Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract:
The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, AC variable speed drives,
DC variable Speed drives, UPS, Inverter and SMPS raises issues about power quality and reliability. In this
subject, attention has been focused on harmonics . Harmonics overload the power system network and cause
reliability problems on equipment and system and also waste energy. Passive and active harmonic filters are
used to mitigate harmonic problems. The use of both active and passive filter is justified to mitigate the
harmonics. The difficulty for practicing engineers is to select and deploy correct harmonic filters , This paper
explains which solutions are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and also
explains the mistakes need to be avoided.
I. INTRODUCTION
Table1: EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
Harmonics is defined as a component of
periodic wave ( or a signal) whose Type of Effect of harmonics
frequency is integral multiple of the Equipment
fundamental frequency. Non Linear loads Rotating Increased power
such as rectifiers, inverters, variable speed Machines losses, over heating
drives, furnaces etc. Create harmonics due to skin effect as
These current consists of a fundamental higher frequency
frequency component rated at 50 Hz, plus a current flows on cable
series of overlapping currents, with periphery, increasing
frequencies that are multiples of cable resistance,
fundamental frequency. The result is pulsating torque due
deformation of the current (and, as a to negative phase
consequence, voltage) that has a series of sequence harmonics
associated secondary effects. Transformers, Overheating,
Switch gears and Increased power
Power cables consumption
Power Mal operation, failure,
Electronics
Power Capacitors High currents and
failure due to over
load
Fig : 1 : Harmonic wave form distortion The above malfunctions are not always felt
immediately after the system is installed, but
the effects may be felt in the long term and
are difficult to distiguish from natural ageing
ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 103
International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 3 Issue 2, March-April 2017
of equipment.Hence it is immprtant to some A does not include any choke for smoothing
basic knowledge about harmonics and find the current. Topology B is operated using an
solutions for the same upstream AC inductor Lac, usually in the
form of a laminated line-reactor. Topology
II. HARMONICS AND POWER QUALITY C has a built-in DC choke Ldc, which is
The load influenced by harmonics on the often built in higher power motor drives. In
power system network has increased all three topologies the grid, including the
drastically over the past few years. line impedance, is shown on the left-hand
Harmonic currents are caused by non-linear side. On the right the constant power sink
loads. A non-linear load is a electricity “P=const” represents the active power
consuming equipment that draws a non- drawn from the DC/AC inverter and motor
sinusoidal current from the sinusoidal that is considered, for example, to be 22 kW.
voltage power supply network. These
harmonic currents flow in addition to the
“active” sine wave current and generate
additional losses in electrical installations,
theses additional losses can result in thermal
overload. Harmonic currents flow through
the system impedance, and it causes voltage
drops that will affect voltage quality.
Sensitive loads, such as medical
Equipments, IT equipments, Electronic
equipments with communication port will
(A) without Line Choke
have their operation affected if the voltage
supply is distorted. Corrective Measures for
reducing harmonics are implemented in
order to resolve this issue and comply with
national and international standards at every
level of the power system network. In this
article, we will discuss only on the use of
passive and active harmonic filters in low-
voltage installations
The active current ia (green), is a sinusoidal slider that can be used to select the Rsce
fundamental component in phase with the parameter (Rsce=120 in our example
voltage. This is the only component of the
current involved in transferring real power
from the source to the load. The reactive
current ib (red), is therefore the remaining
component of the current, indicating the
difference between the white and green
curves. It only moves reactive power back
and forth between the
source and load, and is not at all involved in
transferring real power. The reactive current
spectrum consists of harmonics and reactive
components of the fundamental frequency.. A
However, the reactive components of the
fundamental in the waveforms in Figure 2
are negligible. The reactive current ib
mainly consists of the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th,
17th, 19th, 23rd and 25th harmonics, where
higher-frequency harmonics (>25th
harmonic) are also negligible. The reactive
current generates additional losses in the
power lines, and results in non-sinusoidal
voltage drops across the line impedance,
Reactive currents are mainly responsible for B
power line voltage distortions and thus for
poor power quality. Consequently, it can be
said that the reactive current is
counterproductive. Hence reactive current
should therefore be eliminated as far as
possible.
