1.000066657
16 nn 1 n n
n lim n i lim n 2 lim 8 n 8 lim 1 n 8
n n 2
16i 16 1
39. lim 2 2 2 2
n→ i1 n→ i1 n→ n→ n→
4 nn 1
n n
n 2i 2 4 n 4 1
40. lim
n→ i1
lim
n→ n2i1
i lim 2
n→ n 2
lim
n→ 2
1
n
2
1 n 1n2n 1

n
1 1 n1 2
n
41. lim i 1
3
2
lim i lim 3
n→ i1 n→ n3 i1 n→ n 6
1 2n3 3n2 n 1 2 3n 1n2
lim
n→ 6 n3 lim
n→ 6 1 31
1 n n
n 2
2i 2 2 n
42. lim
n→ i1
lim
n→
n3i1
n 2i2
n i 4 i
n n n
2
lim 2
4n 2
n→ n3 i1 i1 i1
nn 1 4nn 12n 1

lim
n→
2 3
n3
n 4n
2
6
2 lim
n→ 1 2 n2 34 n2 3n2 2
2 12
4
3

26
3
1 nn 1
1 nn 2 lim n 1 n i 2 lim nn n 2 lim 1 n 2n n 21 21 3
n i 2 1 n 1 n 1 2

43. lim 2
n→ i1 n→ i1 i1 n→ 2 n→
1 n n 2 lim n n 2i

n 2i 3 n
2 1

3
44. lim 4
n→ i1 n→ i1
1 n 3
2 lim
n→ n4 i1
n 6n2i 12ni 2 8i 3
nn 1 nn 12n 1 n2n 12

2 lim
n→
1 4
n4
n 6n2
2
12n 6
8 4
2 lim
n→ 1 3 n3 4 n6 n2 2 n4 n2 2 2
2 lim 10
n→ 13
n
4
2 20
n
20 2
45. (a) y
(b) x
n n
3
Endpoints:
2n < 22n < . . . < n 12n < n2n 2

2
0 < 1
1
x
1 3
—CONTINUED—
45. —CONTINUED—
(c) Since y x is increasing, f mi f xi1 on xi1, xi. (d) f Mi f xi on xi1, xi
n n i n n
n n n n
2i 2 2 2
sn
i1
f xi1 x Sn
i1
f xi x
i1
f
i1

n 2 2 4 n
f
n 2i 2
2n i 12n 2n
n (f) lim
n→ i1
i 1
n n
lim 2 i 1
n→ n i1
i1 n i1
4 nn 1
(e)
x 5 10 50 100
lim
n→ n2 2
n
sn 1.6 1.8 1.96 1.98
lim
n→ 2n n 1 n4 2
Sn 2.4 2.2 2.04 2.02
n n
n 2 2 4 n
n→
lim i
i1
lim
n→ n2 i1
i
lim
n→ n4 nn 2 1
2
2n 1
lim 2
n→ n
31 2
46. (a) y (b) x
n n
4
Endpoints:
3
2 4 2n
2 1 < 1 < 1 <...< 1 3
n n n
1
2 4
x 1 <11 2n < 1 22n < . . . < 1 n 12n < 1 n2n
(c) Since y x is increasing, f mi f xi1 on xi1, xi.
n
sn
i1
f x i1 x
f 1 i 1n n 1 i 1n n

n 2 2 n 2 2

i1 i1
(d) f Mi f xi on [xi1, xi
f x x f 1 in n 1 in n

n n 2 2 n 2 2
Sn i
i1 i1 i1
(e)
x 5 10 50 100
sn 3.6 3.8 3.96 3.98
Sn 4.4 4.2 4.04 4.02
1 i 1n n 2nn n2nn 2 1 n

n 2 2
(f) lim lim
n→ i1 n→
2 2n n 2 n lim 4 n2 4
4
lim
n→ n→
2 nn 1
1 i n n
n
2 2 2
lim lim n
n→ i1 n→ n n 2
lim
n→ 2 2n n 1 lim 4 n2 4
n→
Note: x 1 n 0 1n
y
47. y 2x 3 on 0, 1.
sn f 2 3
n n
i 1 i 1
i1n n n n
i1 2
2 n 2n 1n 1
3
n2i1
i3
2n2
2
n
1
x
1 2 3
Area lim sn 2
n→
Note: x 5 n 2 3n
y
48. y 3x 4 on 2, 5.
12

n
3i 3 10
Sn f 2
i1 n n 8

n 3i 3 3 2 n
3 2 4 18 3 i 12 4
i1 n n n i1 2
27 n 1n

x
27 1
6 6 1 4 6 8 10 12
n2 2 2 n
27 39
Area lim Sn 6
n→ 2 2
Note: x n1
y
49. y x2 2 on 0, 1.
Sn f 2
n n 2 3
i 1 i 1
i1n n n n
i1
nn 12n 1
3
1 n 2
n i1
i 2
6n3
1 3 1
2 2 2 2
6 n n 1
x
1 2 3
7
Area lim Sn
n→ 3
30 3

y
50. y x 2 1 on 0, 3. Note: x
n n 12
10

n n 2
3i 3 3i 3
Sn f 1 8
l1 n n l1 n n 6
n n 4
27 3

n 3 l1
l2
n l1
1 2
x
1 2 3
27 nn 12n 1 3 9 2n2 3n 1
3 n 3
n 6 n 2 n2
9
Area lim Sn 2 3 12
n → 2
2

y
51. y 16 x 2 on 1, 3. Note: x
n 18
2 14

n n
2i 2 2i 2
sn f 1 16 1 12
10
i1 n n i1 n n 8
6

2 n 4i2 4i 4
15 2 2
n i1 n n x
−1 1 2 3
4 nn 12n 1 4 nn 1

2
15n 2
n n 6 n 2
8 4
30 n 12n 1 n 1
6n2 n
8 70 1
Area lim sn 30 4 23
n → 3 3 3
Note: x n1
y
52. y 1 x2 on 1, 1. Find area of region over the interval 0, 1.
3

n n 2
i 1 i 1
sn f 1 2
i1 n n i1 n n
nn 12n 1
1
1 n 2

n3 i1
i 1
6n3
1 3 1
1 2 2
6 n n −2 2
x
−1
1 1 2
Area lim sn 1
2 n→ 3 3
4
Area
3
41 3

y
53. y 64 x3 on 1, 4. Note: x
n n 70
60
3

n 3i 3 n 3i 3 50
sn f 1 64 1 40
i1 n n i1 n n 30
20

3 n 9i 27i3 27i2
63 3 2 10
n i1 n n n −1 1 2 3 5 6
x
27 n2n 12 27 nn 12n 1 9 nn 1

3
63n 3 2
n n 4 n 6 n 2
81 81 27 n 1
189 n 12 2n 12n 1
4n2 6n 2 n
81 27 513
Area lim sn 189 27 128.25
n → 4 2 4
Note: x 1 n 0 1n
y
54. y 2x x3 on 0, 1.
2.0
Since y both increases and decreases on 0, 1, Tn is neither an upper nor lower sum. 1.5

n n 3
i 1 i i 1 1.0
Tn f 2
i1 n n i1 n n n 0.5
nn 1 1 n n 1

n n 2 2
2 1

i 4 i3 4
x
0.5 1.0 2.0
n2 i1 n i1 n2 n 4
1 1 2 1
1
n 4 4n 4n2
1 3
Area lim Tn 1
n→ 4 4
Note: x 1 n1 n2

y
55. y x2 x3 on 1, 1.
Again, Tn is neither an upper nor a lower sum.

2
f 1 n n 1 n 2n

n 2i 2 n 2i 2 2i 3
Tn
1
1
i1 i1 n
x

n 4i 4i2 6i 12i 2 8i3 2 1 1
1 2 1 2 3
i1 n n n n n n
2 n n 1 n i n i
n 10i 16i 2 8i3 2 4 n 20 n 32 n 16 n 3

i1 n
2 3
n n i1
2
i1
3
i1
2

n4 i1
i
4 20 nn 1 32 nn 12n 1 16 n2n 12

n 2
n n
2
3
n
6
4
n
4
4 10 1 1
n

3
16 3 1

2 1
2 2 4 1 2
n n n n
32 2
Area lim Tn 4 10 4
n→ 3 3
Note: x 0 n1 n1

y
56. y x2 x3 on 1, 0.
3
sn f 1 1 1

n n 2 3
i 1 i i 1
2
i1 n n n i1 n n
1
2 n n 1n 2 n5 i n4 i
n 2
5i 4i i3 n n
1 n 3

i1
2
n3 2
i1
3
i1
2

n4 i1
i −2 −1 1 2
x
−1
5 5 4 2 2 1 1 1
2
2 2n 3 n 3n3 4 2n 4n2
5 4 1 7
Area lim sn 2
n→ 2 3 4 12
Note: y 2 n 0 2n
y
57. f y 3y, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
4

n n
2i 2 n 2i 2
Sn
i1
f mi y
i1
f
n n

i1
3
n n 2
nn 1 6n 1
12 n
2
n i1
12
i 2
n 2

n
6
6
n 2 4 6
x
6

2
Area lim Sn lim 6 6
n→ n→ n
42 2

y
1
58. gy y, 2 ≤ y ≤ 4. Note: y
2 n n 5
g2 n n
n 2i 2
Sn 3
i1
2

n
1 2i 2 2 n i
2 1 1
i1 2 n n n i1 n x
1 2 3 4 5
1 nn 1 n1

2
n 2
n n 2 n
Area lim Sn 2 1 3
n →
Note: y 3 n 0 3n
y
59. f y y 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3
6
Sn f
n n 2 n
3i 3 3i 3 27
n
2 4
i 3
i1n n n n i1 i1 2
nn 12n 1 9 2n 3n 1

2
27 27 9 x

n3
6
2
n 2
9
2n 2n2 −2
2 4 6 8 10
−4
Area lim Sn lim 9

n→ n→ 27

9
2n 2n2
9
21 1

y
60. f y 4y y 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2. Note: y
n n 5
f 1 nn
n i 1
Sn 3
i1
2
2

1 n i i
4 1 1 1
n i1 n n x
1 2 3 4 5

1 n 4i 2i i2
4 1 2
n i1 n n n

1 n 2i i2
3 2
n i1 n n
2 nn 1 1 nn 12n 1

1
3n 2
n n 2 n 6
n 1 n 12n 1
3
n 6
1 11
Area lim Sn 3 1
n → 3 3
Note: y 3 n 1 2n
y
61. gy 4y2 y3, 1 ≤ y ≤ 3.
10
8

n
2i 2
Sn g 1
6
i1 n n
2
2 3

n
2i 2i 2 x
4 1 1 −4 −2
−2
i1 n n n
−4

2 n 4i 4i2 6i 12i2 8i3
4 1 2 1 2 3
n i1 n n n n n
10 nn 1 4 nn 12n 1 8 n2n 12

2 n 10i 4i2 8i3 2
3 2 3 3n 2 2
n i1 n n n n n 2 n 6 n 4
8 44
Area lim Sn 6 10 4
n → 3 3

y
1
62. hy y3 1, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 Note: y
n 5
h1 nn
n 4
i 1
Sn 3
i1
2

n 3
i 1
1 1 1
i1 n n x
2 4 6 8 10

1 n i3 3i2 3i
2 3 2
n i1 n n n
1 n2n 12 3 nn 12n 1 3 nn 1

1
2n 3 2
n n 4 n 6 n 2
n 12 1 n 12n 1 3n 1
2
n24 2 n2 2n
1 3 19
Area lim Sn 2 1
n → 4 2 4
63. f x x2 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, n 4 64. f x x2 4x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, n 4

xi xi1 xi xi1
Let ci . Let ci .
2 2
1 1 3 5 7 1 3 5 7
x , c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 x 1, c1 , c2 , c3 , c4
2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
12
n 4 n 4
Area f c x c
i1
i
i1
i
2 3 Area f c x c
i1
i
i1
i
2 4ci1
14 2 94 6 254 10 494 14

1 1 9 25 49
3 3 3 3
2 16 16 16 16

69 53
8

65. f x tan x, 0 ≤ x ≤ ,n4 66. f x sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ ,n4
4 2
xi xi1 xi xi1
Let ci . Let ci .
2 2
3 5 7 3 5 7
x ,c ,c ,c ,c x ,c ,c ,c ,c
16 1 32 2 32 3 32 4 32 8 1 16 2 16 3 16 4 16

tan c 16 f c x sin c 8
n 4 n 4
Area
i1
f ci x
i1
i Area
i1
i
i1
i
3 5 7

16
tan

32
tan
3
32
tan
5
32
tan
7
32
0.345
8sin
16
sin
16
sin
16
sin
16
1.006
67. f x
x on 0, 4.
n 4 8 12 16 20
Approximate area 5.3838 5.3523 5.3439 5.3403 5.3384
Exact value is 163.

8
68. f x on 2, 6.
x2 1
n 4 8 12 16 20
69. f x tan 8x on 1, 3.

n 4 8 12 16 20
70. f x cos

x on 0, 2.
n 4 8 12 16 20
71. y 72. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
(b) A 6 square units (a) A 3 square units
73. We can use the line y x bounded by x a and x b. The sum of the areas of these circumscribed rectangles is the
The sum of the areas of these inscribed rectangles is the upper sum.
lower sum. y
x
a b
x
a b
We can see that the rectangles do not contain all of the area in
the first graph and the rectangles in the second graph cover
more than the area of the region.
The exact value of the area lies between these two sums.
74. See the definition of area. Page 265.

75. (a) y
(b) y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
x x
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Lower sum: Upper sum:

s4 0 4 513 6 1513 46
3 15.333 S4 4 53 6 65 2115 15 21.733
1 2 11 326
(c) y
(d) In each case, x 4n. The lower sum uses left end-
8
points, i 14n. The upper sum uses right endpoints,
6
i4n. The Midpoint Rule uses midpoints, i 12 4n.
4
x
1 2 3 4
Midpoint Rule:
M4 223 445 557 629 6112
315 19.403
(e) n 4 8 20 100 200

sn 15.333 17.368 18.459 18.995 19.06
Sn 21.733 20.568 19.739 19.251 19.188
Mn 19.403 19.201 19.137 19.125 19.125
(f) sn increases because the lower sum approaches the exact value as n increases. Sn decreases because the upper sum
approaches the exact value as n increases. Because of the shape of the graph, the lower sum is always smaller than the
exact value, whereas the upper sum is always larger.
2
y
76. f x sin x, 0,
1.0
f (x) = sin(x) ( π2 , 1)
Let A1 area bounded by f x sin x, the x-axis, x 0 and x 2. Let A2 area of the 0.75
rectangle bounded by y 1, y 0, x 0, and x 2. Thus, A2 21 1.570796.
0.5
In this program, the computer is generating N2 pairs of random points in the rectangle whose
area is represented by A2. It is keeping track of how many of these points, N1, lie in the region 0.25
whose area is represented by A1. Since the points are randomly generated, we assume that x
π π
A1 N1 N1 4 2
⇒ A1 A.
A2 N2 N2 2
The larger N2 is the better the approximation to A1.
77. True. (Theorem 4.2 (2)) 78. True. (Theorem 4.3)
79. Suppose there are n rows and n 1 columns in the figure. The stars on the left total 1 2 . . . n, as do the stars
on the right. There are nn 1 stars in total, hence
21 2 . . . n nn 1
1 2 . . . n 12nn 1.
2
80. (a)
n r
h
(b) sin h
r θ
r
h r sin
1 1 1
A bh rr sin r2 sin
2 2 2
2 2 sin2 n
(c) An n 12r 2 sin
n
r 2n
2
sin
n
r2
2 n
Let x 2 n. As n → , x → 0.
lim An lim r 2
n→ x→0 sinx x r 1 r
2 2
81. (a) y 4.09

105x3 0.016x2 2.67x 452.9 (b) 500
(c) Using the integration capability of a graphing utility,

you obtain
A 76,897.5 ft2. 0 350
0
82. For n odd, For n even,

n 1, 1 row, 1 block n 2, 1 row, 2 block
n 3, 2 rows, 4 blocks n 4, 2 rows, 6 blocks
n 5, 3 rows, 9 blocks n 6, 3 rows, 12 blocks
n1
n 2 1 blocks, n2 2n
2 n
n, rows, n, rows, blocks,
2 2 4
n n
n2n 12
83. (a) 2i nn 1
i1
(b) i
i1
3
4
The formula is true for n 1: 2 11 1 2.
The formula is true for n 1 because
Assume that the formula is true for n k: 121 12 4
13 1.
k 4 4
2i kk 1.
i1 Assume that the formula is true for n k:
k k2k 12
i
k1 k

2i 2i 2k 1
3
Then we have .
i1 4
i1 i1
k1 k
kk 1 2k 1 Then we have i
i1
3 i
i1
3 k 13
k 1k 2
k2k 12
which shows that the formula is true for n k 1. k 13
4
k 12 2
k 4k 1
4
k 12
k 22
4
which shows that the formula is true for n k 1.
84. Assume that the dartboard has corners at ± 1, ± 1. y
A point x, y in the square is closer to the center than the top edge if 1 (x, 1)
x2 y2 ≤ 1 y
(x, y)
x
x 2 y 2 ≤ 1 2y y 2 −1 (0, 0) 1
1
y ≤ 1 x2. −1
2
By symmetry, a point x, y in the square is closer to the center than the
right edge if
1
x ≤ 1 y 2.
2
In the first quadrant, the parabolas y 21 x2 and x 21 y 2 intersect at 2 1, 2 1. There are 8 equal regions
1 1
that make up the total region, as indicated in the figure.

