A LOCAL AREA 5G NETWORK USING LI-FI

By BYAMATUNGO JESSY 2016/BCE/029/PS

byamajessy10@gmail.com +256-705555371

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS

A project Proposal Concept paper Submitted to the Faculty of Computing and Informatics
for the Study Leading to a Project in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Computer Engineering of Mbarara University of
Science and Technology.

Supervisor: Mr. Ssembatya Richard

Department of Computer Engineering

Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Mbarara University of Science and Technology

May, 2018

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1 Global ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.2 Regional ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ....................................................................................................... 8
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 8
1.4 MAIN OBJECTIVE.................................................................................................................. 9
1.4.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................... 9
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................... 9
1. 6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 9
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 12
2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON LIGHT FIDELITY................................................................. 13
2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW ON 5G NETWORKS ................................................................... 16
3.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 19
3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 19
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................................................ 19
3.2.1 THE TRANSMITTER MODULE:..................................................................................... 20
3.2.2 THE MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR MODULE: ....................................................... 20
3.2.3 THE RECEIVER MODULE: .............................................................................................. 21
3.4 DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................................................... 21
3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY .......................................................................................... 22
Appendix A: Current 5G industry activity.................................................................................... 23
Appendix B: Abbreviations in full................................................................................................ 26
REFFERENCES: .......................................................................................................................... 27

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Topic is about coming up with a LOCAL AREA 5G NETWORK USING LI-FI. In this
project, we are going to make a 5G network on a Local Area Network. Checking the
fundamentals of a 5G network at least those that have been so far (2018) sited out:

The data rates of up to 10 GB/s will characterize 5G networks telecommunications standards that
are envisioned to replace the current 4G/IMT standards. The number of network-connected
devices is expected to be 7 trillion by the end of this year and the traffic is expected to rise by an
order of magnitude in the next 8 years. It is expected that elements of 5G will be rolled out by
early 2020s to meet business and consumer demands as well as requirements of the Internet of
Things [1].

Mobile communications have changed from a system capable of transmitting voice

conversations for millions of users to a system supporting trillions of devices, primarily
transporting data rather than voice. The needs for data communications are different than that of
voice, and the current system of 4G/Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks will be at maximum
capacity in the next few years. New technologies and new network architectures will be required
to meet the needs for future users – and there will be many of them [2].

Wireless World Research Forum predicts that there will be over 7 trillion network-connected
wireless devices by the end of 2017[3]. Experts predict that traffic will be 1,000 times higher
than today by 2025[4]. This will drive the need for higher data rates yet reduced energy
consumption. These goals cannot be accomplished using the current 4G technology and
architecture.

The vast majority of the speed and capacity gains made in the last decade were through
improvements in the efficiency of air-spectrum use (such as modulation and coding schemes)
and through spectrum acquisition. [5]These methods are nearing their limit, so other methods for
increase will have to be explored. Current data rates are 1 GB/s for slow or stationary devices, or
100 Mb/s for mobile devices. 5G seeks out a 10 GB/s data rate. [3] Again, technology will have
to change in order to meet that demand. Base stations account for 70 percent of cellular
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operators‟ electricity usage. Increasing capability would only increase that percentage, which is
unsustainable.

4G is considered to be a descendent of 2G and 3G. Like the evolutions between earlier

generations, 4G took elements of 3G and made them better. Instead of maintaining both circuit
switching and Internet Protocol (IP) packets, 4G moved to IP for all services. Advanced radio
technologies such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays were incorporated to make better use of the current
spectrum. [WW]Better Quadtrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) techniques also increased
data throughput.

These advances brought data transmission speeds into the range high enough for multimedia,
especially streaming video. Now that video service is available, mobile broadband use
skyrocketed. That led to increasing smart phone usage, and many devices began to be developed.
Large format, high-resolution screens nearly always-on and always-communicating with base
stations has led to high power usage with battery technologies that have met their limits.

It is clear that the many small changes made to advance through the previous generations will not
be enough to make the jump to 5G requirements. Passage from first generation through 2G, 3G,
and 4G may have been evolutions on the same theme, but many of the techniques that have
increased capabilities up to this point are nearing their limits. It seems that a revolution in the
mobile communications system must take place. Drastic changes to the entire architecture of
cellular networks will have to be made.

Speed and capacity gains made in the last decade were through improvements in the efficiency
of air-spectrum use (such as modulation and coding schemes) and through spectrum acquisition.
Since these resources are nearing limits. It‟s time to use Light spectrum to provide the world
with a faster and efficient data transmission.

More than half a billion new communication devices were added to the network services in

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2015. Globally, mobile data traffic is predicted to reach 30.6 exabytes per month by 2020 (the
equivalent of 7641 million DVDs each month), up from 3.7 exabytes per month in 2015 [6]. The
radio frequency bandwidth currently used is a very limited resource. The increasing dependency
on cloud services for storage and processing means that new access technologies are necessary to
allow this huge increase in network utilization.