example the RMS current values are 45.5 A, The ideal harmonic filter can be seen as a
17.4 A and 13.9 A (Figure 2). The reactive equipment that is capable of completely
current has a considerable influence on the removing reactive current ib by removing
input current I. In this example the RMS harmonics and correcting the phase of the
value of the line current varies according to fundamental current. As a result, this kind of
the topology (for the same output power) filter converts the non-sinusoidal line
from 53.4 A to 31.1 A. Only the active current into a sinusoidal current, and thus
current Ia remains more or less equal in all the non-linear load into a linear load that
three topologies (28.0 A and. 27.8 A only draws useful active current ia. If we
respectively). provide the loss-free operation of the filter,
The understanding that can be drawn from the real power drawn from the power line
the above reading is that the RMS value for will not be changed by the presence of the
the active current Ia (which is proportional filter and thus the active current ia will not
to the real power absorbed from the voltage be increased.
source) can, in the case of non-linear loads
such as six-pulse rectifiers, be significantly
lower than the value of the input current I. PHF
In other words, it is not possible to
determine the active current Ia if only the
value of the input current I is known. The
most direct way to get Ia is to calculate it
from the real power absorbed from the PHF
power line
Figure 6 illustrates the shape of the Figure 6: The line current i (white) and its
waveform for the input current of one phase active ia (green) and reactive ib (red)
when passive harmonic filters are used, in components for topologies A, B and C
the case of all three rectifier topologies. with an passive harmonic filter installed
at the input.
IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS
If passive series harmonic filters, are used at
the input of the six-pulse rectifier, the
following important observations can be
made:
Rectifier B B
with Lac with
Ldc
Line Current ( I) 32.8 31.1
Active current Ia 27.8 27.8
Reactive current (Ib) 17.4 13.9
Active real power 20 20
KW
reactive current Ib is usually not available based on the line current I, it is often
from the specification of the non-linear load. wrongly assumed that this is also
The simplest way to find this value of Ib appropriate for harmonic filters. The correct
would be to calculate it from the following and best procedure however is to select
formula: passive harmonic filters based on the load’s
real power P, and to select active harmonic
filters based on the calculated reactive
current Ib. Hence by selecting the correct
solution and selection Passive and Active
Harmonic filters, power system reliability
I: rms of the line current of the non-linear will be improved from the ill effects of
load without a harmonic filter harmonics in the power system
P: real power of the load infrastructure.
Up-n: phase-neutral voltage of the power
line REFERENCES
All these values can usually be found in the 1. Fryze, S. (1932) Wirk-, Blind- und
specification of the non-linear load. Scheinleistung in elektrischen Stromkreisen
mit
nichtsinusförmigem Verlauf von Strom und
Spannung, Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift,
June, 596-9.
2. A. Pietkiewicz, Virtual Laboratory for
Harmonics Filtering Visualization,
Proceedings of IEEE International
Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical
Drives, Automation and
Motion,(SPEEDAM 2008), Ischia, Italy,
p.508 512.
The calculated results tally exactly with the 3. IEC 61000-3-12: Electromagnetic
values from Figure 2 which were calculated compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-12: Limits for
using FFT (Fourier Transformation) harmonics currentproduced by equipment
connected to public low-voltage systems
CONCLUSION with input current >16A and <75A per
Proper selection of passive and active phase. IEC, Aug. 2004.
harmonic filters is really difficult task for 4. Engineering Recommendation G5/4-1
practicing engineers due to complexity in Planning levels for harmonic voltage
understanding the cause and effects of distortion and the connection of nonlinear
harmonics and due to misunderstandings of equipment to transmission systems and
many number of unknown parameters of distribution networks in the United
the non-linear load. But selecting the correct Kingdom. Energy Network Association,
size of filter is key task to achieve the Oct. 2005.
optimum cost/benefit ratio, i.e. the desired 5. IEEE Recommended Practices and
reduction in current harmonics with minimal Requirements for Harmonic Control in
filtering effort. Given that some motor drive Electrical Power Systems. IEEE Std 519-
peripherals such as EMI filters, line-reactors 1992
or output filters are designed and selected