y
( 2 − 1, 2 − 1(
1
(1, 1)
x
−1 1
−1

21

Area of shaded region S
0
12 1 x xdx 2 3 2 65
2
22 5 42 5
Probability
8S
Area square
2
3

6

3

3
Section 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals
3i2 y
1. f x x, y 0, x 0, x 3, ci
n2 3
3i2 3i 12 3 y= x

xi 2 22i 1 2
n n2 n
n
n n 2 1
3i 3

...
lim f ci xi lim 2 2i 1
n → i1 n → i1 n2 x
3 3(2)2 . . . 3(n − 1)2 3
n2 n2 n2
33 n
lim
n → n3 2i
i1
2 i
33 nn 12n 1 nn 1

lim
n → n3
2 6

2
n 13n2n 1
n1
lim 33
n → 2 2n2
33 23 0 23 3.464
Section 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 377
i3
2. f x
3
x, y 0, x 0, x 1, ci
n3
i3 i 13 3i 2 3i 1
xi
n3 n3 n3
n
i 3 3i 2 3i 1

n n
lim
n→ i1 f c x i i lim
n→ i1
3
3
n3
1 n
lim
n→ n4 i1
3i 3 3i 2 i
n2n 12 nn 12n 1 nn 1

lim
1
n→ n 4 3 4
3
6

2

1 3n4 6n3 3n2 2n3 3n2 n n2 n
lim
n→ n4 4

2

2

1 3n4 n3 n2 3 1 1 3
lim lim
n→ n4 4 2 4 n→ 4 2n 4n2 4
3. y 6 on 4, 10 . Note: x 10 n 4 6n, → 0 as n →
f c x f 4 n
n
6 n
n
n n n n
6i 6 6 36 1 n 1
i1
i i
i1 i1 i1

ni1
36 36n 36
n
4
10
6 dx lim 36 36
n→
4. y x on 2, 3 . Note: x 3 n2 n5, → 0 as n →
f c x f 2 n
n
2 n
n
10 n i
n n 5i 5 n 5i 5 25 n
i i 2
i1 i1 i1 i1
10 25n
nn 2 1 10 252 1 n1
25 2n
2
25
3
2
x dx lim
n→ 52 2n
25

25
5. y x3 on 1, 1 . Note: x 1 n1 2n, → 0 as n →
f c x f 1 n
n
1 n
n
1 n 2n
n n 2i 2 n 2i 3 2 n 6i 12i 2 8i 3
i i 3
i1 i1 i1 i1 n2 n
12 n 24 n 2 16 n 3
2 2 i 3
n i1
n i1
i 4
n i1
i
2 6 1 1
n
3 1

2 1
4 2 2 4 1 2
n n n n
2
n

1
1
x3 dx lim
n→
2
n
0
31 2
6. y 3x 2 on 1, 3 . Note: x n
, → 0 as n →
n
f c x f 1 n
n
n n
2i 2
i i
i1 i1
3 1 n
n
n 2
2i 2

i1
6 n 4i 4i2
1 2
ni1 n n
4 nn 1 4 nn 12n 1

6
n 2
n n 2 n 6
n1 n 12n 1
6 12 4
n n2
1
3
3x 2 dx lim
n → 6 12
n 1 4n 12n 1
n

n2
6 12 8 26
7. y x2 1 on 1, 2 . Note: x 2 n 1 1n, → 0 as n →
f c x f 1 n
n
1 n
1n
1 2in ni 1n
n n i 1 n i 2 n 2
i i 1 2
1
i1 i1 i1 i1
2
2 n
2
n i1
1 n 2
i 3
n i1
i 2 1
1
n
1

3 1
2 2
6 n n
10
3
3

1
2n 6n2

1
2
x2 1 dx lim
n→ 103 2n3 6n1
103 2
2 1 3
8. y 3x 2 2 on 1, 2 . Note: x n
; → 0 as n →
n
f 1 n
n
n n 3i 3

i1
f ci xi
i1

2
3 n 3i
3 1 2
ni1 n

3 n 6i 9i2
3 1 2 2
n i1 n n
18 nn 1 27 nn 12n 1

3
n
3n
n 2
2
n 6
2n
27n 1 27 n 12n 1
15
n 2 n2
2
1
3x 2 2dx lim
n →
15 27
n 1 27 n 12n 1
n

2 n2
15 27 27 15
9. lim
→0
i1
n
3ci 10 xi 1
5
3x 10 dx 10. lim
→0
n
i1
6ci4 ci2 xi
4
0
6x4 x2 dx
on the interval 1, 5 . on the interval 0, 4 .

11. lim
→0
i1
n
ci2 4 xi 3
0
x2 4 dx 12. lim
→0 c
x
n
i1
3
i
2 i 1
3
3
x2
dx
on the interval 0, 3 . on the interval 1, 3 .
13. 0
5
3 dx 14.
2
0
4 2x dx 15. 4
4
4 x dx 16. 2
0
x2 dx
17. 2
2
4 x2 dx 18.
1
1
1 x 1
2 dx 19.
0
sin x dx 20. 4
0
tan x dx
21. 0
2
y 3 dy 22. 0
2
y 22 dy 23. Rectangle
A bh 34
A 3
0
4 dx 12
2 Rectangle
x
1 2 3 4 5
24. Rectangle 25. Triangle 26. Triangle

A bh 24a 1 1 1 1
A bh 44 A bh 42
a
2 2 2 2
A
a
4 dx 8a
y
A 4
0
x dx 8 A 0
4
x
2
dx 4
y
y
5
3
4 2
3
Triangle
Triangle
2 Rectangle 1
2
1 x
1 2 3 4
x
−a a −1
x
2 4
27. Trapezoid 28. Triangle 29. Triangle

b1 b2 59
A
2
h
2
2
1 1
A bh 88 32
1
2
1
A bh 21
2
2 2
A 0
2
2x 5 dx 14
A 8
0
8 xdx 32
A 1
1
1 x dx 1
y y
y
9 10
1 Triangle
8
6
6
Trapezoid x
1 1
3 4
2
x
1 2 3 x
2 4 6 8 10
30. Triangle 31. Semicircle 32. Semicircle

1 1 1 1 1
A bh 2aa A r 2 32 A r2
2 2 2 2 2
A a
a
a x dx a2 A
3
3
9 x2 dx
9
2
A
r
r
r 2 x 2 dx
1 2
2
r
y y y
4 Semicircle
r Semicircle
a Triangle
x x x
−a a 4 2 2 4 −r r
−r
In Exercises 33–40, 2
4
x3 dx 60, 4
2
x dx 6, 2
4
dx 2
33. 2
4
x dx
4
2
x dx 6 34. 2
2
x3 dx 0
35. 4
2
4x dx 4
2
4
x dx 46 24 36. 4
2
15 dx 15 2
4
dx 152 30
37. 2
4
x 8 dx 4
2
x dx 8 2
4
dx 6 82 10 38. 4
2
x3 4dx 4
2
x3 dx 4 4
2
dx 60 42 68
39.
4
2
1 3
2
x 3x 2 dx
1
2

2
4
x3 dx 3 4
2
x dx 2
4
2
dx 40. 4
2
6 2x x3dx 6 2
4
dx 2 2
4
x dx 4
2
x3 dx
1 62 26 60 36

60 36 22 16
2
41. (a) 7
0
f x dx
0
5
f x dx 7
5
f x dx 10 3 13 42. (a) 0
6
f x dx 0
3
f x dx 6
3
f x dx 4 1 3
(b) 5
0
f x dx 0
5
f x dx 10 (b) 6
3
f x dx 3
6
f x dx 1 1
(c) 5
5
f x dx 0 (c) 3
3
f x dx 0
(d) 0
5
3f x dx 3 0
5
f x dx 310 30 (d) 3
6
5f x dx 5 3
6
f x dx 51 5
43. (a) 6
2
f x gx dx
2
6
f x dx 2
6
gx dx 44. (a) 0
1
f x dx 1
1
f x dx 0
1
f x dx 0 5 5
10 2 8
(b) 1
f x dx 0
f x dx 5 5 10
(b) 2
6
g x f x dx
2
6
gx dx 6
2
f x dx
(c)
0
1
3f x dx 3
1
1
f x dx 30 0
2 10 12 1 1
(c) 6
2
2gx dx 2 2
6
gx dx 22 4
(d) 0
1
3f x dx 3 0
1
f x dx 35 15
(d) 2
6
3f x dx 3 2
6
f x dx 310 30
45. Lower estimate: 24 12 4 20 362 48 46. (a) 6 8 30(2) 64 left endpoint estimate
Upper estimate: 32 24 12 4 202 88 (b) 8 30 802 236 right endpoint estimate
(c) 0 18 502 136 midpoint estimate
If f is increasing, then (a) is below the actual value and (b)
is above.
47. (a) Quarter circle below x-axis: 14 r 2 14 22

(b) Triangle: 12 bh 12 42 4
(c) Triangle Semicircle below x-axis: 12 21 12 22 1 2
(d) Sum of parts (b) and (c): 4 1 2 3 2
(e) Sum of absolute values of (b) and (c): 4 1 2 5 2
(f) Answer to (d) plus 210 20: 3 2 20 23 2
48. (a) 0
1
f x dx
0
1
f xdx
1
2 2
y
(3, 2) (4, 2)
(b) 3
4
3f (x) dx 32 6
1
(11, 1)

−2 2 4 8 12
7
1 1 1 1 −1
(c) f (x) dx 22 2 22 5 (0, 1)
0 2 2 2 2 (8, 2)
−2
(d) 5
11
f (x) dx
1 1
2 2
1
42 3
2
(e) 0
11
1 1
f (x) dx 2 2 2 4 2
2 2
(f) 4
10
f (x) dx 2 4 2
49. (a) 0
5
f x 2 dx 5
0
f x dx
5
0
2 dx 4 10 14 (b) 2
3
f x 2 dx 5
0
f x dx 4 Let u x 2.
(c) 5
5
f x dx 2
5
0
f x dx 24 8 f even (d) 5
5
f x dx 0 f odd
4,x,
y
x < 4
50. f x
x ≥ 4 (8, 8)

8
8
1
f x dx 44 44 44 40
0 2 4
x
4 8
1
51. The left endpoint approximation 52. The right endpoint approximation 53. f x
x4
will be greater than the actual area: > will be less than the actual area: <
is not integrable on the interval
3, 5 because f has a
discontinuity at x 4.

54. f x x x is integrable on 1, 1 , but is not continuous on 1, 1 . y
There is discontinuity at x 0. To see that 2

1
1
x
x
dx 1
x
−2

1 2
is integrable, sketch a graph of the region bounded by f x x x and the x-axis for
1 ≤ x ≤ 1. You see that the integral equals 0.
−2
55. y 56. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
1 2 3 4 1 1 3 1
4 2 4
(a) A 5 square units (b) A 43 square units
57. y
58. y
9
2 8
7
3
2 6
5
1
4
1 3
2 2
x 1
1 1 3 2 x
2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(d) 0
1
1
2 sin x dx 12 1
2
(c) Area 27.
59. 0
3
x3 x dx
n 4 8 12 16 20
Ln 3.6830 3.9956 4.0707 4.1016 4.1177
Mn 4.3082 4.2076 4.1838 4.1740 4.1690
Rn 3.6830 3.9956 4.0707 4.1016 4.1177
60. 0
3
5
x2 1
dx
n 4 8 12 16 20
Ln 7.9224 7.0855 6.8062 6.6662 6.5822
Mn 6.2485 6.2470 6.2460 6.2457 6.2455
Rn 4.5474 5.3980 5.6812 5.8225 5.9072

61. 0
2
sin2 x dx
n 4 8 12 16 20
Ln 0.5890 0.6872 0.7199 0.7363 0.7461
Mn 0.7854 0.7854 0.7854 0.7854 0.7854
Rn 0.9817 0.8836 0.8508 0.8345 0.8247
62. 3
0
x sin x dx
n 4 8 12 16 20
Ln 2.8186 2.9985 3.0434 3.0631 3.0740
Mn 3.1784 3.1277 3.1185 3.1152 3.1138
Rn 3.1361 3.1573 3.1493 3.1425 3.1375
63. True 64. False 65. True
1
0
xx dx x dx

1
0
1
x dx
66. True 67. False 68. True. The limits of integration are
2 the same.
x dx 2
0
69. f x x2 3x, 0, 8

x0 0, x1 1, x2 3, x3 7, x4 8
x1 1, x2 2, x3 4, x4 1
c1 1, c2 2, c3 5, c4 8
4
f c x f 1 x
i1
i 1 f 2 x2 f 5 x3 f 8 x4
41 102 404 881 272
70. f x sin x, 0, 2

x0 0, x1 , x , x3 , x4 2
4 2 3
2
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4
4 12 3
2 3
c1 , c , c3 ,c
6 2 3 3 4 2

f c x f 6
x 3
x 23
x 32
x
4
i i 1 f 2 f 3 f 4
i1
12
4
23
12
23
23
1 0.708

ba ba
71. x
n
, ci a ix a i
n
b
a
x dx lim
n
f c x
0 i1
i
ba
a i
b n a

lim
n→ i1 n
ba

a b n a
i
n 2 n
lim
n→ n i1 i1
nn 1
b n a an b n a

2
lim
n→ 2
ab a b n a n1

2
lim
n→ 2
b a2
ab a
2
ba
b a a 2
b aa b b 2 a 2

2 2
ba ba
72. x
n
, ci a ix a i
n
b
a
x 2 dx lim
0 i1
n
f c x i
ba
a i
b n a
n 2
lim
n→ i1 n
2aib a
b n a
a ba

n 2
lim 2 i2
n→ i1 n n
2ab a nn 1 nn 12n 1
b n a
na ba

2
lim 2
n→ n 2 n 6
ab a2n 1 b a3 n 12n 1
lim
n→
a b a
2
n

6 n2
1
a2b a ab a2 b a3
3
1
b3 a3
3

y
0, x 0
73. f x
1,
0, x is rational
x is irrational
74. f x 1 ,
x 0 < x ≤ 1
2
1
f(x) = x
is not integrable on the interval 0, 1 . As → 0,

The limit
f ci 1 or f ci 0 in each subinterval since there n
1
are an infinite number of both rational and irrational

numbers in any interval, no matter how small.
lim f c x
0 i1
i i
x
1 2
does not exist. This does not
contradict Theorem 4.4 because
f is not continuous on 0, 1 .
Section 4.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 385
2
75. The function f is nonnegative between x 1 and x 1. 76. To find 0 x dx, use a geometric approach.
y
y
2 3
f(x) = 1 − x 2
2
x 1
−2 1 2
−1 x
−1 1 2 3
−2 −1
Hence, Thus,
a
b
1 x 2 dx 0
2
x dx 12 1 1.
is a maximum for a 1 and b 1.
77. Let f x x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and xi 1n. The appropriate Riemann Sum is
f c x n
n n 2
i 1 1 n
i1
i i
i1 n n i1
3 i 2.
1 2 1 n2n 1n 1
lim
n→ n3
1 22 32 . . . n2
lim 3
n→ n
6
2n2 3n 1
lim
n→ 6n2
lim
1
n→ 3
1

1
2n 6n2

1
3
Section 4.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
4
2. f x cos x
5 2
1. f x
x2 1

4
x2 1
dx is positive. −5 5

0
cos x dx 0 0
−2 −2
5
3. f x x x2 1 4. f x x 2 x
5
2
2
x x2 1 dx 0 −5 5
2
2
x 2 x dx is negative. −2 2
−5 −5
5. 0
1
2x dx x2
1
0
101 6. 2
7
3 dv 3v
7
2
37 32 15
7. 1
0
x 2 dx 2 2x
x2 0
1
0 12 2 52
8. 2
5
3
3v 4 v v2 4v
2 752 20 6 8 392
5
9. 1
1
t2 2 dt t3 2t
3 1
1
13 2 31 2 103
10.
3
1
3x 2 5x 4dx x3
5x 2
2
4x 27
3
1
45
2
5
12 1 4
2
38
11.
0
1
2t 12 dt 1
0
4t2 4t 1 dt 3t
4 3 2t2 t
1
0

4
3
21
1
3
12.
1
1
t3 9t dt 14t 4
9
t2
2
1
1
14 29 14 29 0
13.
1
2
3
x2 3
1 dx x
x 2 2 3 1 2
2
1
3 1
14.
2
1
u u1 du u2 u1
2
2 1
2
12 1 2 21 2
15.
1
4
u2
u
du 4
1
u12 2u12 du 23u 32
4u12 23 4
4
1
3
4 4 23 4 32
16.
3
3
v13 dv 34v
43
3
3

4
3 4

3 3

3 3 4 0
17.
1
1

3

t 2 dt 34t 43
2t
1
1
34 2 34 2 4
18.
1
8
2
x
dx 2 1
8
x12 dx 22x12 2 2x
8
1
8
1
8 2 2
19.
0
1
x x
3
dx
1
3 1
0
x x12 dx
3 2
1 x2 2 32
x
3
1
0

1 1 2
3 2 3

1
18
20.
0
2
2 t t dt 0
2
2t12 t32 dt 43t 32
2
t52
5 0

t15t20 6t
2 2
0

2 2
15
20 12
16 2
15
21.
1
0
t13 t23 dt 34t 43 3
t53
5
0
1
0 34 53 20
27
22.
8
1
x x2
2 x
3
dx
1
2 8
1
x23 x53 dx
1 1
80 24 15x
1 3 53 3 83 x53 1 32 4569
x x 39 144
2 5 8 8 8 80 80 80
23.
0
3