The visible light spectrum on the other hand offers a 10,000 times larger unlicensed frequency
bandwidth that could accommodate this expansion of network capacity. Visible light
communication (VLC) is the point-to-point high speed communication and illumination system.
Light fidelity (Li⁃Fi) is the complete wireless, bidirectional, multiuser network solution for
visible light communications that would operate seamlessly alongside other Long Term
Evolution (LTE) and wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) access technologies [7]. Information is transmitted
by the rapid subtle changes of light intensity that is unnoticeable by the human eye.

Recent studies have demonstrated data rates of 14 Gbps for Li⁃Fi using three off-the-shelf laser
diodes (red, green and blue) [8]. It was also predict that a data rate of 100 Gbps is achievable for
Li⁃Fi when the whole visible spectrum is utilized [8]. Li⁃Fi offers inherent security, and also it
can be employed in areas where sensitive electronic devices are present, such as in hospitals.
In addition, Li⁃Fi is a potential candidate for other applications such as underwater
communications, intelligent transportation systems, indoor positioning, and the Internet of
Things (IoT) [7].

According to [9] light from LED fixtures can be used to transmit signals to wireless devices.
Streaming data at around 300 Mbps from each light, any and all LED lights in the vicinity could
be used as wireless access points without the limiting bandwidth problems of radio frequency
(RF) wireless networks.

Li⁃Fi is a green communication method as it reuses the existing lightning infrastructure for
communications. Information is transmitted by the rapid subtle changes of light intensity that is
unnoticeable by the human eye. Recent studies have demonstrated data rates of 14 Gbps for Li⁃
Fi using three off-the-shelf laser diodes (red, green and blue) [10].

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"We can transmit more data without using any additional energy. As more light fixtures get
replaced with LED lights, you can have different access points to the same network." Says
[9].Unlike conventional Radio Frequency WI-FI, the system could also be used in places where
radio waves create problems or are not permitted. In this research, we are going to meet the
fundamentals and expectations of the 5G NETWORK as analyzed by the GSMA Lead analyst
[11]. And put all the above mentioned fundamentals into practice using the LED lights to
transmit signals.

In conclusion:

5G will not only be an evolution of mobile broadband networks. It will bring new unique
network and service capabilities. Firstly, it will ensure user experience continuity in challenging
situations such as high mobility (e.g. in trains), very dense or sparsely populated areas, and
journeys covered by heterogeneous technologies. In addition, 5G will be a key enabler for the
Internet of Things by providing a platform to connect a massive number of sensors, rendering
devices and actuators with stringent energy and transmission constraints. Furthermore, mission
critical services requiring very high reliability, global coverage and/or very low latency, which
are up to now handled by specific networks, typically public safety, will become natively
supported by the 5G infrastructure.

5G will integrate networking, computing and storage resources into one programmable and
unified infrastructure. This unification will allow for an optimized and more dynamic usage of
all distributed resources, and the convergence of fixed, mobile and broadcast services. In
addition, 5G will support multi tenancy models, enabling operators and other players to
collaborate in new ways.

Leveraging on the characteristic of current cloud computing, 5G will push the single digital
market further, paving the way for virtual pan European operators relying on nationwide
infrastructures.

5G will be designed to be a sustainable and scalable technology. Firstly, the telecom industry
will compensate tremendous usage growth by drastic energy consumption reduction and energy

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harvesting. In addition, cost reduction through human task automation and hardware
optimization will enable sustainable business models for all ICT stakeholders.

Last but not least, 5G will create an ecosystem for technical and business innovation. Since
network services will rely more and more on software, the creation and growth of startups in the
sector will be encouraged. In addition, the 5G infrastructures will provide network solutions and
involve vertical markets such as automotive, energy, food and agriculture, city management,
government, healthcare, manufacturing, public transportation, and so forth.

Keywords; Light Fidelity (LI-FI), Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).

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1.1 BACKGROUND

1.1.1 Global
Globally, mobile data traffic is predicted to reach 30.6 exabytes per month by 2020 (the
equivalent of 7641 million DVDs each month), up from 3.7 exabytes per month in 2015 [6]. The
radio frequency bandwidth currently used is a very limited resource. The increasing dependency
on cloud services for storage and processing means that new access technologies are necessary to
allow this huge increase in network utilization.

The world is opting for new spectral technology to handle the challenging requirements of a 5G
network:
5G technology requirements
As a result of this blending of requirements, many of the industry initiatives that have progressed
with work on 5G (see Appendix A) identify a set of eight requirements:
1-10Gbps connections to end points in the field (i.e. not theoretical maximum)
1 millisecond end-to-end round trip delay (latency)
1000x bandwidth per unit area
10-100x number of connected devices
(Perception of) 99.999% availability
(Perception of) 100% coverage
90% reduction in network energy usage
Up to ten year battery life for low power, machine-type devices

Because these requirements are specified from different perspectives, they do not make an
entirely coherent list – it is difficult to conceive of a new technology that could meet all of these
conditions simultaneously [11].

