Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
XXII,
Sport no. 3-4,
Science 2013,
Review, vol.229 - 254No. 3-4, August 2013
XXII,
DOI: 10.2478/ssr-2013-0012
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Introduction
It’s been a while since Grant and Hayden published their classic articles on
cryokinetics. Since the work of Kowal (1983), cryotherapy’s depressive effects
on the body’s physiological systems have generated concern among many
health care practitioners about its effect on motor activity. Since many forms
of cryotherapy are used by sports medicine clinicians before or during athletic
participation, a more knowledgeable understanding of the immediate and
delayed effects of cryotherapy on functional performance is necessary. We will
try to determine, within the existing literature, the effects that cryotherapy has
on functional performance and also in the recovery as a method of enhancing
performance.
230
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
231
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Chart of references
Speed and agility, both which are essential to athletic participation have not
been studied in great detail (Bergh & Ekblom, 1979; Cross et al, 1996; Evans
et al, 1995; Richendollar et al, 2006). A study, however, have demonstrated
that following a cold treatment in which muscle was directly cooled, functional
performance may be impaired (Cross et al, 1996).
232
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
Myrer, Measom and Fellingham (2000) developed a study, the first designed
specifically to examine the effect of exercise on intramuscular rewarming after
a standard crushed-ice-pack treatment, they found that moderate walking
significantly enhanced rewarming of the triceps surae. Involuntary activation
233
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
during the rewarming phase following joint cooling is also well documented
(Hopkins et al., 2001; Hopkins & Stencil, 2002; Krause et al., 2000).
Whilst there is some evidence that stretching and massage may reduce
muscle soreness, there is little evidence indicating any performance benefits.
Electrical therapies and cryotherapy offer limited effect in the treatment of
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage (EIMD). However, inconsistencies in the
dose and frequency of these and other interventions may account for the lack
of consensus regarding their efficacy. Both as a cause and a consequence of
this, there are very few evidence-based guidelines for the application of many
of these interventions (Howatson & van Someren, 2008), however, one study
concludes that cold water immersion after stretch-shortening exercise (SSE)
accelerates the disappearance of the majority of indirect indicators of EIMD.
Cooling methods
Although it isn’t the purpose of this research paper, in fact we know DOMS
as a particular state of muscular tenderness that can evolve in debilitating pain
(Powers & Howley, 2004). Cryotherapy may not have effect on this particular
234
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
situation (Yackzan, Adams & Francis, 1984; Weber, Servedio & Woodwall,
1994), instead exercise must be encouraged in order to allow the most affected
muscle groups to recover (Cheung, Hume & Maxwell, 2003), particularly
eccentric exercises (Weber, Servedio, Woodwall, 1994; Bakhtiary, Safavi-Farokhi
& Aminian-Far, 2006). Although a study (Paddon-Jones, 1997) suggests that
the use of cryotherapy immediately following damaging eccentric exercise may
not provide the same therapeutic benefits commonly attributed to cryotherapy
following traumatic muscle injury.
We should also take into account the amount of adipose over the therapy
site as a significant factor in the extent of intramuscular temperature change that
occurs during and after cryotherapy (Myrer, Myrer, Measom, Fellingham & Evers,
2001). Preliminary evidence suggests that intermittent cryotherapy applications
are most effective at reducing tissue temperature to optimal therapeutic levels
confirmed by Bleakley, McDonough and MacAuley (2006).
When we talk about core and skin temperature we need to evaluate different
cryotherapy modalities. Zemke, Anderson, Guion, McMillan and Joyner (1998)
refer that ice massage appears to cool muscle more rapidly than ice bag, whereas
during the application of 4 cryotherapy modalities (ice pack, gel pack, frozen
peas, mixture of water and alcohol) the ice pack and mixture of water and
alcohol was significantly more efficient in reducing skin surface temperature
than the gel pack and frozen peas (Kanlayanaphotporn, Janwantanakul, 2005).
