BASELINE REPORT ON LIVESTOCK

DISTRICT BUNER

Produced by:
Livestock Trainers & Consultants

In collaboration with
Research & Awareness for Human development
Benefits And Rights
Baseline Livestock Buner 2………………

LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................................ 2
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. 5
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................... 6
ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 8
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 9
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................ 9
1.1-LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS ............................................................................. 9
1.2- RAHBAR ..................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2-TARGET AREA/ COMMUNITY ................................................................................................ 11
1.3- GOAL AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 11
1.4-SAMPLE METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 11
1.5- QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................... 11
1.6- ENUMERATORS ........................................................................................................................ 12
1.7-SAMPLE STATUS ....................................................................................................................... 12
1.8- SECONDARY DATA ................................................................................................................. 12
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF DISTRICT BUNER ............................................................................ 13
2.1- INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.2- LOCATION ................................................................................................................................. 13
2.3- BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.4- AREA ........................................................................................................................................... 13
2.5- TOPOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.1- Physical Features ................................................................................................. 13
2.5.2- Soil.......................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.3-Mining .................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.4- Flora ....................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.5- Fauna ..................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.6- Climate .................................................................................................................. 14
2.6- LIVESTOCK POPULATION ..................................................................................................... 15
2.6- DAMAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT .......................................................................................... 15
HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION ................................................................................................................... 16
3.1- EDUCATION ATTAINMENT .................................................................................................. 16
3.2- HOUSEHOLD STRENGTH ....................................................................................................... 16
3.3- INCOME SOURCES ................................................................................................................... 17
3.4 PERSON IN-SERVICE/ BUSINESS............................................................................................. 17
3.5- PERSONS INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE/LIVESTOCK...................................................... 18
3.6- DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION PERHOUSEHOLD ........... 18
Baseline Livestock Buner 3………………
3.7- LIVESTOCK POPULATION PER HOUSEHOLD ................................................................... 19
3.8- LACTATING ANIMALS PER HOUSEHOLD ......................................................................... 20
3.9- MILK PRODUCTION PER ANIMAL....................................................................................... 20
ANIMAL FEED ............................................................................................................................................ 21
4.1-ANIMAL FEEDING .................................................................................................................... 21
4.2-FODDER PRESERVATION ........................................................................................................ 21
4.3-FODDER AVAILABILITY .......................................................................................................... 22
4.4-TYPE OF FODDER ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.4.1- Green Fodder ........................................................................................................ 22
4.4.2- Dry fodder............................................................................................................. 23
4.5- CONCENTRATES ...................................................................................................................... 23
4.6- SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER FOR ANIMALS .............................................................. 24
4.7- GRAZING LAND....................................................................................................................... 25
4.8- GREEN FODDER SCARCITY ................................................................................................... 27
ANIMAL HOUSING .................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1- STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL SHED ............................................................................................ 28
5.2- FLOOR OF ANIMAL SHED...................................................................................................... 29
5.3- VENTILATION IN ANIMAL SHED ........................................................................................ 29
5.4- WATER AVAILABILITY INSIDE ANIMAL SHED ................................................................ 30
5.5- PER ANIMAL SPACE................................................................................................................ 30
5.6- LOCATION OF ANIMAL SHED ...............................................................................................31
ANIMAL HEALTH ...................................................................................................................................... 32
6.1- ANIMAL DISEASES PREVALENT IN THE AREA ................................................................ 32
6.2- AVAILABILITY OF HEALTHFACILITY ................................................................................. 32
6.3- DISTANCE OF ANIMAL SHED FROM HEALTH FACILITY................................................33
6.4- ATTITUDE TOWARDS ANIMAL TREATMENT ....................................................................33
6.5- ANIMAL VACCINATION........................................................................................................ 34
6.6- DEWORMING OF ANIMALS AND SOURCE OF SUPPLY .................................................. 34
ANIMAL BREEDING .................................................................................................................................. 35
7.1- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER ................................................................................ 35
7.2- BREEDING BULL....................................................................................................................... 35
7.3- FEE CHARGES PER A.I SERVICE ............................................................................................ 36
7.4- ATTITUDE TOWARDS A.I VERSUS NATURAL INSEMINATION..................................... 36
7.5- CALVING INTERVAL................................................................................................................37
LIVESTOCK EXTENSION .......................................................................................................................... 38
8.1- INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 38
8.2- EXTENSION CENTER ............................................................................................................... 38
8.4- REASONS FOR LACK OF EXTENSION SERVICES ............................................................... 39
8.5- NEED FOR CHANGE ................................................................................................................ 39
8.6- MORE INVESTMENTS IN ANIMAL KEEPING ..................................................................... 40
Baseline Livestock Buner 4………………

MARKETING ................................................................................................................................................ 41
9.1- MILK SALE ................................................................................................................................. 41
9.2- QUANTITY OF MILK GOES TO MARKET PER HOUSEHOLD ........................................... 41
9.3- NUMBER OF ANIMALS SOLD PER YEAR ............................................................................ 42
9.4- AGE OF ANIMAL ATSALE ...................................................................................................... 42
9.5- REASON FOR ANIMAL SALE ................................................................................................. 43
9.6- PLACE OF ANIMAL SALE ....................................................................................................... 44
9.7- USE OF DUNG AS DUNG CAKE............................................................................................. 44
9.8- USE OF DUNG AS NATURAL FERTILIZER .......................................................................... 45
9.9- SALE OF DUNG ......................................................................................................................... 45
ISSUES/ BOTTLE NECKS OBSERVED BY FARMER ............................................................................. 46
RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 47
ANNEX-I ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
ANNEX-II ...................................................................................................................................................... 50
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 52
Baseline Livestock Buner 5………………

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 ...................................................................................................................... 12

Table 3. 1 Education Attainment ................................................................................ 16

Table 3. 2 Household strength ................................................................................... 16
Table 3. 3 Livestock Population per household ........................................................... 19
Table 3. 4 Number of Lactating Animals ................................................................... 20
Table 3. 5 Milk production per animal ....................................................................... 20

Table 4. 1 Fodder availability .................................................................................... 22

Table 4. 2 Type of Green Fodder ............................................................................... 22
Table 4. 3 Type of Dry Fodder .................................................................................... 23
Table 4. 4 Sources of Drinking Water for animals ...................................................... 24
Table 4. 5 Distance of animal shed from source of water ............................................25
Table 4. 6 Feed giving during scarcity ........................................................................ 27

Table 5. 1 Water availability inside shed ..................................................................... 30

Table 5. 2 Per animal space ........................................................................................ 30

Table 6. 1 Prevalent diseases in the district................................................................ 32

Table 6. 2 Animal Vaccination ................................................................................... 34
Table 6. 3 Deworming and source of supply ............................................................... 34

Table 7. 1 Access to A.I Center ................................................................................... 35

Table 7. 2 Breeding Bull Availability ........................................................................... 35
Table 7. 3 Fee charges per A.I ..................................................................................... 36

Table 9. 1 Milk sale .................................................................................................... 41

Table 9. 2 Quantity of milk goes to market ................................................................ 41
Table 9. 3 Number of animal sold per year ................................................................ 42
Table 9. 4 Use of dung as fertilizer .............................................................................45
Table 9. 5 Sale of dung ..............................................................................................45
Baseline Livestock Buner 6………………

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1 Livestock Population Buner ...................................................................... 15

Figure 3. 1 Income Resources .................................................................................... 17

Figure 3. 3 Persons in-service/business ...................................................................... 17
Figure 3. 4 Persons in Agri/Livestock ......................................................................... 18
Figure 3. 5 Need Satisfaction ..................................................................................... 19

Figure 4. 1 Feed giving to animals ............................................................................. 21

Figure 4. 2 Percentage of fodder availability .............................................................. 22
Figure 4. 3 Concentrates Availability ......................................................................... 24
Figure 4. 4 Grazing Land ........................................................................................... 25
Figure 4. 5 Nature of Grazing land ............................................................................. 26
Figure 4. 6 Season of grazing .................................................................................... 26
Figure 4. 7 Scarcity Period ........................................................................................ 27

Figure 5. 1 Percentage of Woody & Concrete Sheds ................................................. 28