But with the latest research, Light Fidelity is one of the technologies that show progress with
attaining approximately all the required 5G network requirements. Light Fidelity cannot stand
alone. Globally… this will be attained through Internet of Things (IoT). The inter-connection

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among the car head lamps, street lights, mobile budgets, telecom musks and other network
electronic devices

1.1.2 Regional
In the third world countries like Uganda, Network signal strength is poor due to high
implementation costs to provide a fully satisfying network to the end user. This results into little
or no-reliance on the internet in the third world countries for any particular activity for example;
business transactions, real time applications. Globalization in the third world has been growing at
a terribly slow rate due to some of these underlying attributes. That‟s the reason as to why we
have come with possibly the most efficient, energy conserving and fast network using LI-FI.

The limited use of real time programs is also a general problem in the third world countries
which totally depends on the network for example; video conferencing is still a challenge in the
business world due to poor signal and slow rate signal transfer, not to mention ignorance of
people that there network can support such features.

There are several other challenges which are being encountered by the service providers like
MTN and AIRTEL. For example failure to provide the standard bandwidth to the end user,
failure to stabilize their network signal strength, the presence of network blank areas especially
so close to the musk and far away from the musk, since these musks use Radio frequency waves
to transmit signals. According to [12], bandwidth of visible light is 10,000 times more than
Radio waves; more data can be transferred through light at short period of time.

Analyzing the recently most popular local area network WI-FI, we realize that visible light is 3
times faster than WI-FI. This makes it more desirable since it also provides a stable and efficient
bandwidth than WI-FI.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
In relation to the introduction and the background above, the specific problems that exist in the
subject area are poor network signals in local area with multiusers, insufficient bandwidth with
multiusers and the difficulty in using real time applications.

The other problem is that the Radio frequency spectrum is nearing its limits. Hence suggest that
we us the visible-light spectrum for this project which is 10,000 times more than Radio waves;
more data can be transferred through light at short period of time.

Scarcity of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum, therefore it is expected to be realized using the
widely deployed off-the-shelf optoelectronic LEDs. Due to the mass production of these
inexpensive devices, they lack accurate characterizations. In Li⁃Fi, light is modulated on the
subtle changes of the light intensity; therefore, the communication link would be affected by the
nonlinearity of the voltage luminance characteristic pre-distortion techniques were proposed to
mitigate nonlinear distortion [13]. However, as the LED temperature increases the voltage
luminance (V⁃L) characteristic experiences memory effects. Therefore, the LED nonlinearity
mitigation is still an open research problem.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This study seeks/attempts to investigate the exact fundamentals of 5G network as applied using
visible light. It also seeks to investigate the usefulness of 5G local area network using LI-FI to
the globalized world. It attempts to enhance the concept to of Internet of Things (IoT) by
relaying all the received to the neighboring enabled gadgets, this will be attained either way; that
is; using visible light spectrum and radio frequency spectrum. The target population is Internet
Service Providers like; MTN, AIRTEL, ROKESPOT, UGANDA-TELECOM, LIQUID
TELECOM, VODAFONE, AFRICELL and so on, Non-Governmental Organizations like;
TASO OFFICES, UN OFFICES, UNICEF OFFICES, WHO OFFICES and so on (see Appendix
B) and Institutions like; UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, SCHOOLS and so on.

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1.4 MAIN OBJECTIVE
The main aim of this topic of research is to significantly increase the speed of internet connection
in multiuser local area due to the broad bandwidth of the visible light. And also save energy
since energy is already used for lighting.

1.4.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

i. To analyze and review existing network technologies like 1G, 2G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, 4G
LTE, wireless, physical, wave and optical.
ii. To design an architecture of the Local Area 5G Network Using LI-FI.
iii. To develop the Local Area 5G Network Using LI-FI.
iv. To test and validate the Local Area 5G Network Using LI-FI.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 Capacity: 10000 times more spectrum than radio waves.
 Efficiency: LED lights consume less energy, so it is highly efficient.
 Availability: It is available at all places where light is present.
 Security: Light waves do not penetrate through walls and hence cannot be intercepted
and misused by anyone having any bad intention.
 Power save: It will save the power which is now using in conventional wireless
communication as both light and data transfer can be done by only bulb.

1. 6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Increase the speed of internet connection in multiuser indoor environments due to the broad
bandwidth of the visible light. And it will offer a huge energy saving for the nation since energy
is already used for lighting, and thus does not need to be expanded for communications.

[14] Other value propositions include:

Very High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.

It supports interactive multimedia, voice, video, Internet, and other broadband services, more
effective and more attractive, and has Bi- directional, accurate traffic statistics.

5G technology offers Global access and service portability.

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It offers the high quality services due to high error tolerance.

It is providing large broadcasting capacity up to Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000

connections at a time.

More applications combined with artificial intelligent (AI) as human life will be surrounded by
artificial sensors which could be communicating with mobile phones.

• 5G technology use remote management that user can get better and fast solution.

• The uploading and downloading speed of 5Gtechnology is very high.

• 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-directional large
bandwidth shaping.

• 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.

Urgency and relevance of the study

The Local Area 5G Network Using LI-FI shall impact the speed of internet connection in
multiuser indoor environments encouraging use of real time applications and shall also save
energy for the nation.

