Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Technical Steel Research: Weldability of Steels Weldability of C-MN and Microalloyed Steels
Technical Steel Research: Weldability of Steels Weldability of C-MN and Microalloyed Steels
Properties in use
Weldability of steels
Weldability of C-Mn and microalloyed
steels
Properties in use
Weldability of steels
Weldability of C-Mn and microalloyed
steels
Contract No 6210-93/3/304
(1.10.1973 - 13.12.1975)
FINAL REPORT
Für mikrolegierte CMn Stähle muss man einerseits die Gefahr von Kaltriss
bildung bei einer Schweissung mit schwacher Energie und anderseits die Zähigkeit
von Schweissgut und wärmebeeinflussier Zone bei einer Schiveissung mit starker Energie,
ganz besonders achten.
Für den Fall des Schweissens mit schwacher Energie haben die Ergebnisse
früherer Arbeiten gestattet, eine allgemeine Bestimmungsmethode der Schwei s sbedin^un/Ten
einzuführen, bei welcher die Gefahren für Kaltrissbildung beseitigt werden können.
Dabei benutzt man gleichzeitig die HärteAbkühlungsparameterKurve des Werkstoffes
und den vom IRSID entwickelten thermischen Abakus. Wenn diese Angaben nicht zur
Verfügung stehen, kann man sich in den meisten Fällen mit einer vereinfachten Methode
behelfen.
Die Deutung des Einflusses der Dispersoidelementen (NB und V) auf die
Eigenschaften von Schweissgut und W.E.Z. berücksichtigt die Ausscheidungsvorgänge der
Karbonitriden während der Erwärmung und Abkühlung beim Schweissen sowie die Auswirkungen
einer Entspannungsbehandlung nach dem Schweissen.
Pour le métal fondu en soudage sous flux, plusieurs facteurs doivent être
considérés afin d'en assurer les caractéristiques mécaniques souhaitées : d'une
part l'énergie de soudage (dont l'effet a été étudié entre 20 et 70 kJ/cm sur des
toles d'épaisseurs voisines de 20 mm) et d'autre part la composition du métal fondu
(étudiée en utilisant des fils synthétiques conjointement avec divers flux de
soudage). L'effet bénéfique des cycles de refroidissement courts sur la température
de transition Charpy V du métal fondu a été mis en évidence. L'effet des principaux
éléments d'alliage provenant soit du métal de base, soit des produits d'apport, a
été examiné en liaison avec les modifications microstructurales qu'ils entraînent.
A B S T R A C T
For low energy welding, it has been possible, by using data collected
over several years, to set up a method for selecting welding conditions so as
to prevent cold cracking. For that purpose, one may combine the hardness curves
and the thermal efficiency diagram establislied at IRSID or, when these infor-
mation are not available a simplified procedure, appropriate for a wide range
of steels, can be used.
I INTRODUCTION
II COLD CRACKING
II-l Statement of Problem
II-2 Cold Cracking and Microstructure
II-3 Cold Cracking and Hydrogen
II-4 Practical Application to the Usage of
Steels
III TOUGHNESS OF WELD HEAT AFFECTED ZONES OF
C-Mn AND MICROALLOYED STEELS
III-l Introduction
III-2 Statement of Problem
III-2.1 Literature Survey
III-2.2 Aims of Work and Choice of
Experimental Procedure
III-3 Steels investigated
III-4 Microstructure-toughness relationships
III-4.1 Experimental procedure
III-4.2 Effect of thermal cycles on
toughness
III-4.3 Discussion-effect of differing
structures
III-5 Application to the study of the behaviour
of HAZ in jeal welds
III-5.1 Manufacture of welds
III-5.2 Charpy V impact tests
III 5.3 Tensile tests under impact
III-6 Conclusions
IV PROPERTIES OF SUBMERGED ARC WELD METALS
IV-1 Introduction
IV-2 Literature survey
IV-3 Effect of cooling cycle on properties
and structures of weld metal
IV-3.1 Experimental conditions
IV-3.2 Results
IV-4 Effect of weld energy input
IV-5 Weld metal composition. Elements present
in parent plate
IV-6 Weld metal composition. Elements present
in weld consumables.
-2-
I INTRODUCTION
The search for improved safety in welded structures
leads users and manufacturers of steels to ask certain
questions regarding the weldability of materials and
to originate studies to define optimum conditions
for setting these in hand.
II COLD CRACKING
II-l Statement of problem
Cold cracking in welding has been the object of
numerous investigations by almost all laboratories,
in the course of three collective ECSC programmes to
date. Recalling that, in the area of mechanisms
involved, these investigations have confirmed or shown
that cold cracking must be tied to three essential
factors (1-4).
- the existence of stresses applied to the welded
joint,
the presence of hydrogen introduced into the HAZ
during welding,
- the existence in the HAZ of microstructural
constituents susceptible to embrittlement by
hydrogen.
70
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FIGURE 2 - IMPLANT MACHINES AT I R S I D
The composition of the steels studied is given in
Table I.