Figure 5. 3 Ventilation in Animal Shed ..................................................................... 29
Figure 5. 4 Animal Shed location ................................................................................31

Figure 6. 1 Distance of Animal Shed from Health Facility ...........................................33

Figure 6. 2 Attitude towards Animal Treatment ......................................................... 33

Figure 7.1 Attitude towards A.I ................................................................................. 36

Figure 7. 2 Calving Interval ......................................................................................... 37

Figure 8. 1 Extension Center...................................................................................... 38

Figure 8. 3 Need for Change ...................................................................................... 39
Figure 8. 4 Investment Potential ............................................................................... 40

Figure 9. 1 Age of animal sale .................................................................................... 42

Figure 9. 2 Reason for animal sale ............................................................................. 43
Figure 9. 3 Place of animal sale ................................................................................. 44
Figure 9. 4 Use of Dung ............................................................................................ 44

Figure 10.0 Issues/Bottle necks ................................................................................. 46

Baseline Livestock Buner 7………………

ACRONYMS
Acronym/abbreviation Description
A APRIL
AGR AGRICULTURE
A.I ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
APROX APPROXIMATELY
B.Q BLACK QUARTER DISEASE
CLEW COMMUNITY LIVESTOCK EXTENSION WORKERS
CVC CIVIL VETERINARY CENTER
CVD CIVIL VETERINARY DISPENSARY
CVH CIVIL VETERINARY HOSPITAL
DLO DISTRICT LIVESTOCK OFFICER
DO DISTRICT OFFICER
DPO DISTRICT POPULATION OFFICER
ED ENDEMIC DISEASE
ET ENTERO TOXEMIA
FEB FEBRUARY
FMD FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE
GO GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
L.E LIVESTOCK EXTENSION
L.S LIVESTOCK
LTC LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS
N.A NOT ANSWERED
NGOS NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
N.I NATURAL INSEMINATION
NOV: NOVEMBER
NWFP NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE
PATA PROVINCIAL ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS
PC PRIVATE CLINICIAN
PEP PARTICIPATORY EXTENSION PLANNING
PSU PRIMARY SAMPLE UNIT
RAHBAR RESEARCH & AWARENESS FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BENEFITS AND RIGHTS
SLA SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS
SSU SECONDARY SAMPLE UNIT
VO VETERINARY OFFICER
Baseline Livestock Buner 8………………

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Livestock sector in Pakistan in general and in NWFP in particular is considered as the base of
the rural economy. Livestock is providing valuable food to the rural community in the form of
milk, meat as well as eggs. Livestock is one of the sectors in the country that has a great
potential to grow bigger by leaps and bounds to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the
farming community but for decades this sector has been ignored. Now the Govt. as well as the
national & international donor organizations are taking the initiatives to develop this sector as
whole to change the dreams of uplifting the living conditions of the farmer’s into reality.
Buner livestock baseline is one of the parts of this development chain to sort out areas of
interventions and to diversify the various means of livelihood in district Buner to contribute to
this noble cause. The major partners who contributed to this splendid achievement are the
LTC and RAHBAR. LTC conducted the baseline while the RAHBAR provided financial
assistance for the successful conduction of the survey. In this regard I strongly acknowledge
the sincere efforts of Mr.Sarmir Khan Chairman and chief executive of RAHBAR for his full
support in the successful completion of this survey. I also extend my hearted gratitude to the
management of RAHBAR especially to Mr.Ijaz Finance Manager RAHBAR for his full
cooperation in this regard.
In the collection of secondary data the cooperation of Mr.Sajjad DPO, Mr.Raziq Shah
Statistical Officer, Dr.Abdul Kabir DLO L&DD, Dr.Fazal Muhammad VO and Dr.Fazal
Yazdan are highly commendable.
In the collection of primary data I strongly appreciate the painstaking efforts of the teams who
conducted this survey very nicely at a short notice of LTC and completed this great task in
time. The management of LTC also lauds the efforts of Mr.MatiUllah District Coordinator
LTC Buner for his effective coordination and Mr.Jehanzeb who took the overall
responsibility of supervision. LTC pay tribute for the contribution of all respondents of the
baseline survey who made it possible.
In the last but not the least I strongly acknowledge the dynamic staff of LTC for their
unprecedented efforts especially Dr.Shaukat Khan Programme Director for his strict
monitoring of all the activities, data processing and drafting, Engineer ZiaUllah Database and
Web development Specialist LTC for his valuable formatting of the overall baseline report. I
am very thankful from the core of my heart to Dr.Nazir Ahmad Chairman LTC who provided
encouragement and expert consultation in the compilation of questionnaire. I hope that this
sort of collaboration will further strengthen the ties between the two organizations in future to
work for the betterment of the poor masses.
Executive Director
LTC NWFP Peshawar
Baseline Livestock Buner 9………………

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1-BACKGROUND
1.1-LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS
Livestock Trainers & Consultants (LTC) is a provincial based non-governmental, non-
profitable organization dedicated to provide quality services to the farming community
without discrimination & regardless of race, religion, creed or political affiliations.
The organization is being run by highly qualified well energetic and devoted professionals
while supervised by a panel of experts both at national and international level.
LTC is delivering quality services to the farming community, with the objective to uplift their
socio-economic conditions via better animal health and production. To achieve the desired
goals and objectives, it is joining hands with the national and international sponsoring
organizations to seek monetary funds to benefit all its stakeholders in the country. LTC is
utilizing these funds for the capacity building of the farming community and provides
consultancy services to the rest of the organizations in the field of veterinary and animal
sciences to identify potential pockets, conduct baseline surveys, proposal writing and even to
implement various projects in the said field.
LTC believes in quality and is therefore committed to deliver quality services to its
stakeholders in the field of Livestock Trainings and Consultancies having all the capabilities
as well as expertise in the mentioned field.
Currently LTC is working on the following programmes:

Poverty Alleviation through skill Development

Farmer’s linkages development with NWFP Agriculture University Peshawar
Women Empowerment through Layer farming in District Chitral
Livelihood Improvement through better livestock Management in District Buner
Baseline Livestock Buner 10………………

1.2- RAHBAR
RAHBAR (Research & Awareness for Human development Benefits And Rights) is a non-
profit non-government civil society organization. RAHBAR works with local people within
the local culture and customs and is fully familiar with local practices.
The organization has a well defined mission “to address the socio-economic-politico
empowerment of the community at large in the concrete-though free of Gender discrimination
but tilting in favor of women and children, they being the weaker and vulnerable segment of
society”. The organization is working in community with the objectives:

The aim of the organization is to create sustainable social structures at the grass
roots level to address rural poverty through enhancing the livelihood of the rural
poor.
Literacy Promotion.
Reproductive Health services through establishing mother and child health care
centers.
Agriculture Livestock and Natural Resource Management. (ALNRM)
Gender and Development.
Infrastructure Development.
Good Local governance
RAHBAR has a vast experience of work in community and has successfully implemented
various projects in community. A glimpse of various completed and ongoing projects in
community under RAHBAR is as below:

Basic Education Community Schools Project (BECS) (Previously NFBE)

Malakand Rural Development Project(MRDP): (Jan 2002 31st Dec 2007)
AROMA Project of IPRP/SDC: (Sep 2004 to Feb 2008)
Action Aid Pakistan Development Area (DA)-23 Project: (Nov 2005 to date)
PAIMAN: (Dec 5, 2006 to date)
PSDW-HPP (1st July 2008 – 30th June 2009)
CMAM Project (UNICEF): 15th November 2008 till date)
Emergency Response Short Term Project Agreement
The organization also has actively participated in earth quake 2005 rehabilitation and current
IDPs disaster due to Malakand military operation.
Baseline Livestock Buner 11………………

1.2-TARGET AREA/ COMMUNITY

The study was designed and implemented in Buner District of North West Frontier Province.