2x 3 dx 32
0
3 2x dx 3
32

2x 3 dx split up the integral at the zero x
3
2
92 49 0 9 9 94 29 292 49 29
32 3
3x x2 x2 3x
0 32
24.
1
4
3 1x 31 dx 1
3
3 x 3
dx 3
4
3 x 3
dx
1
3
x dx 3
4
6 x dx
x2
2 3 x2 4
6x
1 2 3
92 21 24 8 18 29

9 13
4 16 18
2 2
25.
0
3

x 2 4 dx 2
0
4 x 2 dx 2
3
x 2 4 dx
3 4x
x3 2 x3 3
4x
3 0 2
8 8
3
9 12
8
3
8
23

3
26.
0
4

x2 4x 3 dx 1
0
x2 4x 3 dx 1
3
x2 4x 3 dx 3
4
x2 4x 3 dx
split up the integral at the
zeros x 1, 3
x3 2x x3 2x x3 2x
3 1 3 3 3 4
2
3x 2
3x 2
3x
0 1 3
13 2 3 9 18 9 13 2 3 643 32 12 9 18 9

4 4 4
0 04
3 3 3
27.
0

1 sin x dx x cos x

0
1 0 1 2
28. 0
4
1 sin2
cos2
d 0
4
d
4
0

4
29. 6
6
sec2 x dx tan x
6
6

3
3

3
3 233

30.
4
2
2 csc2 x dx 2x cot x
2
4
0 2 1 2 1 2 2
31.
3
3
4 sec tan d 4 sec
3
3
42 42 0
32.
2
2

2t cos t dt t 2 sin t
2
2
4
2
1 4
2
1 2
33. A 0
1
x x2 dx x2 x3
2 3 1
0

1
6
34. A 1
1
1
1 x 4 dx x x5
5
1
1

8
5
35. A 0
3
3 x x dx 0
3
2
3x12 x32 dx 2x32 x52
5
3
0
x x
5
10 2x
3
0

12 3
5
36. A 2
1
1
x2
dx
1
x
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
37. A 0
2
cos x dx sin x
2

0
1
38. A
0
x sin x dx 2 cos x
x2
0

2
2
2
2 4
2
39. Since y ≥ 0 on 0, 2
,
A 0
2
3x2 1 dx x3 x
2
0
8 2 10.
40. Since y ≥ 0 on 0. 8
,
Area 8
0
3

1 x13 dx x x 43
4
8
0
3
8 16 20.
4
41. Since y ≥ 0 on 0, 2
, 42. Since y ≥ 0 on 0, 3
,
A 0
2
x3 x dx
x4 x2
4

2
2
0
4 2 6. A 0
3
3x x2 dx 32x 2

x3
3
3
0
9
.
2
43.
2
0
x 2 x dx x2
2 4x32
3
2
0
2
8 2
3
44.
1
3
9
x3
9
dx 2
2x
3
1
1 9
4
2 2
6 8 2 f c3 1 4
f c2 0
3
9
2
3 4 2 c3
c 2 c
3
9
c3
3 4 2 2
c 2 c 1 1
3
c 92 1.6510
3
c 1 6 34 2
2
c 1 ± 6 34 2
c 1 ±
2
64 2
3
c 0.4380 or c 1.7908
45. 4
4
2 sec2 x dx 2 tan x
4
4
21 21 4 46.
3
3
cos x dx sin x
3

3
3

f c 4 4 4 f c

3 3 3
8 3 3
2 sec2 c cos c
2
4
sec2 c c ± 0.5971

2
sec c ±

c ± arcsec 2

± arccos ± 0.4817
2
47.
1
2 2 2
2
4 x2 dx
1
4
1
4x x3
3
2
2

1
4 8 3 8 3 3
8 8 8 (− 2
3
3
, 8
3 ( 5
( 2
3
3
, 8
3 (
8
Average value
3
−3 3
8 8 2 3
4 x2 when x2 4 or x ± ± 1.155. −1
3 3 3
48.
1
31 1
3
4x 2 1
x2
dx 2 3
1
1 x2dx 2 x
1
x
3
1
49.
1
0
0
sin x dx 1

cos x

0

2

1
16
2 2
2 3 Average value (0.690, π2 (
3 3
(2.451, π2 (
16 2
Average value sin x − 3
3 2 2
4x2 1 16 x 0.690, 2.451 −1

⇒ x ± 3
x2 3
50.
1
2 0 0
2
cos x dx sin x
2
2
0

2

51. The distance traveled is 0 vt dt. The area under
the curve from 0 ≤ t ≤ 8 is approximately
8
2 1.5 18 squares 30 540 ft.

Average value

(0.881, π2 (
2
cos x
0 2.71
−0.5
x 0.881
52. The distance traveled is 0 vt dt. The area under

5
53. If f is continuous on a, b
and F x f x on a, b
,

the curve from 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 is approximately b
29 squares 5 145 ft. then f x dx Fb Fa.
a
7
7 f x dx
8 4
f x dx Sum of the areas
1
54. (a) (b) Average value
1 71 6 3
A1 A2 A3 A4 (c) A 8 62 20
1 1 1 20 10
3 1 1 2 2 1 31 Average value
2 2 2 6 3
8 y
7
y
6
4 5
A1 4
3
3
A2 A3 A4
2
2
1
1 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
55. 2
0
f x dx area of region A 1.5 56. 6
2
f x dx area or region B 0
6
f x dx 0
2
f x dx
3.5 1.5 5.0

57.
6
0

f x dx f x dx
0
2

6
2
f x dx 1.5 5.0 6.5 58. 0
2
2f x dx 2 2
0
f x dx 21.5 3.0
59. 6
0
2 f x
dx 6
0
2 dx 6
0
f x dx 60. Average value
1
6
6
0
1
f x dx 3.5 0.5833
6
12 3.5 15.5
61. (a) F x k sec2 x (b)

1
3 0 3
0
500 sec2 x dx
1500
tan x
3
0
F 0 k 500
1500
F x 500 sec2 x

3 0
826.99 newtons
827 newtons
62.
1
R0
0
R
kR r dr
2 2 k 2
R
Rr
r
3
3 R
0

3
2
2kR
63.
1
50 0
5
0.1729t 0.1522t2 0.0374t3 dt
1
50.08645t2 0.05073t3 0.00935t4
5
0
0.5318 liter
64. (a) 1 (b) 10
0 24
0 24
−1 0
The area above the x-axis equals the area below the The average value of S appears to be g.
x-axis. Thus, the average value is zero.
65. (a) v 8.61

104t3 0.0782t2 0.208t 0.0952
(b) 90
−10 70
−10
(c) 60
0
vt dt
8.61
104t 4 0.0782t3 0.208t 2
4

3

2
0.0952t
60
0
2476 meters
66. (a) histogram N
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(b) 6 7 9 12 15 14 11 7 2
60 8360 4980 customers
—CONTINUED—
66. —CONTINUED—
(c) Using a graphing utility, you obtain
Nt 0.084175t3 0.63492t2 0.79052 4.10317.
(d) 16
−2 10
−2
(e)
0
9
Nt dt 85.162
The estimated number of customers is 85.16260 5110.

7
(f) Between 3 P.M. and 7 P.M., the number of customers is approximately Nt dt 60 50.2860 3017.
3
Hence, 3017240 12.6 per minute.
67. Fx 0
x
t 5 dt 2 5t
t2 x
0

x2
2
5x
4
F2 52 8
2
25 25
F5 55
2 2
64
F8 58 8
2
68. Fx 2
x
t3 2t 2 dt 4 t
t4 2
2t
x

2
4 x
x4 2

2x 4 4 4
x4
x 2 2x 4
4
Note: F2 t
2
F2 4 4 4 4 0
2
3 2t 2 dt 0
625
F5 25 10 4 167.25
4
84
F8 64 16 4 1068
4
69. Fx x
10
1 v
2 dv x
1
10v2 dv
10
v
x
1
70. Fx x
2
2 t
3 dt
x
2
2t3 dt
1
t2
x
2

1

x2 4
1

10
x
10 10 1
1
x F2
1 1
0
4 4
F2 10 12 5 F5

1 1

25 4
21
100
0.21
F5 10 45 8 F8

1 1

64 4
15
64
F8 10 78 354

71. Fx
1
x
cos d sin
x
1
sin x sin 1
F2 sin 2 sin 1 0.0678

F5 sin 5 sin 1 1.8004
F8 sin 8 sin 1 0.1479
72. Fx
0
x
sin d cos
x
0
cos x cos 0 1 cos x
F2 1 cos 2 1.4161

F5 1 cos 5 0.7163
F8 1 cos 8 1.1455
73. gx
x
0
f t dt 74. gx 0
x
f tdt
(a) g0
0
0
f t dt 0 (a) g0 0
0
f t dt 0
g2
0
2
f t dt 4 2 1 7 g2 0
2
f t dt 1224 4
g4
0
4
f t dt 7 2 9 g4 0
4
f t dt 1244 8
g6
0
6
f t dt 9 1 8 g6 0
6
f t dt 8 2 4 2
g8
0
8
f t dt 8 3 5 g8 0
8
f t dt 2 6 4
(b) g increasing on 0, 4 and decreasing on 4, 8 (b) g decreasing on 0, 4 and increasing on 4, 8
(c) g is a maximum of 9 at x 4. (c) g is a minimum of 8 at x 4.

(d) y
(d) y
10 4
8 2
x
6
−2 2 4 8 10
−2
4
−4
2
−6
x
−8
2 4 6 8
75. (a) 0
x
t 2 dt t2
2
2t
x
0
1
x2 2x
2
(b)
d 1 2
dx 2
x 2x x 2
76. (a) 0
x
tt2 1 dt 0
x
t3 t dt 14t
4
1

t2
2
x
0
1 1 x2
x4 x2 x2 2
4 2 4
(b)
dx 4
d 1 4 1 2
x x x3 x xx2 1
2
77. (a) 8
x
3 t dt 34t
43
x
8
3
4
3
x 43 16 x 43 12
4
78. (a) x
4
t dt 23t
32
x
4
2
x32
3
16 2 32
3
x 8
3
(b)
d 3 43
dx 4
x 12 x13
3 x
(b)
dx 3
d 2 32 16
x
3
x12 x
79. (a) x
x4
sec2 t dt tan t
x
x4
tan x 1 80. (a) x
3
sec t tan t dt sec t
x
3
sec x 2
d d
(b) tan x 1
sec2 x (b) sec x 2
sec x tan x
dx dx
81. F x 2
x
t 2 2t dt 82. F x
1 t
x
2
t2
1
dt 83. F x x
1
t 4 1 dt
F x x2 2x x2 F x x4 1
F x
x 1
2
84. F x 1
x
4 t dt 85. F x
x
0
t cos t dt 86. Fx x
0
sec3 t dt
F x
4 x F x x cos x F x sec3 x
87. Fx x2

4t 1 dt Alternate solution:

x
x2

x2
2t2 t Fx 4t 1 dt
x x
2x 22 x 2
2x2 x
8x 10
x
0
4t 1 dt x2
0
4t 1 dt
F x 8 0
x
4t 1 dt
0
x2
4t 1 dt
F x 4x 1 4x 2 1 8
88. Fx x
t 3 dt t4
4 x
0 Alternate solution:

x x
x
F x 0 Fx t3 dt
x
x
0
t3 dt 0
x
t3 dt
x
0
t3 dt
0
x
t3 dt
F x x31 x3 0
89. Fx sin x

t dt 3t
2 32
sin x
2
sin x32
3
Alternate solution:

0 0
sin x
F x sin x12 cos x cos x sin x Fx t dt
0
d
F x sin x sin x sin xcos x
dx

2
x
t2 1 1

x2 x2
1
90. Fx t3 dt ⇒ F x 2x5
2 2 2 2t2 2 2x4 8
Alternate solution: F x x 232x 2x5

2
x3 x
91. Fx sin t 2 dt 92. Fx sin 2 d
0 0
F x sinx32 3x2 3x2 sin x 6 F x sin x 22 2x 2x sin x 4
93. gx
x
0
f t dt
2
y
1 1 1
f g
g0 0, g1 , g2 1, g3 , g4 0
2 2 x
1 2 3 4
g has a relative maximum at x 2. −1
−2
94. (a) (b) y

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6
gx 1 2 0 2 4 6 3 0 3 6 4
(c) Minimum of g at 6, 6. 2 4 6 10 12

x
−2
(d) Minimum at 10, 6. Relative maximum at 2, 2. −4
−6
12
(e) On 6, 10
, g increases at a rate of 3.
4
(f) Zeros of g: x 3, x 8
95. (a) Cx 5000 25 3

0
x
t14 dt 96. (a) gt 4
4
t2
45t
x
5000 25 3 54 lim gt 4
t→
0
Horizontal asymptote: y 4
12 54

5000 25 x 1000125 12x54 x
(b)
5
C1 1000125 121 $137,000
(b) Ax
1
4
4
t2
dt

x
C5 1000125 12554 $214,721 4 4
4t 4x 8
t 1 x
C10 1000125 121054 $338,394
4x2 8x 4 4x 12

x x
x→
lim Ax lim 4x
x→ 4
x
8 08
The graph of Ax does not have a horizontal asymptote.
97. xt t 3 6t 2 9t 2
x t 3t 2 12t 9
3t 2 4t 3
3t 3t 1
Total distance
0
5

x t dt

0
5
3 t 3t 1 dt
3 0
1
t 2 4t 3 dt 3 1
3

t 2 4t 3 dt 3
3
5
t 2 4t 3 dt
4 4 20
28 units
98. xt t 1t 32 t 3 7t 2 15t 9 99. Total distance

1
4
x t dt

x t 3t2 14t 15 4
Using a graphing utility,

1
vt dt
Total distance
0
5

x t dt 27.37 units.
1
4
1
t
dt

4
2t12
1
22 1 2 units
100. P
2

0
2
sin d
2

cos
2
0
2 2
0 1 63.7%

101. True 102. True
103. The function f x x2 is not continuous on 1, 1

.
104. Let Ft be an antiderivative of f t. Then,
1
1
x2 dx
1
0
x2 dx 0
1
x2 dx
vx
f t dt Ft
vx
ux
Fvx Fux
ux
Each of these integrals is infinite. f x

x2 vx
has a nonremovable discontinuity at x 0. d
dx ux
f t dt d
dx
Fvx Fux
F vxv x F uxu x

f vxv x f uxu x.
105. f x
0
1x
1
t2 1
dt 0 t
x
1
2 1 dt
By the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have
f x
1

1
1x2 1 x2
2
1
x 1
1 1
0.
1 x2 x2 1
Since f x 0, f x must be constant.
106. Gx

x
0
s
0
s
f t dt ds
(a) G0 0
0
s
s
0
f t dt ds 0 (b) Let Fs s s
0
f t dt.
(c) G x x f x

x
0
f t dt Gx 0
x
Fs ds
(d) G 0 0 f 0

0
0
f t dt 0 G x Fx x x
0
f t dt
G 0 0 0
0
f t dt 0
Section 4.5 Integration by Substitution
f gxgx dx u gx du gx dx
1. 5x2 1210x dx 5x2 1 10x dx
2. x2x3 1 dx x3 1 3x2 dx
3. x
x2 1
dx x2 1 2x dx
4. sec 2x tan 2x dx 2x 2 dx
5. tan2 x sec2 x dx tan x sec2 x dx
6. cos x
sin2 x
dx sin x cos x dx
7. 1 2x42 dx
1 2x5
5
C
d 1 2x5
Check:
dx 5
C 21 2x4
8. x2 932x dx
x2 94
4
C
d x2 94 4x2 93

Check:
dx 4 C
4
2x x2 932x
9. 9 x21 22x dx

9 x23 2
3 2
2
C 9 x23 2 C
3

d 2 2 3
Check:
dx 3
9 x23 2 C
3
29 x21 22x 9 x22x
10. 3
1 2x21 34x dx 1 2x24 3 C
4

d 3 3 4
Check:
dx 4
1 2x24 3 C
4
31 2x21 34x 1 2x21 34x
11. x3x4 32 dx

1
4
x4 324x3 dx
1 x4 33
4 3
C
x4 33
12
C
d x4 33 3x4 32 3

Check:
dx 12
C 12
4x x4 32x3
12. x2x3 54 dx

1
3x3 543x2 dx
1 x3 55
3 5
C
x3 55
15
C
d x3 55 5x3 543x2

Check:
dx 15
C 15
x3 54x2
Section 4.5 Integration by Substitution 397
13. x2x3 14 dx

1
3x3 143x2 dx
1 x3 15
3 5
C
x3 15
15 C
d x3 15 5x3 143x2

Check:
dx 15
C
15
x2x3 14
14. x4x2 33 dx

1
8
4x2 338x dx
1 4x2 34
8 4
C
4x2 34
32
C
d 4x2 34 44x2 338x

Check:
dx 32
C
32 x4x2 33
15. tt2 2 dt
2
1 2
t 21 22t dt
1 t2 23 2
2 3 2
C
t2 23 2
3
C
d t2 23 2 3 2t2 21 22t

Check:
dt 3
C 3
t2 21 2t
16. t3t4 5 dt
1 4
4
t 51 24t3 dt
1 t4 5 3 2
4 3 2
1
C t4 53 2 C
6

d 1 4 1 3
Check:
dt 6
t 53 2 C
6
2 t4 51 24t3 t4 51 2 t3
17. 5x1 x21 3 dx

5
21 x21 32x dx
5
2

1 x24 3
4 3
15
C 1 x24 3 C
8

d 15 15 4
Check:
dx
1 x24 3 C
8 8
31 x21 32x 5x1 x21 3 5x
3 1 x2
18. u2u3 2 du
1
3u3 21 23u2 du
1 u3 23 2
3 3 2
C
2u3 23 2
9
C
d 2u3 23 2