C Mn S Si Al Ni Cu Mo Nb
• fissuré _
300
O non fissuré
5
°<>s A t300
™
ioos A t580000
STEEL·
ACIER B1
Mo v .c' %
700
At
300
e>
*
^N/mm2
H2(ÍIS)
.¿00
5.5 cc/ι Gü g
A00_ . 3υ0
β tissure
•—¿,
300.. ' ^ ο ron fissure .200
D d u r f t e f,ur
^ imp'ani
200 -.100
HV¡¡
ΔΙ700
100 _L...... 300
"Γ
10 Ϊ50 100 500 (s) a,.
1
ài
500
~r~
10 50 100 (s)
C Mn Si Af Nb ! Mo
130 1320 270 44 32 i ¡35
- ...._,.„i j
700.?
:3
ro
ι-
'a. 500.
E
(— til îj
400.
M
300
ΔΙ 199
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non fissure
300 2.00
mo
ΔίΖ™
GuÛ
100. Γ"
1 10 ί>0 100 5 0 0 (p.)
At OS«
ftciers C Mn Si Al Ni Cu Γιο Nb
D1 130 1320 27!) 44 - - 135 32
D2 70 1100 j 300 15 940 1380 130 34
Hv5
I .... . . _...
500 _
Dl
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ta c 700
Ät
I. 300
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5 10 50 100 502 (s)
AfßÜO
L 0.5 1 10 50 100 (s)
' EOO
F I G U R E 6 C O M P A R I S O N OF I M P L A N T C R A C K I N G C U R V E S
FOR TWO H::GHYIELD STEELS
14
0" M /,
7
Λ f2..) cc/Hid g H ■y)
© / o
lI(5.Scc/ïQUgH2)
l
AOO-
M (6.5 ce/'WOg H2)
ß.^'fS o
300. «V* S3 f
200., m «?
.^^\
>>■
* * ^ \
η
\, 'Z(± 30cc/WO Hi)
100 ç/
10 20 2 '5 30 35 Α* '700
Δ t
300
10 A t g o
c_ M n Si Ni
0.16 1,5010/20; 0,5 (i, Göl 0,02
J}±
_««». ( ? p i C vi«vtT
Hv5
° TESTS ^iTt-i Pa£v\£p\r
7 00
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1
^ ì
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kr
^ f r ^ .
'""^U
200 RPi
100 -&Δί,700
1 2 3 5 7 1C 20 30 50 100 200 500 SGC 300
-L ■^ At 800
0.5 1 2 3 7 10 20 30 50 100 Sac
500
Temps tS» re frotáis se meni
cocuyo- T I M E S
Steels C Mn S Ρ Si Al Ni Cr Cu Mo Nb V Ce N
2
C o n t r o l l e d - r o l l e d higt- i - s t r e n g t h s t e e l s
QT Steels
C Μη Γ Si Ι S Ρ
A!.
.18 1.U¡ Λ I .018 .021 .032
Kv (Joutes)
π
175
100
75
SO _
25
Jft**-
At^-300s At|00 = 1C 3
50
Λ \τ
" I
-
[
cm 2j y
20 /
!
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1
1
1
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3,5
■ /
1
1
S
—I—
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τ fe)
— > .
ι ι i i .1 ι „ . ι ι I I
60 +60
C Mn S Si Al Nb
119 1530 12 322 52 31
800
0,5 1 2 3 5 7 10 20 30 50 100 sec At 500
C Μη S ει Al NI) Mo
B1 69 1350 16 242 14 34 188
ΒΛ 160 14G5 .û 325 39 43 210
Tk ce)
23j
+40
'A B4
►20
B1
O B5
.20 .
.40
.60
.80 .
700 „
¿St
300°
J I I I I J 1 Ι.-1.1 ι ι J-J.J
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
.1
10 20 50 100 200.
4t000s
500
C Mn S Si Al Nb Mo
B1 69 1350 16 242 14 34 183
B4 160 14 65 10 325 39 43 210
B5 119 1530 12 322 52 31 -
ND (J)
200
-A B4
150. -A A-
Δ
* 300 S
I I, I I I I ι ι ι Ι ι 111]
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
J L.
10 20 50 100 200
ài 800,
500
C Mn S Si Al Ni Cr Cu Mo
C1 77 1100 9 250 30 820 1320 100 315
C2 160 1500 15 350 23 84 0 7 70 225 250
Tk (t)
28J
> 50 .
.50
C1 \
700
/t
Δ s
* 300S
.100 ' ι ι ι ιι ' ι I 1111 ' l i l i l í
10 20 50 100 200
At 8 ° ° s
Δ1
500
C Mn S Si Λ! Ni Cr Cu Mo
C1 77 1100 9 280 30 820 1320 100 315
C2 160 15C0 15 350 23 84 0 7 70 225 250
ND (J)
300.
200. C1
100.
