WIRED AND WIRELESS CONNECTIONS

OF BROADBAND
 ABSTRACT

The main objective of the project wired and wireless connection of

Broadband is to describe about the Broadband and how it can be accessed through wired
and wireless connections. Wired connection of Broadband means, the broadband
connection is available through modems .The different types of modems are ADSL, DSL,
ISDN.wired connection of broad band is also possible through power line technology.
The different types wireless connection of broadband is possible through WI-FI, WLAN,
WIMAX, CDMA, GSM. These wired and wireless connections of broadband are
discussed in this project.
In olden days, data transmission takes place through Telegraphs and
telephone systems. Now a days, Internet has been introduced for faster data transmission.
Internet has been accessed by many people since it provides faster data transmission.
Broadband provides faster data transmission than the Internet. Hence broadband is using
by many people now a days.
The Bsnl Broad band service initially consists of High speed Internet with
a bandwidth 256kbps and more and simultaneous phone service on the same telephone
line. Subsequently, other services such as VPN, Multicasting, Video conferencing,
BSNL Broadband under the brand name (data one) provides world class
high speed Internet start from 256kbps and above for above the home and business
customers. Bsnl is providing data one services all across the company through its gigabit
backbone. It brings to download internet pages at lightening speed.
CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION 01-02
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 BROADBAND DEFINITION
1.3 DIFFERENT MODEMS
1.4 BROADBAND BLOCKDIAGRAM
1.5 INTERNET ACCESS

2.WIRED CONNECTION OF BROADBAND 03-22

2.1 ADSL
2.2 WORKING OF ADSL
2.3 DSL
2.4 INTRODUCTION OF DSL
2.5 DSL TECHNOLOGIES
2.6 OPERATION
2.7 PROTOCOLS AND CONFIGURATION
2.8 ISDN
2.9 POWER LINE TECHNOLOGY

3.WIRELESS CONNECTION OF BROADBAND 23-32

3.1 WIRELESS BROADBAND
3.2 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT
3.3 WI-FI
3.4 WLAN
3.5 WIMAX
3.6 CDMA
3.7 GSM

4.CONCLUSION 33

5.BIBLIOGRAPHY 34

INTRODUCTION

Broadband is the name given to a high-speed Internet connection that

provide large bandwidth. It is a quick connection, typically “always-on” and capable of
transmitting data at a much faster rate than a standard dialup modem connection.
Broadband also won’t tie up your phone line, allowing you to use the Internet and
telephone simultaneously.
Broadband can be provided from a dedicated line such as Cable or ISDN,
or over the top of our phone line such as ADSL.Low-band Internet access is typically
running up to 56kbps using a dial-up modem. Mid-band Internet is a phrase given to
dialup that Operates at 64kbps or 28kbps. Broadband starts at 512kbps (approximately
ten times faster than typical dialup) and is also typically available at 1mbps, 1.5mbps and
2.2mbps. Some companies offer broadband at 4mbps and 8mbps. The maximum possible
for able is around 26mbps and 24mbps for ADSL although these speeds are not sold
commercially due to the high cost required to upgrade telephone lines to be able o
transmit at this speed.
With broadband we can quickly download or stream music and video.
Many websites are designed especially for broadband users with intense integrated
graphics, lash and video. Another popular use of broadband is online gaming. Xbox and
PS2 consoles include broadband support, by subscribing to gaming packages from your
SP you can play Xbox and PS2 games live with other people over the Internet. Online PC
gaming has been around since the early days of the Internet, but now With faster speeds
there is less lag (slow or jerky response from the computer making it hard to play) and
you are no longer keeping an eye on the time as you lay, making it much more popular.
Many recent games are released requiring an Internet connection, without them you
simply cannot play.

The block diagram of Broadband is as shown below :

Welcome to BSNL Broadband Service(Dataone).

The service is provided with a speed of 256 Kbps or more. Perhaps it may
consist of one splitter and one ADSL modem as shown in the above figure. Out of them,
Splitter filters Voice & Data and sends Voice to telephone set and Data to PC through
ADSL Modem. ADSL Modem handles data flow between your PC and internet site
through Broadband equipment.
Net can be accessed through Broadband in two ways. That is through
Wireless connection and wired connection. Wireless connection is possible
through cell phones, laptops etc., where as wired connection is through personal
Computers etc., let us now discuss about wired connection broadband net
Access. In wired connection, we are provided with modems. These modems may
be of several types like ADSL (asynchronous digital subscriber line), DSL (digital
Subscriber line), ISDN (integrated service digital network).wired connection of
broadband is also possible through power line technology. Let us discuss about
ADSL

CHAPTER-2

WIRED CONNECTION OF BROADBAND

Wired connection of broadband is possible by accessing net through

modems. Different types of modems available are ADSL, DSL, ISDN, and POWER
LINE TECHNOLOGY. Let us now discuss about DSL.

DSL (DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE)

Introduction

xDSL Refers collectively to all types of digital subscriber lines, in which

the two main categories: the asymmetric DSL (ADSL) and the symmetric DSL (SDSL).
Other important types of xDSL technologies are High-data-rate DSL (HDSL) and Very
high DSL (VDSL).
xDSL is technology backed by telephone companies to provide next
generation high bandwidth services to the home and business using the existing telephone
cooper cabling infrastructure.
xDSL to the home over existing phone lines promises bandwidths up to
theoretically 8.448 megabits per second and more, but distance limitations and line
quality conditions can reduce the data rate.
 xDSL technologies uses a greater range of frequencies over the telephone
cable than the traditional telephone services have used. This in turn allows for greater
bandwidth with which to send and receive information, enabling for example continuous
transmission of motion video, audio, and even 3-D effects.

xDSL technology has evolved greatly over the past few years, and is still
in development toward achieving even a greater bandwidth as demand rises. Driving this
market is the competition from competing access providers for the consumer’s hard
earned cash.

How does xDSL work?

