COLLEGE/DEPARTMENT: DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBJECT: AR 424 Specialization 02

TIME SCHEDULE: 1: 45 – 3:00 pm T/TH/S

RESEARCH WORK NO.: Midterm Final Requirement

RESEARCH WORK TITLE: “Project Data Gathering”
RESEARCH WORK SUB.: March 10 2018 (Saturday)

STUDENT: Raymond C. Cunanan

INSTRUCTOR: Ar. Virgilo Villanda

 Project title: Eiffel Tower
Type: Observation /Broadcasting tower
Location: Paris, France.
Designer: Engr. Gustave Eiffel
Contractor: Eiffage S.A
Construction Cost: 7,799,401.31 French gold

Current Photo of Eiffel Tower Image taken

from: https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-
monument /key-figures

History
Based from the website of Noguès(2013)., https://www.wonders-of-the-
world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Construction-of-the-Eiffel-tower.php, following the
establishment of a technological challenge that became possible with the
advent of the Industrial Revolution, engineers from all countries had sought since
the mid-nineteenth century to create a tower of 1000 feet high (about 300
meters). such a challenge could not be achieved with the usual technologies,
stone and cement not resisting the pressure of such a monument. It is the use of
metal that will make this project possible. Various projects appeared, but it was
the entrepreneur Gustave Eiffel who, on the proposal of plans of his heads of the
design office and head of the office of methods (Mr Koechlin and Nouguier),
would make the first realistic project.
Furthermore, the website stated that a competition for the construction of
a 300m tower in Paris was launched, and it was Eiffel who won it. The idea was to
build this tower on the Champ de Mars for the Universal Exhibition of 1889. The
plans were drawn by the many staff members and an architect, Mr Sauvestre,
who entered the project. But Eiffel, feeling the interest of a tower so high,
redeemed the rights of his colleagues, and that is why the Eiffel Tower is called
today, when it was designed by Nouguier and Koechlin.
Preliminary work at the workshops
According to the website of Noguès(2013)., https://www.wonders-of-the-
world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Workshop.php the principle of construction adopted by
Eiffel was simple. In his Levallois-Perret workshops, the metal parts had to be
constructed according to the precise plans of the designers of the design office,
from the biggest beam to the smallest rivet. These parts were assembled together
with temporary rivets to form elements that met a simple criterion: Make less than
3 tons. Then it was the assemblers who came into play, they collected these
pieces on the site and assembled them definitively. At the Eiffel workshops there
were more than a hundred workers to work. There were a few all the professions
of the metallurgy because there were many different jobs to be carried out. In
total during the period of manufacture of the pieces of the Eiffel Tower it is more
than 18 000 pieces that left the workshops.
The website added that in the radius of the figures, let us mention the
astronomical quantity of drawings which have been made: 1,700 general
drawings and 3,629 drawings for execution. The surface area of these 5,300
designs exceeds 4,000 m2! To draw all that, it took no less than 30 designers who
worked for 18 months.

Organization of the worksite, workers

It was even one of the most virulent criticisms made at the Eiffel Tower,
before its construction: The impossibility of organizing a construction site of this size
without lamenting a very large number of dead, According to them vertigo had
to be such that no one could resist it: the placing of the pieces under the efforts
of the wind reigning at these heights must present insurmountable difficulties, etc.
And yet none of this has happened and it is in time and time, after following
the planning perfectly determined in advance that the tower was delivered.
There were no deaths or accidents of any kind, whether from machinery or
scaffolding, from falling tools, parts or workers.
There was only one worker fall; it was that of a young boy, who, after the
bell rang for the closing of the site, rushed imprudently on one of the iron pieces
on which the passage was formally forbidden, and which fell from the height of
the beams of the first floor . This information comes from Gustave Eiffel himself and
he specifies that this fall can not be charged to the work, since it had just ended.
. This result, such an assembly carried out without any serious accident, was
due to the care with which the site was organized, and mainly to that brought to
the choice of the men constituting the teams who shared the work. These teams,
completely independent and autonomous, each had their own chiefs
responsible for each of them, and were only linked by the management of the
site supervisor. A great emulation reigned between them. The choice of the men
was such that their retention in the teams only took place after a training period
to ensure that they had the skills required by the work, that they possessed a similar
character and way of doing things to those of their comrades, and that, as far as
principals were concerned, they were agile and prudent.

Eiffel tower Construction stages. Image taken from: Scalleja(2017).