2 3
Check:
du 9
C
9
2 u3 21 23u2 u3 21 2 u2
19. x
2 3 dx
1 x
1
2
1 x232x dx
1 1 x22
2 2
C
1
41 x22
C

d 1 1 x
Check: C 21 x232x
dx 41 x22 4 1 x23
20. x3
1 x42
dx
1
4 1
1 x424x3 dx 1 x41 C
4
1
41 x4
C
1
x3
d 1
Check: C 1 x424x3
dx 41 x 4 4 1 x42
21. x2
1 x
3 2
dx
1
31 x323x2 dx
1 1 x31
3 1
C
1
31 x3
C
Check:
d

1
dx 31 x
3
1

C 11 x323x2
3
x2
1 x32
22. x2
16 x
3 2
1
3
dx 16 x323x2 dx
1 16 x31
3 1
C 1
316 x3
C
x2
d 1 1
Check: C 116 x323x2
dx 316 x3 3 16 x32
23. x
1 x2
dx
1
2
1 x21 22x dx
1 1 x21 2
2 1 2
C 1 x2 C
d 1 x
Check: 1 x21 2 C 1 x21 22x
dx 2 1 x2
24. x3
1 x4
dx
1
4
1 x41 24x3 dx
1 1 x41 2
4 1 2
C
1 x4
2
C
Check:
dx 2
d 1 x4
C
1
2 1
1 x41 24x3
2
x3
1 x4
25.
1
1
t
t1 dt
1 1t
t1 dt 1 41 t
3
2
3
2
4
C
1 1 t 4

t1 t1
1 1t
d 1 1 3 3
Check: C 4 1 2 2
dt 4 4 t
26. x2
1
3x2
dx
1 x3 1 x1
x2 x2 dx
9 3
9 1
x3
C
3
1
9x
C
3x4 1

9x
C

d 1 3 1 1 1 1
Check: x x C x2 x2 x2
dx 3 9 9 3x2
27. 1
2x
dx
1
2
2x1 2 2 dx
1 2x1 2
2 1 2
C 2x C
Alternate Solution: 1
2x
dx
1
2

x 1 2 dx
1 x1 2
2 1 2
C 2x C
Check:
d
2x C 212x1 22 1
dx 2x
28. 1
2x
dx
2
x
1 1 2
dx
1 x1 2
2 1 2

C x C
Check:
d
x C 1
dx 2x
29. x2 3x 7
x
dx 2 2
x3 2 3x1 2 7x1 2 dx x5 2 2x3 2 14x1 2 C xx2 5x 35 C
5 5
x2 3x 7

d 2 5 2
Check: x 2x3 2 14x1 2 C
dx 5 x
30. t 2t2
t
dt 2 4 2
t1 2 2t3 2 dt t3 2 t 5 2 C t 3 25 6t C
3 5 15
t 2t2

d 2 3 2 4 5 2
Check: t t C t1 2 2t3 2
dt 3 5 t
31.
t2 t
2
t
dt 1
t3 2t dt t 4 t2 C
4
Check:
d 14
dt 4
t t2 C t 3 2t t 2 t
2
t

32.
t3
3
1
2 dt
4t
1 3 1 2
3
t t
4
dt
1 t4
3 4

1 t1

4 1
1

1
C t4 C
12 4t

d 1 4 1 1 1
Check: t C t3 2
dt 12 4t 3 4t
33. 9 yy dy 9y1 2 y3 2 dy 9

23y 52y
3 2 5 2 2
C y3 215 y C
5

d 2 3 2 d 2
Check: y 15 y C 6y3 2 y5 2 C 9y1 2 y3 2 9 yy
dy 5 dy 5
34. 2
2 y8 y3 2 dy 2 8y y5 2 dy 2 4y2 y7 2 C
7
4 y2
7
14 y3 2 C
d 4 y2

d 2
Check: 14 y3 2 C 2 4y2 y7 2 C 16 y 2 y5 2 2 y8 y3 2
dy 7 dy 7
35. y 4x
16 x2
4x
dx 36. y 10x2
1 x3
dx

4 x dx 2 16 x21 22x dx
10
3
1 x31 23x2 dx

x2 2 16 1 2x C 10 1 x31 2
2 2 1 2
4
3 1 2
C
2x2 416 x2 C 20
1 x3 C
3
37. y x1
x2 2x 32
dx 38. y x4
x2 8x 1
dx

1
2x2 2x 322x 2 dx
1
2x2 8x 11 22x 8 dx
1 x2 2x 31 1 x2 8x 11 2

2 1
C
2 1 2
C
1 x2 8x 1 C
C
2
x2 2x 3
dy
39. (a) y
(b) x4 x2, 2, 2
dx

3
1
y x4 x2 dx 4 x21 22x dx
2
1 2 1
−2 2
x
2
34 x23 2 C 34 x23 2 C
−1
1
2, 2: 2 4 223 2 C ⇒ C 2
3
1
y 4 x23 2 2
3
2
−2 2
−1
dy
40. (a) y (b) x 2x3 12, 1, 0
dx

2
1
y x2x3 12dx x3 123x2 dx u x3 1
3
x
−2 2
1 x3 13 1
C x3 13 C
3 3 9
−2
0C
1
y x3 13
9
41. (a) y
42. (a) y
4
3
x x
−4 4 −3 3
−4 −3
dy
(b) x cos x2, 0, 1 dy
dx 2 sec2x tan2x, 0, 1

(b)
1 dx
y x cos x2 dx cosx22x dx

1
sinx2 C
2
y
2 sec2x tan2x dx u 2x
2 sec2x C
1
0, 1: 1 sin0 C ⇒ C 1 1 sec0 C ⇒ C 0
2
1 y sec2x
y sinx2 1 5
2
−6 6
−3
43. sin x dx cos x C 44. 4x3 sin x4 dx sin x44x3 dx cos x4 C
45. sin 2x dx
1
2 1
sin 2x2x dx cos 2x C
2
46. cos 6x dx
1
6 1
cos 6x6 dx sin 6x C
6
47. 1
2
1 1 1
1
cos d cos 2 d sin C

48. x sin x2 dx
1
2 1
sin x22x dx cos x2 C
2
49. sin 2x cos 2x dx

1
2
sin 2x2 cos 2x dx
1 sin 2x2
2 2
1
C sin2 2x C
4
OR
sin 2x cos 2x dx
1
2cos 2x2 sin 2x dx
1 cos 2x2
2 2
1
C1 cos2 2x C1
4
OR
sin 2x cos 2x dx
1
2 2 sin 2x cos 2x dx
1
2 1
sin 4x dx cos 4x C2
8
50.
sec1 x tan1 x dx sec1 x tan1 x 1 dx sec1 x C
51. tan4 x sec2 x dx

tan5 x
5
1
C tan5 x C
5
52. tan x sec2 x dx
tan x3 2
3 2
2
C tan x3 2 C
3
53. csc2 x
cot3 x
dx cot x3csc2 x dx
cot x2 1 1 1 1
C C tan2 x C sec2 x 1 C sec2 x C1
2 2 cot2 x 2 2 2
54. sin x
3
cos x
dx cos x3sin x dx
cos x2
2
C
1
2 cos2 x
1
C sec2 x C
2
55. cot2 x dx csc2 x 1 dx cot x x C 56. csc2

2x dx 2csc
2x
12 dx 2 cot
2x C
2
57. f x cos

x
2
x
dx 2 sin C
2
58. f x sec x tan x dx sec x C
Since f 0 3 2 sin 0 C, C 3. Thus, Since f 1 3 1 sec 3 C, C 1. Thus
f x 2 sin
x
3. f x sec x 1.
2
59. f x sin 4x,

4 , 34 60. f x sec 22x,
2 , 2
1 1
f x cos 4x C f x tan2x C
4 2
f
4 14 cos
4
4 C 34 f
2 21 tan
2
2 C 2
1 3 1
1 C 0 C 2
4 4 2
C 1 C2
1 1
f x cos 4x 1 f x tan2x 2
4 2
61. f x 2x4x2 102, 2, 10 62. f x 2x8 x 2, 2, 7
4x2 103 22x2 53 28 x232
f x C C f x C
12 3 3
28 53 243 2 16 5
f 2 C 18 C 10 ⇒ C 8 f 2 C C7 ⇒ C
3 3 3 3
2 28 x23 2 5
f x 2x2 53 8 f x
3 3 3
1 1
63. u x 2, x u 2, dx du 64. u 2x 1, x u 1, dx du
2 2
xx 2 dx u 2u du

x2x 1 dx 1
2
1
u 1u du
2
u3 2 2u1 2 du

1
4u u du
3 2 1 2
2 4
u5 2 u3 2 C
5 3
1 2 5 2 2 3 2
4 5
u u
3
C
3 2
2u
3u 10 C u3 2
15 3u 5 C
30
2
x 23 23x 2 10 C 1
15 2x 13 232x 1 5 C
30
2
x 23 23x 4 C 1
15 2x 13 26x 2 C
30
1
2x 13 23x 1 C
15
65. u 1 x, x 1 u, dx du

x21 x dx 1 u2u du

u1 2 2u3 2 u5 2 du

23u 3 2
4 2
u5 2 u7 2 C
5 7
2u3 2
35 42u 15u2 C
105
2
1 x3 235 421 x 151 x2 C
105
2
1 x3 215x2 12x 8 C
105
66. u 2 x, x 2 u, dx du

x 12 x dx 3 uu du
3u 1 2 3 2
u du

2
2u3 2 u5 2 C
5
2u3 2
5 u C
5
2
2 x3 25 2 x C
5
2
2 x3 2x 3 C
5
1 1
67. u 2x 1, x u 1, dx du
2 2
x2 1
2x 1
dx 1 2u 1 2 1 1
u 2
du

8
1 1 2 2
u u 2u 1 4 du

1
8u3 2 2u1 2 3u1 2 du
1 2 5 2 4 3 2
8 5
u u 6u1 2 C
3
u1 2 2
3u 10u 45 C
60
2x 1
32x 12 102x 1 45 C
60
1
2x 112x2 8x 52 C
60
1
2x 13x2 2x 13 C
15
68. Let u x 4, x u 4, du dx. 69. u x 1, x u 1, dx du
2x 1
x 4
dx 2u 4 1
u
du x
x 1 x 1
dx u 1
u u
du

2u1 2 7u1 2 du

u 1 u 1
u u 1
du
4
u3 2 14u1 2 C
3
1 u1 2 du
2 u 2u1 2 C
u1 22u 21 C
3
u 2u C
2
x 42x 4 21 C x 1 2x 1 C
3
x 2x 1 1 C
2
x 42x 13 C
3 x 2x 1 C1
where C1 1 C.
70. u t 4, t u 4, dt du
3 t 4 dt
t u 4u1 3 du
u4 3 4u1 3 du
3
u7 3 3u4 3 C
7
3u4 3
u 7 C
7
3
t 44 3t 4 7 C
7
3
t 44 3t 3 C
7
71. Let u x2 1, du 2x dx.
1
1
xx2 13 dx
1
2 1
1
x2 132x dx 18x 2 14
1
1
0
72. Let u x3 8, du 3x2 dx.
4
2
x2x3 82 dx
1
3
2
4
x3 823x2 dx 13 x
3 83
3
4
2
1
64 83 8 83 41,472
9
73. Let u x3 1, du 3x2 dx.
2
1
2x2x3 1 dx 2
1
3 1
2
x3 11 23x2 dx
2 x3 13 2
3
2

3 2 1

2
4 3
x 13 2
9 1

4
9
27 22 12 982
74. Let u 1 x2, du 2x dx.
0
1
x1 x2 dx
1
2 0
1
1
1 x21 22x dx 1 x23 2
3
1
0
0
1 1

3 3
75. Let u 2x 1, du 2 dx.
0
4
1
2x 1
dx
1
2 4
0
2x 11 22 dx 2x 1
4
0
9 1 2
76. Let u 1 2x2, du 4x dx.
0
2
x
1 2x2
dx
1
4 0
2
1 2x21 24x dx 21 2x
1 2
2
0

3 1
1
2 2
1
77. Let u 1 x, du dx.
2x
1
9
1
x 1 x
2
dx 2 1
9
1 x 2
21 x dx 1 2x
9
1
1
1
2
1
2
78. Let u 4 x2, du 2x dx.
0
2
3 4 x2 dx
x
1
2 0
2
4 x21 32x dx 84 x
3 2 4 3
2
0
3 33
84 3 44 3 6
8 2
4 3.619
79. u 2 x, x 2 u, dx du
When x 1, u 1. When x 2, u 0.
1
2
x 12 x dx 0
1
2 u 1 u du 1
0
u3 2 u1 2 du 25u
5 2
2
u3 2
3
0
1
25 3 15
2 4
1
80. Let u 2x 1, du 2 dx, x u 1.
2
5
1
x
2x 1
dx
1
9
1 2u 1 1
u 2
du
1
4
9
1
u1 2 u1 2 du

9
1 2 3 2
u 2u1 2
4 3 1

3 27 23
3 2
1 2 2

4
16

3
81. 0
2
cos
23x dx 32 sin
23x
2
0

3 3
2 2

33
4
82. 3
2
x cos x dx x2 sin x
2 2
3

8
2
1
18 23 572
2
2

2 3
2
dy dy 48
83. 18x22x3 12, 0, 4 84. , 1, 3
dx dx 3x 53

y 3 2x3 12 6x2 dx u 2x3 1
y 48 3x 53 dx
y3
2x3 13
3
C 2x3 13 C 48
1
33x 53 3 dx
4 13 C ⇒ C 3 163x 52
C
2
y 2x3 13 3
8
C
3x 52
8 8
3 C C ⇒ C1
31 52 4
8
y 1
3x 52
dy 2x dy 9x2
85. , 5, 4 86. 4x , 0, 2
dx 2x2 1 dx 3x 13 2
3
y
1
2
2x2 11 2 4x dx u 2x2 1 y 4x 3x3 13 2 9x2 dx
1 2x2 11 2 3x3 11 2

y C 2x2 1 C 2x 2 C
2 12 1 2
4 49 C 7 C ⇒ C 3 2
2x2 C
3x3 1
y 2x2 1 3
2
20 C ⇒ C4
1
2
y 2x2 4
3x3 1
87. u x 1, x u 1, dx du
Area
0
7
x
3
x 1 dx 8
1
u 1
3
u du
8
1
u4 3 u1 3 du 37u 7 3 3
u4 3
4
384
8
1 7
12

3 3
7 4
1209
28
88. u x 2, x u 2, dx du
Area 2
6
x2
3
x 2 dx 8
0
u 22
3
u du 0
8
u7 3 4u4 3 4u1 3 du 10u
3 10 3

12 7 3
7
u 3u4 3
8
0

4752
35
89. A 0

2 sin x sin 2x dx 2 cos x 1
2
cos 2x

0
4
90. A
0
sin x cos 2x dx cos x
1
2
sin 2x

0
2
91. Area 2 3
2
sec2
2x dx 2
2 3
2
sec2
2x
12 dx 2 tan
2x
2 3
2
2 3 1
92. Let u 2x, du 2 dx.
Area 4
12
csc 2x cot 2x dx
1
2 4
12
1
csc 2x cot 2x2 dx csc 2x
2
4
12

1
2
93. 0
4
x
2x 1
dx 3.333
10
3
94. 0
2
x3x 2 dx 7.581 95. 3
7
xx 3 dx 28.8
144
5
3 20 15
−1 5
0 2 0 8
−1 0 0
96. 1
5
x2x 1 dx 67.505 97.
0
3
cos

6
d 7.377 98. 0
2
sin 2x dx 1.0
50 5 2

0
−1 4 2
1 5
0 −1 −1
99. 2x 12 dx

1
2 1 4 1
2x 12 2 dx 2x 13 C1 x3 2x2 x C1
6 3 6
2x 12 dx 4
4x2 4x 1 dx x3 2x2 x C2
3
1
They differ by a constant: C2 C1 .
6
100. sin x cos x dx sin x1 cos x dx

sin2 x
2
C1

sin x cos x dx cos x1sin x dx
cos2 x
2
C2
cos2 x 1 sin2 x sin2 x 1

C2 C2 C2
2 2 2 2
1
They differ by a constant: C2 C1 .
2
101. f x x2x2 1 is even. 102. f x xx2 13 is odd.
2
2
x2x2 1 dx 2 0
2
x4 x2 dx 2 x5 x3
5

3
2
0

2
2
xx2 13 dx 0
5
32 8 272
2
3 15
103. f x sin2 x cos x is even. 104. f x sin x cos x is odd.
2
2
sin2 x cos x dx 2
0
sin2 xcos x dx
2
2
sin x cos x dx 0
2
sin3 x
3
2
0
2

3
105. 0
2
x2 dx x3
3 2
0
8
; the function x2 is an even function.
3
(a) 0
2
x2 dx
2
0
x2 dx
8
3
(b) 2
2
x2 dx 2 0
2
x2 dx
16
3
(c) 2
0
x2 dx 0
2
x2 dx
8
3
(d) 0
2
3x2 dx 3 0
2
x2 dx 8
106. (a) 4
4
sin x dx 0 since sin x is symmetric to the origin.
(b) 4
4
cos x dx 2 0
4
cos x dx 2 sin x
4
0
2 since cos x is symmetric to the y-axis.
(c) 2
2
cos x dx 2 0
2
cos x dx 2 sin x
2
0
2
(d) 2
2
sin x cos x dx 0 since sinx cosx sin x cos x and hence, is symmetric to the origin.
107. 4
4
x3 6x2 2x 3 dx 4
4
x3 2x dx 4
4
6x2 3 dx 0 2 0
4

6x2 3 dx 2 2x3 3x
4
0
232
108.

sin 3x cos 3x dx

sin 3x dx

cos 3x dx 0 2
0
cos 3x dx 23 sin 3x

0
0
109. If u 5 x2, then du 2x dx and

x5 x23 dx
1
2 1
5 x232x dx u3 du.
2
110. f x xx2 12 is odd. Hence,
2
2
xx2 12 dx 0. 111.
dQ
dt
k100 t2
Qt k
k100 t2 dt 100 t3 C
3
Q100 C 0
k
Qt 100 t3
3
k
Q0 1003 2,000,000 ⇒ k 6
3
Thus, Qt 2100 t3. When t 50, Q50
$250,000.
dV k
112. 113. R 3.121 2.399 sin0.524t 1.377
dt t 12

(a) 8
k k
Vt dt C
t 12 t1
V0 k C 500,000
0 12
1
V1 k C 400,000
0
2
Relative minimum: 6.4, 0.7 or June
Solving this system yields k 200,000 and
C 300,000. Thus, Relative maximum: 0.4, 5.5 or January
Vt
200,000
t1
300,000. (b) 12
0
Rt dt 37.47 inches
When t 4, V4 $340,000. (c)

1
3 12
9
1
Rt dt 13 4.33 inches
3
114.
1
ba a
b
74.50 43.75 sin
t
6
dt
1
ba
74.50t

262.5
cos
t
6
b
t

3
1 262.5 1 262.5
(a) 74.50t cos 223.5 102.352 thousand units
3 6 0 3
t

6
1 262.5 1 262.5
(b) 74.50t cos 447 223.5 102.352 thousand units
3 6 3 3
t

12
1 262.5 1 262.5 262.5
(c) 74.50t cos 894 74.5 thousand units
12 6 0 12
115. (a) 70
0 24
0
Maximum flow: R 61.713 at t 9.36.