The phone system nominally passes audio between 300 and 3,400 Hz,
which is regarded as the range required for human speech to be clearly intelligible. This
is known as voiceband or commercial bandwidth.
At the local telephone exchange (United Kingdom) or central office
(United States) the speech is generally digitized into a 64 kbit/s data stream in the form of
an 8 bit signal using a sampling rate of 8,000 Hz, therefore, according to the Nyquist
theorem, any signal above 4,000 Hz is not passed by the phone network (and has to be
blocked by a filter to prevent aliasing effects).
The local loop connecting the telephone exchange to most subscribers is
capable of carrying frequencies well beyond the 3.4 kHz upper limit of POTS. Depending
on the length and quality of the loop, the upper limit can be tens of megahertz. DSL takes
advantage of this unused bandwidth of the local loop by creating 4312.5 Hz wide
channels starting between 10 and 100 kHz, depending on how the system is configured
The pool of usable channels is then split into two different frequency
bands for upstream and downstream traffic, based on a preconfigured ratio. This
segregation reduces interference. Once the channel groups have been established, the
individual channels are bonded into a pair of virtual circuits, one in each direction
Because DSL operates at above the 3.4 kHz voice limit, it cannot be
passed through a load coil. Load coils are, in essence, filters that block out any non-voice
frequency. They are commonly set at regular intervals in lines placed only for POTS
service. A DSL signal cannot pass through a properly installed and working load coil,
while voice service cannot be maintained past a certain distance without such coils.
Therefore, some areas that are within range for DSL service are disqualified from
eligibility because of load coil placement.

Modulation Techniques

QAM and CAP modulation

QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) also known as I&Q

modulation, is a combination of amplitude modulation and phase shift keying (data is
represented by shifting each wave relative to the wave that came before it).
In a QAM signal, there are two carriers, each having the same frequency
but differing in phase by 90 degrees (one quarter of a cycle, from which the term
quadrature arises). One signal is called the I signal, and the other is called the Q signal.
Mathematically, one of the signals can be represented by a sine wave, and the other by a
cosine wave. Each of the two carriers are modulated via two separate balanced
modulators (BM), and then combined (algebraically summed) at the source for
transmission. At the destination, the carriers are separated; the data is extracted from
each, and then combined into the original modulating information.

CAP (Carrier less amplitude/phase) modulation, which was the original

approach for DSL (and the choice of many modems manufacturers in the past), produce
the same form of signal as QAM, without requiring in-phase and quadrature components
of the carrier to first be generated.
 CAP splits the data into two bit streams and alters both symbol rate and
modulation levels to change the bit rate, causing modems to be symbol rate adaptive to
varying line condition. The carrier itself is suppressed before transmission (it contains
no information, and can be reconstructed at the receiver), hence the adjective carrier less.
CAP also uses frequency division multiplexing to eliminate the need for
echo cancellation techniques. Another advantage is the cost element implementing the
technology, which is relatively low.

DMT modulation

DMT (Discrete MultiTone ) is a version of multicarrier modulation in

which the data is distributed over a large number of subcarriers, or channels, each of
which uses a form of QAM modulation.
DMT modems divide the downstream bandwidth into 256 channels of 4
kHz each, and can transmit up to 15 bits/Hz in each channel. The modems can adapt to
different impairments in different lines by evaluating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in
each sub channel and sending more data in those with higher quality.
 The input data is buffered, and each bit is assigned or mapped into one of
N complex (QAM) multi-level sub-channel symbols by the DMT symbol encoder.
Since these are complex numbers, they can be treated as discrete frequency-domain
representation of the signal. using IFFT we can convert it to its time-domain
representation (the receiver will use FFT to convert it back). The resulting time domain
function is then sent serially through the D/A converter and line filter.

DMT upstream and downstream channels overlap; therefore, echo

cancellation techniques are needed. Discrete Wavelet Multitone (DWMT), a
developmental variant of DMT, will provide better sub channel isolation by using a
digital wavelet transform instead of the Fourier transform used in standard DMT.

DMT xDSL transceivers based on the Standard have been proven to

provide high-grade performance in the field, are more reliable, and considered the
preferred Modulation Technique for DSL.

Types of DSL

xDSL, being a family of DSL technologies, consists of many types, some of which
developed by personal companies for economical profits.

The main DSL types are summarized in this table:

DSL Data Rate Distance

Description Downstream; Application
Type Upstream
Limit
 ISDN Digital
Similar to the ISDN
Subscriber 18,000 feet on 24
IDSL 128 Kbps service but data only (no
Line (ISDN- gauge wire
voice on the same line)
DSL)
Asymmetric because
1.544 Mbps at most of its two-way or
1.544 to 6.1 18,000 feet; duplex bandwidth is
Asymmetric Mbps 2.048 Mbps at devoted to the
Digital downstream; 16,000 feet; downstream direction,
ADSL
Subscriber 16 to 640 6.312 Mpbs at while smaller bandwidth
Line Kbps 12,000 feet; is used for upstream.
upstream 8.448 Mbps at Don't need a seperate
9,000 feet line for phone voice-
conversation.
One of the earliest
1.544 Mbps
forms of DSL. Can
duplex on two
be carried out as T1/E1
twisted-pair
High bit-rate service between server
lines (or T1)
Digital 12,000 feet on 24 and phone company or
HDSL 2.048 Mbps
Subscriber gauge wire within a company;
duplex on
Line it is symmetrical: an
three twisted-
equal amount of
pair lines (or
bandwidth is available
E1)
in both directions.
1.544 Mbps
duplex (U.S.
and Canada);
2.048 Mbps Same as for HDSL but
Symmetric 12,000 feet on 24
SDSL (Europe) on a requiring only one line
DSL gauge wire
single duplex of twisted-pair
line
downstream
and upstream
an ADSL technology
Adapted to the from Westell in which
line, 640 Kbps software is able to
Rate-
to 2.2 Mbps determine the rate at
Adaptive
RADSL downstream; Not provided which signals can be
DSL from
272 Kbps to transmitted on a given
Westell
1.088 Mbps customer phone line and
upstream adjust the delivery rate
accordingly
VDSL Very high 12.9 to 52.8 4,500 feet at A developing
Digital Mbps 12.96 Mbps; technology that
 downstream;
1.5 to 2.3
3,000 feet at
Mbps promises much higher
Subscriber 25.82 Mbps;
upstream; data rates over relatively
Line 1,000 feet at
1.6 Mbps to short distances.
51.84 Mbps
2.3 Mbps
downstream

Protocols and configurations:

Many DSL technologies implement an ATM layer over the low-level

bit stream layer .The earliest implementations used DHCP to provide network details
such as the IP address to the subscriber equipment, with authentication via MAC address
or an assigned host name. Later implementations often use PPP over Ethernet or ATM.

ADSL
Most home users have most of their internet traffic in one direction - they
are downloading information from the internet, not putting information into the internet.
ADSL has very high speeds downloading and much slower speeds uploading. This is
perfect for most home users, who generally are not running web servers or real audio
servers or devices that push a lot of information into the internet.

Introduction

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line is a form of DSL. ADSL is a data

communications technology (modem technology) that enables faster data transmission
over copper telephone lines than any conventional modem can provide.

