U22295 WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING EXAM

EQUATIONS SHEET

Density of fresh water = 1000 kg/m3

Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/s2

Pressure
p  hg

Hydrostatic Force
F  gyc A

Second moment of area (rectangle, about the centroidal axis):

by 3
I
12

For a floating object:

W  Vs g

Stability:
I
BM 
Vs

GM  BM  OG  OB

Experimental determination of metacentric height:

Px
GM 
W

Venturi and Orifice meter

2 gh
Q  CA1
 A 
2

 1   1
 A2  

Flow through small orifice

Q  CA 2 gh

Continuity
Q  vA

Conservation of Energy or Bernoulli

 p v2
  z  H (constant)
g 2 g

Conservation of Momentum
F  Qv2  v1 

Pipe bends
p1 A1  p2 A2 cos  FRX  Qv2 cos  v1 

FRY  p2 A2 sin   Qv2 sin  

F 
FR  FRX
2
 FRY
2
at angle tan 1  RY  to x direction
 FRX 

Head loss due to friction in a straight pipe:

Lv 2
1 LQ 2
hf   5
 KQ 2
2 gD 12.1 D

Minor losses:
kmv 2
hm 
2g

Reynolds Number:
vD
Re 


Colebrook White Equation:

1  k 2.51 
 2 log 10  s  
  3.7 D Re  

Pumps:

H P  H S   hl

Flow in Open Channels:

Manning:
1 2 3 12
v R S0
n
Chezy:
1 1
v  CR 2 S 0 2
1
R6 A
where C  and R 
n P
Heads:

v2
ES  d 
2g
v2
H  zd 
2g

Critical depth in rectangular channel:

1
 q2 
3

d c    where q  Q
 g  b

Mean Critical depth:

A Q2

Tc gA2

Flow measurement:

Q  1.705Cd bH where H  E S
3
2