It has been noticed that ice massage produces a significant drop in intramuscular
temperature (Lowdon & Moore, 1975), and to a decrease in core temperature
(Palmieri, Garrison, Leonard, Edwards, Weltman & Ingersoll, 2006). A study
valuating and comparing the ability of wet ice (WI), dry ice (DI), and cryogenic
packs (CGPs) to reduce and maintain the reduction of skin temperature directly
under the cooling agent, found no significant differences in mean skin temperature,
15 minutes after removal of the cold modality (time 30) was significant for WI
only (Belitsky, Odam & Hubley-Kozey, 1987). On the other hand, cooling rates
were nearly identical between ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion,
either mode of cooling is recommended for treating the hyperthermic individual
(Clements, Casa, Knight, McClung, Blake, Meenen, Gilmer & CaldwellIce, 2002).
Armstrong, Crago, Adams, Roberts and Maresh (1996) and McDermott, Casa,
Ganio, Lopez, Yeargin, Armstrong and Maresh (2009) refute the theory that ice
water immersion is an inefficient cooling modality addressing the efficiency of
whole-body cooling modalities in the treatment of exertional hyperthermia.
235
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Local leg cooling did not affect upper limb muscle function or trajectories,
but ability to maintain dynamic balance was reduced, although other studies claim
that whole body cooling impairs muscle performance (Crowley, Garg, Lohn,
Van Someren & Wade, 1991; Giesbrecht, Wu, White, Johnston & Bristow, 1995;
Cross, Wilson & Perrin, 1996; Gatti, Myers & Lephart, 2000; Duck, Kaminski,
Horodyski & Bauer, 2000; Atnip & Mcrory, 2004). However, Carman and Knight
236
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
(1992) has shown that habituation takes place if cold treatments, consistent in
temperature, are applied to the same limb, although some studies report no
changes on voluntary motor output (Cornwall, 1994; Evans et al, 1995; Kimura,
Thompson & Gulick, 1997).
Although recent research has been useful describing the effects of pre-
cooling on exercise performance, little has been conducted on the effects
of cooling as a recovery tool from heat stress (Duffield, 2008). Much of the
literature investigating cooling on human performance involves cooling of the
core (Powers & Howley, 2004), though many performance effects relate to
cooling of the periphery (Drinkwater, 2008). The author considers that while
most of these effects occur independently of central activation, purposeful
core cooling for the purpose of improving athletic performance should be used
cautiously to avoid the deleterious effects of peripheral cooling.
On the other side, there are studies that show results depending on the
method used precooling via an ice vest (Duffield, Dawson, Bishop, Fitzsimons
& Lawrence, 2003), cold water immersion (CWI), and ice packs covering the
upper legs (Packs). Castle, Macdonald, Philp, Webborn, Watt and Maxwell
(2006) underpin that the method of precooling determines the extent to which
heat strain was reduced during intermittent sprint cycling, with leg precooling
offering the greater ergogenic effect on peak power output (PPO) than either
upper body or whole body cooling. In the same line of results the study of
Schniepp, Campbell, Powell and Pincivero (2002) showed that a relatively brief
period of cold-water immersion can manifest significant physiological effects
that can impair cycling performance, especially by decreasing heart rate. Also,
significant decreases in tissue temperature have been shown to decrease nerve
conduction velocity, muscle force production, and muscular power (Lee, Warren
& Mason, 1978; Sargeant, 1987).
Previous data show that cooling the joint (not cooling muscle) increases
surrounding muscle activity, reflex amplitude, and allows for increased force
generated around the cooled joint (Krause, Hopkins & Ingersoll, 2000; Hopkins
& Stencil, 2002). Conversely, Duck, Kaminski, Horodyski and Bauer, (2000) in
their study found that single-leg (SL) vertical jump and 40-yard dash performance
were significantly reduced immediately after the application of 10 and 20 minute
cryotherapy treatments in a group of female collegiate athletes.
237
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
However there has not been great research examining the effects of pre-
cooling on high-intensity exercise performance, particularly when combined
with strategies to keep the working muscle warm. Sleivert, Cotter and Febbraio
238
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
(2001) indicate that pre-cooling does not improve 45-s high-intensity exercise
performance, and can impair performance if the working muscles are cooled.
