‘Answer all the questions in the spaces provided Copper and titanium are each used with aluminium to make alloys which are light, strong and resistant to corrosion. Aluminium, Al, is in the third period of the Periodic Table; copper and titanium are both transition alements, (a) Complete the electronic configuration of aluminium and of titanium, proton number 22. Al | 15? Ti | 182 uy Aluminium reacts with chlorine. (b) (i) Outline how, starting from aluminium powder, this reaction could be carried out in a school or college laboratory to give a small sample of aluminium chloride. A diagram is not necessary. ii) At low temperatures, aluminium chloride vapour has the formula ALCL. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in ALC, Show outer electrons only. Represent the aluminium electrons by «. Represent the chlorine electrons by x. (6) ipCopper forms two chlorides, CuGiand CuCl. (6) When copper is reacted directly with chlorine, only CuCl, is formed. ‘Suggest an explanation for this observation. i) Titanium also reacts with chlorine. (d) When an excess of chlorine was reacted with 0.729 of titanium, 2.85g of a chloride A ‘was formed. {@) Calculate the amount, in moles, of titanium used. (i) Caleulate the amount, in moles, of chlorine atoms that reacted. (iii) Hence, determine the empirical formula of A. (iv) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between titanium and chlorine. (©) At room tomporature, the chloride of titanium, A, is a liquid which does not conduct oloctricity. ‘What does this information suggest about the bonding and structure in A? i} [Total: 14]2 Magnesium will react on heating with chlorine, or oxygen, or nitrogen to give the chloride, or oxide, or nitride respectively. Each of these compounds is ionic and in them magnesium has the same +2 oxidation state. (@) (@ Write an equation, with state symbols, for the second ionisation eneray of magnesium. (ii) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole cof gaseous magnesium ions, Mg, s formed from one mole of gaseous magnesium atoms, Include a sign in your answer. enthalpy change = kd met (b) Separate samples of magnesium chloride and magnesium oxide are shaken with water. In each case, describe what you would soe when this is done, and state the approximate BH of the water after the solid has been shaken with it. (i) magnesium chloride observation se approximate pH of the water magnesium oxide observation approximate pH of the water (4) An(c) Magnesium bums in nitrogen to give magnesium nitride, a yellow solid which has the jy formula Ma.Np. are Magnesium nitride reacts with water to give ammonia and magnesium hydroxide. (Construct an equation for the reaction of magnesium nitride with water. (il) Does a redox reaction occur when magnesium nitride reacts with water? Use the oxidation numbers of nitrogen to explain your answer. 4) (Total: 11]3. Concem over the ever-increasing use of fossil fuels has led to many suggestions for alternative sources of energy. One of these, suggested by Professor George Olah, winner of ‘@ Nobel Prize in chemistry, is to use methanol, CH,OH, which can be obtained in a number of different ways. Methanol could be used instead of petrol in a conventional internal combustion engine or used to produce electricity in a fuel cell. (a) Construct a balanced equation for the complete combustion of methanol. = (} When hydrocarbon fuels are completely bumed in an internal combustion engine, several toxic pollutants may be formed. (b) State two toxic pollutants that can be produced after complete combustion of a ‘hydrocarbon fuel in an internal combustion