The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going towards higher data rates and all-
IP principle. Mobile terminals are obtaining each year more processing power, more memory on
board, and longer battery life for the same applications. 5G include latest technologies such as
cognitive radio, SDR, nanotechnology, cloud computing and based on All IP Platform. It is
expected that the initial Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and
giving more functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of
mobile networks, here referred to as 5G.

Next Generation Networks (NGN) consists of support functionalities for data transport, and
control transport, as well as functionalities for support of services and applications. The
measurement of traffic is a basic control activity in order to provide Quality of Service. In
addition 5G communication system is designed by the finest Quality of Service (QoS).

Quality of Service (QoS) refers to a network„s ability to achieve maximum bandwidth and deal
with other network performance elements like latency, error rate and uptime. Quality of service

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also involves controlling and managing network resources by setting priorities for specific types
of data (video, audio, files) on the network. QoS is exclusively applied to network traffic
generated for video on demand, IPTV, VoIP, streaming media, videoconferencing and online
gaming. The primary goal of quality of service is to provide priority to networks, including
dedicated bandwidth, controlled jitter, low latency and improved loss characteristics. Its
technologies supply the elemental building blocks that will be used for future business
applications in campus, wide area networks and service provider networks. There are three
fundamental components for basic QoS implementation:

• Identification and marking techniques for coordinating QoS from end to end between network
elements.

• QoS within a single network element.

• QoS policy, management, and accounting functions to control and administer end-to-end traffic
across a network.

Visible light communication (VLC) eliminates the risk of some disease caused by the Radio
waves due to long period exposure.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

[1] The communication network and service environment of 2020 will be infinitely richer and
more complex than that of today. Our expectation is that in 2020 the network infrastructure will
be capable of connecting everything according to a multiplicity of application specific
requirements: People, things, processes, computing centers, content, knowledge, information,
goods, in a flexible, truly mobile, and powerful way. The future will encompass connected
sensors, connected vehicles, smart meters and smart home gadgets way beyond our current
experience of tablet and smartphone connectivity.
There is urgency to properly address the novel infrastructure that will be needed to cater for these
challenging and unprecedented growth and performance characteristics. Manufacturers, service
providers and also internet players, that are operating data centers, are involved in this evolution.
This will lead to redefining the value chains, reinventing the roles and relationships between the
players, whilst opening new innovation opportunities. In parallel, a turning point is coming in
communications networks with the progressive introduction of virtualization and of software
based network functionalities to offer the required flexibility and reactivity.
These novel network requirements, technologies and architectures will introduce a wide range of
industrial opportunities for both established and new actors and also for SME's. Europe must
take this golden opportunity to drive the changes and position European vendors, service
providers and innovative SME's in new markets and with new offers.
Europe need to take action now to stimulate the development of this advanced network
infrastructure for Future Internet to ensure the long term competitiveness of the European
network industry at large and of all the industrial sectors requiring advanced ICT services as part
of their competitive profile.
We propose a Public Private Partnership Programme that will deliver solutions, architectures,
technologies and standards for the ubiquitous 5G communication infrastructures of the next
decade. The following high level Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) are proposed to frame the
research activities:

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  Providing 1000 times higher wireless area capacity and more varied service capabilities
compared to 2010.
 Saving up to 90% of energy per service provided. The main focus will be in mobile
communication networks where the dominating energy consumption comes from the
radio access network.
 Reducing the average service creation time cycle from 90 hours to 90 minutes.
 Creating a secure, reliable and dependable Internet with a “zero perceived” downtime for
services provision.
 Facilitating very dense deployments of wireless communication links to connect over 7
trillion wireless devices serving over 7 billion people.
 Enabling advanced User controlled privacy.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON LIGHT FIDELITY

Li⁃Fi is an emerging high speed, low-cost solution to the scarcity of the radio frequency (RF)
spectrum; therefore it is expected to be realized using the widely deployed off-the-shelf
optoelectronic LEDs. Due to the mass production of these inexpensive devices, they lack
accurate characterizations. In Li⁃Fi, light is modulated on the subtle changes of the light
intensity; therefore, the communication link would be affected by the nonlinearity of the voltage
luminance characteristic. As a solution, pre distortion techniques were proposed to mitigate
nonlinear distortion [15]. However, as the LED temperature increases the voltage luminance (V⁃
L) characteristic experiences memory effects. Therefore, the LED nonlinearity mitigation is still
an open research problem. The limited bandwidth of Li⁃Fi communication channel leads to inter
symbol interference (ISI) at high data rates. The LED frequency response is modeled as a low
pass filter, and it is the major contributor to the frequency selectivity of Li⁃Fi channels. The
modulation bandwidth over which the frequency response of most commercially available LEDs
can be considered flat is around 2-20 MHz [16], [17]. However, the usable bandwidth in Li⁃Fi
could be extended beyond the 3 dB cut⁃off frequency. Therefore, modulation techniques with
higher spectral efficiencies are key elements in a Li⁃Fi system design. Satisfying the illumination
requirements is a key element in Li⁃Fi. Most of the research on modulation techniques has been

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on the communication system performance of Li⁃Fi system. Factors such as dimming,
illumination level control and flickering have been analyzed as secondary parameters of a Li⁃Fi
system. The Li⁃Fi systems should be also considered as an illumination system with
communications capability, not the reverse.