Studies by LaRiviere (1994) in the ankle, knee (Thieme, 1992), and hand
(Williams and Rainham, 1980) showed that therapeutic cold treatments did not
affect proprioception. Another study says that a 20-minute ice treatment had no
effect on joint angle reproduction (Thieme, Ingersoll, Knight & Ozmun, 1996).
Despite these studies, the effect of cooling on proprioception of the knee has
not been studied extensively.
Thieme et al (1996) refer that one possible explanation for the difference
between sectors is that different receptors are active at different points in
the knee’s range of motion. They conclude that cooling the knee joint for
239
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Also, Hopkins, Hunter and McLoda (2006) with their study tried to
detect changes in ankle dynamic restraint (peroneal short latency response and
muscle activity amplitude) during inversion perturbation following ankle joint
cryotherapy. They concluded that joint cooling does not result in deficiencies in
reaction time or immediate muscle activation following inversion perturbation
compared to a control.
240
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
Conclusion
Bibliography
Amman, M., & Dempsey, J. (2008). Locomotor fatigue modifies central motor
drive in healthy humans and imposes a limitation to exercise performance. J
Physiol, 586, 161–173.
Amusa, L., & Toriola, A. (2003). Leg power and physical performance measures
of top national track athletes. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 1(1), 61-67.
Armstrong, L., Crago, A., Adams, R., Roberts, W., & Maresh, C. (1996). Whole-
body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies.
Am J Emerg Med, 14(4), 355–358.
241
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Arngrïmsson, S., Petitt, D., Stueck, M., Jorgensen, D., & Cureton, K. (2003).
Cooling vest worn during active warm-up improves 5-km run performance
in the heat. J Appl Physiol, 96, 1867-74.
Atnip, B., & Mccrory, J. (2004). The effect of cryotherapy on three dimensional
ankle kinematics during a sidestep cutting maneuver. J of Sports Sci and Med.
3, 83-90.
Barnes, W., & Larson, M. (1985). Effects of localized hyper- and hypothermia
on maximal isometric grip strength. Am J Phys Med, 64, 305-314.
Belitsky, R., Odam, S., & Hubley-Kozey, C. (1987). Evaluation of the effectiveness
of wet ice, dry ice, and cryogenic packs in reducing skin temperature. Phys
Ther, 67, 1080–1084.
Bleakley, C., McDonough, S., & MacAuley, D. (2006). Cryotherapy for acute
ankle sprains: a randomised controlled study of two different icing protocols.
Br. J. Sports Med, 40, 700 - 705.
Buchheit, M., Peiffer, J., Abbiss, C., & Laursen, P. (2009). Effect of cold water
immersion on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation. Am J Physiol Heart
Circ Physiol, 296, H421-H427.
Burke, D., MacNeil, S., Holt, L., Mackinnon, N., & Rasmussen, R. (2000). The
Effect of Hot or Cold Water Immersion on Isometric Strength Training. Jour-
nal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 14(1), 21-25.
242
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
Burke, D., Holt, L., Rasmussen R., MacKinnon, N., Vossen, J., & Pelham, T.
(2001). Effects of Hot or Cold Water Immersion and Modified Propriocep-
tive Neuromuscular Facilitation Flexibility Exercise on Hamstring Length. J
Athl Train, 36(1), 16–19.
Carman K., & Knight K. (1992). Habituation to cold-pain during repeated cryo
kinetic sessions. J Athl Train, 27, 223-230.
Castle, P., Macdonald, A., Philp, A., Webborn, A., Watt, P., & Maxwell, N. (2006).
Precooling leg muscle improves intermittent sprint exercise performance in
hot, humid conditions. J Appl Physiol, 100(4), 1377-84.
Catlaw, K., Arnold, B., & Perrin, D. (1996). Effect of cold treatment on concentric
and eccentric torque-velocity relationship of the quadriceps femoris. Isokinet-
ics Exerc Sci, 5, 157-160.
Cheung, K., Hume, P., & Maxwell, L. (2003). Delayed onset muscle soreness:
treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med, 33(2), 145-64.