engine. ia} Methanol may be manufactured catalytically from synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, CO, ‘and H,. The CO is reacted with H, to form methanol, CH,OH. CO(@) + 2H,(g) = CH,OH(o) AH = -91 kJ mot (©) From your understanding of Le Chatelier’s principle, state two conditions that could be used in order to produce a high yield of methanol. In each case, explain why the yield would increase. condition 1 ‘explanation condition 2 explanation on . [4]Carbon monoxide, which can be used to make methanol, may be formed by reacting carbon dioxide with hydrogen. 00,() + H,(g) = CO(g) + H,O(9) K, = 144 al 1200K (d) (i) Ithas been suggested that, on a large scale, this reaction could be helpful to the Gi) ‘environment. Explain, with reasons, why this would be the case. ‘A mixture containing 0.50 mol of CO,, 0.50 mol of H,, 0.20 mol of CO and 0.20 mol of H,O was placed in a 1.0dm® flask and allowed to come to equilibrium at 1200 K. Calculate the amount, in moles, of each substance present in the equilibrium mixture at 1200 K. CO) + H = CO + HO intial ~— 0.50. 050 0.20 0.20 moles (6) (Total: 13]4 (a) Complete the following reaction scheme which starts with ethanal, In each empty box, write the structural formula of the organic compound that would be formed. Tollons’ HON reagent |+ CHyCHO, | B dilute HO, reduction heat ¥ D conc. H-SO, heat ¥ (CH,=CHCO.H cold dilute MnOvH" ¥ Cr,OFH" heat under reflux c (6)(e) Write the structural formula for the organic compound formed when, under suitable conditions, (i) compound € reacts with compound D, compound C reacts with compound E. 2] (c) Compound B is chiral. Draw displayed formulae of the two optical isomers of compound B, indicating with an asterisk (*) the chiral carbon atom. a) (otal: 11] ae5 Propanone, CH,COCH,, an important industrial solvent, can be converted into another industrially important solvent, MIBK, by the following sequence. step! n 20H,0-0 Pe o.0, “E> cH, —0-0 | | Hy F CH=C(CH,)2 & (CoHy0) CHCHICHS) MIBK (a) When F is formed in step | no other compound is produced. ‘Suggest a structural formula for F, which contains one -OH group. io} (b) Compound G has two functional groups. Name one functional group present in G and show how you would identily it. Put your answers in the table. functional group in@ | reagent usedin test | what would be seen 3) (©) Gis formed from F in step I Use your answers to (a) and (b) to suggest (2) what type of reaction occurs in step Il, (i) a reagent for step IL 2(d)_ The production of MIBK from G in step Il involves the hydrogenation of the »C=C< toup and is carried out catalytically. A mixture of compounds is formed because the >C=0 group is also reduced What reagent(s) and solvent are normally used in a laboratory to reduce a >C=O group without reducing a >C=C< group present in the same molecule? reagent(s) .. solvent G has a number of structural isomers. (e) Draw the displayed formulae of a pair of structural isomers of @ which contain the CH,CO- group and which exhibit cis-trans isomerism. Label each structure cis or trans and give your reasoning. (3) [Total: 11] learners1 (a) AL 1s*2s*2p° 3s*3p" Ti 1s? 2s%2p° as ap ad 4s° or 18° 2s°2p* 38° 3p‘ 4s°3d°_ penalise any error (b) (i) pass chlorinegas over heated duminium (ii) aluminium glows ‘white'yellow solid formed chlorine colour disappearstfades ai) *cit * Crt AL* Cl 2 CLE AL x Cl corract numbers of electrons, Le 3+ per Alatom and 7x per Cl atom Le. 6 «and 42 xin total dative bond Cito Alclearly shown by % (¢) chlorine is a strong/powerful oxidising agent cit © o o © a{d) (i) n(T) (e) (a) (b) () 0.72 479 0.015 (ii) (CN = (2.85 — 0.72) = 0.06 355 (iil) 0.015 :0.06 = 1:4 empirical formula of A is Tih, Allow ecf on answers to (i) and/or (i). (iv) T+ 2Ch > TCL Allow ecf on answers to (i covalentinot tonic simple molecular or mention of weak intermolecular forces or ‘weak van der Waals's forces between molecules (i) Mg'(g) > Mg(g) + & eqn. state symbols (ii) 736 + 1450 = +2186 kJ mot (i) dissolves: 6-7 (ii) does nat dissolve/slightly soluble 8-11 (i) MgsNz + 6H:O — 3Mg(OH)z + 2NHy Gi) MgsNe Nis—3 NHy Nis—3 No because there is no change in the oxidation no. of N e.c-fon (¢)() and values of oxidation numbers Qa) a) a a 4) a a) a Total: 14 max] a) a) (a) 81 a) a) q) a) 3} a a) a) a 4) (Total: 11]3 (a) 2CH.OH + 30, -» 2C0, + 44,0 “ nH (b) SOs a NO, /NOz / NO — not NzO ay Pb compounds ~ not Pb (1) (any 2) | more than two answers are given any wrong ones will be penalised. fe (c) low temperature a because forward reaction is exothermic a) high pressure ay because forward reaction goes to fewer molecules a) ‘or shows a reduction in volume increase [CO] or [Ha] ‘or remove CH,OH a) correct explanation in terms of the effect of the change Con the position of equilirium or on the rate of reaction ay (eny two pairs) 4 (a) (i) romoves CO, ay which causes greenhouse effectiglobal warming (a) “ CO + H = co + HO inital moles 0.50 0.50 020 0.20 equi moles (0.50-x) (0.50-x) (0.204) (0.204) a fequil. concn. (0.50-x) (0.50-x) (0.20%) (0.204x) 1 1 1 1 K. = [COUHLO} a [coutt.] K, = (0.2080) = 1.44 a (050%) givesx = 0.18 a at equilibrium, NCO2) = n(H) = 0.32 and (CO) = n(H.0) = 038 a Allow ecf on wrong values of x thet are less than 0.5. v7 Total: 13 max](a) (CH;CH(OH)CN HCN Tollens’ (CH;CO:H — a) or B reagent | CHsCO E a dil, H2SOx reduction ) heat CH:CH(OH)CO.H CHaCH.OH D a) cone. H:804 () heat cold a MnO. 7H" HOCHLCHOH)CO:H Cr." Ho:CCOco:H TFeatunder tax > © a a ‘one mark for each correct structure(oe) C+D HOCH;CH(OH)CO,CHs as minimum or i HOCHECOsCaHe OH a) Allow e.c on candidate's € andior D. C+eE CH,OCOCH; GnococH fou Allow either monoester. a) 1 Allow e.c.f on candidate's C andlor E. ©) oe i or co : F Ge Ay HY? OH ‘ HO H CN CAN correct chiral carbon atom indicated (1) fone structure drawn fuly displayed with C-N a) mirror objectimirtor image pair correctly drawn in 3D a) 13} Total: 11] (a) CHyCOCH2C(CHs)2 or (by addition of one molecule of (CHs),CO- | across the >C=O bond of another) OH CH:COCHCH(CHs). (by working backwards from G and adging | ‘one molecule of HO across the C=C bond) oH a 0(b) functional group in G reagent used in test what would be seen alkene Bre decoloursed or KMnO.(aq) or or or carbonyl 2A-dinitro- Yellowlorangelred phenythydrazine! Colour or ppt. Brady's reagent w @ w 8 (¢) (i) dehyération/simination «) (i) Al:Os/ PsO,0/ cone. H2SOy conc HPO: “ 2 (a) NaBH. or LAM, ) inwater or methanolithanol or in dry ether « a ‘or mixture of alcchol and water not ether Solvent mark is only awarded if reagent is correct. ) cco H cH.cO CHts ec ecm tye 7 cy ne SH cis" trans * allow this to be called Z * allow this to be called Z cH:co Nes c=c HT cH H trans ** allow this to be called Eor CH,COCH, CH; CH.COCH, H es Ns c= cc. Ho Ho Scr eis or Z trans or E two structures Oy correct cis and trans a explanation a 3] For ois and trans answers, the explanation should be in terms of the methyl groups (first pair of isomers) or hydrogen atoms (second and third pairs of isomers) being on the same or opposite sides relative to the C=C bond. For E/Z answers, the explanation wil need to involve the relative sizes of the CHsC- group and the CHs- group. This really only affects the first pair of isomers. [Total: 11]