C2 Α
ΛΙ 7 0 0 s
■ 300
.' I I I I I J I I I I I I J I I I I I
5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
». I I L J L _i
10 20 50 100 200
At
m
800
ÖUU s
SC O
At 700
= IOS
300
At 800
500 4S
χ 9000
At 700
300 = 50S
At 800
500 = 15S
χ 700O
At 700
300 = 100S
At 800
500 30S
χ 7500
-q
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&£^S$P* (a) STEEL 16 CMND3
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500
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x 4 000
At 800 c 0
¿UUb
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UPPER BAINITE
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χ 400 χ 1000
al Bainite inférieure a2 Bainite inférieure
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-50.
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a
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At?°° - 20O s
300
A.800 ,„
H Δ · . 5 0 Ο = 6o s
200 700
At 300 içr s
Λ. 800 1.5- „ s
Δί500 = °
150
0 1 2 3 4 5 distance ( m m )
WkUDKsICr Η £ Α 0
uJêuOcJO- uiiftt
<*6° »yHMëTOicHt-
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c
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T|<28J
+50
simulation
-50- □ soudage forte épaisseur
-R>J
C Μη J S Si A l | Nb j
ß5 119 1530 12 322 52 j 31 j
Tic ,CC)
28J
simulation
' Τ ~ _ί Γ^?
soudage
Wbt-OlMCr
.50 .
700
M 300
m s
ι ι ι ι ι ι J 1 I I I I 1 I I ' I ' I I. I I I I
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
J 1 L ' I l_
10 20 50 100 200
* I2os
FIGURE 24 - COMPARISON OF Τ 28J TRANSITION
TEMPERATURES OF REAL AND SIMULATED
HAZ's (STEEL B5)
45
PfiCCMT l i t T f l L HAZ
a)
1cm
GleebleØIO TE5
A) IN A REAL WELD
C '■'iri~T S j Si j A l i NbJ
C5 119 SSO"j" 12 [ 322 | 52 [ 31__
co
.10C.
siir.ulaticn
/
/ í¿3
„„•.¡dage
.150
/
/
β>
G—-'
.20 0 M
700,
300
JL_i._L_L.J_l_ ._._J__.0_U
5 10 2υ 50 100 200 300 -¡000
E 0C
û_tt s
„C O
FIGURE 26
48
III - 6 Conclusions
The technological difficulties of studying the HAZ's
of real welds have been discussed. They can be res-
ponsible, of themselves, for observed differences in
toughness between real and simulated HAZ's, independent
of a possible effect of grain size. The extraction
of certain types of test pieces from real welds is
more adapted to the study of the risk of brittle
fracture caused by the HAZ, but thermal simulation on
the Gleeble machine affords a rat ional method of study
of metallurgical structures characteristic of welding
cycles.
IV - 2 Literature Survey
To begin with, it is useful to recall that the
properties which the weld metal must meet for a
particular standard are, above all:
- a transition temperature on the basis of the
Charpy-V test (or a level of toughness at low
temperature)
- yield strength and the yield/ultimate ratio. In
general, these must be below certain values
depending on the specification.
The achievement of these properties, especially trans-
ition temperatures sufficiently low, is the main theme
of work on weld metal reported. Whilst a good deal
of work has been published, it is difficult to draw
clear conclusions from it. In fact, depending
on the author, the weld procedure used may be diff-
erent, the welds may be single or multi-pass, the
consumables may be incompletely defined, the parent
steel may be of an experimental type: in short,the
50
Steels Thickness
Aciers C Μη Si S Ρ Cu Cr Mo Al Nb ép. (mm)
Steel£ C Hn SI s Ρ Al Cr Cu Mo Ti diamëtéf
F 1 0,14 1,93 0,06 0,020 0,017 0,003 0,05 0,007 0,015 5 mm
Composition approximative
Refer C
i s
haracter
tics ** **
ence Fe t o t . Si02 CaO CaF
2 A1
2°3
Ti02 MgO P
2°5
HnO
Π
120
•χ,
>
r
η
κ
η
r
πs
ΤΙ "—
Η Μ
Ο Π
c ρσ
3D Η
π π
CO
<! Η
58
Echantillon micrographique
JDt
ι
! "
*
L/—>J ί
f—y .
'!I
Ξ^ΟΧο J D3
L 1
FIGURE 28
59
IV-3.2 Results
The thermal cooling cycles of differing welds (Figure
29) are eguivalent at high temperatures and only begin
to separate below about 1300 C. Weld-metal solidification
conditions, to the extent which an effect might be
suspected, has taken place under the same thermal
conditions and is, therefore, the same in all cases.
With respect to microstructure, moreover, we have confirmed
that the forms of the curves are identical. Changes, in
the structures and/or mechanical properties obtained,
will only, therefore, result from the characteristics
of solid-state transformation.
Π
PO
2
>
r
π
·<
η
LO !000·.