ADSL is transforming the existing public network from a network that

was limited to voice, text and low resolution graphics to a powerful network capable of
bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to everyone's home. Another important
advantage of ADSL is that it allows the plain old telephone system (POTS) signal to co-
exist with the ADSL data signal. The service is 'always on' and is usually charged at a flat
rate regardless of time on-line or data used.

ADSL characteristics:

1. Asymmetric: The data can flow faster in one direction than the other. More
precisely, Data transmission is faster downstream (to the user) to the subscriber
than upstream (from the user). Costumers do not need a high bi-directional
transmission speed. They actually connect to the internet in a relatively passive
mode because the amount of data they download is enormously higher than the
amount of data they transmitting.
2. Digital: No type of communication is transferred in an analog method. All data is
purely digital, and only at the end, modulated to be carried over the line.
3. Subscriber Line: The data is carried over a single twisted pair copper loop to the
subscriber premises

ADSL Architecture

Delivery of ADSL services requires a single copper pair configuration of a

standard voice circuit with an ADSL modem at each end of the line, splits the telephone
line into three information channels: a high speed downstream channel, a medium speed
upstream channel, and a Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) channel for voice or an
ISDN channel.

The ADSL network components are:

• The ADSL modem at the customer premises, that is called an ADSL transceiver
unit-remote (ATU-R). It provides local loop termination on the customer side.
• The modem of the central office that is called an ADSL Transmission Unit-
central office (ATU-C). It terminates the ADSL local loop at the central office
premises.
 • DSLAM: DSL access multiplexer. Many ATU-C units are inserted into the
DSLAM. This unit can connect through an ATM or an ETHERNET access
network to the internet.
• Splitter: An electronic low pass filter that separates the analogue voice or ISDN
signal from ADSL data frequencies when they get to the subscriber premises. For
outgoing traffic, when they are transmitted from the subscriber premises, it
combines the voice and the data frequencies onto one line. This allows a POTS
phone connection to operate at the same time as ADSL digital data is transmitted
or received on the same line. One splitter is located at the central office and
another at the subscriber premises. The splitter at the central office can be
separate device or may be incorporated into the DSLAM.

How does it work?

An ADSL link is basically a computer, connected to a modem, connected

over the old PSTN (public switched telephone network) copper wire to a DSLAM at the
telephone company main office. The PSTN is separated from the data traffic using
high/low pass filters (splitters). The voice data is routed to the regular PSTN switching
network, while the data is routed to the ISP. The multiple virtual circuits (ADSL
connections) created, are then aggregated and transferred to the correct ISP using a T3/E3
line.

The ADSL specification allows for voice (PSTN) and data communication
to co-exist on the same pair of twisted copper lines. This is accomplished by a set of low-
pass and high-pass splitters installed at both the customers' location and the central office.
These splitters also protect the sensitive data communication from spikes originating in
the PSTN network.

Currently, most ADSL communication is full-duplex. Full-duplex ADSL

communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency-division duplex
(FDD), echo-cancelling duplex (ECD), or time-division duplexing (TDD). FDD uses two
separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The
upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central
office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the
end user.
 With standard ADSL , the band from 25.875 kHz to 138 kHz is used for
upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream
communication.

Modulation Techniques

ADSL uses the DMT modulation, rather than its earlier competitor CAP
modulation. If the line is of good quality, using the DMT modulation, up to 15 bits per
signal can be encoded on each carrier frequency.

The CAP modulation has its own advantages over DMT like lower cost,
lower latency and rate adaptively, but ADSL prefers the use the DMT modulation
because it considered more reliable and sophisticated technology, and capable of more
speed than CAP. DMT has some more important advantages over CAP like Impulse
noise handling, reducing RF interference and adapting to impairments.

ADSL2 and ADSL2+ are further developments of the ADSL standard

(defined in ITU-T recommendations G.992.1 and G.992.2). In particular, the
developments increase the bitrates and line lengths possible with ADSL. The higher
bitrates are intended to allow new applications over DSL, such as HDTV (high definition
television).
 The maximum bit rate of an ADSL2 line (defined by ITU-T
recommendation G.992.3) is 12 Mbit/s. The maximum bit rate of ADSL2+ (defined in
ITU-T recommendation G.992.5) is 25 Mbit/s. In addition, there is a variation of
ADSL2/2+ which allows an upstream bit rate of up to 3.5 Mbit/s

ISDN

ISDN stands for Integrated Service Digital Network, Digital

telecommunications network that operates over standard copper telephone wires or other
media. ISDN connections are used to provide a variety of digital services to customers,
including digital voice telephone, fax, e-mail, digital video, and access to the Internet. A
wide range of data transfer rates are available, with speeds up to about 128 kilobits per
second (kbps). ISDN is faster than an ordinary dial-up connection (at about 56 kbps), but
much slower than cable modem or DSL connections (which typically exceed one megabit
per second).

Integrated Services refers to ISDN's ability to deliver at minimum two

simultaneous connections, in any combination of data, voice, video, and fax, over a single
line. Multiple devices can be attached to the line, and used as needed. That means an
ISDN line can take care of most people's complete communications needs at a much
higher transmission rate, without forcing the purchase of multiple analog phone lines.

Digital refers to its purely digital transmission, as opposed to the analog

transmission of plain old telephone service (POTS). Use of an analog telephone modem
for Internet access requires that the Internet service provider's (ISP) modem converts the
digital content to analog signals before sending it and the user's modem then converts
those signals back to digital when receiving. When connecting with ISDN there is no
analog conversion. ISDN transmits data digitally, resulting in a very clear transmission
quality. There is none of the static and noise of analog transmissions that can cause slow
transmission speed.
 In India, ISDN was very popular until the introduction of ADSL. Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited, the largest communication service provider in India and a state
owned company, is offering both ISDN BRI and PRI services across the country over its
ISDN network. After the introduction of ADSL broadband technology with static IPs, the
data transfer load is taken up by ADSL. But ISDN still plays a very big role as a backup
network for point-to-point leased line customers and low cost reliable data network for
organisations located all over India, such as Banks,E-seva centres, LIC, and so on.

There are two points of view into the ISDN world. The most common
viewpoint is that of the end user, who wants to get a digital connection into the
telephone/data network from home, whose performance would be better than an ordinary
analog modem connection. The typical end-user's connection to the Internet is related to
this point of view, and discussion on the merits of various perspective. Much of the
following discussion is from this point of view, but it should be noted that as a data
connection service, ISDN has been mostly superseded by DSL.