3 Single Carrier Modulation Techniques of LI-FI

Single carrier modulation techniques were first proposed for IM/DD optical wireless
communications based on infrared communications [18]. Modulation techniques, such as OOK,
pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and PPM, are
straightforward to implement for Li⁃Fi systems.

In general, single carrier modulation techniques are suitable candidates for Li⁃Fi when low⁃to⁃
moderate data rates applications are required. By switching the LED between “on” and “off”
states, the incoming bits can be modulated into the light intensity. Illumination control can be
supported by adjusting the light intensities of the “on” and “off” states, without affecting the
system performance. Compensation symbols are proposed in the visible light communications
standard, IEEE 802.15.7 [19], to facilitate the illumination control at the expense of reducing the
SE. If the link budget offers high signal to noise ratios (SNR), M⁃PAM can be used to modulate
the incoming bits on the amplitude of the optical pulse [20].The position of the optical pulse is
modulated into shorter duration chips in PPM with a position index that varies depending on the
incoming bits. The PPM is more power efficient than OOK, however, it requires more bandwidth
than OOK to support equivalent data rates. Differential PPM (DPPM) was proposed to achieve
power and/or SE gains [21]; however the effect of unequal bit duration for the different incoming
symbols could affect the illumination performance. A solution was proposed in [22] to ensure
that the duty cycle is similar among the different symbols to prevent any possible flickering.
Variable PPM (VPPM) was proposed in the VLC standard IEEE 802.15.7 to support dimming
for the PPM technique and prevent any possible flickering. The pulse dimming in VPPM is
controlled by the width of the pulse rather than the pulse amplitude. Therefore, VPPM can be
considered as a combination of PPM and PWM techniques. Multiple-PPM (MPPM) was
proposed [23] as a solution to the dimming capability of PPM, where it was reported that it

14
achieves higher spectral efficiencies than VPPM with less optical power dissipation. The
advantages of PAM and PPM are combined in pulse amplitude and position modulation (PAPM)
[24].

The performance comparison between single carrier and multicarrier modulation techniques was
studied in [25] - [29] for different scenarios and considerations. The results may differ depending
on the major considerations and assumptions of each study. However in general, the performance
of single carrier modulation techniques deteriorate as the data rates increase, due to the increased
ISI. Equalization techniques, such as optimum maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD),
frequency domain equalizers (FDE), nonlinear decision feedback equalizers (DFE), and linear
feed forward equalizer (FFE), are suitable candidates for equalization processes, with different
degrees of performance and computational complexity [18], [30], [31]. The single carrier
frequency domain equalizer (SC⁃FDE) was proposed for OWC as a solution to the high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM in [23], [32]. PPMSCFDE was considered in [33], and
OOK⁃SCFDE was considered in [230]. The performance of OOK with minimum mean square
error equalization (MMSE) was compared with the performance of asymmetrically clipped
optical (ACO) ⁃ OFDM and the performance of complex modulation Mary quadrature amplitude
modulation (M⁃QAM) ACO⁃SCFDE in [29]. It was reported that the performance of ACO⁃
SCFDE outperforms asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO ⁃ OFDM) and OOK ⁃MMSE
due to the high PAPR of ACO⁃OFDM when the nonlinear characteristics of the LED are
considered. The performance of PAM⁃SCFDE is compared with OFDM in [23], without
consideration of the LED nonlinearity. It was shown that PAM⁃SCFDE achieves higher
performance gains when compared with OFDM at spectral efficiencies less than 3 bits/s/Hz.

Discrete Fourier transformation spread (DFT⁃s) OFDM was also considered for Li⁃Fi as a SCM
that has the benefits of an OFDM multicarrier system with lower PAPR [34]. An extra pair of
DFT and inverse discrete Fourier transformation (IDFT) operations is required to achieve DFTs
OFDM. Multiple independent streams of DFT⁃s OFDM modulated waveforms are separately
transmitted through multiple LEDs in a single array. The performance of DFT⁃s OFDM is
reported to be better when compared with DC ⁃ biased optical OFDM (DCO ⁃ OFDM) in terms

15
of both PAPR and bit error rate (BER) [35]. A novel carrier less amplitude and phase (CAP)
modulation was proposed for Li⁃Fi in [36]. In order for CAP to suit the frequency response of
LEDs, the spectrum of CAP was divided into m subcarriers by the aid of finite impulse response
(FIR) filter. Although CAP is computationally complex, it could offer high spectral efficiencies
in band limited Li⁃Fi channel.

2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW ON 5G NETWORKS

5G Design Proposal Elements
Many proposals have been produced to improve the technology and architecture of the cellular
network in order to achieve the goals of 5G capabilities. Though the proposals vary, many
suggested elements are common across multiple papers and are possible solutions to the primary
goals of 5G. These solutions, combined to work in coordination with each other, have the
potential to meet the demands of mobile wireless usage for the next decade. Individual solutions,
as well, are even able to meet several goals and overcome multiple challenges on their own.
However, many of the proposed changes to the telecommunications system will drive additional
modifications to how the network is constructed or functions in order for them to work. They
need to work in concert with the other proposals in order to fully meet the expected requirements
for 5G telecommunications.