Clements, J., Casa, D., Knight, J., McClung, J., Blake, A., Meenen, P., Gilmer, A.,
& CaldwellIce, K. (2002). Ice-water immersion and cold-water immersion
provide similar cooling rates in runners with exercise-induced hyperthermia.
J Athl Train, 37(2),146–150.
Cochrane, D. (2004). Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete re-
covery: a review. Physical Therapy in Sport, 5(1), 26-32.
Coppin, E., Livingstone, S., & Kuehn, L. (1978). Effects of handgrip strength
during arm immersion in a 10 degree water bath. Aviat Space Environ, 49,
1322-1326.
Cross, K., Wilson, R., & Perrin, D. (1996). Functional performance following an
ice immersion to the lower extremity. J Athl Train, 31(2), 113-116.
243
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Crowley, G., Garg, A., Lohn, M., Van Someren, N., & Wade, A. (1991). Effects
of cooling the legs on performance in a standard Wingate anaerobic power
test. Br J Sports Med, 25(4), 200-3.
Davies, C., & Young, K. (1985). Effect of the temperature on the contractile
properties and muscle power of triceps surae in humans. J Appl Physiol, 55,
191-19.
Douris, P., Mckenna, R., Madigan, K., Cesarski, B., Costiera, R., & Lu, M. (2003).
Recovery of Maximal Isometric Grip Strength Following Cold Immersion.
Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(3), 509-513.
Dover, G., & Powers, M. (2004). Cryotherapy does not impair shoulder joint
position sense. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85(8), 1241-6.
Duck, M., Kaminski, M., Horodyski, M., & Bauer, J. (2000). The effects of ice
and compression to the ankle joint on two measures of functional perfor-
mance. J Athl Train, 35(2), S.
Duffield, R., Dawson, B., Bishop, D., Fitzsimons, M., & Lawrence, S. (2003).
Effect of wearing an ice cooling jacket on repeat sprint performance in
warm/humid conditions. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37, 164-169.
Enwemeka, C., Allen, C., Avila, P., Bina, J., Konrade, J., & Munns, S. (2002). Soft
tissue thermodynamics before, during, and after cold pack therapy. Med Sci
Sports Exerc, 34, 45–50.
Evans, T., Ingersoll, C., Knight, K., & Worrell, T. (1995). Agility following the
application of cold therapy. J Athl Train, 30(3), 231-234.
Ferretti, G., Ishii, M., Moia, C., & Cerretelli, P. (1992). Effects of temperature on
the maximal instantaneous muscle power of humans. European Journal of
Applied Physiology, 64, 112-116.
244
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
Fischer, J., Van Lunen, B., Branch, J., & Pirone, J. (2009). Functional performance
following an ice bag application to the hamstrings. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1),
44-50.
Gardner, C., Aiken, S., Robinson, W., Condra, V., & McGinnis, S. (2000). The
effects of ankle cryotherapy on balance strategy selection in bilateral stance.
J Athl Train, 35(2), S.
Gatti, J., Myers, J., & Lephart, S. (2000). Shoulder function following a cryotherapy
modality application. J Athl Train, 35(2), S.
Geisbrecht, G., Wu, M., White, M., Johnston, C., & Bristow, G; (1995). Isolated
effects of peripheral arm and central body cooling on arm performance.
Aviat Space Environ Med, 66(10), 968–75.
Halar, E., DeLisa, J., & Brozovich, F. (1980). Nerve conduction velocity: relation-
ship of skin subcutaneous and intramuscular temperatures. Arch Phys Med
Rehabil, 61, 199-203.
Hatzel, B., & Kaminski, T. (2000). The effects of ice immersion on concentric
and eccentric isokinetic muscle performance in the ankle. Isokinetic Exercise
Science, 8(2), 103-107.
Hopkins, J., Ingersoll, C., Krause, B., Edwards, J., & Cordova, M. (2001). Effect
of knee joint effusion on quadriceps and soleus motoneuron pool excitability.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 123-126.