1.3- GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The primary goal of the activity was to diversify the rural livelihood means in District Buner
through introducing better management practices in livestock keeping. The study was
conducted in district Buner to achieve the following objectives:

To establish a baseline data on livestock

To identify the management gaps and other issues related to livestock sector in the
district
To recommend management prescriptions to mitigate the livestock issues in the district
Buner
To identify and strategize interventions for the development of livestock sector in the
Buner district
To obtain detail information needed for the design of the proposed project and, in
particular, behavior change, communication, public/private partnerships and livelihood
improvement
To identify the potential pockets for future interventions in livestock sector

1.4-SAMPLE METHODOLOGY
The sampling design adopted for the survey was a stratified and systematic sample of
households. The universe consists of the entire district. The total numbers of 24 villages was
selected in the district. The selection procedure is described below:
The criteria for village selection were based on village household strength and distance from
the capital of tehsil. For this purpose, the 1998 Population Census list of villages was used as
the sampling frame. Four villages have been selected from each tehsil. Those villages in the
area were considered as Primary Sample Units (PSU). In each PSU 24 households were
selected randomly as Secondary Sample Units (SSU). PEP (Participatory Extension Planning)
techniques were used for interviewing individuals. Sampling Chart is annexed as annex-I.

1.5- QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT

For personal interviewing a comprehensive questionnaire was developed by the experts of
LTC keeping in view livestock composition in the area and demography of the district Buner.
The questionnaire contained information regarding livestock keeping as
Personal Information regarding education, profession, income, members of household
and number of animals and backyard poultry
Animal housing
Baseline Livestock Buner 12………………

Animal feeding
Animal health
Animal breeding
Animal Production and its use
Marketing of animal products and animals
Use of dung etc.
Issues and bottlenecks faced by the farmers regarding animal keeping

1.6- ENUMERATORS
The enumerators were selected from the targeted area keeping in view their technicality and
past experiences. They were trained in PEP techniques. Three teams were constituted with
two members in each team. Two tehsils were assigned to each team. To ensure quality of the
activity, the supervision was carried out by the Programme Director LTC personally and the
District Coordinator LTC as well.

1.7-SAMPLE STATUS
Table 1 depicts the status of sampling interviewed in the field. The households were selected
randomly and the persons available there were interviewed. There was a very negligible figure
0.87% of refusal. The reason was probably disinterest in Livestock Sector or hesitation to
confront questioning and answering. The participation of female farmers was very low due to
the typical cultural constraints of the area, while some female were not ready to enlist their
names, so their names were substituted by their husband’s or son’s names.

Status Number Percentage

Completed 571 99.13
Refused 05 0.87
Total 576 100
Table 1

1.8- SECONDARY DATA

To make the survey more comprehensive the secondary data was collected from various
sources. For this purpose meetings were held with District Population Officer Buner, District
Livestock Officer, Agriculture Officers, Veterinary Officer CVH Daggar, District Statistical
Officer and private clinicians. Their valuable inputs have been incorporated in this baseline.
Personal observation’s reports were also collected from the enumerators of this survey. These
reports in the form of inputs have been made part of this baseline.
Baseline Livestock Buner 13………………

CHAPTER II

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF DISTRICT BUNER

2.1- INTRODUCTION
It is not known as to when the area was named Buner, or what did that really mean, however it
was opinioned that Buner is a Sanskrit word, which means forest (Jungle). It is true to some
extent because Buner was rich in forestry. In1991 Buner was upgraded as district.
Administratively Buner is divided into six tehsils, Daggar, Gadaizi, Gagra, Chagharzi, Chamla
and Totalai.
Buner is accessible from West by a widen road through Ambela pass, from South by a
metalated road vide Totalai and from North by a mountainous zigzag road through Karakar
Pass.

2.2- LOCATION
The District Buner lies between 34o-11i to 34o- 43i North Latitude and 72o- 13i to 72o-45i East
Longitude.

2.3- BOUNDARIES
Buner is bounded on North by Swat and Shangla Districts, on the West by Malakand Agency
and Mardan District. From the South it shares boundaries with Swabi District while on the
East border Buner is bounded by River Indus, Mansehra and Haripur Districts.

2.4- AREA
The total area of District Buner is 1865 Square Kilometers.

2.5- TOPOGRAPHY

2.5.1- Physical Features

The District is encircled by hills on all sides and is separated from Swat by a range of
mountains reaching to an elevation of 2911 meters. Elevation varies from 366 meters in
Totalai (KhadoKhail) in the south to 2911 meters of Dosara Peak in the North. Slopes are
gentle to precipitous. Surface configuration is rugged and uneven. Buner terrain contains
mountains and valleys. Buner is famous for marble mines, which become the vivid symbol of
business in the area.
Baseline Livestock Buner 14………………

2.5.2- Soil
The soil has developed from the old loess plains. The soil is deep silly clay and used for dry
farming or irrigated Agriculture.

2.5.3-Mining
District Buner is progressing by leaps and bounds with rapid increase in the marble factories
in the area. Some 40% labour forces are engaged in excavation and finishing of different
types of marbles.

2.5.4- Flora
A number of medicinal herbs and other plants are found in the district like Wild Pomegranate,
Ailanthus, Persian Lilae, Walnut, Fig, Kambela, Olive, Gum tree, Oak, Wild Persimmon,
Mountain Ebony, Eucalyptus and Mulberry etc.

2.5.5- Fauna
Jackal, Wolf, Fox ,Goral, Rabbit, Monkey, Black Partridge, Chukar, Grey Partridge, See See,
Dove, Pigeon, and other migratory birds.

2.5.6- Climate
The climate of district Buner varies with elevation and may be classified as dry-subtropical.
Most part of the year remains pleasant. Winter season is of four to five months while summer
season also remains for four to five months. In winter in addition to rain, occasional snow fall,
on the mountain peaks is common. Climate in Buner is marked by two distinctive rainy
seasons, that is Rabi season winter rain from November to May and Kharif season Monsoon
rains from July to October. This together with the associated temperature and day length
changes makes two different cropping seasons. The winter season is suitable for growing
crops like wheat, tobacco and summer season suitable for crops like maize and sugar cane etc.
The temperature rises steadily in summer, where it reaches to 44oC and thereafter dips
gradually to the lowest level 2oC in winter. Rain continues falling throughout the year, making
a total 165 cm with uniform distribution.
Cyclones of the Monsoon bring about torrential showers, constituting 42.7% of the total
annual rainfall. Appreciable amount of rains 33.2% occurs also in the cold season, but
extending over a longer period of time. The warm and post monsoon periods are relatively dry
as 11.4% rain fall in the farmer and 12.7% in the latter. Hailstorms are also frequent during
Monsoon.
Baseline Livestock Buner 15………………

2.6- LIVESTOCK POPULATION

Livestock in district Buner consists of buffaloes, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, mules, Asses,
camels and backyard poultry as mentioned in the figure 2.1 below

800000 737762

700000

600000

500000

400000

300000

200000 131985 130948

79644
100000 31909 1153
2094 1257 13868
0
Cattle Buff Sheep Goats Poultery Camel Horses Asses Mules
Series1 131985 79644 31909 130948 737762 2094 1257 13868 1153

Figure 2.1 Livestock Population Buner

2.6- DAMAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT

Post conflict Damage Assessment Report was prepared by the District Office Livestock &
Dairy Development Department District Buner. According to the report farmers of District
Buner either lost their animals or sold at nominal prices at the time of displacement and faced
a huge loss of Rs. 10332.54 million.
The detail report is annexed as annex –II.
Baseline Livestock Buner 16………………

CHAPTER III

HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION
3.1- EDUCATION ATTAINMENT
The education status of the respondents is illustrated by the Table 3.1. The table shows that
56.4% of the respondents were illiterate. 10.4% were educated up to primary, 8.8% middle
and 11.4% were matriculate. The ratio declines further and at inters level only 4.0% attained
education while 8.2% were graduated. A small number just 0.7% had professional education.

Tehsil Illiterate Primary Middle Metric Inter Graduate Others Total

Daggar 62 08 08 05 06 05 Nil
Gadaizi 51 10 7 14 02 10 01
Gagra 46 05 11 21 02 09 01
Chagharzi 49 16 04 13 07 06 0
Chamla 55 12 11 07 04 05 01
Totalai 59 09 09 05 02 12 01
Total 322 60 50 65 23 47 4 571
Percent 56.4 10.5 8.8 11.4 4.0 8.2 0.7 100
Table 3.1 Education Attainment.