There is a second viewpoint: that of the telephone industry, where ISDN

is a core technology. A telephone network can be thought of as a collection of wires
strung between switching systems. The common electrical specification for the signals on
these wires is T1 or E1. On a normal T1, the signaling is done with A&B bits to indicate
on-hook or off-hook conditions and MF and DTMF tones to encode the destination
number. ISDN is much better because messages can be sent much more quickly than by
trying to encode numbers as long (100 ms per digit) tone sequences. This translated to
much faster call setup times, which is greatly desired by carriers who have to pay for line
time and also by callers who become impatient while their call hops from switch to
switch.It is also used as a smart-network technology intended to add new services to the
public switched telephone network (PSTN) by giving users direct access to end-to-end
circuit-switched digital services.

ISDN BRI (Basic Rate Interface) has never gained popularity as a

telephone access technology in North America and today remains a niche product.
However, most modern non-VoIP PBXs use PRI (Primary Rate Interface) T1 lines to
communicate with a Telco Class 5 central office switch, replacing older analog two-way
and Direct Inward Dialing (DID) trunks. PRI is capable of delivering Automatic Number
Identification (ANI) in both directions so that the telephone number of an extension,
rather than a company's main number, can be sent. It is still commonly used in recording
studios, when a voice-over actor is in one studio, but the director and producer are in a
studio at another location. ISDN is used because of its "guaranteed" real-time, not-over-
the-Internet service, and its superior audio fidelity as compared to POTS service. A few
companies make video conference call equipment that combine three BRI lines
(containing six 64K channels) to create a good quality picture.

POWER LINE TECHNOLOGY

Everything from microwaves ovens, televisions, web radios, telephones as

well as your computers connected to the Internet through your existing electrical wiring.

Rio Receiver

High speed internet available through your household network via every
plug in your home or office. This is the world of Power line Communication networking.
There are presently hundreds of companies racing to get their products to market.
What is Power line Communications?

Power line Communications digital signals connect the electronics in our

home or office through the existing power lines within a building.

Power line Communications can provide:

• High speed digital Internet- worldwide, fast and secure surfing on the Internet,
e-commerce, e-mail and e-banking

The Ascom
Powerline
Adapter

• Telephony- Powerful telephone connection using the internet that offers security
and good speech quality. You can also send and receive fax messages.
• Smart Homes- Remote maintenance and in-house control of internet enabled
household appliances like refrigerators, heating systems, smoke and fire alarm
systems.
• Security- Surveillance systems with both visual and motion detectors that can be
monitored by you and a security service.
• Health Care Services- Monitor your children and people who are in need of
regular help from any internet connection.
• Utilities- online reading of utility meters for easy up-to-date billing

Power line Internet

Digital Power line Internet is available in two ways:

• Using the power lines to using the power lines to your home or office from a
Power line Internet Service Provider through an Internet Home Gateway.
 • Distributing an Internet connection in your home or building to all electrical
outlets. The Internet might come to the building through cable, satellite or
microwave.

Powerline Internet Service Providers are becoming available in some

European countries. Testing has shown this system to be fast, reliable and secure. When
the digital information gets to your home it goes through a modem that connects it to
your home wiring. Each of your wall plugs is then online. Your computers, stereos,
digital TV's, appliances and game units will be plugged in for both:

• electricity
• Internet connection

A Power line Internet Home Gateway is a device that distributes

Internet through the electrical system in a home or office. Each of the computers and
appliances that are plugged in can access the Internet as well as power.

Why Power line Communications?

• No more wires, just plug in

• Share your Internet connection
• Move your computers and appliances where you want
• Easy to install and use
• high transmission rate, right now 3 Mbps (up to 30 times faster than ISDN) in
uploading and downloading with speeds of 100 Mbps possible
• Secure data-encryption
• Utilizes existing power source for all your communications needs
 •

This is about the wired connection broadband which can be accessed

through ADSL, DSL, ISDN and cable modems etc.,

Comparisons between different wired technologies are

Technology Strength Weakness

ISDN Mature, robust Less speed,Expensive for

consumer on-demand
mostly

ADSL High speed,Great Immature, length of the

performance, Always-on, wire can be problematic
low cost, uses existing
wiring.
POWER LINE No more wires, Coverage Distance limited
TECHNOLOGY everywhere, good
performance, Always-on
 CHAPTER-3
Wireless connection of Broadband

What is unwired Wireless Broadband?

Unwired Broadband is similar to other types of broadband available today,

which provide high speed Internet access. Traditional ADSL or cable Broadband
provides this high speed internet access by connecting to a phone line or cable outlet.
However, Unwired Broadband is delivered to your computer over a wireless connection.
It uses a wireless network which communicates over the air, wirelessly, to your unwired
modem which is attached to your computer.

Benefits of wireless Broadband:

Unwired Broadband has all the benefits of traditional broadband such as

high speed, no need for a second phone line and the convenience of being 'always on'.
And even though Unwired Wireless Broadband is priced the same as current ADSL and
cable products, it offers so much more. We won't need a technician to install our Unwired
- it's incredibly easy to setup in less than 5 minutes and there is no waiting for our
account to be created. Better still, because it's a wireless charge. So with Unwired
Broadband, we can take our broadband with you and enjoy the benefits of high speed
Internet access wherever and whenever we need it.

How does the Unwired Wireless Broadband technology work?

Unwired Wireless Broadband is similar in speed and pricing to standard

high speed broadband offerings available today, via ADSL or Cable technologies.
However rather than connecting your modem to a phone line or cable outlet, the Unwired
modem uses wireless technology to access the Internet. There is a built in antenna within
the Unwired modem which connects to one of the many Unwired towers.

This means that the only cable that exists is the one attaching the Unwired
modem to your computer. So you are able to move your computer and modem wherever
you like with no extra charge, without being tied to a phone line or cable outlet. Better
still, it's also much simpler and quicker to install compared to an ADSL or cable
broadband connection. Once you've ordered your modem from Unwired you will have it
delivered the next day. The setup process takes under 5 minutes and you're immediately
online. That's right, no more waiting 3-5 days for an account to be setup and no charge or
time offline if you need to move your modem from one address to another.

3.2 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGYAND EQUIPMENT

Broadband packages are able to support wireless technology; you just

need to ensure you have the correct equipment, as you need more than a standard
broadband modem. You will need:

• A wireless network card for your PC (usually costing around £15 upwards, and
available from your local high street)
 • A wireless modem/router, this will plug into the phone line that has the
broadband activated upon it (usually costing about £35 upwards, and available
from either the high street or your broadband provider)
• A broadband connection with a service provider

Wireless connection is also possible through Wi-Fi, WiMAX etc.