Hopkins, J., & Adolp, J. (2003). Effects of joint cryotherapy on lower chain fun-
ction. Clinical Kinesiology, 57(3), 42-48.
Hopkins, J., Hunter, I., & McLoda, T. (2006). Effects of ankle joint cooling on
peroneal short latency response. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5, 333-339.
245
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Hopkins, J., & Stencil, R. (2002). Ankle joint cryotherapy facilitates soleus fun-
ction. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 32, 622-627.
Hopper, D., Whittington, D., & Davies, J. (1997). Does ice immersion influence
ankle joint position sense? Physiother Res Int, 2(4), 223-36.
Howard, R., Kraemer, W., Stanley, D., Armstrong, L., & Maresh, C. (1994). The
effects of cold immersion on muscle strength. Journal of Strength & Conditioning
Research, 8(3), 129-133.
Howastson, G., & van Someren, K. (2008). The prevention and treatment of
exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med, 3(6), 483-503.
Hubbard, T., Aronson, S., & Denegar, C. (2004). Does Cryotherapy Hasten
Return to Participation? A Systematic Review. J Athl Train, 39(1), 88–94.
Ingersoll, C., Knight, K., & Merrick, M. (1992). Sensory perception of the foot
and ankle following therapeutic applications of heat and cold. J Athl Train, 2,
231-234.
Ingram, J., Dawson, B., Goodman, C., Wallman, K., & Beilby, J. (2009). Effect of
water immersion methods on post-exercise recovery from simulated team
sport exercise. J Sci Med Sport, 12(3), 417-21.
Kimura, I., Thompson, G., & Gulick, D. (1997). The effect of cryotherapy on
eccentric plantar flexion peak torque and endurance. J Athl Train, 32(2), 124-126.
Kinzey, S., Cordova, M., Gallen, K., Smith, J., & Moore, J. (2000). The effects of
cryotherapy on ground reaction forces produced during functional tasks.
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 9, 3-14.
Kisner, C., & Colby, L. (2007). Therapeutic exercise. Foundations and techniques (5th Ed.).
FA Davis Company.
246
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
Krause, A., Hopkins, J., Ingersoll, C., Cordova, M., & Edwards, J. (2000). The
relationship of ankle temperature during cooling and rewarming to the
human soleus H reflex. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 9, 253-262.
Krause, B., Hopkins, J., & Ingersoll, C. (2000). Effects of cooling and rewarming
on the human soleus Hoffman reflex. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32.
LaRiviere, J., & Osternig, L. (1994). The effects of ice immersion of joint posi-
tion sense. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 3, 58-67.
Lee, J., Warren, M., & Mason, S. (1978). Effects of ice on nerve conduction
velocity. Physiotherapy, 64, 2–6.
Lievens, P. (1986). The use of cryotherapy in sport injuries. Sports Medicine, 3, 398.
Lowdon, B., & Moor, R., (1975). Determinants and nature of intramuscular
temperature changes during cold therapy. Am J Phys Med, 54(5), 223–233.
Marsh, D., & Sleivert, G. (1999). Effect of precooling on high intensity cycling
performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(6), 393-397.
Mattacola, C., & Perrin, D. (1993). Effects of cold water application on isokinetic
strength of the planter flexors. Isokinetic Exercise Science, 3, 152-159.
McAuley, D. (2001). Ice Therapy: how good is the evidence? Int J Sports Med, 22(5),
379-84.
247
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
McDermott, B., Casa, D., Ganio, M., Lopez, R., Yeargin, S., Armstrong, L., &
Maresh, C. (2009). Acute Whole-Body Cooling for Exercise-Induced Hyper-
thermia: A Systematic Review. J Athl Train, 44(1), 84–93.
Mecomber, S., & Hermnan, R. (1971). Effects of local hypothermia on reflex and
voluntary activity. Phys Ther, 51, 271-282.
Meeusen, R., & Lievens, P. (1986). The use of cryotherapy in sports injuries.
Sports Medicine, 3(6), 398-414.