3.2- HOUSEHOLD STRENGTH

The population trend is towards joint family system which has both positive as well as
negative aspects. More than 75% of the population is residing in joint family system. In
agriculture and livestock perspective, this trend makes easier the job of farmers in animal
keeping. It was observed that more than 10 people residing in a single home. The Table 3.2
shows that 9.0% of the households have 1 to 5 members and 39.2% of the households have 6
to 10 members per household. The percentage of 11 to 20 members per household reaches to
42.7% while 9.1% of the households have above 20 members.
Household Number Percent
members
1-5 48 9.0
6-10 224 39.2
11-20 243 42.7
Above 20 52 9.1
Total 571 100
Table 3.2 Household strength
Baseline Livestock Buner 17………………

3.3- INCOME SOURCES

Major part of population drives their income from Agriculture and livestock which is
approximately 62% as mentioned in figure 3.1 below. Then come business which accounts for
13.5%, services for 11.3% and the last category “others” brings 13.2% earning to
households. In the last category earnings from abroad are also included as a large part of the
population residing abroad like in Middle East and Malaysia to earn bread for their kins.

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%
62.00%
40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00% 13.50% 13.20%

11.30%

0.00%
Agri/Livestoc
Services Business Others
k
Series1 11.30% 13.50% 62.00% 13.20%

Figure 3.1 Income Resources

3.4 PERSON IN-SERVICE/ BUSINESS

Range Number Percent

1000-5000 79 39.9
6000-10,000 70 35.4
11,000-20,000 49 24.7
Total 198 100
Table 3.3 Person in-Service/business

100.00%
92.50%
80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%
7.50%

0.00%
1 to 5 6 to 10

Series1 92.50% 7.50%

Figure 3.2 Persons in-service/business

Baseline Livestock Buner 18………………

The figure 3.2 illustrates clearly the picture in district Buner about the person in-service or
involved in business. In Buner there is no such large business center except town Swari.
A large portion of households having 1-5 persons involved in business or earn their bread
from business activities. A very minute portion 7.5 % of total household has more than six
persons in service or business.
39.9% of the population deriving their income from service or business in range of Rs 1000 to
5000 per month, while 35.4% and 24.7% earn from Rs 6000 to 10,000 and 11000 to 20,000
respectively as shown in Table 3.3 above.

3.5- PERSONS INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE/LIVESTOCK

Buner is totally rural area where urban 100.00%

population is zero. People almost are 90.00% 95.00%
80.00%
depending for their livelihood on
70.00%
Agriculture and Livestock. During the 60.00%
survey it was observed that 95% of total 50.00%

population has 1-5 household members 40.00%

30.00%
involved in this sector, while 4.8% spare
20.00%
6 to 10 persons per household. A very 10.00%
4.80%
0.20%
minute portion 0.2% of the household 0.00%
1 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 20

has more than 10 members involved in Seri es1 95.00% 4.80% 0.20%

Agriculture and livestock.

Figure 3.3 Persons in Agri/Livestock

It is also a point of worth importance that female of these rural areas equally share the burden
and actively take part in livestock and Agriculture activities. Animal rearing is the prime
responsibility of female in their homes along with laborious work in their Agriculture lands.

3.6- DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION PERHOUSEHOLD

The respondents were asked that if their Agriculture production is enough for their needs
from the figure 3.4 it is illustrated that only 40% of the population answered in affirmative
while the remaining 60% were of the opinion that they are compelled to purchase it.
A supplementary question was asked from the farming community regarding any cash income
from Agriculture where only 9.8% of the population was affirmative
Baseline Livestock Buner 19………………

2 60%

1 40%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Figure 3.4 Need Satisfaction

3.7-LIVESTOCK POPULATION PER HOUSEHOLD

Table 3.4 shows that 78.3% of the population keeping animals in range of 1 to 5 per
household, while 16.3% and 3.6% of the people keeping 6 to 10 and 11 to 20 animals
respectively. 1.8% of the total households have above 20 animals per household.

Range Number Percent

1-5 430 78.3
6-10 89 16.3
11-20 20 3.6
Above 20 10 1.8
Total 549 100
Table 3.4 Livestock Population per household

Due to feed scarcity, and previous militant’s conflict, majority of the people lost their animals.
On the other hand, there is severe shortage of animal feed as the affected farmers could not
arrange feed for their animals due to the ongoing military operation and the dry spell further
aggravated the situation. All those factors compelled the farmer to keep his herd size small.
Baseline Livestock Buner 20………………

3.8- LACTATING ANIMALS PER HOUSEHOLD

The prime purpose of animal keeping is to get the milk. Milk is need of every household

Range Number Percent

1-5 505 97
6-10 15 2.8
11-20 01 0.2
Total 521 100
Table 3.3 Number of Lactating Animals

Table 3.4 clearly depicts the household picture regarding animal keeping. 97% households
depend on 1 to 5 animals for milk. 2.8% of the population keeping lactating animals in range
of 11 to 20.
While only 0.2% a very negligible figure of the remaining population keeping more than 20
lactating animals per household.

3.9- MILK PRODUCTION PER ANIMAL

Tehsil 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-8 8-10 Above Total

20
Daggar 41 30 05 06 02 01 01
Gadaizi 24 33 07 11 00 00 00
Gagra 04 12 33 31 09 06 00
Chagharzi 23 27 24 11 06 00 00
Chamla 46 23 16 03 00 00 00
Totalai 52 30 09 01 00 00 00
Total 190 155 94 63 17 07 01 527
Percent 36.0 29.5 17.8 12.0 3.2 1.3 0.2 100
Table 3.4 Milk production per animal

High Livestock production is a clear indication of good management. This picture in Table 3.5
is not appreciable as the highest numbers 36% of the total lactating animals produce 1 to 2
litres of milk. Similarly only a very negligible amount 0.2% of total animals produces more
than 10 litres of milk. Unsuitable management practices, non-descriptive animal breeds, low
grade and insufficient feed are the contributory factors for this low production.
Baseline Livestock Buner 21………………

CHAPTER IV

ANIMAL FEED
4.1-ANIMAL FEEDING
figure 4.1 shows that 29.30% farmers feed green fodder to their animals while 49.0% have
only dry fodder for their survival. A very small segment 21.7% can provide concentrates to
enhance their animal production. Nutrition has main role in body growth and production.
Proper feeding according to the requirements of animal is of utmost importance. The survey
shows that the farmers do not provide sufficient and balanced animal feed and this is due to
the lack of resources as well as high ignorance on the part of farmers.

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%
49.00%
30.00%

20.00% 29.30%

21.70%
10.00%

0.00%
Green Roughages Dry Roughages Concentrates

Figure 4.1 feed giving to animals

4.2-FODDER PRESERVATION
To cope with the scarcity period and satisfy the hunger of their animals farmers preserve
various Agriculture by-products and grasses. These feed stuffs are usually low in nutrition,
and seasonal effects i.e. rain and Sun further distorts its quality. The pictures below present a
view of the traditional practices in district Buner. There is need of intervention to sensitize the
farmer about the proper preservation and maintenance of dry feed stuffs.

Traditional Hay Maize Stover Wheat Straw

Baseline Livestock Buner 22………………

4.3-FODDER AVAILABILITY
During the data collection, the respondents were asked whether they purchased the fodder for
their animals or get them from their own resources. The figure 4.2 depicts that 61.1% have
their own fodder while 38.90% purchased. Table 4.1 below shows that the residents of
Daggar and Gadaizi Tehsils were purchasing fodder for their animals as they are the most
affected population of previous militancy and military operation. Some farmers were of the
view that they partially purchased their fodder as their own fodder is not sufficient to fulfill
the requirement of their animals.

Tehsil Own Purchased Total

Daggar 40 64 70.00%

60.00%
Gadaizi 26 64
50.00% 61.10%
Gagra 70 36 40.00%
Chagharzi 60 21 30.00% 38.90%

Chamla 75 21 20.00%

Totalai 80 17 10.00%

0.00%
Total 351 223 574 Own Purchased
Series1 61.10% 38.90%
Percent 61.1 38.9 100
Table 4.1 Fodder availability Figure 4.2 Percentage of fodder availability

4.4-TYPE OF FODDER

4.4.1- Green Fodder

As green fodder has a more nutritive value, farmers were asked about the green fodder which
they provide to their animals. Table 4.2 depicts that 16.3% of the population give barseem,
33.4% barley and oat as a green fodder to their animals. A small segment of the population
17.6% gives maize/jwar while rest of the 32.2% provide other green stuffs like self-
vegetative weeds, green range grasses etc. It was also noticed during the survey that proper
planning for availability of green fodder is lacking in Buner.