Spectra
Much of the spectrum below a few gigahertzes is already heavily populated. These frequencies
are allocated, and mostly licensed, for other uses (radiolocation, satellites, radio and television
broadcast, etc.) The current range for mobile telecommunications is between 700 MHz and 2.7
GHz. (Figure 2) Expansion into higher frequencies (>3GHz), and even millimeter wave
frequencies (>30GHz) will be required simply because there is no more room for lower
frequency allocation. (Figure 3)
However, these higher frequencies have problems with signal propagation over large distances.
There are several factors involved in this attenuation. First, signals naturally attenuate over
distances travelled through over-the-air transmission. This attenuation is proportional to the
square of the frequency of the signal. Therefore, entering into these higher frequency ranges will
lower the range, assuming transmission power remains constant. But additional factors make

16
these frequencies even worse. Common atmospheric gases, such as oxygen and water vapor,
strongly absorb signals of specific frequencies. Rain fall is an even greater obstruction than the
gases, causing nearly 10db/km attenuation at all super high frequencies and above. Most
damaging to frequency propagation are solid materials. Even travelling short distances, gigahertz
signals lose significant power travelling through materials such as brick, tinted windows, interior
walls and cubicles. Power losses could easily be over 40 dB of attenuation [37].

Yet another characteristic of millimeter waves that will cause problems is diffraction. Millimeter
waves do not “bend” around obstructions more than a few centimeters, limiting effective usage
to line-of-sight (LOS) operations. [38] Utilizing these super high frequencies and millimeter
frequencies for mobile telecommunications will require other architecture changes, because the
distances these signals can travel will be greatly reduced, especially inside of buildings, where 80
percent of the mobile users are. [3] These losses could be overcome by increasing power, but
reducing power was a goal of 5G, so other avenues will have to be used. The solutions to these
challenges brought on by super high frequency spectra usage will be discussed in later sections.
Better usage of currently-available spectrum, both licensed and unlicensed is also a tool to be
used, as well. Though these frequencies are already heavily utilized, advances can still be made
to increase their efficiency. First, usage of unlicensed spectrum should be considered. It can be
utilized in specific cases, such as control signals, that would not be affected as much by
congestion. Licensed-shared access (LSA) is another tool to be used. LSA is utilizing
frequencies reserved for other purposes, as long as the usage does not interfere with the reserved
purpose. These bands of frequencies often go unused for large portions of time. Proper usage
will better utilize the available frequencies and increase capacity for the mobile network. Full
duplex utilization of the frequency is another method to increase efficiency of already-available
spectra [4].

Increasing the range of spectrum used for mobile telecommunications, as well as more efficient
use of currently existing frequencies, addresses both the challenges of increased capacity and
increased data rate.

17
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
Multiple-Input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays are currently in use, but generally only
have a few antennas. MIMO arrays contain multiple antennas which can be used to beam shape
and direct transmitted signals (and obtain received signals) in a specific direction. This
technology can increase the channel efficiency, increasing data rates as well as lowering energy
usage as lower-power signals can be transmitted and received. At current mobile frequencies,
wavelengths are on the order of about 1 foot long. So the half-wavelength size of the antenna is
about 6 inches. There simply isn‟t much room for more than a few antennas. However, if the
super high frequencies and millimeter wave frequencies proposed for 5G begin to be utilized,
antennas could be on the order of a centimeter or less. Many more antennas could be packed
easily inside of handheld mobile devices than could ever fit before.
Massive MIMO (mMIMO) will have tens or hundreds of antennas and not only at the base
station but dispersed throughout the cell. These multi-antenna arrays will be placed in well-
planned, line-of-sight locations to best utilize their properties. They can be placed on buildings,
connected to their internal wireless access points, which will be discussed in a later section. [39]
The antenna arrays can steer beams toward a connected device, reducing power needed to
communicate while also producing a low-interference signal. The beams can also be steered into
using the reflective properties of millimeter waves to circumvent the limitations of the normally
line-of-sight signals. [40] Signals can intentionally be directed into buildings and other solid
objects in order to reflect their signal into an area that the antenna cannot reach directly due to
physical obstructions. These directed signals provide a strong link that is not subject to as much
signal fading as current mobile communications systems experience. Currently, when a device is
in a location of obstruction, multipath signals can then enter from the base station and act
destructively, and the device must wait for a different transmission channel to send on. This is
known as fading, and it is the primary cause of latency in telecommunications.
Massive MIMO can be used to directly meet the goals of 5G by increasing the data rate and
decreasing latency. It also indirectly meets the goals by allowing the millimeter wave frequencies
to be practically useful despite their characteristics of high attenuation and low diffraction.