Merrick, M., Jutte, L., & Smith, M. (2003). Cold modalities with different thermo-
dynamic properties produce different surface and intramuscular temperatures.
J Athl Train, 38, 28–33.
Miniello, S., Dover, G., Powers, M., Tillman, M., & Wikstrom, E. (2005). Lower
leg cold immersion does not impair dynamic stability in healthy women.
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 14(3), 234-247.
Myrer, J., Myrer, K., Measom, G., Fellingham, G., & Evers, S. (2001) Muscle
temperature is affected by overlying adipose when cryotherapy is administered.
J Athl Train, 36(1), 32-36.
Myrer, J., Measom, G., & Fellingham, G. (2000). Exercise after cryotherapy
greatly enhances intramuscular rewarming. J Athl Train, 35(4), 412-416.
248
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
Oksa, J., Rintamaki, H., & Rissanen, S. (1997). Muscle performance and electro-
myogram activity of the lower leg muscles with different levels of cold
exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 75(6), 484-490.
Ozmun, J., Thieme, H., Ingersoll, C., Knight, K., & Ozmun, J. (1996). Cooling
does not affect knee proprioception. J Athl Train, 31, 8–11.
Palmieri, R., Garrison, J., Leonard, J., Edwards, J., Weltman, A., & Ingersoll, C.
(2006). Peripheral ankle cooling and core body temperature. J Athl Train,
41(2), 185-8.
Patterson, S., Udermann, B., Doberstein, S., & Reineke, D. (2008). The effects of
cold whirlpool on power, speed, agility, and range of motion. Journal of Sports
Science and Medicine, 7, 387–394.
Peiffer, J., Abbiss, C., Watson, G., Nosaka, K., & Laursen P. (2008). Effect of
cold water immersion on repeated 1-km cycling performance in the heat.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.
Piedrahita, H., Oksa, J., Rintamäki, H., & Malm, C. (2009). Effect of local leg
cooling on upper limb trajectories and muscle function and whole body
dynamic balance. Eur J Appl Physiol, 105(3), 429-38.
Pietrosimone, B., & Ingersoll, C. (2009). Focal knee joint cooling increases the
quadriceps central activation ratio. Journal of Sports Sciences (n.d.).
Power, S., & Howley, E. (2004). Exercise Physiology. Theory and application to fitness
and performance (3rd Ed.). McGraw Hill.
Prentice, J. (1990). Therapeutic modalities. In Sports Medicine (2nd ed.). St. Louis:
Times Mirror/Mosby College.
249
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Quod, M., Martin, D., Laursen, P., Gardner, A., Halson, S., Marino, F., Tate, M.,
Mainwaring, D., Gore, C., & Hahn, A. (2008). Practical precooling: Effect on
cycling time trial performance in warm conditions. Journal of Sports Sciences (n.d.).
Richendollar, M., Darby, L., & Brown, T. (2006). Ice bag application, active
warm-up, and 3 measures of maximal functional performance. J Athl Train,
41(4), 364-370.
Rubley, M., Denegar, C., Buckley, W., & Newell, K. (2003). Cryotherapy, Sensation,
and Isometric-Force Variability. J Athl Train, 38(2), 113–119.
Ruiz, D., Myrer, J., Durrant, E., & Fellingham, G. (1993). The effect of cryotherapy
on concentric and eccentric strength in the quadriceps muscle after sequential
bouts of exercise. J AthlTrain, 28, 320-323.
Sanya, A., & Bello, A. (1999). Effects of cold application on isometric strength
and endurance of quadriceps femoris muscle. Afr J Med Med Sci, 28, 195-198.
Schniepp, J., Campbell, T., Powell, K., & Pincivero, D. (2002). The Effects of
Cold-Water Immersion on Power Output and Heart Rate in Elite Cyclists.
Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 16(4), 561-566.
Scott, C., Ducharme, M., Haman, F., & Kenny, G. (2004). Warming by immersion
or exercise affects initial cooling rate during subsequent cold water immersion.
Aviat Space Environ Med, 75(11), 956– 963.