Fodder Type Total Percent

Barseem 117 16.3
Oat/Barley 244 33.9
Maize/Jwar 127 17.6
Others 232 32.2
Total 720 100
Table 4.2 Type of Green Fodder
Baseline Livestock Buner 23………………

4.4.2- Dry fodder

In Buner farmers are traditional; they use mostly Agriculture by-products like wheat straw,
maize stover, and dry hilly grasses. Table 4.3 illustrates the prevailing condition of dry fodder
in District Buner. Majority of the population feeding wheat straw and maize stover as dry
fodder to their animals, while only 27.8% of the farmer’s community feeding dry grasses
typical hay to livestock. In Buner it was also learnt during the data collection that people
residing in hilly areas practice hay making. They cut the matured somehow dry grasses from
their rangelands, dry them and store them for winter scarcity period.

Dry feed stuff Number Percent

Wheat Straw 353 36.1
Maize Stover 353 36.1
Hay/Grasses 271 27.8
Total 977 100
Table 4.3 Type of Dry Fodder

Maize Stover Typical Hay

4.5-CONCENTRATES
Concentrates is a rich source of energy and protein which are the integral part of animal
nutrition. From the data collected during survey it was observed that only a small segment
21.70% (figure 4.1) of the farmer’s community provides traditional concentrates to their
animals.
Baseline Livestock Buner 24………………

Ow n
29%

Purchased
71%

Figure 4.3 Concentrates Availability

figure 4.3 depicts that 29% of the people have their own concentrates, while the remaining
71% of the farmer’s community purchases concentrates from local markets. It is also a matter
of great concern that farmers usually feed only cottonseed cake which cannot satisfy the need
of a producing animal. Cotton seed cake also contains a harmful substance gossypol that badly
affects the production of animals. A supplementary question was asked from the farmers
about the price of cotton seed cake which is available in the market at a range of Rs 30 to
45/Kg, which is higher than the price of commercially available concentrates.

4.6-SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER FOR ANIMALS

The following Table 4.4 shows that 31.7% of farmers get water from springs for their
animals, while a major segment of animals depends on stream for drinking water. Only 7.9%
and 23.6% of farmers provide water from ponds and wells. It is a matter of highly concern
that water of ponds and stream are unhygienic. As showed in the table below, a large segment
36.8% gets water from stream, which is heavily contaminated due to sewerage from nearby
villages.
Tehsil Spring Stream Pond Well Total
Daggar 38 25 5 26
Gadaizi 06 43 18 28
Gagra 12 18 15 51
Chagharzi 82 05 07 00
Chamla 35 43 00 18
Totalai 08 76 00 12
Total 181 210 45 135 571
Percent 31.7 36.8 7.9 23.6 100
Table 4.4 Sources of Drinking Water for animals
Baseline Livestock Buner 25………………

Distance Number Percent

Inside 74 16.2
Attached 35 7.8
Near <500m 226 49.5
Far >500m 121 26.5
Total 456 100
Table 4.5 Distance of animal shed from source of water

When the respondents were asked about the distance of drinking water from animal shed it
was learnt that 16.2% of the population has water inside their animal shed or inside their
houses, 7.8% has water attached (less than 10 yards). A large portion 49.5% of farmer’s
community has access to drinking water for their animals in limits of less than 5000 meters
while 26.6% of the remaining either travel their animals more than 500 meters or bring water
for them daily which is highly laborious job both for the farmers as well as for their animals.

4.7-GRAZING LAND
Respondents were asked about the grazing land availability for their animals; in which only
19% had the facility as showed in the figure 4.4 below. Grazing land can provide an
alternative for animal feed and minimize feed burden.

Yes
19%

No
81%

Figure 4.4 grazing Land

Baseline Livestock Buner 26………………

60.00%

54.10%
50.00%

43.10%
40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

2.80%
0.00%
Hilly Plain Both

Figure 4. 5 Nature of Grazing land

In the available grazing land 54.1% is hilly, 43.10% plain and only 2.8% of population has
both hilly as well as plain grazing land as shown in figure 4.5.

100.00%

90.00%
86.00%
80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00% 10.50%
0.00% 0.90% 2.60%
Spring Summar Autumn Winter

Figure 4. 6 Season of grazing

figure 4.6 illustrates that 86.0% of the farmers send their animals for grazing during summer,
10.5% in spring season. In autumn the grazing graph declines to 0.9% and in winter slightly
elevates to 2.6%. In summer there are plenty of green grasses and the farmers utilize this
opportunity very well.
Baseline Livestock Buner 27………………

4.8-GREEN FODDER SCARCITY

The figure 4.7 depicts the scarcity period in which the farmers are forced to offer dry fodder to
their animals. From this survey it was learnt that farmer faces two spells of scarcity.
First spell starts from December and ends at the end of February, which is a long period while
in the months of May and June 39% of the farmers were of the view that they also faces green
fodder shortage.

May,June
39%

Dec to Feb
61%

Figure 4. 7 Scarcity Period

To cope with scarcity period, farmers provide mostly dry fodder to their animals. By the
following Table 4.6, it is illustrated that the animal feed offered consists of 34.5% wheat
straw, 24.2% maize stover, 26.6% hay or dry grasses while the remaining 14.7% is
traditional concentrates. As concentrate is an integral part of animal feed and should be
provided round the year but during scarcity period its demand is further increased as the
animal body need feed rich in energy and protein for maintenance and production as well. The
figure 14.7 is of high concern and must be addressed to get the desired animal production.

Tehsil Wheat Maize Hay Concentrates Total

Straw Tovar /Grasses
Daggar 49 24 67 40
Gadaizi 75 22 61 34
Gagra 82 34 43 27
Chagharzi 20 24 54 26
Chamla 96 93 43 11
Totalai 96 96 54 40
Total 418 293 322 178 1211
Percent 34.5 24.2 26.6 14.7 100
Table 4. 6 Feed giving during scarcity
Baseline Livestock Buner 28………………

CHAPTER V

ANIMAL HOUSING

5.1- STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL SHED

Besides good nutritive feed, comfortable environment for animal keeping is also important to
get maximum production per animal. The figure 5.1 gives a picture that 90.4% of the total
animal sheds are made of wood, stones and mud. 9.6%, a very small figure represents the
concrete structure of animal shed. The woody is risky and not reliable as it is very prone to
damage by rain and other seasonal factors. Cleaning of such structure is very difficult, and
water seepage through walls and roof predisposes animal to variety of diseases as reflected in
the picture below.

100.00% 90.40%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%
9.60%
0.00%

Woody
Concrete

Figure 5. 1 Percentage of Woody & Concrete Sheds A pity glance of an Animal Shed

In the figure, 90.40% shows the socio-economic condition of the poor farmers residing in
such remote area like Buner.
 Baseline Livestock Buner 29………………

5.2- FLOOR OF ANIMAL SHED

The floor, the place where the animals take rest and feed should be clean and resistant to
damages by animals. Floor made of concrete material best serve the purpose, but the picture in
figure 5.2 below shows that only 6% of the people have made concrete floors in their animal
sheds while a large segment of the farmers have muddy floors in their Animal Sheds.
The poor condition of animal sheds is clearly visible in the picture below taken during this
survey conduction.