Π
70
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Π "fßeMSFo«nAT(o*J lOrecvoi
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O
(approximatif)
(ep. en mm)
S
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> 500-
c
33
Π
LO
S3
Π
Ο
ο
70
^1 α
H π
Ω D Temps
C
PO
m
[NJ
61
x 100 1 00
a)* refroidissement le plus lent b) refroidissement le plus rapide
PAyrcST coo <-< »νΐο-
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x 500 x b00
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SLOUéST C O O U NC r rASTiïST CûoLiMCr
PLflTiï THicKMes>
30 40 60 1 8 eau
« I i -*-
Epaisseur
Plaque en
mm
> E (Kg/mmì
FIGURE 31
64
S E R I E S I I I VARIATION I N Nb C ONTENT
141 A4 18 mm F1 ΦΙ b '.-ι 90° 34" 33 50 50.5 30
139 AS IS Him id id id id 835 30 50 30 50
140 Λ6 18 mm id id id ■ id 827 30 30 30
143 A4 18 mm G1 Φ2 id id 033 31 3 1 ·3 30
144 A5 18 mm id id id id 825 3C..1 30 30
142 i.6 18 mm id id id id 220 31 48 5'.3 30
C TV 1 EXP z, RIMENTAL \
ι. a r c tfmdem
T64+ K 18 mm * Φ2 11 am 100 39 40
Γ85+ U 1S ma * Φ3 id : 950 100 39 40
TICO:· K 10 sm * Φ4 id 850 34 45 30 5 Λΰ
1Ί14 + '12 18 Em * Φ4 id S5O 34 45 58 5 40
ΚΟΛΤ •JPyT
'KíMitAi C ompositie·;: c':==>i.:;3e pp. pc<
resrrOo. noii naie l i i l l l t i ' j : : Λ Ι (5)
bOO IOC'
Λ Ι (S) Μη ■ Si S Al I C r I C u
ευο JOO
■4- ..1_L
ι
1
SER::ES I EF 'ECT O F C O O L Í N G ' C Y C ¿ E ' V A R I A B L E T H C
I K N E S
110 ':.0 fi5 S 75 209 0.13 1.55 0.5 0.0O7 0.U10 0,01? I'D 0.20 90 soo
ιω '.■ id 73 200
ην id Τ? 145
■¿o 70
v.;·. id
1V. td 24 50
1:5 ' id 65 Sí 12 21 0.155 1.52 0.5 0.CO9 0.017 KO 0.20 90 ■>κ>
(re·, i i i v**7G.<î
<·,,.;) l o o c i T O
S E R Í E S I : : E F F EC T O F C O O L I N G C YC L E V A R I A B L E H E A T I N P U T S
G? % 29 ■'&.
0.140 1.« 0,46 0.013 .. 0.014 „ NO NO 631 G
ii:·, G5 SC 2' 0 . 140 1.52 0.375 0.016 - 0.015 - HD KD 634 0,025
ε: ?2 J, 72 200
50 62 ï 77 ^00
Γ
BH 50 6', Si 76 230 0.135 1.30 0,44 G. 022 ;0.029) G.C15 .. HD 90 -3**
tn 50 63 ï 71 2:0 0.137 1.50 0.41 0,017 C O 15 0.011 - NO 91 531 ..C21
100 VJ M ;: («O) 0 . 1 :V7 1.46 0.39 0.C19 0.024 0.014 - MO NO
i 07 70 6 1 Sí (400) 0.137 1.44 0.35 0.022 0.019 0.011 10 KO 541 0.C24
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a) 70 kJ/cm 200
b) 30 kJ/ci
FIGURE 32
Οδ
Kv(J
>
i-i
Η
Τ3
C
Η£
Ο
2
S
π
r
D
2 Cf.
r
Ό
PO
O
Ό
PO
1-9
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CO
00
H
Π
π
■ òO .40 „20 0 20 40 60 80 Temp. 2C
r
>
OJ
Η
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C
Χ
Π
ω
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70
I 70 Kj /cm
40..
20.,
55
E kg/m m
Vie U D ST£eNo--rH
FIGURE 34
71
IV-5.1 Niobium
In the course of tests previously described: welds carried
out, under identical conditions, on two steels of similar
composition, except for niobium, the results given in
Figure 34 show that the presence of about 0.02%Nb in the
weld metal causes (Figure 34, Table VII):-
2
- a rise in tensile properties of about 60-80 N/mm
- a slight change in transition temperature, ie an
improvement, in the presence of niobium, apparently
more perceptible at low heat inputs
r
α
2
Π
>
r
>
r
r
to
η
o
ζ
α
Η
Η3
Η
ο
οο
c^i-«.>juRre!> _3
-q Nb calcule(lO"%)
H
Ω
C
70
Π
00
on
73
COMPAHC T o TEST I
ODJ.arer avec
Κο,νr.no de 10 mem·.:: ce
MtA« ü r 10 ßelO<_1
a c i e r A2 Nb = O
&T¿£1-
a c i e r A3
ÍT££L:
FIGURE 36
76
%4
acier A 2 Nb = O χ 500
røm
¡M
suffli
FIGURE 37
77
X=35 1 = 70 1=111
120
80
40·
~*>
ifírm-ζ
100
80<
40
MgBiriMáJ<t*»H—I^OTiim
ßßiTn.t%
Λ~·~~. -J..
.60 .40 .20 0 20 40 60 Λ 80
reMP. t ö c
IV-5.2 Carbon
The effect of carbon on the properties of weld metal are,
curiously, almost never mentioned in the literature.