Calendar of the Eiffel Tower

Timeline of Construction according to Scalleja(2017):

1. Beginning of the assembly: 1st of July, 1887

 End of the assembly of the first 4 panels: December 4, 1887

 Installed weight: 1,313,298 Kg
 Average per month: 208 tonnes
 Raised height: 47.90 m
 Average per month : 9,58 m

2. Beginning of the assembly of the horizontal beams: December 18, 1887

 End of assembly of the 1st floor March 1888

 Duration: 3 months and a half
 Completion of the first platform: 1st April 1888
 Mounted weight: 1,790,792 Kg
 Average per month: 312 tonnes
 Climbing height: 14,20 m
 Average per month: 14,05 m

3. Beginning of the assembly above the first floor: 1st April 1888
  End of assembly of 2nd floor: August 14, 1888
 Installation time: 4 months and a half
 Assembled weight: 1,850,000 Kg
 Average per month: 410 tonnes
 Raised height: 58.10 m
 Average per month: 12,01 m

Decorative arches were erected from May 7th to August 31st, and most of the
time is in this period.

4. Beginning of the assembly above the second floor: August 14, 1888

 End of the assembly of the intermediate platform: November 30, 1888

 Installation time: 3 months and a half
 Mounted weight: 1,115,000 Kg
 Average per month: 320 tonnes
 Climbing height: 80.20 m
 Average per month: 22,01 m

Basements were erected (164,492 Kg) from September to January 1889, and three
quarters of this total was occupied during this period.

5. Beginning of the assembly above the intermediate platform: November 30,

1888

 End of the assembly of the 3rd floor: February 24, 1889

 Installation time: 3 months
 Assembled weight: 725,000 Kg
 Average per month: 242 tons
 Raised height: 80.42 m
 Average per month: 26,80 m

6. Beginning of the assembly above the 3rd floor: February 24, 1889

 Arrival at the summit: March 31, 1889

 Installation time: 1 month and a half
 End of editing: April 15, 1889
 Assembled weight: 345 496 Kg
 Average per month: 230 tons
 Rise height: 21.38 m
 Average per month: 10,23 m

The assembly of the irons of the stack 3 (42 831 Kg) was done during this period.
 In summary this assembly included selui the superstructure itself, for a weight of
6 911 802 Kg, plus the parts we put outside the superstructure, namely:

 Beams of cylinders Otis: 50 463 Kg

 Battery basements: 161 492 Kg
 Frame of the stack 3: 42 831 Kg
 What makes us a total of 203 780 Kg to add

The assembled total is therefore 7,175,588 kg. This assembly lasted from the 1st
of July, 1887, to the 15th of April, 1889, that is to say, twenty-one and a half months,
with an average of 334 tons per month. The diagram above, figure 123, indicates
the course of this assembly, which, a little slow at first, then walked with the
greatest regularity, but less rapidly nevertheless towards the top, because of the
greater exiguity of the plates. mounting forms. The weight above does not include
the one of the cast iron supports, which is 165 628 kg,

Builders of the Eiffel Tower

Based from the website of Noguès(2013) https://www.wonders-of-the-
world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Workshop.php there have never been more than 250 men
on the site of the Eiffel Tower. The organization was very strict. This document lists
the different social elements concerning the construction of the Eiffel Tower.

Staff
This staff included, in addition to Mr. E. Nouguier, construction engineer, and
Mr. Compagnon, head of department:

 For offices, an accountant (Mr. Balans), a pointer, two clerks and a

storekeeper, five people;
 For the conduct of the work, the foreman (Mr. Milon), four heads of pile, a
chief riveur, a carpenter, a chief burner and a chief blacksmith, nine
people
 For the installation of the batteries, four separate teams formed, for the
tillage part on the second floor, by a deputy team leader, two carpenters,
six assemblers, seven maneuvers, a moss, four teams of riveters, four men
each, and composed of the riveur, the batter, the heaps and the moss
driver (see Fig. 124), one hundred and thirty-two men;
 For scaffolding, a carpenter leader, a lift crew leader, a tailoring team
leader, eight carpenters at the cut, six at hoisting, four maneuvers at the
wood cladding, twenty-one men;
 For the cladding of irons, a team leader and seven maneuvers, eight men;
 For the forge, two blacksmiths and their hitters, four men;
  For the store and the guard, two maneuvers, three day guards, two at night
and two foams, nine men.
 Up to the first floor, the normal composition of the site was thus one hundred
and eighty-three men, outside the office service, and was maintained with
some variations, according to the needs of the site.
 From the first floor, the four battery teams continued to function as before.
 The cladding team, as a result of the operation of the first-floor elevator,
was augmented by: a mechanic, a rigger at each winch, and on the
ground a starter.
 At each lift installation, the supply team increased by the same number of
men.
 After the completion of the scaffolding, a new team was formed which,
under the direction of the chief carpenter became available, began the
assembly of the gallery of the first floor; as soon as the beams of the second
floor were assembled and the sandboxes removed, part of this team
demolished the scaffolding.
 Above the second floor, when the number of cranes in service was
reduced to two, two teams became available.
 One of the two team leaders with six carpenters was mainly assigned to the
installation of the scaffolding of riveters, whose importance was very great
and which were completely different from those of the assemblers.
 At each panel, this floor had to be raised. The lifting was done with the
cranes and, as much as possible, at mealtimes.
 The second team leader who remained available dismounted the two
cranes which had become useless and, as soon as this work was finished,
he began assembling the decorative arches.