18.861, 61.178 is a relative maximum.
(b) Volume 0
24
Rt dt 1272 (5 thousands of gallons)
116.
1
ba a
b
2 sin60 t cos120 t dt
1

1

b a 30
cos60 t
1
120
sin120t
b

301 0
30 1.273 amps
1 60
1 1 1 1 4
(a) cos60 t sin120 t 60
1 60 0 30 120 0

302 120
30
1 240
1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) cos60 t sin120 t 240
1 240 0 30 120 0
2

5 22 1.382 amps

301
30 0 amps
1 30
1 1 1 1
(c) cos60 t sin120 t 30
1 30 0 30 120 0
117. u 1 x, x 1 u, dx du
When x a, u 1 a. When x b, u 1 b.
Pa, b
a
b
15
4
x1 x dx
15
4 1b
1a
1 uu du

15
4
1a
1b
u3 2 u1 2 du
4 5
15 2 5 2 2 3 2
u u
3
1b
1a

15 2u3 2
4 15
3u 5
1b
1a

1 x3 2
2
3x 2
b
1 x

3 2 0.75
(a) P0.50, 0.75 3x 2 0.353 35.3%
2 0.50
1 x3 2 1 b3 2

b
(b) P0, b 3x 2 3b 2 1 0.5
2 0 2
1 b3 23b 2 1
b 0.586 58.6%
118. u 1 x, x 1 u, dx du
When x a, u 1 a. When x b, u 1 b.
Pa, b
a
b
1155 3
32
x 1 x3 2 dx
1155
32 1b
1a
1 u3 u3 2 du

1155
32 1b
1a
u9 2 3u7 2 3u5 2 u3 2 du
32 11
u
1155 2 112 2 9 2 6 7 2 2 5 2
u u u
3 7 5
1b
1a
16 105u
1b 1b
1155 2u5 2 u5 2
105u3 385u2 495u 231 3 385u2 495u 231
32 1155 1a 1a
16 105u
0.75
u5 2
(a) P0, 0.25 3 385u2 495u 231 0.025 2.5%
1
16 105u
0
u5 2
(b) P0.5, 1 3 385u2 495u 231 0.736 73.6%
0.5
119. (a) C 0.1 20
8
12 sin
t 8
12
dt
14.4

cos
t 8

12
20

8

14.4

1 1 $9.17
(b) C 0.1 18
10
12 sin
t 8
12
6 dt

14.4
cos
t 8
12 0.6t
18
10
14.4 3

2
14.4

2

10.8 6 $3.14
3

Savings 9.17 3.14 $6.03.

120.
1
365 0
365

100,000 1 sin
2t 60
365
dt
365
100,000
t
365
2
cos
2t 60

365
365
0
100,000 lbs.
121. (a) 4 (b) g is nonnegative because the graph of f is positive at the

g beginning, and generally has more positive sections than
0 9.4
negative ones.
f
−4
(c) The points on g that correspond to the extrema of f are (d) No, some zeros of f, like x 2, do not correspond to
points of inflection of g. an extrema of g. The graph of g continues to increase
after x 2 because f remains above the x-axis.
(e) The graph of h is that of g shifted 2 units downward.
4
0 9.4
−4
gt
t
0
f x dx

2
0
f x dx 2
t
f x dx 2 ht.
122. Let f x sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. 123. (a) Let u 1 x, du dx, x 1 u
1 x 0 ⇒ u 1, x 1 ⇒ u 0

Let
x and use righthand endpoints 1 0
n
x21 x5 dx 1 u2u5du
i 0 1

ci , i 1, 2, . . . , n. 1
n
u51 u2 du
sini n
n n

0

lim lim f ci
x 1
n→ i1 n
x→0 i1
x 51 x2 dx
1
0
sin x dx
(b) Let u 1 x, du dx, x 1 u
0
x 0 ⇒ u 1, x 1 ⇒ u 0

1 1
cos x

0 1 0
x a1 xb dx 1 uaubdu
1 2
1 1 0 1

1
ub1 ua du
0
0
1
x b1 xa dx
124. (a) sin x cos

2 x and cos x sin
2 x (b) Let u

2
x as in part (a):
Let u

2

x, du dx, x u:
2 2
0
sinn x dx
0
2
cosn
2 x dx
0
2
cosnudu
2
0
sin2x dx
2
0
cos2
2 x dx
0
2
cos2udu
2
0
cosn u du 0
2
cosn x dx

0
2
cos2u du
0
2
cos2x dx
125. False 126. False
2x 12 dx
1
2 1
2x 12 2 dx 2x 13 C
6
xx2 12 dx
1
2 1
x2 12x dx x2 12 C
4
127. True
10
10
ax3 bx2 cx d dx 10
10
ax3 cx dx
10
10
bx2 d dx 0 2 0
10
bx2 d dx
Odd Even
128. True
b
a
sin x dx cos x
b
a
cos b cos a cosb 2 cos a
a
b2
sin x dx
129. True

4 sin x cos x dx 2 sin 2x dx cos 2x C
130. False
sin2 2x cos 2x dx
1
2
sin 2x22 cos 2x dx
1 sin 2x3
2 3
1
C sin3 2x C
6
131. Let u cx, du c dx:
c b
a
f cx dx c
ca
cb
f u
du
c
cb
ca
f u du
cb
ca
f x dx
d
132. (a) sin u u cos u C cos u cos u u sin u u sin u
du
Thus,
u sin u du sin u u cos u C.
(b) Let u x, u2 x, 2 u du dx.

2
sinx dx sin u2u du

0 0
2
0
u sin u du

2 sin u u cos u 0
(part (a))
2 cos
2
133. Because f is odd, f x f x. Then

a
a
f x dx 0
a
f x dx
0
a
f x dx
0
a
f x dx a
0
f x dx.
Let x u, dx du in the first integral.

When x 0, u 0. When x a, u a.

1
a
f x dx 0
a
f udu a
0
f x dx
0
a
f u du a
0
f x dx 0
134. Let u x h, then du dx. When x a, u a h. When x b, u b h. Thus,
b
a
f x h dx bh
ah
f u du ah
bh
f x dx.
135. Let f x a0 a1x a2 x2 . . . an x n. 136. 2 1

f x dx 1
2 2

0

1

x2 x3 x n1 1
f x dx a0 x a1
1
a2 . . . an
2 f xx dx 2 2
2
0 2 3 n1 0
0

a1 a2 . . . an 1
a0 0 (Given)
f xx2 dx
2
2 3 n1
0
By the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals, there exists c
Adding,
in 0, 1 such that
1
f x dx f c1 0 0
1
2 f x 2 x f x x2f x dx 0

0
1
0 f c. f x x2 dx 0.
0
Thus the equation has at least one real zero.
Since x2 ≥ 0, f 0. Hence, there are no such
functions.
Section 4.6 Numerical Integration
1. Exact:
0
2
x2 dx 3x
1 3
2
0

8
3
2.6667
Trapezoidal:
0
2
x2 dx
1
4
02
1
2
2
212 2 32
2
22
11
4
2.7500
Simpson’s:
0
2
x2 dx
1
6
04
1
2
2
212 4 32
2
22
8
3
2.6667
2. Exact:
0
1
x2
2
1 dx
6
x3
x
1
0

7
6
1.1667
Trapezoidal:
0
1
x2
2
1

1 dx 1 2
8
142
2
1 2
122

2
1 2
342
2
1
12
2
1
75
64
1.1719

Simpson’s:
0
1
x2
2
1 dx
1
12
14
142
2
1 2
122
2 1 4
342
2
1 12
2
1

67 1.1667
Section 4.6 Numerical Integration 413
3. Exact:
0
2
x3 dx 4
x4 2
0
4.0000
Trapezoidal:
0
2
x3 dx
1
402
1
2
3
213 2 32
3
23
17
4
4.2500
Simpson’s:
0
2
x3 dx
1
604
1
2
3
213 4 32
3
23
24
6
4.0000
4. Exact:
1
2
1
x2
dx
1
x
2
1
0.5000
Trapezoidal:
1
2
1
x2
1

dx 1 2
8
4
5
2
2 46
2
2 47
2

1
4
0.5090
Simpson’s:
1
2
1
x2
dx
1
12
14
4
5
2
2 46
2
4 47
2

1
4
0.5004
5. Exact:
0
2
x3 dx 14x
4
2
0
4.0000
Trapezoidal:
0
2
x3 dx
1
802
1
4
3
2 24
3
2 34
3
213 2 54
3
2 64
3
2 74
3

8 4.0625
Simpson’s:
0
2
x3 dx
1
12
04
1
4
3
2 24
3
4 34
3
213 4 54
3
2 64
3
4 74
3

8 4.0000
6. Exact:
0
8
3 x dx
34x 43
8
0
12.0000
Trapezoidal:
0
8
3 x dx

1
2
0 2 2
3 2 2
3 3 2
3 4 2
3 5 2 3 7 2 11.7296
3 6 2
Simpson’s:
0
8
3 x dx

1
3
0 4 2
3 2 4
3 3 2
3 4 4
3 5 2 3 7 2 11.8632
3 6 4
7. Exact:
9
4
x dx 23x 32
9
4
18
16 38
3

3
12.6667
Trapezoidal:
9
4
x dx
5
16
22 378 2214 2478 2264 2578 2314 2678 3
12.6640
Simpson’s:
9
4
x dx
5
24
24 378 21 4 478 26 4 578 31 4 678 3 12.6667
8. Exact:
1
3
4 x2 dx 4x x3
3
3
1
3
11
3
2
0.6667
3
Trapezoidal:
1
3
4 x2 dx
1
4
32 4
3
2
20 24 52
5 0.7500
2 2
Simpson’s:
1
3
4 x2 dx
1
6
34 4
9
4
04 4 25
4
5 0.6667

9. Exact:
2
1
1
x 12
dx
1
x1
2
1
1 1 1
0.1667
3 2 6
Trapezoidal:
2
1
1
x 12
dx
1 1
8 4
2
1
54 12
2
1
32 12
2
1

74 12

1
9

1 1 32

8

32
8 4 81 25 121 9

1
0.1676
Simpson’s:
2
1
1
x 12
dx
1 1
12 4
4
1

54 12
2 1
32 12
4
1
74 12
1
9

1 1 64

8

64
12 4 81 25 121 9

1
0.1667
10. Exact:
2
0
xx2 1 dx
1 2
3
x 132
2
0
1
532 1 3.393
3
Trapezoidal:
2
0
xx2 1 dx
1
4
02
1
2
122 1 2112 1 2
3
2
322 1 222 1 3.457
Simpson’s:
2
0
xx2 1 dx
1
6
04
1
2
122 1 2112 1 4
3
2
322 1 222 1 3.392
11. Trapezoidal:
0
2
1 x3 dx
1
4
1 21 18 22 21 278 3 3.283
Simpson’s:
0
2
1 x3 dx
1
6
1 41 18 22 41 278 3 3.240
Graphing utility: 3.241
12. Trapezoidal:
0
2
1
1 x3
dx
1
4
12
1

1 123
2
1
1 13
2
1
1 323
1
3
1.397

Simpson’s:
0
2
1
1 x3
dx
1
6
14
1

1 123
2
1
1 13
4
1
1 323
1
3
1.405

13. 1
0
x1 x dx 1
0
x1 x dx
Trapezoidal:
0
1
x1 x dx
1
8
02
1
4
1
1
4
2
12 1 21
234 1 43
0.342
Simpson’s:
0
1
x1 x dx
1
12
04
1
4
1
1
4
2
12 1 21
434 1 43
0.372
14. Trapezoidal:
2

x sin x dx
2 1 258 sin 58
234 sin 34
278 sin 78
0 1.430

16
Simpson’s:
2

x sin x dx 4 sin
2 sin
4 sin
0 1.458

24

2
5
8
5
8
3
4
3
4
7
8
7
8
2

2
2 2 2 2

3
2 2 2 2
15. Trapezoidal: cosx2 dx cos 0 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos cos
0 8 4 2 4
0.957
2

2
2 2 2 2

3
2 2 2 2
Simpson’s: cosx2 dx cos 0 4 cos 2 cos 4 cos cos
0 12 4 2 4
0.978
16. Trapezoidal: 4
0
tanx2 dx
4
8 tan 0 2 tan 4
4
2
2 tan
4
2
2
2 tan 3
4
4
2
tan 4

2
0.271
4

4
4 4 4 4

3
2 2 2 2
Simpson’s: tanx2 dx tan 0 4 tan 2 tan 4 tan tan
0 12 4 2 4
0.257
17. Trapezoidal: 1
1.1
sin x2 dx
1
80
sin1 2 sin1.0252 2 sin1.052 2 sin1.0752 sin1.12 0.089
Simpson’s: 1
1.1
sin x2 dx
1
120
sin1 4 sin1.0252 2 sin1.052 4 sin1.0752 sin1.12 0.089
18. Trapezoidal: 0
2
1 cos2 x dx

16
2 21 cos28 21 cos24 21 cos238 1 1.910
Simpson’s: 0
2
1 cos2 x dx

24
2 41 cos28 21 cos24 41 cos238 1 1.910
19. Trapezoidal: 0
4
x tan x dx

32
02

16
tan

16
2
2

16
tan
2
16
2
3
16
tan
3
16

4
0.194

Simpson’s: 0
4
x tan x dx

48
04

16
tan

16
2
2

16
tan
2
16
4
3
16
tan
3
16

4
0.186

20. Trapezoidal: 0

sin x
x
dx

8
1
2 sin4 2 sin2 2 sin34
4

2

34
0 1.836
Simpson’s: 0

sin x
x
dx

12
1
4 sin4 2 sin2 4 sin34
4

2

34
0 1.852
21. y 22. Trapezoidal: Linear polynomials

Simpson’s: Quadratic polynomials
y = f ( x)
x
a b
The Trapezoidal Rule overestimates the area if the graph

of the integrand is concave up.
23. f x x3 24. f x 2x 3

fx 3x2 fx 2
f x 6x f x 0
f x 6 The error is 0 for both rules.
f 4x 0
2 03
(a) Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 12 0.5 since
1242
f x is maximum in 0, 2 when x 2.