This element is neverthless particularly important,
above all if account is taken of the fact that the
carbon contents of constructional steels are continually
being reduced, for reasons motivated by other aspects
of their weldability.
» "JFtm
f äMBL · i
itBsSBSiåsP*;
S K x N ^ v -^-V»i
j Q m A S g g ã ^ ^ ^ ^ ^aSJìBjjjKSSg^^
■¡¡RSi
' * * (SSúáKwyj^stss
>
n
o
c
o
ζ
ω
τι
!em
ocΗ .80 .40 .20 0 20 40 60 80 100 P-^
χ
π
£>
85
Kv
daj /cm2
Cris.%
6R|-nL<2
100
FIGURE 42
86
used here are flux φ\ and wires F2 and F4, from the
same manufacturer. On the other hand, making the same
welds with the same batches of consumables has always
given us identical results, and the differences observed
in Figure 42 can not be attributed to variations in
manufacture and testing. We have, therefore,
attributed it to variations in wire composition. It
is, moreover, possible that the differences in analysis
(see Table IV) are insufficient to account for the
phenomenon, the residual elements (Ti,B, etc.) not usually
analysed possibly being capable of playing a more
important role than those elements which one is reguired
to check. The control of consumables presents, there
fore, an undeniable problem and it would be desirable,
in our view, to control better or, at least, understand
better, the divergence of analysis of welding wires at
all stages from development to utilisation.
The base plates were 18mm thick and the welding parameters
(Table VI) were chosen so as to obtain a mean energy of
40kJ/cm, which corresponds to a At 700c*150s and At 800~50s.
300 500
The welds were carried out with a tandem arc, using fluxes
02 and 03, but had to be welded with d.c. with 04,
because of the high CaF„content in this flux.
- their nature,
- the flux utilised.
Nuance C Μη Mo Si Ti Al B Elément
GßAtxZ" IO"3 % IO 3 4 (ppm) examinait
1 0,096 réaid. 20
2 0,072 0,51 idem 21
3* 0,090 1,18 21 Μη
4 0,072 1,95 13
5 0,064 3,85 15
6 0,081 0,98 0,260 20
7 0,060 0,92 0,520 23 Mo
8 0,048 0,93 1,030 26
9 0,078 1,0 24 18 I
10 0,07 0,955 56 22 ! Ti
11 0,06 0,970 110 33 I
12 0,070 0,917 1,04 70 25 TÍ + y.o
13 0,050 0,950 110 27 52 Ti + Β
14 0,050 0,940 110 42 50 Ti + Β + Al
Référence.
%Μπ mesure
2-
13
see ι ·-&
symbole série de
soudures
Δ T64+
O T83+
T100+
T114+
Τ" 1^ C»
1,5 2 % Μη calcul:
RECOVERY OF MANGANESE
FIGURE 43
90
% Mo mesuré
MCAsoecD
RECOVERY OF MOLYBDENUM
FIGURE 44
91
%T¡ mesuré
rt CA i u a a J )
0030
0,020-
0,010
RECOVERY OF TITANIUM
FIGURE 45
93
N/mm'
750-
700-
650'
600.
• Re 0,2
°*% PS
550-
1,5 %Mn
FIGURE 46
94
OPTICAL MICROGRAPH
X200
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROGRAPH X800
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROGRAPH X3500
OPTICAL MICROGRAPH
X200
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROGRAPH X800
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROGRAPH X3500
OPTICAL MICROGRAPH
X200
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROGRAPH X800
SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROGRAPH X3500
FIGURE 47
97
Tk28J(*C)
•20-
-r
2 %Μη
V
FIGURE 48
98
IV-6.3.2 Molybdenum
Molybdenum also has a marked effect on microstructure
(ferrite grain refinement, disappearance of ferrite networks,
Figure 50), accompanied by an improvement in tensile
2
properties of about 20 N/mm per 0.1%Mo. The effect of
microstructural changes on transition temperature is less
clear. With fluxes 02 and 04, the effect is slight and
seems chiefly to be shown as a drop of about 20 C when the
weld metal Mo content reaches about 0.1-0.15%. On the other
hand, with flux 03, molybdenum noticeably improves Charpy
V transition temperatures (Figure 51). It should be recalled
that this flux causes a transfer of Ti into the weld metal,
and we will return to the combined effect of Mo and Ti in
the following paragraph.
IV-6.3.3 Titanium
The variation in Ti content of the melts studied (Table IX),
does not appear to have any effect on weld metal mechanical
properties, in the absence of molybdenum. Moreover, hard-
ness test results on tempered test pieces from welds of
differing Ti contents, in the absence of Mo, show no
hardening effects. Ion micro-probe examination of a Ti-B
99
Tk28J
CC)
0·
■20-
-40
FIGURE 49
100
WELD T85
Mn = 1.3%
Mo = 0
X200
WELD T90
Mn = 1.3%
Mo = 0.35%
X200
FIGURE 50
101
TkCc )
♦ 20
%Mo
FIGURE 51
102
TkCC)
* Tk 50%Cr
ςο% FATT
■20
-40-
■60- Tk28J
■80-
—Γ
3
ΙΟ 20 10r *-η.