18
3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Li-Fi (Light Fidelity or optical Wi-Fi) is the transmission of data using light waves by varying
the light intensity faster than human eye can follow using Visible Light Communication (VLC)
technology in free space. This is just like as “Data Through Illumination”. VLC uses rapid pulses
of light to transmit information wirelessly. VLC using LEDs is emerging as a key technology for
a ubiquitous communication system, because LED has the advantages of fast switching, long life
expectancy, being less expensive and being visible light that is safe for the human body. LEDs
are different from the other kinds of lamps because they are semiconductors. This characteristic
gives them the capability to switch-on and off within few nanoseconds or billionth of a second.
Converted in terms of data rates, this corresponds to 1 GB/s or more. In order to compare, at best
Wi-Fi can reach 100 Mbits/s data rates and so at least 10 times or more lower. Here we show
some new conceptual methods by which we can create a 5G local area network using this very
technology. And if this application is put into use, we can use every bulb like a Wi-Fi hot spot to
transmit the data with ultra-high speed such as more than 10 GB/s.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The innovation will work with the following technologies;

 Visible light spectrum technology (At a greater extent)

 Power Line Cable (PLC) technology
 Wireless Fidelity technology
 Radio frequency (RF) spectrum technology (At a lesser extent)

Then need to move away from using Radio frequency waves will be partially obtained since it
will also play a role in the network access. But the main or final technology of accessing the
network to the end-user will be delivered by visible light. The visible light spectrum will provide
a greater bandwidth than other network technology ever used. Hence it will be able to satisfy the
multi end users indoor.

19
The innovation will have three main modules;

 The transmitter module

 The modulator-demodulator module
 The receiver module

3.2.1 THE TRANSMITTER MODULE:

This will include apparatus like Musks, Transmitter antennas and so on.

The transmitter module will be the source of data signal to the final destination. To the service
provide, this will be connected to his data and switch center.

This is from where the service provider will broadcast the signals to the Modulator-demodulator
module.

3.2.2 THE MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR MODULE:

This is where the major role of the innovation will take place. The modulator-demodulator will
comprise of the following;

 Trans-receiver Antenna: The antenna that does both receiving and sending of signals
will be used. It will receive signals from the Transmitter module. And it will again
broadcast them. This will help so much in the strengthening of the signals for further
distances. And the Trans-receiver antenna will lead to the Internet of things (IoT).

 Modulator: The modulator circuit will comprise of; Power source (DC), Signal input
(electronic signal), transistorized amplifier with multiple power transistors to help in the
driving of the LEDs. This is from where the electronic signal is passed on to the LED.

 LED: When the electronic signals reach the LED, the LED converts them into visible
light. The signals are transmitted with visible light through light fractuations (that is; a
little deeming of the LED) that are not noticeable by the human eye.

20
3.2.3 THE RECEIVER MODULE:
This is mainly comprised of the photo-detector.

The signals of the visible light will be detected and interpreted by the photo-detector which will
convert the signals into electronic signals that can be understood by the machine. This is the
destination of the signal.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION

The case study being third world countries like Uganda, the methodology best fit for such study
case has to embrace the literate and the illiterate, low costs and also bring out the exact
requirements for the client.

There is no better methodology for applied research than Rapid prototyping. I will first and fore
most review and analyze the existing network technologies and will mostly exploit their
weaknesses to my advantage in the local area 5G network using LI-FI. Starting with a close
review on the currently low profile Light Fidelity technology, this is only known by few. Due to
the fact that we shall tapping in the light spectrum, there will also be need to analyze and review
the spectrum closely in order to fully understand the working of the Light Fidelity technology.

Then, will construct several operational prototypes calibrating their strengths and weaknesses in
visible light signal transmission. At this point in time, we shall test different LEDs to check and
verify on that fit our expected signal transmission rate. I will then pick the most efficient visible
light signal transmitter with a well calibrated circuit transmitter comprising of transistorized
amplifier with multiple power transistors to help in the driving of the LEDs. And then design the
Local Area 5G Network Using LI-FI with the already specified components.

After coming up with a well calculated design system, I shall then develop the Local Area 5G
Network Using LI-FI. This will be done by integrating the specified components in the design. In
this case, the Transmitter module will be integrated with the Modulator-demodulator module
and then on the Receiver module end. The photo detector will be included on the receiver
system in order to interpret the visible light signals.

21
3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
After developing a functional Local Area 5G Network Using LI-FI, I will test and validate to
find out whether it‟s doing exactly what is expected of it. And on passing this stage, then the
product is good for use.

22
Appendix A: Current 5G industry activity
Since 2012, a number of initiatives have been established to define and develop 5G and there
have also been a considerable number of statements from interested parties such as governments
and infrastructure vendors. Having fallen behind Eastern Asia and North America in terms of
mobile technological advancement due to a relatively slow rollout and adoption of 4G networks,
European governments are particularly keen to get ahead of the curve in the 5G space and there
have been a number of announcements from Neelie Kroes, European Commission (EC) Vice
President for Digital Agenda, on the subject going back to Mobile World Congress 2013. The
governments of Japan, South Korea and China have also been particularly active in driving the
5G agenda.
Meanwhile, vendors such as Ericsson, Huawei, NSN and Samsung all began research and
development towards 5G in 2013, and this year mobile operators have also begun making
announcements regarding their own 5G laboratory trials. A summary of the key parties,
milestones and targets is below.