2 05
(b) Simpson’s: Error ≤ 0 0 since
18044
f 4x 0.
1
25. f x 26. f x x 12
x1
fx 2x 13
1
fx
x 12 f x 6x 14
2 f x 24x 15

f x
x 13 f 4x 120x 16
6 4 23
f x (a) Trapezoidal: Error ≤
1
6 ,
x 14 1242 4
f 4x
24
x 15

since f x is a maximum of 6 at x 2.
4 25 1
1 02 1 (b) Simpson’s: Error ≤ 120
(a) Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 2 0.01 since 18044 12
1242 96
f x is maximum in 0, 1 when x 0.

since f 4x is a maximum of 120 at x 2.
1 05 1
(b) Simpson’s: Error ≤ 24 0.0005
18044 1920
since f 4x is maximum in 0, 1 when x 0.
27. f x cos x 28. f x sinx

fx sin x fx cosx
f x cos x f x 2 sinx
f x sin x f x 3 cosx
f 4x cos x f 4x 4 sinx
03 3 1 03 2 2
(a) Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 1 0.1615 (a) Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 0.0514,
1242 192 124
2 192

because f x is at most 1 on 0, .
since f x ≤ 2 on 0, 1.
05 5 1 05 4 4
(b) Simpson’s: Error ≤ 1 0.006641 (b) Simpson’s: Error ≤ 0.0021,
18044 46,080 18044 46,080

because f 4x is at most 1 on 0, .
since f 4 x ≤ 4 on 0, 1.
2
29. f x in 1, 3.
x3

(a) f x is maximum when x 1 and f 1 2.
23
Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 2 < 0.00001, n2 > 133,333.33, n > 365.15; let n 366.
12n2
24
f 4x 5 in 1, 3.
x

(b) f 4x is maximum when x 1 and f 41 24.
25
Simpson’s: Error ≤ 24 < 0.00001, n4 > 426,666.67, n > 25.56; let n 26.
180n4
2
30. f x in 0, 1.
1 x3

(a) f x is maximum when x 0 and f 0 2.
1
Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 2 < 0.00001, n2 > 16,666.67, n > 129.10; let n 130.
12n2
24
f 4x in 0, 1
1 x5

(b) f 4x is maximum when x 0 and f 40 24.
1
Simpson’s: Error ≤ 24 < 0.00001, n4 > 13,333.33, n > 10.75; let n 12. (In Simpson’s Rule n must be even.)
180n4
31. f x x 212, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 32. f x x12, 1 ≤ x ≤ 3

1 1 32
fx x 212 fx x
2 2
1 3
f x x 232 f x x52
4 4
3 15 72
f x x 252 f x x
8 8
15 105 92
f 4x x 272 f 4x x
16 16

(a) Maximum of f x
2 03 2
1
4x 232
is
2
16 0.0884.
(a) Maximum of f x
3 13 3
3
4x 52
3
is on 1, 3.
4
Trapezoidal: Error ≤
12n2 16
≤ 0.00001
12n2 4
≤ 0.00001
82 5 2 5 1
n2 ≥
1216
10
24
10 n2 ≥
2
10 5
n ≥ 76.8. Let n 77. n ≥ 223.6. Let n 224

(b) Maximum of f 4 x 15
16x 272
is

(b) Maximum of f 4 x
105
16x92
is
105
16
on 1, 3.
152
256
0.0829. Simpson’s: Error ≤
25 105
180n4 16
≤ 0.00001
Simpson’s: Error ≤
25 152
180n4 256
≤ 0.00001
n4 ≥
7
6
10 5
32152 5 2 5 n ≥ 18.5. Let n 20 (even)
n4 ≥ 10 10
180256 96
n ≥ 6.2. Let n 8 (even).
f x cosx, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
33. 34. f x sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤
2
fx sinx
fx cos x
f x 2 cosx
f x sin x
f x 3 sinx
f x cos x
f 4x 4 cosx
f 4x sin x

(a) Maximum of f x 2cosx is 2. All derivatives are bounded by 1.
1 03 2
Trapezoidal: Error ≤ ≤ 0.00001 23
12n2 (a) Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 1 ≤ 0.00001
12n2
2
n2 ≥ 10 5 3
12 n2 ≥
96
10 5
n ≥ 286.8. Let n 287.
n ≥ 179.7. Let n 180.
(b) Maximum of f 4 x 4cos x is 4.
(b) Simpson’s: Error ≤
25
1 ≤ 0.00001
180n4
1
Simpson’s: Error ≤ 4 ≤ 0.00001 5
180n4 n4 ≥
5760
10 5
4
n4 ≥
180
10 5 n ≥ 8.5. Let n 10 (even).
n ≥ 15.3. Let n 16.

35. f x 1 x
1
(a) f x in 0, 2.
41 x32
1
f x is maximum when x 0 and f 0 4.
8 1

< 0.00001, n
12n2 4
2 > 16,666.67, n > 129.10; let n 130.
15
(b) f 4x in 0, 2
161 x72
15
f 4x is maximum when x 0 and f 40 16.
32 15

< 0.00001, n
180n4 16
4 > 16,666.67, n > 11.36; let n 12.
36. f x x 123

2
(a) f x in 0, 2.
9x 143
2
f x is maximum when x 0 and f 0 9.
8 2

< 0.00001, n
12n4 9
2
> 14,814.81, n > 121.72; let n 122.
56
(b) f 4x in 0, 2.
81x 1103
56
f 4x is maximum when x 0 and f 40 81.
32 56

< 0.00001, n
180n4 81
4
> 12,290.81, n > 10.53; let n 12. (In Simpson’s Rule n must be even.)
37. f x tanx2

(a) f x 2 sec2x21 4x2 tanx2 in 0, 1.
f x is maximum when x 1 and f 1 49.5305.

1 03
Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 49.5305 < 0.00001, n2 > 412,754.17, n > 642.46; let n 643.
12n2
(b) f 4x 8 sec2x212x2 3 32x4 tanx2 36x2 tan2x2 48x4 tan3x2 in 0, 1
f 4x is maximum when x 1 and f 41 9184.4734.

1 05
Simpson’s: Error ≤ 9184.4734 < 0.00001, n4 > 5,102,485.22, n > 47.53; let n 48.
180n4
38. f x sinx2

(a) f x 22x2 sinx2 cosx2 in 0, 1.
f x is maximum when x 1 and f 1 2.2853.

1 03
Trapezoidal: Error ≤ 2.2853 < 0.00001, n2 > 19,044.17, n > 138.00; let n 139.
12n2
(b) f 4x 16x4 12 sinx2 48x2 cosx2 in 0, 1
f 4x is maximum when x 0.852 and f 40.852 28.4285.

1 05
Simpson’s: Error ≤ 28.4285 < 0.00001, n4 > 15,793.61, n > 11.21; let n 12.
180n4
39. (a) b a 4 0 4, n4 40. n 8, b a 8 0 8
4
0
4
f x dx 3 27 29 27 0
8
(a)
8
0
f x dx
8
16
0 21.5 23 25.5 29
1 49 210 29 26 0

49 24.5
2 2
1
4 88 44
4 2
(b) f x dx 3 47 29 47 0

0 12 8
8
(b) f x dx 0 41.5 23 45.5 29
77 24
25.67 0
3
410 29 46 0
1 134
134
3 3
41. The program will vary depending upon the computer or programmable calculator that you use.
42. f x 2 3x2 on 0, 4.
n Ln Mn Rn Tn Sn

4 12.7771 15.3965 18.4340 15.6055 15.4845
8 14.0868 15.4480 16.9152 15.5010 15.4662
10 14.3569 15.4544 16.6197 15.4883 15.4658
12 14.5386 15.4578 16.4242 15.4814 15.4657
16 14.7674 15.4613 16.1816 15.4745 15.4657
20 14.9056 15.4628 16.0370 15.4713 15.4657
43. f x 1 x2 on 0, 1.
n Ln Mn Rn Tn Sn

4 0.8739 0.7960 0.6239 0.7489 0.7709
8 0.8350 0.7892 0.7100 0.7725 0.7803
10 0.8261 0.7881 0.7261 0.7761 0.7818
12 0.8200 0.7875 0.7367 0.7783 0.7826
16 0.8121 0.7867 0.7496 0.7808 0.7836
20 0.8071 0.7864 0.7571 0.7821 0.7841
44. f x sinx on 0, 4.
n Ln Mn Rn Tn Sn

4 2.8163 3.5456 3.7256 3.2709 3.3996
8 3.1809 3.5053 3.6356 3.4083 3.4541
10 3.2478 3.4990 3.6115 3.4296 3.4624
12 3.2909 3.4952 3.5940 3.4425 3.4674
16 3.3431 3.4910 3.5704 3.4568 3.4730
20 3.3734 3.4888 3.5552 3.4643 3.4759
45. A 2
0
x cos x dx
Simpson’s Rule: n 14
2
0
x cos x dx

840 cos 0 4 28 cos 28 214 cos 14 4328 cos 328 . . . 2 cos 2
0.701
y
1
2
x
π π
4 2
46. Simpson’s Rule: n 8
83
0
2
1 32 sin d 2
3
6 1 32 sin 0 41 32 sin 16 21 32 sin 8 . . . 1 32 sin 2
2 2 2 2
17.476
47. W 0
5
100x125 x 3 dx
Simpson’s Rule: n 12
5
0
100x125 x3 dx
5

312
0 400
5
12
125 125
3
200
12

10 125
10
12
3
12

15 125

15 3
400 . . . 0 10,233.58 ft lb
12
48. (a) Trapezoidal:
2
0
f x dx
2
28
4.32 24.36 24.58 25.79 26.14 27.25 27.64 28.08 8.14 12.518
Simpson’s:
2
0
f x dx
2
38
4.32 44.36 24.58 45.79 26.14 47.25 27.64 48.08 8.14 12.592
(b) Using a graphing utility,
y 1.3727x3 4.0092x2 0.6202x 4.2844.
Integrating, 0
2
y dx 12.53.

12
6
49. dx Simpson’s Rule, n 6
0 1 x2
12 0
6 46.0209 26.0851 46.1968 26.3640 46.6002 6.9282

36
1
113.098 3.1416
36
50. Simpson’s Rule: n 6
4 1
0
1
1 x2
dx
4
36
1
4

2

4

2

4

1 1 62 1 2 62 1 3 62 1 462 1 5 62 2
1

3.14159
1000
51. Area 125 2125 2120 2112 290 290 295 288 275 235 89,250 sq m
210
120
52. Area 75 281 284 276 267 268 269 272 268 256 242 223 0
212
7435 sq m
53. Let f x Ax3 Bx2 Cx D. Then f 4x 0.

b a5
Simpson’s: Error ≤ 0 0
180n4
Therefore, Simpson’s Rule is exact when approximating the integral of a cubic polynomial.
Example: 0
1
x3 dx
1
604
1
2
3

1
1
4
This is the exact value of the integral.
54. 0
t
sinx dx 2, n 10
By trial and error, we obtain t 2.477.
55. The quadratic polynomial

x x2x x3 x x1x x3 x x1x x2
px y y y
x1 x2x1 x3 1 x2 x1x2 x3 2 x3 x1x3 x2 3
passes through the three points.
Review Exercises for Chapter 4
1. y
2. y
f f′
x
x
3. 2
3
1
2x2 x 1 dx x3 x2 x C
2
4.

3
2
3x
dx 3
2
3

x1 3dx 3
2 x2 3
3 2 3
C
3
x2 3 C

3 3
3x2 3 C
Review Exercises for Chapter 4 423
5. x3 1
x2
dx x
1
x2 1 1
dx x2 C
2 x
6. x3 2x2 1
x2
dx x 2 x2 dx
1 1
x2 2x C
2 x
7. 4x 3 sin x dx 2x2 3 cos x C 8. 5 cos x 2 sec2 x dx 5 sin x 2 tan x C
9. fx 2x, 1, 1 10. f x 6x 1
f x 2x dx x2 C fx 6x 1 dx 3x 12 C1

When x 1:
Since the slope of the tangent line at 2, 1 is 3, it follows
y 1 C 1 that f2 3 C1 3 when C1 0.
C2 fx 3x 12
y 2 x2
f x 3x 12 dx x 13 C2
f 2 1 C2 1 when C2 0.
f x x 13
11. (a) y
12. (a) y
2
6
x
−2 6
(6, 2)
x
7
−6 −2
dy dy 1 2
(b) 2x 4, 4, 2 (b) x 2x, 6, 2
dx dx 2
y 2x 4 dx x 2 4x C y 1 2
2 1
x 2x dx x 3 x2 C
6
2 16 16 C ⇒ C 2 1
2 63 6 2 C ⇒ C 2
6
y x2 4x 2
1
1 y x3 x2 2
−4 8
6
−7
13. at a 14. 45 mph 66 ft sec
vt a dt at C1
30 mph 44 ft sec
at a
v0 0 C1 0 when C1 0.
vt at 66 since v0 66 ft sec.
vt at a
st t 2 66t since s0 0.

2
a
st at dt t2 C2 Solving the system
2
vt at 66 44
s0 0 C2 0 when C2 0.
a
a s(t t2 66t 264
st t 2 2
2
we obtain t 24 5 and a 55 12. We now solve
a 55 12t 66 0 and get t 72 5. Thus,
s30 302 3600 or
2
725 55 12
2 5 725 475.2 ft.
72 2
23600 s 66
a 8 ft sec2.
302
Stopping distance from 30 mph to rest is
v30 830 240 ft sec
475.2 264 211.2 ft.
15. at 32 16. at 9.8 m sec2

vt 32t 96 vt 9.8t v0 9.8t 40
st 16t2 96t st 4.9t2 40t s0 0
(a) vt 32t 96 0 when t 3 sec. 40
(a) vt 9.8t 40 0 when t 4.08 sec.
9.8
(b) s3 144 288 144 ft
(b) s4.08 81.63 m
96 3
(c) vt 32t 96 when t sec.
2 2 20
(c) vt 9.8t 40 20 when t 2.04 sec.
9.8
(d) s 32 1694 9632 108 ft (d) s2.04 61.2 m
8
1 1 1 1 12
i 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 . . . 12 2
17. 4i 41 42 . . . 48
i1
18.
i1 2i

21

22

23

212
i1 3 11 3 21 3 n1

n
n
3 2 2 2 2
19. ...
i1 n n n n n n n
i 12 n 12
3i2

n
4 9
20. 3 2 6 2 . . . 3n 2
i1 n n n n
1011 2021
3i 3
10 20
21.
i1 2
165 22. 4i 1 4
i1 2
20 820
20 20 12 12
23. i 1
i1
2 i
i1
2 2i 1 24. ii
i1
2 1 i
i1
3 i
202141 2021 122132 1213

2 20
6 2 4 2
2870 420 20 3310 6084 78 6006
10
25. (a) 2i 1
i1
n
(b) i
i1
3
10
(c) 4i 2
i1
26. x1 2, x2 1, x3 5, x4 3, x5 7
1 5 1 16
(a)
x 2 1 5 3 7
5 i1 i 5 5
5 1 1 1 1 1 37
(b) x 2 1 5 3 7 210
i1 i
5
(c) 2x x
i1
i i
2 22 22 21 12 25 52 23 32 27 72 56
5
(d) x x
i2
i i1 1 2 5 1 3 5 7 3 5
10 1
27. y , x , n 4
x2 1 2
1 10 10 10 10
Sn S4
2 1 1 22 1 12 1 3 22 1
13.0385
1 10 10 10 10
s n s4
2 1 22 1 1 1 3 22 1 22 1
9.0385
9.0385 < Area of Region < 13.0385
1
28. y 9 x2, x 1, n 4
4
S4 1 9 41 4 9 41 9 9 41 16 9 41 25
22.5
9 49 9 4 16 9 4 25 9 9
1 1 1
s4 1
14.5
4 y
29. y 6 x, x , right endpoints
n 8
n 6

Area lim f c x i 4
n→ i1
2
6 n n
n 4i 4

lim x
n→ −2 2 4 6 8
i1
−2
4 nn 1

4
lim 6n
n→ n n 2
n1
lim
n→ 24 8 n
24 8 16
2 y
30. y x2 3, x right endpoints
n 12
n 10
Area lim
n→ i1
f ci x 8
n
n
n 2 4
2i 2
lim 3 2
n→ i1
x
1 2
2 n 4i2
lim 3
n→ n i1 n2
2 4 nn 12n 1
lim
n→ n n2 6
3n
4 n 12n 1
3 8

26
lim 6 6
n→ n2 3 3
3 y
31. y 5 x2, x
n 6
f c x
4
Area lim i 3
n→ i1
2
5 2 n
n
n 2 1
3i 3

lim −4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
x
n→ i1
−2
3 n 12i 9i2
lim 1 2
n→ n i1 n n
12 nn 1 9 nn 12n 1

3
lim n 2
n→ n n 2 n 6
lim
n→ 3 18 n n 1 92 n 1n2n 1
2
3 18 9 12
1 2 y
32. y x3, x
4 n 20
f c x
15
Area lim i
n→ i1
10

n 3
1 2i 2
lim 2 5
n→ i1 4 n n x
1 2 3 4
1 n 24i 24i2 8i3

lim 8 2 3
n→ 2n i1 n n n
4 n 3i 3i2 i3
lim 1 2 3
n→ n i1 n n n
3 nn 1 3 nn 12n 1 1 n2n 12
lim
4
n→ n
nn 2
2
n 6
3
n 4
4 6 4 1 15
3 y
33. x 5y y2, 2 ≤ y ≤ 5, y
n 6
52 n 2 n
n
n 3i 3i 2 3
Area lim 4
n→ i1
3
3 n
15i i 9i2 2
lim 10 4 12 2 1
n→ n i1 n n n
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 n 3i 9i2
lim 6 2
n→ n i1 n n
3 nn 1 9 nn 12n 1

3
lim 6n 2
n→ n n 2 n 6
9 27
18 9
2 2
b4b4 m2b4 b4 m3b4 b4 m4b4 b4 mb16 1 2 3 4 5mb8

2 2 y
34. (a) S m y = mx
b4 mb4b4 m2b4 b4 m3b4 b4 mb16 1 2 3 3mb8

2 2
s m0
mb2 nn 1 mb2n 1

f n n n n mn i
n n 2 n
bi b mbi b b
(b) Sn 2

i1 i1 i1 n 2 2n
x
x=b
mb2 n 1n mb2n 1

n1 n1 2 n1
bi b bi b b
sn f m m i 2
i0 n n i0 n n n i0 n 2 2n
mb2n 1 mb2n 1 1 2 1 1
(c) Area lim lim mb bmb baseheight
n→ 2n n→ 2n 2 2 2
(d) 0
b
mx dx 12mx
2
b
0
1
mb2
2
35. lim
→0 i1
n
2ci 3 xi 4
6
2x 3 dx 36. lim
→0 i1
n
3ci9 ci 2 xi
1
3
3x9 x2 dx
37. 2
0
3x 6 dx 38. 3
3
9 x2dx
y
39. 40. y
12 6
9 5
6 3
Triangle
3 2
1
x x
−3 3 6 9 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−3
−2
0
5
5 x 5 dx
5
0
5 5 x dx 5
0
x dx
25
2
4
4
16 x2 dx
1
2
42 8
(triangle) (semicircle)
41. (a) 2
6
f x gx dx 6
2
f x dx 2
6
gx dx 10 3 13
(b) 2
6
f x gx dx 6
2
f x dx 2
6
gx dx 10 3 7
(c) 2
6
2f x 3gx dx 2 2
6
f x dx 3 6
2
gx dx 210 33 11
(d) 2
6
5f x dx 5 2
6
f x dx 510 50
42. (a) 0
6
f x dx 3
0
f x dx 3
6
f x dx 4 1 3 43. 0
4
2 x dx 2x
x2
2
0
8
16
2
16
(b) 6
3
f x dx 6
3
f x dx 1 1
(c) 4
4
f x dx 0
(d) 3
6
10 f x dx 10 3
6
f x dx 101 10
44. 1
1
t2 2 dt t3 2t
3 1
1