WI-FI

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, founded in 1999 as Wireless

Internet Compatibility Alliance (WICA), comprising more than 300 companies, whose
products are certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance, based on the IEEE 802.11 standards (also
called Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Wi-Fi). This certification warrants interoperability
between different wireless devices.

The alliance was founded because many products did not correctly
implement IEEE 802.11 and some included proprietary extensions. This led to
incompatibilities between products from different manufacturers.

The Wi-Fi Alliance tests the wireless components to their own terms of
reference. Products that pass become Wi-Fi certified and may carry the Wi-Fi logo. Only
products of Wi-Fi Members are tested, because they pay membership and per-item fees.
Absence of the Wi-Fi logo does not necessarily mean non-compliance with the standard
Wi-Fi technology is simply the means of allowing several computers to share one common
Internet connection and do so without the use of additional cabling or expensive equipment.

How wi-fi works

A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In
fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio
communication. Here's what happens:

• A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it
using an antenna.
• A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the
information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection
 The process also works in reverse, with the router receiving information
from the Internet, translating it into a radio signal and sending it to the computer's
wireless adapter.

The radios used for WiFi communication are very similar to the radios
used for walkie-talkies, cell phones and other devices. They can transmit and receive
radio waves, and they can convert 1s and 0s into radio waves and convert the radio waves
back into 1s and 0s. But WiFi radios have a few notable differences from other radios:
 They transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz. This frequency is
considerably higher than the frequencies used for cell phones, walkie-talkies and
televisions. The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data.
They use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors:
• 802.11a transmits at 5 GHz and can move up to 54 megabits of data per second. It
also uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a more efficient
coding technique that splits that radio signal into several sub-signals before they
reach a receiver. This greatly reduces interference.
• 802.11b is the slowest and least expensive standard. For a while, its cost made it
popular, but now it's becoming less common as faster standards become less
expensive. 802.11b transmits in the 2.4 GHz frequency band of the radio
spectrum. It can handle up to 11 megabits of data per second, and it uses
complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to improve speeds.
• 802.11g transmits at 2.4 GHz like 802.11b, but it's a lot faster -- it can handle up
to 54 megabits of data per second. 802.11g is faster because it uses the same
OFDM coding as 802.11a.
• 802.11n is the newest standard that is widely available. This standard
significantly improves speed and range. For instance, although 802.11g
theoretically moves 54 megabits of data per second, it only achieves real-world
speeds of about 24 megabits of data per second because of network congestion.
802.11n, however, reportedly can achieve speeds as high as 140 megabits per
second. The standard is currently in draft form -- the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) plans to formally ratify 802.11n by the end of
2009.

Uses of Wi-Fi:
Wi-Fi can be used both in your home, when you are traveling by using hot
spots and by subscribing to a wireless broadband provider.

At home
 Wi-Fi can help you share broadband connections in your home. All you
need to do is purchase wireless equipment for your computer and to connect to it. Once
set up you will be able to connect to the Internet from anywhere in your home, so you are
not tied to the location of your phone point.

Hotspots for Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi hotspots are designed to help you connect to the Internet while you
are on the move. Hotspots are available on many trains, coffee bars, pubs, restaurants and
shops. To connect just take a laptop or any wireless device and connect to the Internet
from within these locations.

Wireless broadband providers

Wireless providers have set up transmitters in public areas so all a

customer does is set up a receiver in their home and then they can actually browse the
web freely and without the need of any other cables or equipment.

WI-FI HOTSPOTS

Wi-Fi hotspots allow you to connect your laptop wirelessly and browse on
the net. Such ‘hotspots’ are provided by companies such as T-Mobile and a company
known as ‘The Cloud’. You usually pay a subscription fee to the wireless provider and
we can then browse the net at hotspots. It is important to know that this method bypasses
your existing Internet connection and you use the hotspot provider as your Internet
service provider.

Wi-Fi Services have been introduced for providing high speed Internet
access at convenient public locations hereunder called as Hot Spots. Installation of Hot
Spots is already under process at various cities/ locations.
 Hot Spot Type-A is applicable for public utility services like Airports,
Railway Stations, Universities and their campus etc initially for a period of 90 days from
the date of its launch.

Hot Spot Type-B is applicable for personal type of services like Hotels,
private owned institutes/ Colleges/ libraries/ Universities and their campuses etc. A
prepaid scheme for Hot Spot B owners on commission basis is also available.

WiMAX

What is WiMAX?
WiMAX is one of the hottest broadband wireless technologies around
today. WiMAX systems are expected to deliver broadband access services to residential
and enterprise customers in an economical way.
 Loosely, WiMax is a standardized wireless version of Ethernet intended
primarily as an alternative to wire technologies ( such as Cable Modems, DSL and T1/E1
links ) to provide broadband access to customer premises.

More strictly, WiMAX is an industry trade organization formed by leading

communications component and equipment companies to promote and certify
compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless access equipment that conforms
to the IEEE 802.16 and ETSI HIPERMAN standards.

WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds, over greater
distances and for a greater number of users. WiMAX has the ability to provide service
even in areas that are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach and the ability to
overcome the physical limitations of traditional wired infrastructure.

WiMAX was formed in April 2001, in anticipation of the publication of

the original 10-66 GHz IEEE 802.16 specifications. WiMAX is to 802.16 as the Wi-Fi
Alliance is to 802.11.

WiMAX is:

• Acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

• Based on Wireless MAN technology.
• A wireless technology optimized for the delivery of IP centric services over a
wide area.
• A scalable wireless platform for constructing alternative and complementary
broadband networks.
• A certification that denotes interoperability of equipment built to the IEEE 802.16
or compatible standard. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group develops standards that
address two types of usage models:
o A fixed usage model (IEEE 802.16-2004).
o A portable usage model (IEEE 802.16e).

What is 802.16a?
 WiMAX is such an easy term that people tend to use it for the 802.16
standards and technology themselves, although strictly it applies only to systems that
meet specific conformance criteria laid down by the WiMAX Forum.

The 802.16a standard for 2-11 GHz is a wireless metropolitan area

network (MAN) technology that will provide broadband wireless connectivity to Fixed,
Portable and Nomadic devices.

It can be used to connect 802.11 hot spots to the Internet, provide campus
connectivity, and provide a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile broadband
access.

WiMax Speed and Range:

WiMAX is expected to offer initially up to about 40 Mbps capacity per

wireless channel for both fixed and portable applications, depending on the particular
technical configuration chosen, enough to support hundreds of businesses with T-1 speed
connectivity and thousands of residences with DSL speed connectivity. WiMAX can
support voice and video as well as Internet data.