ITU Radio communication Sector (ITU-R)

The ITU-R plays a key role in in the global management of the radio-frequency spectrum and
satellite orbits as well as being the body that defined the criteria for previous generations of
technology – the IMT-2000 family of technologies correlates directly to 3G, whilst the intent
was that IMT-Advanced technologies would be 4G. However, for 4G the relationship between
ITU-R IMT definitions and specific „G‟s became broken. IMT-Advanced only identifies two
technologies as meeting the criteria laid out by ITU-R for 4G – LTE-A and WiMAX2. Operators
and equipment vendors blurred this definition; by marketing LTE, WiMAX and even HSPA+ as
„4G‟. LTE and WiMAX are in fact included in the IMT-2000 technology group, and so, if the
association between ITU-R IMT groups and „generations‟ were to be maintained, LTE and
WiMAX would be 3rd Generation, rather than 4th.
In early 2012, ITU-R began a programme to develop “IMT-2020” (International Mobile
Telecommunications 2020), setting the stage for the 5G research activities that have since
emerged across the world. In 2015, the organization plans to finalize its “Vision” of the 5G
mobile broadband connected society. This view of the horizon for the future of mobile
technology will be the key in setting the agenda for the World Radio communication Conference

23
(WRC) 2015, where discussions regarding additional spectrum will take place in support of the
future growth of the industry.

NGMN Alliance
The NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance is a forum made up of 24 mobile
operators and various other mobile industry ecosystem companies including network and handset
vendors, and research institutes. NGMN began working on identifying requirements for 5G
standards in Q4 2013 and plans to present a white paper detailing end-to-end requirements for
5G at its industry conference in March 2015. The paper is intended to support the standardization
and subsequent availability of 5G from 2020.
The NGMN Alliance has positioned itself as the lead organization driving the 5G agenda,
although is yet to make any public statement on what the requirements it defines might be.

European Commission
The EC‟s 5G research activities began in November 2012 with the co-funding of METIS
(Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty (2020) Information
Society), a consortium of 29 partners spanning vendors, operators, the automotive industry and
academia focused on the next generation of mobile and wireless communications systems for
year 2020. A year later METIS published its five key 5G scenarios, 12 test cases and seven Key
Performance Indicators for 5G, associated with technical requirements. The project is due to
release its final report in April 2015.
In December 2013, the EC went further and announced a joint 5G research and innovation
project with the private sector - The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (5G PPP) - with
collective funding of ¤4.2 billion, of which ¤700 million will come from the commission itself,
reflecting its desire to seize the initiative in 5G development. 5G PPP will facilitate research into
solutions, architectures, technologies and standards for 5G infrastructure, and aims to ensure that
at least 20% of 5G standards essential patents (SEP) are developed and owned by European
organizations, while ensuring that European vendors retain at least 35% of global market share in
the supply of future network infrastructure.

24
National governments
Outside of Europe, the majority of 5G research appears to be confined to Eastern Asia, with
China, Japan and South Korea all working independently on defining 5G requirements. China‟s
5G initiative, named „IMT-2020‟, is a combination of three government agencies and has
established eight working groups with the aim of promoting the development of 5G technologies
in the country.
Meanwhile, Japan‟s „2020 and Beyond Ad Hoc‟ (20B AH) group was established by the
Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) in September 2013 to study the concept,
function and architecture of mobile communications systems going into the next decade, as well
as the services and applications those systems could offer. The country has set an ambitious
target of having commercial 5G services available in time for the 2020 Olympic Games in
Tokyo.
Equally ambitious 5G targets have been set in South Korea. The country‟s „5G Forum‟ group‟s
website states that “The 5G technology is expected to be commercialised by 2020 with 1,000-
time speed of current LTE data transfer.” The Korean Ministry of Education, Science and
Technology has allocated $1.6 billion of funding to the project.

Individual operators and vendors

More ambitious yet is South Korean market leader, SK Telecom, who announced last July that it
had signed an agreement with Ericsson to develop 5G technology in time to demonstrate a
network at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. Earlier that month, the vendor had
already demonstrated a 5Gbps data throughput speed in laboratory trials, in the 15 GHz
frequency band.
Again the majority of research and innovation at the operator and vendor level is taking place in
Eastern Asia, with both Huawei and Samsung having reportedly achieved latencies of less than 5
milliseconds in laboratory trials. Japan‟s NTT DoCoMo has also begun conducting extensive
“experimental trials” of potential 5G technologies across multiple frequency bands. The operator
has partnered with various vendors to test technologies in a number of spectrum bands, including
Alcatel-Lucent (3-6 GHz), Fujitsu (3-6 GHz), NEC (5 GHz), Ericsson (15 GHz), Samsung (28
GHz) and Nokia (70 GHz).

25
Appendix B: Abbreviations in full

UN - United Nations.
WHO - World Health Organization
SDMA - Space Division Multiple Access
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
SINRs - Signal to Interference Noise Ratios
AP - Access Point
VLC - Visible Light Communication
LoS - Line of Sight
OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
ASE - Area Spectral Efficiency
LTE - Long Term Evolution
MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output
QAM - Quadtrature Amplitude Modulation

26
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