94.00%
100.00%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00% 6.00%

Muddy
Concrete

Figure 5.2 Percentage of Muddy & Concrete Shed Floor

5.3- VENTILATION IN ANIMAL SHED

Fresh air is the need of human as well as animals, but in case of animals, its requirement
increases as the dung inside shed produces a lot of harmful gases. For escape of these gases
and breathing of fresh air, presence of proper ventilation is of utmost importance. The figure
5.3 below shows that 63.4% of the Animal Sheds have openings for ventilation, while 36.6%
lacking this essential factor. During the survey it was observed that farmers usually closed all
the ventilation means during winter, where need of ventilation increases as animal are
compelled to pass more time inside shed.
70.00%

60.00%

50.00%
63.40%
40.00%

30.00% 36.60%
20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
Yes No

Figure 5. 3 Ventilation in Animal Shed Closed Ventilation Mean

Baseline Livestock Buner 30………………

5.4- WATER AVAILABILITY INSIDE ANIMAL SHED

A question regarding water availability was asked during the survey, where 10.3% of the
respondents answered in affirmative, while a huge number 89.7% replied in negative. A very
large portion of the population either travel animals towards water source or bring water from
the remote sources for their animals. It was also learnt during the survey that mostly
housewives performed this duty along with other laborious jobs.

Tehsil Yes No Total

Daggar 02 92
Gadaizi 12 83
Gagra 45 51
Chagharzi 00 94
Chamla 00 96
Totalai 00 96
Total 59 512 571
Percent 10.3 89.7 100

Table 5. 1 Water availability inside shed

5.5- PER ANIMAL SPACE

To simplify this category of the questionnaire, the question was divided into two components;
either have sufficient or not sufficient space. The figure 5.4 gives a picture as 81.40% farmers
have enough space for their animals, while 18.60% have congested animal sheds. One thing
was also observed that mostly farmers had reduced their animal numbers as they lost or sold
their animals due to the previous catastrophe in the form of militancy and displacement.

Tehsil Sufficient Not Total

Daggar 86 08
Gadaizi 80 15
Gagra 77 19
Chagharzi 56 38
Chamla 85 11
Totalai 81 15
Total 465 106 571
Percent 81.4 18.6 100
Table 5. 2 Per animal space
Baseline Livestock Buner 31………………

5.6- LOCATION OF ANIMAL SHED

According to the figure 5.4, 36% of the animal sheds are inside the house where members of
household living. The remaining 64% of the sheds are outside the human houses. In areas like
Gokand and Chagharzi valleys, people construct animal shed in their agriculture lands as the
feed accessibility is easier comparatively. In most plain areas like Daggar and surroundings,
people construct Animal shed in premises of their houses, this make easier their job in daily
handling of their animals but from the public health point of view it is hazardous to human as
well as animal’s health.

Inside house
36%

Out side
64%

Figure 5. 4 Animal Shed location

Figure 5.5 Animal Shed inside residence

Baseline Livestock Buner 32………………

CHAPTER VI
ANIMAL HEALTH
6.1- ANIMAL DISEASES PREVALENT IN THE AREA
Farmers were asked about the animal diseases they observed mostly in their animals.
According to the data collected, the most prevalent disease is FMD which is on the top with
26.2%, and then various ailments like indigestion, tympany, mastitis, prolapse etc.
represented by category “Other”. Hemorrhagic Septicemia is in 3rd rank. The other prevalent
diseases observed by farmers are Worm Infestation with 15.3%, Black Quarter 12.5% and
Entero Toxemia which is less noticed only 2.5%. These are the diseases that are known to the
farmers, there might be other diseases endemic in the area.

Disease Number Percent

FMD 312 26.2
H.S 214 18
B.Q 148 12.5
E.T 30 2.5
W.I 182 15.3
Others 303 25.5
Total 1189 100.00
Table 6. 1 Prevalent diseases in the district

6.2 AVAILABILITY OF HEALTHFACILITY

figure 6.1 illustrate that a minor segment of population 26.1% has the health facility for their
animals while the 73.9% threefold of the former deprived from this essential facility.

80.00%

70.00%

60.00% 73.90%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
26.10%
20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
Yes No

Series1 26.10% 73.90%

Figure 6.1 Availability of Health Facility

Baseline Livestock Buner 33………………

6.3- DISTANCE OF ANIMAL SHED FROM HEALTH FACILITY

The farmers were asked about their reach to the nearest CVH, CVD, and CVC. To
differentiate between near and far a limit was fixed considering the demographic features of
the area. Health facility located less than 1000 meters was put in near category, while distance
more than 1000 meters was considered as far. According to figure 6.2, a very small portion of
the population has health facility in limits of 1000 meters, while a large segment 79.2% is
forced to travel more than 1000 meters to avail the facility.

80.00%

70.00% 79.20%
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%
20.80%
10.00%

0.00%
Near<1000m Far>1000m
Series1 20.80% 79.20%

Figure6.1 Distance of Animal Shed from Health Facility

6.4-ATTITUDE TOWARDS ANIMAL TREATMENT

The respondents were asked about their attitude towards animal treatment. They were
questioned that where and by what mean they usually treat the ailments of their animals.
14.7% of the group interviewed replied that they travel their animals to Government Health
Facility, 52.7% were treating their animals privately at home calling practioner, while 36.6%
of the group preferring to treat their animals traditionally with various medicinal plants, or
depend on quacks due to their poverty as well as inaccessibility to the government health
facility.

60.00%

50.00%
52.70%
40.00%

36.60%
30.00%

20.00%

14.70%
10.00%

0.00%
Government Private Traditional
Series1 14.70% 52.70% 36.60%

Figure 6. 2 Attitude towards Animal Treatment

Baseline Livestock Buner 34………………

6.5- ANIMAL VACCINATION

Prevention is better than cure. Animal Vaccination has a significant role in Animal Health.
The Table 6.2 shows that only 23.9% of the farmer’s community vaccinates their animals
against most prevalent and infectious diseases. A large segment of the farmers, 76.1%, do not
give attention towards vaccination. The table also indicates that 65% of the total vaccination
is performed by government institutions while 35% of the remaining is purchased by the
farmers from local market. This small figure also depicts the level of farmer’s awareness.

Tehsil Yes No Government Purchased from

Market
Daggar 28 66 44 13
Gadaizi 17 78 03 14
Gagra 07 89 05 02
Chagharzi 00 94 00 00
Chamla 53 43 64 32
Totalai 30 60 23 14
Total 135 430 139 75
Percent 23.9 76.1 65 35
Table 6. 2 Animal Vaccination

6.6- DEWORMING OF ANIMALS AND SOURCE OF SUPPLY

Worm Infestation cause huge losses to Animal health and adversely affects animal production.
Table 6.3 illustrates the situation in Buner. Respondents were asked whether they deworm
their animals or not. 53.5% answered in affirmative while the remaining 46.5% were not
giving Anthelmintics to their animals. The frequency of Deworming of animals per annum
was also asked from the respondents, in which 48.8% deworm one time a year, 39.7% two
times a year, while 15.3% more than two times per year. When asked about the supply of
these medicines, 15.3% get from govt: and 84.7% purchase dewormers from markets.

Tehsil Yes No One Two More Govt: Purchased

time/year times/year than from
two/year Market
Daggar 55 31 22 22 11 18 37
Gadaizi 61 34 12 34 15 02 59
Gagra 63 24 64 10 00 02 59
Chagharzi 29 48 05 00 00 00 10
Chamla 56 39 23 38 07 15 52
Totalai 23 73 14 10 00 05 15
Total 287 249 140 114 33 42 232
Percent 53.5% 46.5% 48.8% 39.7% 11.5% 15.3% 84.7%
Table 6. 3 Deworming and source of supply
Baseline Livestock Buner 35………………

CHAPTER VII

ANIMAL BREEDING

7.1- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER

Table 7.1 shows that 46.2% of the farmers have access to Artificial Insemination Center,
while nearly equal 53.8% have no accessibility to this facility. There is also a point to be
mentioned that mostly the Inseminators visit to remote areas privately but this increase the
cost of services.

Tehsil Yes No Total

Daggar 60 34
Gadaizi 00 95
Gagra 54 42
Chagharzi 18 76
Chamla 93 03
Totalai 39 57
Total 264 307 571
Percent 46.2 53.8 100
Table 7. 1 Access to A.I Center

7.2-BREEDING BULL
When respondents were interviewed about the availability of bull for breeding purpose,
77.8% replied in “yes” and only 22.2% told that they had no breeding bull. During the survey
it was observed that some farmers keep bulls especially for this purpose.