14
3
45. 1
1
4t 3 2t dt t 4 t 2
1
0
46. 2
2
x4 2x2 5 dx 5
x5 2x3
3
5x
2
325 163 10 325 163 10

52

15
47. 4
9
xx dx
9
4
x3 2 dx

25x
5 2
9
4

2
5
9 5 4 5 52243 32 422
5
48.
1
2
1

1
x2 x3
dx 2
1
1 1
x2 x3 dx 2
x 2x
2 8 1 2 8
2
1
1 1 1 1
49. 0
3 4
sin
d
cos

3 4
0
2
2 11 2
2

2 2
2
50. 4
4
sec2 t dt tan t
4
4
1 1 2 51. 1
3
2x 1 dx x2 x
1
6
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
52.
0
2
x 4 dx 2 4x
x2
2
0
10 53.
4
3
x2 9 dx 3 9x
x3 4
643 36 9 27
y

7
6
64 54 10

5
4 3 3 3
y
2
1 8
x 7
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
5
4
3
2
1
x
1 2 4 5 6 7 8
54. 2
1
x2 x 2 dx
x3 x2
3
2x
2
1
55.
1
0
x x3 dx x2 x4
2 4 1
0

1 1 1

2 4 4
8
1 1

y
24 2
3 3 2
1
10 7 9

3 6 2
x
1
y
3 1
x
−2 1 3
−1
−2
56.
0
1
x1 x dx x1 2 x3 2 dx 57. Area 0
1
sin x dx
23x
1
2
3 2
x5 2 cos x
5 0 0
2 2 4 cos1 1

3 5 15
1 cos1
y
0.460
1
x
1
58. Area 2
0
x cos x dx
2
2 sin x
x2

0
2
1
8
59. Area
1
9
4
x
dx 1 2
4x1 2 9
1
83 1 16 60. Area 3
0
sec2 x dx 5
4
y
3

y
tan x 3 3
10 0 2
8
6
x
4 π π
6 3
2
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10
−2
61.
1
94
4
9
x
1
dx 15 2x
4
2
5
2
3 2 Average value
5
y
2
2 1

5 x
1
25 2
5 ,
x
4 5
2 x
2 4 6 8 10
25
x
4
62.
1
20 2
0
x3 dx
x4
8
2
0
2
8
y
63. Fx x21 x3
x3 2 6
x
3 2 4
2 ( 3 2 , 2)
x
1 2
1
64. Fx 65. Fx x2 3x 2 66. Fx csc2 x
x2
67. x2 13 dx x6 3x4 3x2 1 dx

x7 3 5
7
x x3 x C
5
68. x
1
x
2
dx x2 2 x2 dx
x3
3
1
2x C
x
69. u x3 3, du 3x2 dx
x3
x2
3
dx x3 31 2 x2 dx
1
3 2
x3 31 2 3x2 dx x3 31 2 C
3
70. u x3 3, du 3x2 dx
x2x3 3 dx
1
3 2
x3 31 2 3x2 dx x3 33 2 C
9
71. u 1 3x2, du 6x dx
x1 3x24 dx
1
6 1 1
1 3x246x dx 1 3x25 C 3x2 15 C
30 30
72. u x2 6x 5, du 2x 6 dx
x3

1 2x 6
x2 6x 52 2 x2 6x 52
dx
1 2
2
x 6x 51 C
1
2x2 6x 5
C
73. sin3 x cos x dx

1 4
4
sin x C 74. x sin 3x2 dx
1
6 1
sin 3x26x dx cos 3x2 C
6
75. sin
1 cos
d
1 cos
1 2 sin
d
21 cos
1 2 C 21 cos
C
76. cos x
sin x
dx
sin x1 2 cos x dx 2sin x1 2 C 2sin x C
77. tann x sec2 x dx

tann1 x
n1
C, n 1 78. sec 2x tan 2x dx
1
2 1
sec 2x tan 2x2 dx sec 2x C
2
79. 1 sec x2 sec x tan x dx

1
1
1 sec x2 sec x tan x dx 1 sec x3 C
3
80. 1
cot4 csc2 d cot 4csc2 d cot 5 C
5
81. 2
1
xx2 4 dx
1
2 2
1
x2 42x dx
1 x2 42
2 2
1
1
0 9
4
9
4
82. 1
0
x2x3 13 dx
1
3
0
1
x3 133x2 dx
1
12x3 14
0

1
12
16 1
5
4
83. 3
0
1
1 x
dx
3
0
1 x1 2 dx 21 x1 2
0
422
84. 6
3
x
3x2 8
dx
1
6 6
3
x2 81 22x dx 13x
2
81 2
3

1
3
27 1
85. u 1 y, y 1 u, dy du
When y 0, u 1. When y 1, u 0.
2 1
0
y 11 y dy 2 0
1
1 u 1u du
2 0
1
u3 2 2u1 2 du 2 5u
2 5 2 4
u3 2
3
1

28
15
86. u x 1, x u 1, dx du
2 0
1
x2x 1 dx 2
1
0
u 12u du
2
1
0
u5 2 2u3 2 u1 2 du 2 27u 7 2 4 2
u5 2 u3 2
5 3
0

32
105
87. 0

cos 2x dx 2 0

cos 2x 12 dx 2 sin2x
0
2 88. 4
4
sin 2x dx 0 since sin 2x is an odd function.
89. (a) y
x
−3 3
dy
(b) x9 x2, 0, 4
dx

3
1 9 x23 2 1
y 9 x 2 1 2
x dx C 9 x23 2 C −6
2 3 2 3 6
1 1
4 9 03 2 C 27 C ⇒ C 5
3 3 −5
1
y 9 x23 2 5
3
dy 1
90. (a) y
(b) x sinx2, 0, 0
dx 2

3
1 1
y x sinx2 dx sinx22x dx u x2
2 4
x
1
cosx2 C
4
−3 1
cosx2 C
4
1 1
0 cos 0 C ⇒ C
4 4
1 1
y cosx2
4 4
91. 1
9
xx 11 3 dx. Let u x 1, du dx. 92. 0
2

cos x sin2x dx sin x
1
2
cos2x
2
A 8
0
u 1u1 3 du 0
8
u 4 3 u1 3 du 1 1
2
0
1
2
2

3u7 3 3u 4 3 8

7 4 0
3 3 468
128 16
7 4 7
93. p 1.20 0.04t
C
15,000
M t
t1
p ds
15,000
M t
t1
1.20 0.04s ds
(a) 2000 corresponds to t 10. (b) 2005 corresponds to t 15.
C
15,000
M 10
11
1.20 0.04t dt C
15,000
M
1.20t 0.02t2
16
15

27,300
M
11
15,000 24,300
1.20t 0.02t2
M 10 M
Problem Solving for Chapter 4 433
94. 0
2
1.75 sin
t
2
2
dt 1.75 cos
t
2
2
2 7
1.751 1 2.2282 liters

Increase is
7 5.1 1.9
0.6048 liters.

95. Trapezoidal Rule n 4: 1

2
1
1 x3
dx
1

1

2

2

2

1
8 1 13 1 1.253 1 1.53 1 1.753 1 23
0.257
Simpson’s Rule n 4:
1
2
1
1 x3
dx
1 1

4

2

4

1
12 1 13 1 1.253 1 1.53 1 1.753 1 23
0.254

1
x32
3x 2 dx
1
8
0
21432
3 14 2

21232
3 12 2

23432

3 342 2
1
0.172
0
1
x32
3x 2 dx
1
12
0 41432
3 14 2
21232
3 12 2
43432

3 342 2
1
0.166

2
x cos x dx 0.637
Simpson’s Rule n 4: 0.685

Graphing Utility: 0.704

1 sin2 x dx 3.820

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

1
1 1
1. (a) L1 dt 0 (b) Lx by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
1 t x
(c) Lx 1 x
1
dt for x 2.718
L1 1
1 t
x1
1
dt 1
1

(d) We first show that dt.
2.718
1 1 t 1x1 t
dt 0.999896
1 t t 1
To see this, let u and du dt.
(Note: The exact value of x is e, the base of the x1 x1
natural logarithm function.)
Then
1
x1
1
t
dt 1
1
ux
1x1 1
x1 du 1
1
1x1 u
du
1
1
1x1 t
dt.
Now, Lx1x2
1
x1x2
1
t
dt x2
1x1 u
1

du using u
t
x1
1
1
1x1 u
du x2
1
1
u
du

1
x1
1
u
du 1
x2
1
u
du
Lx1 Lx2 .
2. (a) Fx x
2
sin t2 dt
x 0 1.0 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0

Fx 0.8048 0.4945 0.0265 0.0611 0 0.0867 0.3743 0.0312 0.0576 0.2769
(b) Gx
1
x2 2
x
sin t2 dt
x 1.9 1.95 1.99 2.01 2.1
Gx 0.6106 0.6873 0.7436 0.7697 0.8671
lim Gx 0.75

x→2
Fx F2
(c) F2 lim
x→2 x2
lim
1
x→2 x 2
x
2
sin t2 dt
lim Gx
x→2
Since Fx sin x2, F2 sin 4 lim Gx. Note: sin 4 0.7568
x→2
2i
3. y x 4 4x 3 4x 2, 0, 2 , ci
n
2
(a) x , f x x 4 4x 3 4x 2
n
n
A lim
n→ i1 f c x
i
n
2in
2in
2n
n 2i 4 3 2
lim 4 4
n→ i1
n
2in
2in
2n
n 2i 4 3 2
(b) 4 4
i1
8n 16n 15n

9n n 1 8n 12 8n 12n 1 2

3 2
3

n 3n n
8n 1n 15n

n n 1 2

3 2
3
n
8n 1n 15n

n n 1 2 16

3 2
(c) A lim 3
n→ n 15
1 2i 2
4. y x 5 2x 3, 0, 2 , ci , x
2 n n
8n 1 5n3n 2n 1 403

n 2 2

(a) A lim f c x i (c) A lim 4
n→ i1 n→

2in
2n
n 1 2i 5 3
2 n
lim 2
n→ i1
2 n
2in
2n
n 1 2i 5 3
(b) 2
i1
4n 1 2n3n 2n 1 4n n 1 2n

2 2 2
3
8n 1 5n3n 2n 1

2 2
4
5. Sx x
0
sin 2t
dt
2
(a) y (b) y
1.00
2
0.75
1
0.50
x
1 3 0.25
−1 x
1 2 3 2 5 6 72 23
−2 −0.25
x2
The zeros of y sin correspond to the relative
2
extrema of Sx.
x2 x2
(c) Sx sin 0 ⇒ n ⇒ x2 2n ⇒ x 2n, n integer.
2 2
Relative maximum at x 2 1.4142 and x 6 2.4495
Relative minimum at x 2 and x 8 2.8284
2x
x 0 ⇒ 2x
2 2
(d) S x cos n ⇒ x2 1 2n ⇒ x 1 2n, n integer
2
Points of inflection at x 1, 3, 5, and 7.
6. (a) 1
1
cos x dx cos 3
1

cos 13
2 cos 13
1.6758

1
1
cos x dx sin x
1
1
2 sin1 1.6829

Error: 1.6829 1.6758 0.0071
(b) 1
1 1
1
x2
dx
1

1

1 13 1 13 2
3
(c) Let px ax3 bx2 cx d.
(Note: exact answer is 2 1.5708) 1
1
px dx ax4
4

bx3 cx2
3

2
dx
1
1

2b
3
2d

p
3
1

p 13
b3 d
b3 d
2b3 2d

7. (a) Area 3
9 x2 dx 2
3
9 x2 dx (c) Let the parabola be given by y b2 a2x2, a, b > 0.

3 0
ba
Area 2 b2 a2x2 dx

3
x3 y
2 9x 0
3 0 b2
227 9 36
2 b2x a2
3
x3 ba
0
2 2
(b) Base 6, height 9, Area bh 69 36
ba
a3 ba

2 3
3 3 2 b2
x
b b
y −
a a

b3 1 b3 4 b3
10
2
8
a 3 a 3 a
7
6 2b
5 Base , height b2
4 a
3
2
2 2b 2 4 b3
1
x
Archimedes’ Formula: Area b
−4 −2 −1 1 2 4 5 3 a 3 a
y
8. Let d be the distance traversed and a be the uniform 9. (a)
acceleration. We can assume that v0 0 and s0 0. 5
4
Then 3 (8, 3)
(6, 2)
2 f
at a 1 (0, 0)
x
−1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
vt at −2
−3
(2, − 2)
−4
1
s t at2. −5
2
(b)
st d when t 2da. x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The highest speed is v a 2d

a
2ad. Fx 0
1
2
2
7
2
4
7
2
2
1
4
3
The lowest speed is v 0.

x, 0 ≤ x < 2
The mean speed is
1
2
2ad 0 ad
2
.
(c) f x
x 4, 2 ≤ x < 6
1
x 1, 6 ≤ x ≤ 8
The time necessary to traverse the distance d at the mean 2
speed is

x22,

x 0 ≤ x < 2
t
d
ad2
2d
a
Fx f t dt x 2 4x 4, 2 ≤ x < 6
0
2
14x2 x 5, 6 ≤ x ≤ 8
which is the same as the time calculated above. Fx f x. F is decreasing on 0, 4 and increasing
on 4, 8. Therefore, the minimum is 4 at x 4, and
the maximum is 3 at x 8.

1, 0 < x < 2
1, 2 < x < 6
(d) F x fx
1,
6 < x < 8
2
x 2 is a point of inflection, whereas x 6 is not.
10. (a) v
100
80
60
40
20
t
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(b) v is increasing (positive acceleration) on 0, 0.4 and 0.7, 1.0.

v0.4 v0 60 0
(c) Average acceleration 150 mihr2
0.4 0 0.4
(d) This integral is the total distance traveled in miles.
0
1
vt dt
1
10
0 220 260 240 240 65
385
10
38.5 miles
(e) One approximation is

v0.9 v0.8 50 40
a0.8 100 mihr2
0.9 0.8 0.1
(other answers possible)
11. 0
x
f tx t dt x
0
x f t dt
x
0
t f t dt x x
0
f t dt x
0
t f t dt
Thus,
d
dx x
0
f tx t dt x f x x
0
f t dt x f x
0
x
f t dt
Differentiating the other integral,

d
dx
0
x x
0
f v dv dt

0
x
f v dv.
Thus, the two original integrals have equal derivatives,
0
x
f tx t dt 0
x t
f v dv dt C.
Letting x 0, we see that C 0.
12. Consider Fx f x 2 ⇒ Fx 2f x fx. Thus, 13. Consider 1
2
x dx x32
3
1
2
. The corresponding
3

0 0
b b
1
f x fx dx Fx dx Riemann Sum using right-hand endpoints is
a a 2
12 Fx
b
a
Sn
1
n
1
n

2 . . .
n
nn
1
Fb Fa

1
n32
1 2 . . . n .
2
1 2 . . . n 2
1 Thus, lim .
f b2 f a2 . n→ n32 3
2
14. Consider 1
0
x5 dx
x6
6
1
0
1
.
6
The corresponding Riemann Sum using right endpoints is
n
n

5 5 5
1 1 2 n
Sn . . .
n n
1 5
1 25 . . . n5 .
n6
15 25 . . . n5 1
Thus, lim Sn lim .
n→ n→ n6 6
15. By Theorem 4.8, 0 < f x ≤ M ⇒ a

b
f x dx ≤ a
b
M dx Mb a.
Similarly, m ≤ f x ⇒ mb a b
a
m dx ≤ a
b
f x dx.
Thus, mb a ≤ b
a
f x dx ≤ Mb a. On the interval 0, 1 , 1 ≤ 1 x4 ≤ 2 and b a 1.
Thus, 1 ≤ 0
1
1 x4 dx ≤ 2. Note: 1 x
1
0
4 dx 1.0894
16. (a) Let A 0

b
f x
f x f b x
dx. (b) b 1 ⇒
1
0
sin x
sin1 x sin x
dx
1
2
Let u b x, du dx. (c) b 3, f x x
A b
0
f b u
f b u f u
du 3
0 x
x
3 x
dx
3
2
0
b
f b u
f b u f u
du
0
b
f b x
f b x f x
dx
Then,
2A b
0
f x
f x f b x
dx 0
b
f b x
f b x f x
dx

0
b
1 dx b.
b
Thus, A .
2
17. (a) 1 i3 1 3i 3i2 i3 ⇒ 1 i3 i3 3i2 3i 1

(b) 3i2 3i 1 i 13 i3
n n
3i
i1
2
3i 1 i 1
i1
3
i3
23 13 33 23 . . . n 13 n3

n 13 1
n
Hence, n 13 3i
i1
2
3i 1 1.
n n 3nn 1
(c) n 13 1 3i
i1
2
3i 1 3i
i1
2

2
n
n
3nn 1
⇒
i1

3i2 n3 3n2 3n
2
n
2n3 6n2 6n 3n2 3n 2n

2
2n3 3n2 n

2
nn 12n 1

2
n nn 12n 1
⇒ i
i1
2
6

18. Since f x ≤ f x ≤ f x ,

b b b b b

a
f x dx ≤ a
f x dx ≤
a

f x dx ⇒
a
f x dx ≤
a

f x dx.
19. (a) R < I < T < L

40
(b) S4 f 0 4f 1 2f 2 4f 3 f 4
34

1
3
4 42 21 4
1
2

1
4
5.417

20. Six 0
x
sin t
t
dt
(a) 2
−12 12
−2
sin x
(b) Si x Six 0 for x 2n
x
For positive x, x 2n 1
For negative x, x 2n
Maxima at , 3, 5, . . . and 2, 4, 6, . . .
x cos x sin x
(c) Si x 0
x2
x cos x sin x for x 4.4934
Si4.4934 1.6556

(d) Horizontal asymptotes at y ±
2

lim Six
x→ 2

lim Six
x→ 2
94. 0
2
1.75 sin
t
2
2
dt 1.75 cos
t
2
2
2 7
1.751 1 2.2282 liters

Increase is
7 5.1 1.9
0.6048 liters.