WiMax will be to provide wireless broadband access to buildings, either in

competition to existing wired networks or alone in currently unserved rural or thinly
populated areas. It can also be used to connect WLAN hotspots to the Internet. WiMAX
is also intended to provide broadband connectivity to mobile devices. It would not be as
fast as in these fixed applications, but expectations are for about 15 Mbps capacity in a 3
km cell coverage area.

With WiMAX users could really cut free from today.s Internet access
arrangements and be able to go online at broadband speeds, almost wherever they like
from within a MetroZone.

WiMAX could potentially be deployed in a variety of spectrum bands:

2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz
Why WiMax?

• WiMAX can satisfy a variety of access needs. Potential applications include

extending broadband capabilities to bring them closer to subscribers, filling
gaps in cable, DSL and T1 services, Wi-Fi and cellular backhaul, providing
last-100 meter access from fibre to the curb and giving service providers
another cost-effective option for supporting broadband services.
• WiMAX can support very high bandwidth solutions where large spectrum
deployments (i.e. >10 MHz) are desired using existing infrastructure keeping
costs down while delivering the bandwidth needed to support a full range of
high-value, multimedia services.
• WiMAX can help service providers meet many of the challenges they face
due to increasing customer demands without discarding their existing
infrastructure investments because it has the ability to seamlessly interoperate
across various network types.
• WiMAX can provide wide area coverage and quality of service capabilities
for applications ranging from real-time delay-sensitive voice-over-IP (VoIP)
to real-time streaming video and non-real-time downloads, ensuring that
subscribers obtain the performance they expect for all types of
communications.
• WiMAX, which is an IP-based wireless broadband technology, can be
integrated into both wide-area third-generation (3G) mobile and wireless and
wireline networks, allowing it to become part of a seamless anytime,
anywhere broadband access solution.

Ultimately, WiMAX is intended to serve as the next step in the evolution

of 3G mobile phones, via a potential combination of WiMAX and CDMA standards
called 4G.

WiMAX Goals:

A standard by itself is not enough to enable mass adoption. WiMAX has

stepped forward to help solve barriers to adoption, such as interoperability and cost of
deployment. WiMAX will help ignite the wireless MAN industry, by defining and
conducting interoperability testing and labeling vendor systems with a "WiMAX
Certified™" label once testing has been completed successfully.

WiMAX Major Benefits

• Benefits to Component Makers:

o Creates a volume opportunity for silicon suppliers.

• Benefits to Equipment Makers:

o Innovate more rapidly because there exists a standards-based, stable
platform upon which to rapidly add new capabilities.
o No longer need to develop every piece of the end-to-end solution.

• Benefits to Operators:
o A common platform which drives down the cost of equipment and
accelerates price/performance improvements unachievable with
proprietary approaches.
o Generate revenue by filling broadband access gaps.
o Quickly provision T1 / E1 level and "on demand" high margin broadband
services.
o Reduce the dollar risk associated with deployment as equipment will be
less expensive due to economies of scale.
o No longer be locked into a single vendor since base stations will
interoperate with multiple vendors' CPEs.

• Benefits to Consumers:
o More broadband access choices, especially in areas where there are gaps:
worldwide urban centers where building access is difficult; in suburban
areas where the subscriber is too far from the central office; and in rural
and low population density areas where infrastructure is poor.
o More choices for broadband access will create competition which will
result in lower monthly subscription prices.
WiMAX and Wi-Fi Comparison

WiMAX is similar to the wireless standard known as Wi-Fi, but on a

much larger scale and at faster speeds. A nomadic version would keep WiMAX-enabled
devices connected over large areas, much like today’s cell phones. We can compare it
with Wi-Fi based on the following factors.

IEEE Standards:

Wi-Fi is based on IEEE 802.11 standard where as WiMAX is based on

IEEE 802.16. However both are IEEE standards.

Range:

Wi-Fi typically provides local network access for around a few hundred
feet with speeds of up to 54 Mbps, a single WiMAX antenna is expected to have a range
of up to 40 miles with speeds of 70 Mbps or more. As such, WiMAX can bring the
underlying Internet connection needed to service local Wi-Fi networks.

Scalability:

Wi-Fi is intended for LAN applications, users scale from one to tens with
one subscriber for each CPE device. Fixed channel sizes (20MHz).

WiMAX is designed to efficiently support from one to hundreds of

Consumer premises equipments (CPE)s, with unlimited subscribers behind each CPE.
Flexible channel sizes from 1.5MHz to 20MHz.

Bit rate:

Wi-Fi works at 2.7 bps/Hz and can peak up to 54 Mbps in 20 MHz channel.

WiMAX works at 5 bps/Hz and can peak up to 100 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel.
Quality of Service:

Wi-Fi does not guarantee any QoS but WiMax will provide your several level of QoS.

As such, WiMAX can bring the underlying Internet connection needed to

service local Wi-Fi networks. Wi-Fi does not provide ubiquitous broadband while
WiMAX does.

Comparsion Table:

WiMax Wi-Fi Wi-Fi

Feature
(802.16a) (802.11b) (802.11a/g)

Primary Broadband Wireless

Wireless LAN Wireless LAN
Application Access

Licensed/Unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM (g)

Frequency Band 2.4 GHz ISM
2 G to 11 GHz 5 GHz U-NII (a)

Channel Adjustable
25 MHz 20 MHz
Bandwidth 1.25 M to 20 MHz

Half/Full Duplex Full Half Half

OFDM Direct Sequence OFDM

Radio Technology
(256-channels) Spread Spectrum (64-channels)

Bandwidth
<=5 bps/Hz <=0.44 bps/Hz <=2.7 bps/Hz
Efficiency

BPSK, QPSK, BPSK, QPSK,

Modulation QPSK
16-, 64-, 256-QAM 16-, 64-QAM

Convolutional Code
FEC None Convolutional Code
Reed-Solomon

Mandatory- 3DES Optional- RC4 Optional- RC4

Encryption
Optional- AES (AES in 802.11i) (AES in 802.11i)

Mobile WiMax
Mobility In development In development
(802.16e)

Vendor
Mesh Yes Vendor Proprietary
Proprietary

Access Protocol Request/Grant CSMA/CA CSMA/CA

WiMAX - Building Blocks

A WiMAX system consists of two major parts:

• A WiMAX base station.

 • A WiMAX receiver.

WiMAX Base Station:

A WiMAX base station consists of indoor electronics and a WiMAX

tower similar in concept to a cell-phone tower. A WiMAX base station can provide
coverage to a very large area up to a radius of 6 miles. Any wireless device within the
coverage area would be able to access the Internet.