Simjanovic, M., Hooper, S., Leveritt, M., Kellmann, M., & Rynne, S. (2008). The
use and perceived effectiveness of recovery modalities and monitoring
techniques in elite sport. In: J. Cook, Journal of Science and Medicine in
Sport (Supplement). 2008 ASICS Conference of Science and Medicine in
Sport: Program and Abstracts, Hamilton Island, QLD, Australia, (22), 16-18
October, 2008;
Skurvydas, A., Sipaviciene, S., Krutulyte, G., Gailiuniene, A., Stasiulis, A., Mamkus,
G., & Stanislovaitis, A. (2006). Cooling leg muscles affects dynamics of
indirect indicators of skeletal muscle damage. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal
Rehabilitation, 19, 141-151.
Sleivert, G., Cotter, J., Roberts, W., & Febbraio, M. (2001). The influence of
whole-body vs. torso pre-cooling on physiological strain and performance
of high-intensity exercise in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physio,
128(4), 657-66.
250
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Sport Science Review, vol. XXII, No. 3-4, August 2013
Stanley, D., Kraemer, W., Howard, R., Armstrong, L., & Maresh, C. (1994).The
Effects of Hot Water Immersion on Muscle Strength. Journal of Strength &
Conditioning Research, 8(3), 134-138.
Surenkok, O., Aytar, A., Tüzün, E., & Akman, M. (2008). Cryotherapy impairs
knee joint position sense and balance. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 16(1), 69-73.
Swenson, C., Swärd, L., & Karlsson, J. (1996). Cryotherapy in Sports Medicine.
Scand J Med Sci Sports, 6(4), 193-200.
Thieme, H. (1992). The effects of cooling on proprioception of the knee [Thesis]. Terre
Haute, Indiana State University.
Thieme, H., Ingersoll, C., Knight, K., & Ozmun, J. (1996). Cooling does not
affect proprioception at the knee. J Athl Train, 31, 8-10.
Thiriet, P., Gozal, D., Wouassi, D., Oumaru, T., Gelas, H., & Lacour, J. (1993).
The effect of various recovery modalities on subsequent performance, in
consecutive supramaximal exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 33(2), 118-129.
Uchio, Y., Ochi, M., Fujihara, A., Adachi, N., Iwasa, J., & Sakai, Y. (2003). Cryo-
therapy influences joint laxity and position sense of the healthy knee joint.
Arch Phys med Rehabil, 84(1), 131-5.
Ückert, S., & Joch, W. (2007). Effects of warm-up and precooling on endurance
performance in the heat. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 380-384.
Vaile, J., Halson, S., Gill, N., & Dawson, B. (2008a). Effect of hydrotherapy on
the signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. European Journal
of Applied Physiology, 102(4), 447-455.
Vaile, J., Halson, S., Gill, N., & Dawson B. (2008b). Effect of cold water immersion
on repeat cycling performance and thermoregulation in the heat. Journal of
Sports Sciences, 26(5), 431 – 440.
251
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Wassinger, C., Myers, J., Gatti, J., Conley, K., & Lephart, S. (2007). Proprioception
and throwing accuracy in the dominant shoulder after cryotherapy. J Athl
Train, 42(1), 84–89.
Weber, M., Servedio, F., & Woodwall, W. (1994). The Effects of three modalities
on delayed onset muscle soreness. Journal Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy, 20,
236-242.
Yackzan, L., Adams, C., & Francis, K. (1984). The effects of ice massage on
delayed muscle soreness. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 12, 159-165.
Zemke, J., Anderson, J., Guion, W., McMillan, J., & Joyner, A. (1998). Intramus-
cular temperature responses in the human leg to two forms of cryotherapy:
ice massage and ice bag. J Sports Rehabil, 27, 301–307.
252
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM
Table 1
Studies relating cryotherapy and functional performance
253
Cryotherapy and its Corelates
Corresponding address:
Márcio Luís Pinto Domingues
61 Rua Nova
Horta-Velha
3750-862 Borralha
Portugal
Phone: (+351) 910 973 39 06
E-mail: marcio.domingues@live.com.pt
254
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 5/9/18 3:15 PM