FIGURE 52
104
IV-6.3.4 Boron
We have not observed any obvious effect of boron on the
mechanical properties of the welds carried out in this
test programme. As with titanium, ion microprobe examin-
ation(*) has shown that, in the weld examined, boron was
found associated, with oxygen, which explains the lack of
any influence on mechanical properties.
IV-6.4 Conclusions
The effects of differing alloying elements in weld metal
cannot be considered individually and in terms, exclusively
of the composition, by weight, of the welding wire. Weld
metal flux transfer must, equally, be taken into account,
along with changes in microstructure and the form in which
the alloying elements are introduced.
IV-7 DISCUSSION
In this second part, we have studied some of the factors
controlling the mechanical quality of weld metals, mainly
in steels of the 18 M5 type. All the welds were automatic
submerged arc welds, with heat inputs between 30 and 70 kJ/cm.
Commercial and experimental consumables were used.
70
O COND LYSp UYS ρ YIELD CHARPY
STEEL UTS _ El RofA Τ 50%
ITION (N/mm ) (N/mm ) S T R A I N K28J PLATEAU
Π (N/mm ) (%) (%) FATT
70
Η
(%) (°C) (J)
Η
Π Ε LC 400 407 1,7 549 31 72 -50 -50 140
(Λ
Ε Ν 375 395 2,6 530 34 74 -60 -30 '180
Ο
Β2 LC 402 0,6 580 28 66 -100 -95 200
ω
Β2 Ν 300 * 0 570 34 73 -30 + 10 270
Π
Π
r
ω
C
D
* 0 . 2 % PS
>
r
<
>
PO
H
>
H YIELD RofA Τ 50% FATT CHARPY
MAX. LYS ρ UYS 2 UTS ρ El K28J
H STEEL STRAIN PLATEAU
O TEMP. (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (%) (%)
(°C)
(J)
2 (%) (J)
C H
2 2 20 400 407 1,7 549 31 72 -50 -50 140
CO 500 410 467 2 553 31 72 -55 -55 140
H TD E-LC
PO PO 550 412 4 62 2 547 30 69 -55 -55 140
> o 600 401 419 548 30 69 -50 -50 130
H Tl 1,8
2 m
Π ?0 20 375 3 95 2,6 530 34 74 . -60 -30 180
α n
H 500 381 420 2,6 536 33 75 -55 -50 160
E-N
ω . 550 366 417 2,6 518 35 74 -55 -45 175
600 351 380 2,4 507 37 75 -60 -45 170
20 402 'v, 0 , 6 580 28 66 -100 -95 200
π 500 457
PJ 502 2,5 566 31 70 -100 -95 215
B2-LC
550 462 480 2,5 578 30 68 -100 -95 240 l-i
H
PO
Π
>
>
ro
r
en
113
N/mm 2
550 LC - ι
(·)
'"m urs
N J
500-
450-
400
350
550 ¿00 Température
FIGURE 54
114
N/mm2
550-
500
450- * ÍS
/
/
t
- * ■ *
ΠΓΜΡιΞΙ?!^
400 ι ,
500
ι
550 600 Température de revenu (°C)
FIGURE 55
115
TkMJ A
0-
■80 JÎI-LC
^ε-Ν
B2'LC
-100
FIGURE 56
• 117·
A». "/.
IO
CoMDiTiorO LC
« t a t LC
I
200
too
T»C
FIGURE 57
119
»tat LC
état N
TCO
300
FIGURE 58
120
Tk28Ji ;
0-
E.LC
50- etat non écroul
état non écroui
E.N
E N écroul 3%
ST»Ai»JeO
B2 écroul 3%
4- —ι—
Γ250* 1/2 h "I 500 TCO.ni
[état vlellllj eoo
ACrCD <.o»OÎ>tTIO<vJ
FIGURE 59
121
Hv
400 "* * Brut de soudage
-*
AS- υ ε ΐ - Ώ έ Ο
V = 15 cm/mn
E = 9 kJ'/cm
300.
+ Nb=35.W-3%
• Nb=0
200 _
-1— -1— -τ—
AOO 500 600 700 T°C
FIGURE 60
123
T K 28J
+ 50J
AS- u c u s a i
brut
0_
revenu
TeMPCîeD
• ^ ·
-50
Nb: O
+50
0_
N b : 0,035%
-50 _
FIGURE 61
124
Kv J
100_
75
50 _
C d h)
ut de soudage
25
020» Revenu 600° (1 h)
τ - —ι—
■60 -AO -20 20 40 60 80 100 120 TCC)
FIGURE 62
125
V-3 Conclusions
If the effects of stress relief treatment on the properties
of welded plates are considered, the following conclusions
can be drawn'-i-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) M LAFRANCE, M PRUDHOMME, G MURRY, A CONSTANT
Prediction of underbead hardness of A52 steels from
a study of austenite transformation as a function of
manual welding conditions (In Fr.)
Rev. Met. vol. 65, no. 6, p.417425 (1968).