The WiMAX base stations would use the MAC layer defined in the
standard. A common interface that makes the networks interoperable and would allocate
uplink and downlink bandwidth to subscribers according to their needs, on an essentially
real-time basis.

Each base station provides wireless coverage over an area called a cell.
Theoretically, the maximum radius of a cell is 50 km or 30 miles however, practical
considerations limit it to about 10 km or 6 miles.
WiMAX Receiver:

A WiMAX receiver may have a separate antenna or could be a stand-alone

box or a PCMCIA card sitting in your laptop or computer or any other device. This is
also referred as customer premise equipment (CPE).

WiMAX base station is similar to accessing a wireless access point in a

WiFi network, but the coverage is greater.
Mobile Broadband Technology:
Mobile broadband is the name used to describe various types of wireless high-
speed internet access through a portable modem, telephone or other device. Various
network standards may be used, such as GPRS, CDMA.

GSM is more popular in Europe and Asia and CDMA is more common in the
United States. The major technical differences between the two systems have to do with
the way each technology shares space on the radio spectrum.

GPRS

Introduction

Existing cellular data services do not fulfill the needs of users and providers. From the
user's point of view, data rates are too slow and the connection setup takes too long and is
rather complicated. From the technical point of view, the drawback results from the fact
that current wireless data services are based on circuit switched radio transmission. At the
air interface, a complete traffic channel is allocated for a single user for the entire call
period. In case of bursty traffic (e.g., Internet traffic), this results in a highly inefficient
resource utilization.

In order to address these inefficiencies, cellular packet data technologies have been
developed such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). GPRS is a new bearer service
for GSM that greatly improves and simplifies wireless access to packet data networks,
e.g., to the Internet. It applies a packet radio principle to transfer user data packets in an
efficient way between GSM mobile stations and external packet data networks.
GPRS System Architecture:

In order to integrate GPRS into the existing GSM architecture, a new class of network
nodes, called GPRS support nodes (GSN), has been introduced [8]. GSNs are responsible
for the delivery and routing of data packets between the mobile stations and the external
packet data networks (PDN).

A serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is responsible for the delivery of data
packets from and to the mobile stations within its service area. Its tasks include packet
routing and transfer, mobility management (attach/detach and location management),
logical link management, and authentication and charging functions.

Simultaneous Usage of Packet Switched and Circuit Switched Services:

In a GSM/GPRS network, conventional circuit switched services (speech,

data, and SMS) and GPRS services can be used in parallel. Three classes of mobile
stations are defined

1. A class A mobile station supports simultaneous operation of GPRS and conventional

GSM services.

2. A class B mobile station is able to register with the network for both GPRS and
conventional GSM services simultaneously. In contrast to an MS of class A, it can only
use one of the two services at a given time.

3. A class C mobile station can attach for either GPRS or conventional GSM services.
Simultaneous registration (and usage) is not possible. An exception are SMS messages,
which can be received and sent at any time
Routing:

We assume that the packet data network is an IP network. A GPRS mobile station
located in PLMN1 sends IP packets to a host connected to the IP network, e.g., to a Web
server connected to the Internet. The SGSN that the mobile station is registered with
encapsulates the IP packets coming from the mobile station, examines the PDP context,
and routes them through the intra-PLMN GPRS backbone to the appropriate GGSN. The
GGSN decapsulates the packets and sends them out on the IP network, where IP routing
mechanisms are used to transfer the packets to the access router of the destination
network. The latter delivers the IP packets to the host.

Let us assume the home-PLMN of the mobile station is PLMN2. An IP

address has been assigned to the mobile by the GGSN of PLMN2. Thus, the MS's IP
address has the same network prefix as the IP address of the GGSN in PLMN2. The
correspondent host is now sending IP packets to the MS. The packets are sent out onto
the IP network and are routed to the GGSN of PLMN2 (the home-GGSN of the MS). The
latter queries the HLR and obtains the information that the MS is currently located in
PLMN1. It encapsulates the incoming IP packets and tunnels them through the inter-
PLMN GPRS backbone to the appropriate SGSN in PLMN1. The SGSN decapsulates the
packets and delivers them to the MS.
 CDMA
Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications

CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum communications. In general,

Spread Spectrum communications is distinguished by three key elements:

1. The signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that which is necessary to send the
information. This results in many benefits, such as immunity to interference and jamming
and multi-user access, which we’ll discuss later on.

2. The bandwidth is spread by means of a code which is independent of the data. The
independence of the code distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in which
the data modulation will always spread the spectrum somewhat.

3. The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data. The use of an independent
code and synchronous reception allows multiple users to access the same frequency band
at the same time.

In order to protect the signal, the code used is pseudo-random. It appears random, but is
actually deterministic, so that the receiver can reconstruct the code for synchronous
detection. This pseudo-random code is also called pseudo-noise (PN).
Figure 1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System
There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the signal:

• Frequency hopping. The signal is rapidly switched between different frequencies

within the hopping bandwidth pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows before
hand where to find the signal at any given time.
• Time hopping. The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudo-randomly, and the
receiver knows beforehand when to expect the burst.
• Direct sequence. The digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency.
The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the
same code, and correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

CDMA is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. The CDMA system works directly
on 64 kbit/sec digital signals. These signals can be digitized voice, ISDN channels,
modem data, etc.

Figure 1 shows a simplified Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. For clarity, the
figure shows one channel operating in one direction only.

Signal transmission consists of the following steps:

1. A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each channel and each successive
connection.

2. The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code (the Information data is
“spread”).

3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier.

4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.

Signal reception consists of the following steps:

1. The carrier is received and amplified.

2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover the spread digital signal.

3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the anticipated signal.

4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it.

5. The received signal is correlated with the generated code, extracting the Information
data.

Synchronous CDMA

Synchronous CDMA exploits mathematical properties of orthogonality between vectors

representing the data strings. Each user in synchronous CDMA uses an orthogonal codes
to modulate their signal. An example of four mutually orthogonal digital signals is shown
in the figure. Orthogonal codes have a cross-correlation equal to zero; in other words,
they do not interfere with each other. In the case of IS-95 64 bit Walsh codes are used to
encode the signal to separate different users. Since each of the 64 Walsh codes are
orthogonal to one another, the signals are channelized into 64 orthogonal signals. The
following example demonstrates how each users signal can be encoded and decoded.
Each user is associated with a different code, say v. If the data to be transmitted is a
digital zero, then the actual bits transmitted will be –v, and if the data to be transmitted is
a digital one, then the actual bits transmitted will be v. For example, if v=(1,–1), and the
data that the user wishes to transmit is (1, 0, 1, 1) this would correspond to (v, –v, v, v)
which is then constructed in binary as ((1,–1),(–1,1),(1,–1),(1,–1)).
[edit] Asynchronous CDMA

A PN code is a binary sequence that appears random but can be reproduced in a

deterministic manner by intended receivers. These PN codes are used to encode and
decode a users signal in Asynchronous CDMA in the same manner as the orthogonal
codes in synchrous CDMA (shown in the example above). These PN sequences are
statistically uncorrelated, and the sum of a large number of PN sequences results in
Multiple Access Interference (MAI) that is approximated by a Gaussian noise process
(following the "central limit theorem" in statistics). If all of the users are received with
the same power level, then the variance (e.g., the noise power) of the MAI increases in
direct proportion to the number of users. In other words, unlike synchronous CDMA, the
signals of other users will appear as noise to the signal of interest and interfere slightly
with the desired signal in proportion to number of users.