Tehsil Yes No Total

Daggar 94 00
Gadaizi 74 21
Gagra 81 15
Chagharzi 83 11
Chamla 57 39
Totalai 55 41
Total 444 127 571
Percent 77.8% 22.2% 100

Table 7. 2 Breeding Bull Availability

Baseline Livestock Buner 36………………

7.3-FEE CHARGES PER A.I SERVICE

Tehsil 50 100 200 300 500 More

Daggar 00 01 23 14 03 01
Gadaizi 00 00 00 00 00 01
Gagra 00 01 12 31 27 01
Chagharzi 00 00 06 12 00 00
Chamla 00 11 63 17 00 00
Totalai 00 10 13 02 00 00
Total 00 123 317 376 530 3
Percent 00 9.2% 47% 30.6% 12.0% 1.2%
Table 7. 3 Fee charges per A.I

Table 7.3 above shows that 9.2% of the farmer’s group interviewed pay Rs 100 per A.I
service, a major component 47% pays Rs 200, while 30.6% pay per A.I service Rs 300 to the
Inseminator. 12.0% of the farmers told that the inseminators charged Rs 500 and only 1.2% a
minor segment of pays more than Rs 500 per A.I service. The variation in fee is subject to
distance of the vicinity.

7.4-ATTITUDE TOWARDS A.I VERSUS NATURAL INSEMINATION

When the respondents were asked about their preference regarding Insemination of their
animals, a very small figure of 23.1% was in favour of Artificial Insemination. 76.9% of the
farmers prefer Natural Insemination. From the secondary data during this survey it was
observed that majority of the farmers are not concern with future progeny and increase
production. They consider natural breeding as the easiest way to get pregnant their animals.
According to farmer’s view reason for this practice is high cost and low conception rate in
case of Artificial Insemination.

80.00%
70.00% 76.90%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00% 23.10%

0.00%
Artificial Insemination Natural Insemination
Series1 23.10% 76.90%

Figure 7.1Attitude towards A.I

Baseline Livestock Buner 37………………

7.5-CALVING INTERVAL

Average calving interval is indication of good management. The figure 7.2 indicates that
40.30% of farmer’s community observes 1 to 2 years between two consecutive calving, while
majority of farmers 59.70% were of the opinion that they have noticed 2 to 3 years calving
interval in their animals. This is a matter of high concern that long calving interval increase
the cost of production and decrease per year productivity of an animal which lead to huge loss
to farmer.

60.00%
59.70%
50.00%

40.00%

40.30%
30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
1 to 2 years 2 to 3 years
Series1 40.30% 59.70%

Figure 7.2 Calving Interval

It was also learnt from the secondary data that due to infertility in their animals, farmers
generally sale their potential animals. Most often the fate of these potential animals is
slaughter house, which is direct loss to the farmer and indirectly to the country.
Baseline Livestock Buner 38………………

CHAPTER VIII

LIVESTOCK EXTENSION

8.1- INTRODUCTION
The act of increasing the area, sector or productivity is called extension. In Livestock
Extension, the aim is to increase and enhance per animal production, and attract more
investment. Extension is a regular component of line departments and remained part of
various projects. In this survey this part was included to know about the prevalent condition
and areas and gaps for future intervention. From the secondary data it was learnt that
Agriculture and Livestock Department has jointly established Farm Services Center, while
various CLEWS has been trained and equipped to work in community.

8.2- EXTENSION CENTER

When the respondents were asked about the facility of Livestock Extension Center in their
areas, no view came in favour of “yes”. 56.3% of the interviewed told that they have no such
facility, while 43.7% did not know about this question.

60.00%

50.00% 56.30%

40.00% 43.70%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Yes No Don't know
Series1 0.00% 56.30% 43.70%

Figure 8. 1 Extension Center

Baseline Livestock Buner 39………………

8.4- REASONS FOR LACK OF EXTENSION SERVICES

figure 8.2 enlighten the situation regarding livestock Extension. 30.10% put the responsibility
on government. They were of the opinion that government should give special attention
towards this issue as the farmers need innovations in their existing Animal husbandry. 46.9%
were putting responsibility on their shoulders. In their view farmers do not show interest in
this sector. They must be sensitized for realization and innovation in their traditional Animal
keeping practices. A minor component expressed “Don’t know” about the question.

50.00%
45.00%
40.00% 46.90%

35.00%
30.00%
30.10%
25.00%
20.00% 23.70%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
lack of interst on Lack of interst on
Don't know
govt:side farmer's side

Series1 30.10% 46.90% 23.70%

Figure 8.2 Reason for lack of Interest

8.5-NEED FOR CHANGE

figure 8.3 showing that people want change but they need guidance and resources. The
respondents were asked whether they want to improve their existing traditional Animal
Husbandry or not. A good figure, 94.4%, of the total respondents was willing for change,
while a small segment 4.6% was not interested. Figure below indicates that there is a great
potential in the area about livestock improvement.

100.00%
94.40%
80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%
4.60%

0.00%
Yes No
Series1 94.40% 4.60%

Figure 8. 3 Need for Change

Baseline Livestock Buner 40………………

8.6-MORE INVESTMENTS IN ANIMAL KEEPING

It is shown that in the figure 8.4 below 80.10% of the interviewed individuals were ready to
invest more in animal keeping and improve their livelihood while the remaining 19.90% were
not interested in more investment. The data above provide an evidence for further
interventions and planning. The constraints in this regard are lack of resources, know how
regarding livestock, and proper marketing.

90.00%
80.00%
80.10%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
19.90%
10.00%
0.00%
Yes No

Series1 80.10% 19.90%

Figure 8. 4 Investment Potential

Baseline Livestock Buner 41………………

CHAPTER IX

MARKETING
9.1- MILK SALE
The respondents were asked during the survey about the amount of milk used in their home
and part which they sale. The Table 9.1 shows that 80.1% used whole milk in their home
while 19.9% sale part of milk which they get from their animals. 19.9% indicates that there is
insufficient milk production and the farmers hardly satisfy their milk need. It was also
observed that in homes, milk is used as an alternative for dipping their breads.

Tehsil Whole Partly Total

Daggar 70 19
Gadaizi 72 11
Gagra 72 15
Chagharzi 95 00
Chamla 53 41
Totalai 74 22
Total 436 108 544
Percent 80.1 19.9 100
Table 9. 1 Milk sale

9.2- QUANTITY OF MILK GOES TO MARKET PER HOUSEHOLD

Range Number Percent

1-2( Lit) 26 24.5
2-3(Lit) 45 42.4
4-5(lit) 14 13.2
6-10(lit) 19 17.9
Above 10 (lit) 2 1.8
Total 106 100
Table 9. 2 Quantity of milk goes to market

Table 9.2 above presents a glance of milk quantity that goes for sale per household. The
respondents were asked that how much milk they sale. 42.5%, the biggest number in the table
sells 2 to 3 litres milk daily. 24.5% sell 1 to 2 litres per day. 17.9% of the interviewed persons
sell 6 to 10 litres milk, while only a minute number 1.8% sells milk above 10 litres.
Baseline Livestock Buner 42………………

9.3- NUMBER OF ANIMALS SOLD PER YEAR

In Table 9.3, the data shows that 67.9% of the farmers sell one animal per year, 17.8% sell
two animals per year while the remaining 14.3% sell more than two animals annually. It was
also observed during the survey that farmer replace these sold animals by either rearing of
their progeny or purchasing other producing animals, especially in case of lactating animals.

Tehsil One Two More Total

than two
Daggar 52 03 04
Gadaizi 28 08 05
Gagra 21 18 35
Chagharzi 59 12 02
Chamla 37 22 09
Totalai 82 10 04
Total 279 73 59 411
Percent 67.9 17.8 14.3 100
Table 9. 3 Number of animal sold per year

9.4-AGE OF ANIMAL ATSALE

The interviewers asked a question about the age of animal at sale, in which 24.2% were of the
view that they sell their animals at an age of one year, 17.4% sell their animals at age of two
years while a large number 58.4% sell their animals at adult stage. It was observed that
mature adult animals are sold for more money or due to low production, where the former one
leads to financial gain while the latter one leads to financial loss for the farmer.