3) H GRANJON
Cold cracking during the welding of steels (in Fr.)
Doc. IIS/IIWIX74871.
5) Ρ BOILLOT, M HANIN
Fast determination of hydrogen in steels and non
ferrous metals
IRSID report RE 184, (December 1973).
8) IIS/IIW
Japanese report of brittle fracture in weld heat
affected zone Doc. IX73833.
130
14) J Ν CORDEA
Niobium and Vanadium containing steels for pressure
vessel' service
WRC bulletin 203 (February 1975).
17) NE HANNERZ
Effect of Cb on HAZ ductility in constructional HT
steels
Welding Research Supplement (May 1975), p.162s.
18) IIS/IIW
Recommendation for the use of the Charpy impact
test as a complementary information test on the
embrittlement of steel HAZ's (In Fr.)
Doc. IIS/IIW 475-75.
19) W S PELLINI
Principles of fracture safe design.
Welding Research Supplement (April 1971) _50_ (3) 147s.
26) RE DOLBY
Fracture toughness comparison of the weld HAZ and
thermally simulated microstructures
Met. Const, and Brit. Weld J, 4 (2) 59 (February 1972).
27) C F BERKHOUT
A comparison of the microstructures in the simulated
and weld HAZ in : "Weld Thermal Simulators for Research
Application Seminar, London (April 1972).
29) IRSID
The solidification of the sub-arc weld pool and its
importance with respect to weld metal structures
and properties
Final Report, Convention DGRST No. 7270355 (Dec. 1974).
31) J HEUSCHKEL
Weld metal composition control
Welding Journal, Vol. 48, No. 8, res. suppl. 328s-347s
(1969).
32) J HEUSCHKEL
Weld metal property selection and control
Welding Journal, Vol. 52, No. 1, res. suppl.,
p.ls-25s (1973).
35) Τ OHWA
Statistical investigation on the effect of alloying
elements on the notch toughness of weld metals
Doc. IIS-IIW, II 221-62.
37) P C HUGHES
The effect of flux composition and deoxidation
practice on the notch toughness of submerged arc
weld metal
Australian Welding Journal (August 1968), p.29-34.
39) H J PALM
How fluxes determine the metallurgical properties
of submerged arc welds
Welding Journal, Vol. 47, No. 7, welding res. supp.,
p.358sr360s (1972).
41) Η SEKIGUCHI
Theory and proposal on steel fusion welding and their
application
Nikkan Kogyo Shinbun Limited (1964).
134
42) Ρ COLVIN
Basic submerged arc welding fluxes
Metallurgia (February 1970) p.45-50.
44) S DITTRICH
Sub arc, high basic fluxes weld high strength
steels.
Welding Engineer (March 1970) p.50-56.
48) Τ BONISZEWSKI
Titanium in steel wire for C0p welding
Met. Constr. Brit. Weld. J. Vol. 1, No. 5,
p.225-229 (1969).
51) D J WIDGERY
The influence of microstructure on fracture
initiation in mild steel weld metal
Weld. Res. Int., Vol. 2, No. 3, p.1-20 (1973).
56) H FREDRIKSSON
The solidification sequence of an 18-8 stainless
steel investigated by directional solidification.
Meta. Trans. 3_> ( H ) , p.2989-2987 (November 1972).
58) KJ IRVINE
Strong structural steels.
Symp. low alloy high strength steels, Nuremberg 1970,
Proceedings p.1-7.
59) J H GROSS
Transformation characteristics of low carbon Cb
containing steels.
Symp. low alloy high strength steels, Nuremberg 1970,
Proceedings p.35-41.
60) J M GRAY
Metallurgy of high strength low alloy pipeline steels.
Present and future possibilities.
Molycorp report, No. 7201, (1972).
61) Ρ MANDRY
Role of Nb in improving the mechanical properties
of weldable structural steels (In Fr)
Applied Science Thesis, Orsay, 1967.
62) F Β PICKERING
Structure and properties of bainites in steel
Symposium on transformation and hardenability in steels.
Climax Molybdenum, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1967).
65) C ULFF
The effect of stress relieving heat treatment on the
mechanical properties of pressure vessel steels
Jernk. Ann., Vol. 154, (1970), p.54-64.
137
APPENDIX I
SYNOPSIS
FOREWORD
This practical guide for steel users was produced during
the revision of the OTUA handbook "Bases for the choice
of steels for metallic construction".
I-DEFINITIONS
ISO Recommendation R 185/1967 defines weldability as
follows:
"A metallic material is considered weldable to a given degree,
for a given process and type of application, when it results
in|having taken the appropriate precautions for that degree,
a connection between elements, of which it is possible to
guarantee the metallurgical continuity, by the formation of
welded joints, which by their local properties and the
overall consequence of their presence, comply with the
specified properties".