2
1
1 x3
dx
1

1

2

2

2

1
8 1 13 1 1.253 1 1.53 1 1.753 1 23
0.257
1
2
1
1 x3
dx
1 1

4

2

4

1
12 1 13 1 1.253 1 1.53 1 1.753 1 23
0.254

1
x32
3x 2 dx
1
8
0
21432
3 14 2

21232
3 12 2

23432

3 342 2
1
0.172
0
1
x32
3x 2 dx
1
12
0 41432
3 14 2
21232
3 12 2
43432

3 342 2
1
0.166

2
x cos x dx 0.637

Graphing Utility: 0.704

1 sin2 x dx 3.820

Problem Solving for Chapter 4

1
1 1
1. (a) L1 dt 0 (b) Lx by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
1 t x
(c) Lx 1 x
1
dt for x 2.718
L1 1
1 t
x1
1
dt 1
1

(d) We first show that dt.
2.718
1 1 t 1x1 t
dt 0.999896
1 t t 1
To see this, let u and du dt.
(Note: The exact value of x is e, the base of the x1 x1
natural logarithm function.)
Then
1
x1
1
t
dt 1
1
ux
1x1 1
x1 du 1
1
1x1 u
du
1
1
1x1 t
dt.
Now, Lx1x2
1
x1x2
1
t
dt x2
1x1 u
1

du using u
t
x1
1
1
1x1 u
du x2
1
1
u
du

1
x1
1
u
du 1
x2
1
u
du
Lx1 Lx2 .
2. (a) Fx x
2
sin t2 dt
x 0 1.0 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0

Fx 0.8048 0.4945 0.0265 0.0611 0 0.0867 0.3743 0.0312 0.0576 0.2769
(b) Gx
1
x2 2
x
sin t2 dt
x 1.9 1.95 1.99 2.01 2.1
Gx 0.6106 0.6873 0.7436 0.7697 0.8671
lim Gx 0.75

x→2
Fx F2
(c) F2 lim
x→2 x2
lim
1
x→2 x 2
x
2
sin t2 dt
lim Gx
x→2
Since Fx sin x2, F2 sin 4 lim Gx. Note: sin 4 0.7568
x→2
2i
3. y x 4 4x 3 4x 2, 0, 2 , ci
n
2
(a) x , f x x 4 4x 3 4x 2
n
n
A lim
n→ i1 f c x
i
n
2in
2in
2n
n 2i 4 3 2
lim 4 4
n→ i1
n
2in
2in
2n
n 2i 4 3 2
(b) 4 4
i1
8n 16n 15n

9n n 1 8n 12 8n 12n 1 2

3 2
3

n 3n n
8n 1n 15n

n n 1 2

3 2
3
n
8n 1n 15n

n n 1 2 16

3 2
(c) A lim 3
n→ n 15
1 2i 2
4. y x 5 2x 3, 0, 2 , ci , x
2 n n
8n 1 5n3n 2n 1 403

n 2 2

(a) A lim f c x i (c) A lim 4
n→ i1 n→

2in
2n
n 1 2i 5 3
2 n
lim 2
n→ i1
2 n
2in
2n
n 1 2i 5 3
(b) 2
i1
4n 1 2n3n 2n 1 4n n 1 2n

2 2 2
3
8n 1 5n3n 2n 1

2 2
4
5. Sx x
0
sin 2t
dt
2
(a) y (b) y
1.00
2
0.75
1
0.50
x
1 3 0.25
−1 x
1 2 3 2 5 6 72 23
−2 −0.25
x2
The zeros of y sin correspond to the relative
2
extrema of Sx.
x2 x2
(c) Sx sin 0 ⇒ n ⇒ x2 2n ⇒ x 2n, n integer.
2 2
Relative maximum at x 2 1.4142 and x 6 2.4495
Relative minimum at x 2 and x 8 2.8284
2x
x 0 ⇒ 2x
2 2
(d) S x cos n ⇒ x2 1 2n ⇒ x 1 2n, n integer
2
Points of inflection at x 1, 3, 5, and 7.
6. (a) 1
1
cos x dx cos 3
1

cos 13
2 cos 13
1.6758

1
1
cos x dx sin x
1
1
2 sin1 1.6829

Error: 1.6829 1.6758 0.0071
(b) 1
1 1
1
x2
dx
1

1

1 13 1 13 2
3
(c) Let px ax3 bx2 cx d.
(Note: exact answer is 2 1.5708) 1
1
px dx ax4
4

bx3 cx2
3

2
dx
1
1

2b
3
2d

p
3
1

p 13
b3 d
b3 d
2b3 2d

7. (a) Area 3
9 x2 dx 2
3
9 x2 dx (c) Let the parabola be given by y b2 a2x2, a, b > 0.

3 0
ba
Area 2 b2 a2x2 dx

3
x3 y
2 9x 0
3 0 b2
227 9 36
2 b2x a2
3
x3 ba
0
2 2
(b) Base 6, height 9, Area bh 69 36
ba
a3 ba

2 3
3 3 2 b2
x
b b
y −
a a

b3 1 b3 4 b3
10
2
8
a 3 a 3 a
7
6 2b
5 Base , height b2
4 a
3
2
2 2b 2 4 b3
1
x
Archimedes’ Formula: Area b
−4 −2 −1 1 2 4 5 3 a 3 a
y
8. Let d be the distance traversed and a be the uniform 9. (a)
acceleration. We can assume that v0 0 and s0 0. 5
4
Then 3 (8, 3)
(6, 2)
2 f
at a 1 (0, 0)
x
−1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
vt at −2
−3
(2, − 2)
−4
1
s t at2. −5
2
(b)
st d when t 2da. x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The highest speed is v a 2d

a
2ad. Fx 0
1
2
2
7
2
4
7
2
2
1
4
3
The lowest speed is v 0.

x, 0 ≤ x < 2
The mean speed is
1
2
2ad 0 ad
2
.
(c) f x
x 4, 2 ≤ x < 6
1
x 1, 6 ≤ x ≤ 8
The time necessary to traverse the distance d at the mean 2
speed is

x22,

x 0 ≤ x < 2
t
d
ad2
2d
a
Fx f t dt x 2 4x 4, 2 ≤ x < 6
0
2
14x2 x 5, 6 ≤ x ≤ 8
which is the same as the time calculated above. Fx f x. F is decreasing on 0, 4 and increasing
on 4, 8. Therefore, the minimum is 4 at x 4, and
the maximum is 3 at x 8.

1, 0 < x < 2
1, 2 < x < 6
(d) F x fx
1,
6 < x < 8
2
x 2 is a point of inflection, whereas x 6 is not.
10. (a) v
100
80
60
40
20
t
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(b) v is increasing (positive acceleration) on 0, 0.4 and 0.7, 1.0.

v0.4 v0 60 0
(c) Average acceleration 150 mihr2
0.4 0 0.4
(d) This integral is the total distance traveled in miles.
0
1
vt dt
1
10
0 220 260 240 240 65
385
10
38.5 miles
(e) One approximation is

v0.9 v0.8 50 40
a0.8 100 mihr2
0.9 0.8 0.1
(other answers possible)
11. 0
x
f tx t dt x
0
x f t dt
x
0
t f t dt x x
0
f t dt x
0
t f t dt
Thus,
d
dx x
0
f tx t dt x f x x
0
f t dt x f x
0
x
f t dt
Differentiating the other integral,

d
dx
0
x x
0
f v dv dt

0
x
f v dv.
Thus, the two original integrals have equal derivatives,
0
x
f tx t dt 0
x t
f v dv dt C.
Letting x 0, we see that C 0.
12. Consider Fx f x 2 ⇒ Fx 2f x fx. Thus, 13. Consider 1
2
x dx x32
3
1
2
. The corresponding
3

0 0
b b
1
f x fx dx Fx dx Riemann Sum using right-hand endpoints is
a a 2
12 Fx
b
a
Sn
1
n
1
n

2 . . .
n
nn
1
Fb Fa

1
n32
1 2 . . . n .
2
1 2 . . . n 2
1 Thus, lim .
f b2 f a2 . n→ n32 3
2
14. Consider 1
0
x5 dx
x6
6
1
0
1
.
6
The corresponding Riemann Sum using right endpoints is
n
n

5 5 5
1 1 2 n
Sn . . .
n n
1 5
1 25 . . . n5 .
n6
15 25 . . . n5 1
Thus, lim Sn lim .
n→ n→ n6 6
15. By Theorem 4.8, 0 < f x ≤ M ⇒ a

b
f x dx ≤ a
b
M dx Mb a.
Similarly, m ≤ f x ⇒ mb a b
a
m dx ≤ a
b
f x dx.
Thus, mb a ≤ b
a
f x dx ≤ Mb a. On the interval 0, 1 , 1 ≤ 1 x4 ≤ 2 and b a 1.
Thus, 1 ≤ 0
1
1 x4 dx ≤ 2. Note: 1 x
1
0
4 dx 1.0894
16. (a) Let A 0

b
f x
f x f b x
dx. (b) b 1 ⇒
1
0
sin x
sin1 x sin x
dx
1
2
Let u b x, du dx. (c) b 3, f x x
A b
0
f b u
f b u f u
du 3
0 x
x
3 x
dx
3
2
0
b
f b u
f b u f u
du
0
b
f b x
f b x f x
dx
Then,
2A b
0
f x
f x f b x
dx 0
b
f b x
f b x f x
dx

0
b
1 dx b.
b
Thus, A .
2
17. (a) 1 i3 1 3i 3i2 i3 ⇒ 1 i3 i3 3i2 3i 1

(b) 3i2 3i 1 i 13 i3
n n
3i
i1
2
3i 1 i 1
i1
3
i3
23 13 33 23 . . . n 13 n3

n 13 1
n
Hence, n 13 3i
i1
2
3i 1 1.
n n 3nn 1
(c) n 13 1 3i
i1
2
3i 1 3i
i1
2

2
n
n
3nn 1
⇒
i1

3i2 n3 3n2 3n
2
n
2n3 6n2 6n 3n2 3n 2n

2
2n3 3n2 n

2
nn 12n 1

2
n nn 12n 1
⇒ i
i1
2
6

18. Since f x ≤ f x ≤ f x ,

b b b b b

a
f x dx ≤ a
f x dx ≤
a

f x dx ⇒
a
f x dx ≤
a

f x dx.
19. (a) R < I < T < L

40
(b) S4 f 0 4f 1 2f 2 4f 3 f 4
34

1
3
4 42 21 4
1
2

1
4
5.417

20. Six 0
x
sin t
t
dt
(a) 2
−12 12
−2
sin x
(b) Si x Six 0 for x 2n
x
For positive x, x 2n 1
For negative x, x 2n
Maxima at , 3, 5, . . . and 2, 4, 6, . . .
x cos x sin x
(c) Si x 0
x2
x cos x sin x for x 4.4934
Si4.4934 1.6556

(d) Horizontal asymptotes at y ±
2

lim Six
x→ 2

lim Six
x→ 2

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C H A P T E R 4

Section 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration . . . . . . . . . 350

Section 4.2 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Section 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Section 4.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . 385

Section 4.5 Integration by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Section 4.6 Numerical Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Given Rewrite Integrate Simplify

12. xx2 3 dx x3 3x dx

x 13x 2 2t2 12

35. 2 sin x 3 cos x dx 2 cos x 3 sin x C 36. 1

37. 1 csc t cot t dt t csc t C 38. 1

41. tan2 y 1 dy sec2 y dy tan y C 42. cos x

43. f x 2 44. fx x 45. fx 1 x2

49. (a) Answers will vary. 50. (a) y

55. fx 4x, f 0 6 56. gx 6x 2, g0 1

f x 4x dx 2x 2 C gx 6x 2 dx 2x3 C

f0 6 202 C ⇒ C 6 g0 1 203 C ⇒ C 1

57. ht 8t3 5, h1 4 58. fs 6s 8s 3, f 2 3

ht 8t3 5 dt 2t4 5t C f s

h1 4 2 5 C ⇒ C 11 f 2 3 322 224 C 12 32 C ⇒ C 23

59. f  x 2 60. f  x x2

61. f  x x32 62. f  x sin x

fx x32 dx 2x12 C1

f x 2x12 3 dx 4x12 3x C2 f 0 0 0 C2 6 ⇒ C2 6

63. (a) ht 1.5t 5 dt 0.75t 2 5t C 64.

65. f 0 4. Graph of f is given.

(d) f is a maximum at x 3.5 because f3.5 0 and the 4

First Derivative Test. 2

66. Since f  is negative on , 0, f is decreasing on 67. at 32 ftsec2

s 8 16 8 60 8 6 62.25 feet

32 1632 32 550

v0 v0 C1 ⇒ vt 9.8t v0 4.9t2 1800

f t 9.8t v0 dt 4.9t 2 v0t C2 t2

f 0 s0 C2 ⇒ f t 4.9t 2 v0t s0

4.9 v02 v02

4.9 v02 9.8 v02 9.82 198

vt 1.6 dt 1.6t v0 1.6t, since the stone was dropped, v0 0.

st 1.6t dt 0.8t2 s0

v2 v02 2GM 1y R1

at vt 6t 14 x1 4 21 C ⇒ C 2

(b) vt > 0 when 0 < t <

v 73 373 573 3 2 32 43

vt at dt cos t dt sin t C1 sin t since v0 0

f t vt dt sin t dt cos t C2

1000 250 t 2 250

82. v0 45 mph 66 ftsec (a) 16.5t 66 44

83. Truck: vt 30 (a) s10 3102 300 ft

V2ftsec 0 30.8 55.73 74.8 88 93.87 95.33

(c) S1t V1t dt

In both cases, the constant of integration is 0 because S10 S20 0.

S130 953.5 feet

(a) When aircraft A lands at time tA you have

Similarly, when aircraft B lands at time tB you have

87. True 88. True 89. True 90. True

91. False. For example, 

92. False. f has an infinite number of antiderivatives, each 93. f  x 2x

94. fx 2 , 2 < x < 3 2

95. fx 1,3x, 0 ≤ x < 2

97. f x y f xf y gxg y

f x y f xf y gxg y Differentiate with respect to y

43. f x 2 44. fx x 45. fx 1 x2

55. fx 4x, f 0 6 56. gx 6x 2, g0 1

57. ht 8t3 5, h1 4 58. fs 6s 8s 3, f 2 3

59. f x 2 60. f x x2

61. f x x32 62. f x sin x

fx x32 dx 2x12 C1

f x 2x12 3 dx 4x12 3x C2 f 0 0 0 C2 6 ⇒ C2 6

65. f 0 4. Graph of f is given.

(d) f is a maximum at x 3.5 because f3.5 0 and the 4

66. Since f is negative on , 0, f is decreasing on 67. at 32 ftsec2

at vt 6t 14 x1 4 21 C ⇒ C 2

82. v0 45 mph 66 ftsec (a) 16.5t 66 44

V2ftsec 0 30.8 55.73 74.8 88 93.87 95.33

91. False. For example,

92. False. f has an infinite number of antiderivatives, each 93. f x 2x

94. fx 2 , 2 < x < 3 2

95. fx 1,3x, 0 ≤ x < 2

f x y f xf y gxg y Differentiate with respect to y

64n nn 16 2n 1 2n3 3n2 n

1 n n 2 lim n n 2i

2n < 22n < . . . < n 12n < n2n 2

f 1 i 1n n 1 i 1n n

f x x f 1 in n 1 in n

1 i 1n n 2nn n2nn 2 1 n

Note: x 1 n1 n2

f 1 n n 1 n 2n

Note: x 0 n1 n1

sn f 1 1 1

14 2 94 6 254 10 494 14

Exact value is 163.

69. f x tan 8x on 1, 3.

84. Assume that the dartboard has corners at ± 1, ± 1. y

3i2 3i 12 3 y= x

33 nn 12n 1 nn 1

n2n 12 nn 12n 1 nn 1

4. y x on 2, 3 . Note: x 3 n2 n5, → 0 as n →

5. y x3 on 1, 1 . Note: x 1 n1 2n, → 0 as n →

1 62 26 60 36

(a) A 5 square units (b) A 43 square units

Rn 4.5474 5.3980 5.6812 5.8225 5.9072

Ln 2.8186 2.9985 3.0434 3.0631 3.0740

Mn 3.1784 3.1277 3.1185 3.1152 3.1138

Rn 3.1361 3.1573 3.1493 3.1425 3.1375

69. f x x2 3x, 0, 8

41 102 404 881 272

70. f x sin x, 0, 2

is not integrable on the interval 0, 1 . As → 0,

92 21 24 8 18 29

13 2 3 9 18 9 13 2 3 643 32 12 9 18 9

4x2 1 16 x 0.690, 2.451 −1

2 1.5 18 squares 30 540 ft.

52. The distance traveled is 0 vt dt. The area under