All forms of CDMA use spread spectrum process gain to allow receivers to partially
discriminate against unwanted signals. Signals encoded with the specified PN sequence
(code) are received, while signals with different codes (or the same code but a different
timing offset) appear as wideband noise reduced by the process gain.

Since each user generates MAI, controlling the signal strength is an important issue with
CDMA transmitters. A CDM (Synchronous CDMA), TDMA or FDMA receiver can in
theory completely reject arbitrarily strong signals using different codes, time slots or
frequency channels due to the orthogonality of these systems. This is not true for
Asynchronous CDMA; rejection of unwanted signals is only partial. If any or all of the
unwanted signals are much stronger than the desired signal, they will overwhelm it. This
leads to a general requirement in any Asynchronous CDMA system to approximately
match the various signal power levels as seen at the receiver. In CDMA cellular, the base
station uses a fast closed-loop power control scheme to tightly control each mobile's
transmit power. See Near-far problem for further information on this problem.

[edit] Advantages of Asynchronous CDMA over other techniques

1. Efficient Practical utilization of Fixed Frequency Spectrum

Asynchronous CDMA's main advantage over CDM (Synchronous CDMA), TDMA and
FDMA is that it can use the spectrum more efficiently in mobile telephony applications.
(In theory, CDMA, TDMA and FDMA have exactly the same spectral efficiency but
practically, each has its own challenges - power control in the case of CDMA, timing in
the case of TDMA, and frequency generation/filtering in the case of FDMA.) TDMA
systems must carefully synchronize the transmission times of all the users to ensure that
they are received in the correct timeslot and do not cause interference. Since this cannot
be perfectly controlled in a mobile environment, each timeslot must have a guard-time,
which reduces the probability that users will interfere, but decreases the spectral
efficiency. Similarly, FDMA systems must use a guard-band between adjacent channels,
due to the random doppler shift of the signal spectrum which occurs due to the user's
mobility. The guard-bands will reduce the probability that adjacent channels will
interfere, but decrease the utilization of the spectrum.

2. Flexible Allocation of Resources

Asynchronous CDMA offers a key advantage in the flexible allocation of resources i.e.
allocation of a PN codes to active users. In the case of CDM, TDMA and FDMA the
number of simultaneous orthogonal codes, time slots and frequency slots respectively is
fixed hence the capacity interms of number of simultaneous users is limited. There are a
fixed number of orthogonal codes, timeslots or frequency bands that can be allocated for
CDM, TDMA and FDMA systems, which remain underutilized due to the bursty nature
of telephony and packetized data transmissions. There is no strict limit to the number of
users that can be supported in an Asynchronous CDMA system, only a practical limit
governed by the desired bit error probability, since the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio)
varies inversely with the number of users. In a bursty traffic environment like mobile
telephony, the advantage afforded by Asynchronous CDMA is that the performance (bit
error rate) is allowed to fluctuate randomly, with an average value determined by the
number of users times the percentage of utilization. Suppose there are 2N users that only
talk half of the time, then 2N users can be accommodated with the same average bit error
probability as N users that talk all of the time. The key difference here is that the bit error
probability for N users talking all of the time is constant, whereas it is a random quantity
(with the same mean) for 2N users talking half of the time.

In other words, Asynchronous CDMA is ideally suited to a mobile network where large
numbers of transmitters each generate a relatively small amount of traffic at irregular
intervals. CDM (Synchronous CDMA), TDMA and FDMA systems cannot recover the
underutilized resources inherent to bursty traffic due to the fixed number of orthogonal
codes, time slots or frequency channels that can be assigned to individual transmitters.
For instance, if there are N time slots in a TDMA system and 2N users that talk half of
the time, then half of the time there will be more than N users needing to use more than N
timeslots. Furthermore, it would require significant overhead to continually allocate and
deallocate the orthogonal code, time-slot or frequency channel resources. By comparison,
Asynchronous CDMA transmitters simply send when they have something to say, and go
off the air when they don't, keeping the same PN signature sequence as long as they are
connected to the system.

3. Privacy protection in Spread Spectrum CDMA due to anti-jamming capabilities of PN

sequences

This is about the wired and wireless connection of Broadband.

 CONCLUSION

Broadband provides higher speed internet access than dialup connections.

Broad band can be accessed through wired and wireless connections. Wired
connections are possible
by using modems. Different types of modems are Adaptive Digital Subscriber
Line(ADSL), Digital Subscriber Line(DSL) and Integrated Services Digital
Network(ISDN). ADSL,DSL can be developed utilizing ATM and TCP/IP that offers
users fast connectivity rates and integrated services. DSL provides high speed
networking over ordinary telephone lines using broad band modem technology. DSL
are of different versions HDSL(Higher Digital Subscriber Line), SDSL, ADSL,
RADSL(Rate Adaptive DSL).ISDN is faster than ordinary dialup connections but
slower than cable modem or DSL.
Wireless access of broad band can be possible in laptops,cellphones etc.
wireless broad band has all benefits of traditional broad band such as high speed, no
need for a second phone line and the convenience of being always on. Types of
wireless are Wi-fi, WLAN, CDMA, and GSM. Wireless has so many advantages
compared to that of wired as cost due to wireless is less etc. The most widely used
today is wireless broad band than wired.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS:
• Telecommunication Switching system and networks-Thyagarajan
Viswanath
• Computer Networks-Andrew S Tanebaum
• Data communications and Networking-Behrouz A.Forouzon
• Mobile cellular Telecommunications-W.C.Y.Lee
WEBSITES:
• Searchtelecom.pechtarget.com
• www.indiabroadband.net
• www.dslreports.com
• www.ralphp.net
• www.webopedia.com
• www.powerdesignindia.co.in
• www.cdg.org
• www.wisegeek.com
• www.wimax.com
• www.intel.com