STRENGTH % ELONGATIOIs Τ Τ
LEVEL (MIN.) Κ Κ RECOVERY WELDING POSITION
28J 47J
ON 5D
430 / 0 0 105% 1 ALL POSITIONS
1 20/18 + 20 1 + 20 11C 105114 ALL POSITIONS
2 22/20 0 2 0 EXCEPT VERTIC AL
120 115124 2
DOWN
3 24/22 20 3 20
130 125134 DOWNHAND IN GROOVE
4 30 3 DOWNHAND IN ANGLE
4 24/22 30
/ etc etc. 4 DOWNHAND IN GROOVE
51 / 510 5 24/22 40 5 40
1
I U "T 5 VERTICALDOWN
to
GENERAL SYMBOL, E
"hot" cracking
"cold" cracking
lamellar tearing
V COLD CRACKING
Cold cracking is, by far, the most feared type of defect
in the welding of steels, even to the point that the concept
of weldability is often confused with susceptibility to this
type of defect. The desire to avoid this defect is the
source of most criteria mentioned in connection with
146
Cold cracks are often associated with the first weld run,
(root run). Above all, therefore, all precautions must be
taken for this run, and the advice given later with
respect to the choice of welding conditions applies to the
carrying out of this first pass.
V-2 Stresses
The stresses imposed on weld beads result from the prevention
of shrinkage and/or from stresses acting unfavourably on
the welded elements immediately after welding. These
stresses depend clearly on the nature of the element
considered and play a very significant role. In many cases,
consideration of the design of a structure and the welding
sequence can give a significant reduction in the risk of
high stresses occurring.
V-3 Hydrogen
The precautions to be taken here are, above all, in relation
to:
Equivalent Energy
This arises from a correction of the nominal energy to
account for weld-joint geometry, as follows:
Ε = Κ χ E (nominal) (2)
eq
The value of the multiplication factor Κ is given in
Table IV for the most common weld configurations.
STEEL TYPE OF
QUALITY ELECTRODE COMMENTS
8 4 6,6 10,1 16 23
50 - - - 2,6 4,0
152
Λ
16 5,0 7,5 11,9 19,1
3
20 3,9 6,0 9,5 15,2
ro
> E
25 3,2 4,8 7,5 12,0
o
c
30 3,9 6,5 10,1
O
QJ
40 3,0 4,8 7,5 en
c
ro
cc
50 3,9 6,0
153
Κ χ E nominal
equiv.
.
S ·>
9 BEAD-ON-PLATE ks1
«
a 0 0,25 0,5 075 1
«a s
I
k 1 0,88 0,80 0,72 0,67
s
• •
I
WELDS IN CHAMFERS
Y-Prep. .
V-Prep.
Double V-Pre )
155
THICKNESS
e (mm)
50
UO
FORBIDDEN WELDING ALLOWED,
ZONE BASIC ONLY
30-
25·
20-
15
WELDING ALLOWED,
10-j BASIC & RUTILE
equivalent
1—MII—
(kJ/cm)
10 15 2030 50
THICKNESS
e (mm)
80
70
50·
30
25-1
20
15
WELDING
ALLOWED,
io H BASIC AND
RUTILE
5 -
equivalent
ι ι ι—ι ι ι ι 1 1 1
(kJ/cm)
5 10 1520 30 50
THICKNESS,
e (mm) PREHEAT
80
70
60
50
FORBIDDEN
40 ·\ ZONE
30
25
20
15
WELDING
ALLOWED, WITH
OUT PREHEAT
10
τ—ι—ri— ï 1 — EQUIVALENT
(kJ/cm)
10 15 20 30 50
VI - LAMELLAR TEARING
VI - 1 Definition
Lamellar tearing consists of cracking, parallel to the
surface of a rolled product, under the influence of welding
stresses acting in the through thickness direction. This
type of defect can arise particularly in the types of weld
joint shown in Figure 3, below:-
VI-2 Prevention
The application of a code of good practice generally allows
the prevention of such cracks.
CAN BE
REPLACED BY
} 1
CAN BE
REPLACED BY
—Λ I
joint restraint
With respect to the choice of steels, it must be pointed out
that improvement in resistance to lamellar tearing is not
associated with quality level in standard 35-501. Steels
having guaranteed through-thickness ductility levels (z-steels),
and, therefore, less susceptible to lamellar tearing are
defined in standard A 36-202.
NOTE
This work depends, particularly, on IRSID investigations
in the field of welding metallurgy, conducted partially
with ECSC funding.
161
Example 1
A butt-weld between two elements, by multipass welding
3 ο · ~ ~>
e-zfe-4·
E26-4
Figure 2b shows a dried basic electrode will be used with:
E V 10 kJ/cm
eq '
For this type of weld (Table III) k 1.72
hence,
L
Enom
— 'r
>, 10 ~ 6kJ/cm
1.72
Example 2
162
12 mm
I S "»"·»
E > 16 kJ/cm
eq '
Table III gives, for a. 0.5
s
K = 0.8
Therefore
S 16
J-D = 20 kJ/cm
n0m >, __
E 263
¿o.
or
E 362
E 26-3
or
E 36-2
J
eq so that Κ
nom eq
G BERNARD
A viewpoint on the weldability of CMn and microalloyed
structural steels. Symposium Microalloying 75
13 October 1975, Washington DC, USA.
IRSID Report p.245.
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