60.00%
58.40%
50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00% 24.20%
17.40%
10.00%

0.00%
More than
One year Two Year
two Years

Series1 24.20% 17.40% 58.40%

Figure 9. 1 Age of animal sale

Baseline Livestock Buner 43………………

9.5-REASON FOR ANIMAL SALE

The figure 9.2 below enlightens the reason for animal sale. According to the figure, 21.2%
sell their animals due to poverty as they have no financial resources and thus compelled to sell
their animals. The second most prominent reason for animal sale is need of money. About
49.0% of the farmers sell their animals, when they need money for other requirements like
medication, wedding or any emergency. In such circumstances they prefer to sell adult or
productive animals for more money.

50.00%

45.00%
49.00%
40.00%

35.00%

30.00%

25.00%

20.00% 21.20%
15.00%
16.20%
10.00% 11.50%

5.00% 2.10%

0.00%
Poverty Need of M oney Extra Animals Due to male Sex Low Production
Series1 21.20% 49.00% 11.50% 2.10% 16.20%

Figure 9. 2 Reason for animal sale

11.5% of the respondents sell extra animals to minimize the rearing cost. Only 2.1% farmers
do selective sale on the basis of sex. They prefer to retain female calves while sell male ones.
The remaining 16.2% of the farmer’s community sell their animals due to low production.
They sell their animals when become dry or their milk production declines.
Baseline Livestock Buner 44………………

9.6-PLACE OF ANIMAL SALE

When the respondents were asked, whether they sell their animals in animal market or to the
middle man, 17.2% of the respondents sell their animals directly in Animal Market, while
majority of the farmers, 82.8%, as illustrated in figure 9.3 below, sell their animals indirectly
to the middle man.

100.00%

80.00% 82.80%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%
17.20%
0.00%
Market Middle m an

Series1 17.20% 82.80%

Figure 9. 3 Place of animal sale

9.7- USE OF DUNG AS DUNG CAKE

Dung a valuable by-product of animals is a good natural fertilizer. In some areas the dung is
also used as fuel. People make dung cakes in summer, dry them and then used as fuel with
wood for cooking. In this survey it was also included to know how much population practice
dung cake. In figure 9.6 it is shown that 22.1% of the population use dung cake as a fuel.
77.9% do not practice it. It was observed that mostly in hot and plain areas of the district,
poor households usually make dung cakes. It is matter of great concern that in some
households even they use 2/3rd of dung for this purpose. In this high hike, where synthetic
fertilizers are out of reach of poor farmer, an alternative should be sorted.

80.00%
77.90%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00% 22.10%

0.00%
Yes No

Series1 22.10% 77.90%

Figure 9. 4 Use of Dung

Baseline Livestock Buner 45………………

9.8- USE OF DUNG AS NATURAL FERTILIZER

Table 9.4 shows that 97.9% of the farmer’s community use dung as fertilizer to substitute
synthetic fertilizer and increase their agriculture production. The remaining very small
segment, 2.1%, do not use dung as fertilizer in their own field. They may probably sell it or
use as dung cake for fuel purpose.

Tehsil Yes No
Daggar 94 00
Gadaizi 95 00
Gagra 84 12
Chagharzi 94 00
Chamla 96 00
Totalai 96 00
Total 559 12
Percent 97.9% 2.1%
Table 9. 4 Use of dung as fertilizer

9.9- SALE OF DUNG

When the respondents were asked whether they sell dung or not, 5.8% replied in affirmative
while 94.2% were of the opinion that they use it as fertilizer in their own fields. It was
observed that the price of per trolley of dung varies from Rs 600 to Rs 2500. The variation is
subject to its demand. The Table 9.5 shows the data tehsil wise

Tehsil Yes No
Daggar 00 94
Gadaizi 00 95
Gagra 28 68
Chagharzi 00 94
Chamla 00 96
Totalai 05 91
Total 33 538
Percent 5.8 94.2
Table 9. 5 Sale of dung
Baseline Livestock Buner 46………………

ISSUES/ BOTTLE NECKS OBSERVED BY FARMER

To know and include the needs of farmers felt by them respondents were given an option to
enlist the problems and issues faced by them regarding livestock. The following figure shows
their problems censes and ranking.
With 26.0% health issues were on the top, secondly they are facing animal feed shortage. On
the 3rd rank the problem which is striking the farmer is farmer Education. The farmer feels the
need for better animal keeping but due to lack of resources and proper guidance he failed to
do. Clean Drinking water for their animals is the next problem, while in the last “Other”
category was given to various problems like range management, low standard medicine, need
of high yielding breeds and animal losses during conflict.

30.00%

25.00%

20.00% 26.00%
22.80%

15.00% 18.70% 19.40%

10.00% 13.10%

5.00%

0.00%
Farmer;s
Drinking Water Animal Health Animal Feed Others
Education
Series1 18.70% 26.00% 22.80% 19.40% 13.10%

Figure 1 Issues/Bottle necks

Baseline Livestock Buner 47………………

RECOMMENDATIONS
Thick analysis of the findings reveals that development of livestock sector in Buner district is
hampered by some bottlenecks. These problems or bottlenecks are primarily related to issues
confronted by Social, Human, Natural, financial and Physical assets available in the district
which in turn have negative impacts on the livestock sectors. These problems along with the
remedial measures and possible impacts are elaborated below:

Bottleneck-1: Lack of capacity to manage Livestock and associated

resources

Recommendation: Majority of the farmers in the area lack capacity in livestock

management Practices. To combat this problem and refine skills of the farmers and more
specifically the livestock owners extension education in animal health and management
should be arranged.
Possible impact: The productivity of livestock enhanced and mortality rate among the
livestock reduced.

Bottleneck-2: Lack of proper physical arrangements for livestock keeping

Recommendation: Due to lack of proper physical arrangements including water

availability the livestock owners especially the female members, who are the predominant
managers of in-house livestock affairs, suffer from physical fatigue. Therefore, in-house water
facilities should be made available for the female members of the family.
Possible impact: The female members would find extra time to take good care of their
livestock and thus health and productivity of the livestock is improved.

Bottleneck-3: Lack of proper shed arrangements for livestock

Recommendation: Unavailability of proper shed arrangements leads to the depression

of animals hampering their health and consequently resulting in diminished production. Hence
interventions related to shed improvement should be undertaken to relieve the animals from
stress and maximize production.
Possible impact: Productivity is enhanced and stressed is reduced.
Baseline Livestock Buner 48………………

Bottleneck-4: Lack of nutrient rich feed

Recommendation: Like human do the animals also require nutrient rich feed for high
productivity and good health. Nutrient rich feed in the form of commercial concentrates
should be provided to the farmers on subsidized rates.
Possible impact: Health and productivity of the animals enhanced and income of the
farmers increased.

Bottlenecks-5: Lack of access and unavailability of vet medicines i.e. De-

wormers and vaccines

Recommendation: De-wormer and vaccines as per prevalent livestock diseases in the

area should be provided well in time to the local livestock owners and farmers.
Possible impacts: Mortality rate reduced and shock factors combated
Besides this, the progressive farmers who are willing to accept and adopt innovative livestock
practices should be reached out and their skills in entrepreneurship should be built. Also pilot
farm should be introduced for demonstration effects to persuade and encourage other farmers.
 Baseline Livestock Buner 49………………

ANNEX-I

BUNER

TOTALAI CHAMLA CHAGHARZAI GAGRA DAGGAR GADEZAI

Totalai Gonmbad Gokand

Nagrai Kalabat
Shalbandi

Chinglai Ganshal Torwarsak

Kangan Beshoni
Matwani

Swawai Miagano Mira Giro

Nawagai
Rega Tauda Chena

Ghurghushto Gulbandi Daggar Kalai

Sora Ghazikhanai
TakhtaBand
Maira
Baseline Livestock Buner 50………………

ANNEX-II
Baseline Livestock Buner 51………………
Baseline Livestock Buner 52………………

REFERENCES

1- District Office Livestock & Dairy Development Department District Buner “Damages
Assessment Report”

2- Federal Bureau of Statistic “Livestock & Agriculture censes 2006”

3- Federal Bureau of Statistic “Household Survey Report Buner 1998”

4- PIMAN “Baseline household”

5- Save the Children “Rapid Assessment Report”

6- “Geography Buner” (www.buner.com)

7- “Socio Economic Indications” (www.nwfp.gov.pk)

8- “Buner History” (www.wikipedia.org)