Remuneration of staff
The website stated that it should be noted that Eiffel considered that it paid
them voluntarily above the average rate practiced on the other sites. It can be
guessed that the salaries were really different depending on the positions held.
Curiously he treated as a single salary the team of 3 employees. He finishes with
this small summary of salary costs reported on the site, a purely business approach.

 Head of department: 400 francs a month

 Site manager: 340 francs a month
 Cashier: 300 francs a month
 Pointer: 275 francs a month
 Three employees: 575 francs a month
  Total: 1,800 francs a month

Which, for twenty-five months, gives the sum of 47,250 francs. This sum must be
increased by 25,000 francs for various gratuities, including that of 3,000 francs
remitted to the workers at the end of the construction site, for a total of 72,250
francs.

Price of working hours

Price of working hours Table. Figure retrieved from: Noguès(2013).

The duration of the work, which was prolonged as long as the season
permitted, was twelve hours during the months of June, July, August, and
September; eleven o'clock in May and October; ten hours in March and April;
nine hours in November, December, January and February. Exceptionally, in May
1889, we worked thirteen hours.

Table of hours of work

The table below summarizes, for each period, the number of hours of work and
the number of days per category of workers. These figures result from the counting
of the reports that were sent daily by the site manager.
 Table of hours of works. Figure retrieved from: Noguès(2013).

Rise time at workstations

One of the peculiarities of the construction of the Eiffel Tower was its
verticality. The workers had to go to their workstations on foot, by the stairs, which
caused a not so important fatigue that, finally. The times of ascent and descent
were taken on the working day, they were approximately, for a normally
constituted worker, to:

 First platform: 6 minutes (56 m, 317 steps)

 Second platform: 21 minutes (115 m, 674 steps)
 Intermediate platform: 26 minutes (194 m, 1130 steps)
 Third platform: 30 minutes (277 m, 1585 steps)
 Summit: 33 minutes (299 m, 1710 steps)

These figures are empirical, they were measured on the spot, at that time, for
workers rising daily to their workstations. We note that they are particularly weak,
the rise times are much faster than those of visitors nowadays. No doubt the
workers had a great training, they probably had great strength in the legs.
Refectory
The website added that when the first platform was completely finished, a
canteen was set up for workers' lunch. To engage the workers to take their meals,
the quality of food was very much monitored. Prices were reduced by 20% on
ordinary prices; this difference was refunded to the cantinier by the offices of the
yard. This additional expense, which the yard took over, was compensated by
the suppression of the loss of time due to the descent and the rise of the workmen,
and by that of the fatigue which they occasioned them.

Social movements
Based from Noguès (2013) the construction of the Eiffel Tower was rather
exemplary in its organization, but it did not prevent, despite working conditions
and rather good security, to be subject to a major strike that took place on 19
September 1888.
At the inauguration of the first floor, which was celebrated by a large meal
taken together, Gustave Eiffel announced that he took on the load of 2% which,
until then, had been made on their salaries to pay insurance in case of accidents.
But this encouragement, welcomed at first with eagerness, was not enough for
them, and from the first floor the workers repeatedly expressed the desire for an
increase in the prices of days hitherto practiced.
This increase was certainly not motivated by the greater difficulty of the
work nor by maneuvers made more perilous by the increase in height.
Occupational risks remained the same; that a fall occurs from 40 meters or 300
meters, the result is similar: it is assured death.

Mounting techniques – based from the website of Noguès (2013)

https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Workshop.php

Installation of rivets
It may be futile to think that the installation of rivets is of great importance
when talking about the Eiffel Tower. And yet, with 1,050,810 rivets exactly, it is
worth the interest. The detail shows the amount installed per period, but let us
interest ourselves for a moment on the way we put a rivet at the time. It took 4
people, a team used to work together. The driver has an oven in which he plunges
a rivet that heats quickly "to red". The riveter installs it in the hole consolidating two
pieces. The third worker holds the head of the rivet while the batter, the last to
intervene, strikes with a blow the point of the rivet which, heated, crashes against
the other face of the pieces to be assembled. The rivets so fixed are for eternity.
Note that this is how we built for a long time. Reports from the early 20th century
show workers do the same on the towers of the Empire state building, four
decades later.

Mounting and Rigging Scaffolding

The assemblers' floor consisted of 25 x 25 fir sills, joined by a bastaing deck;
it relied on the spacers and the diagonal existing on each floor.
As the joint of the sections was generally in the middle of the panel, a small
special scaffolding was necessary to reach it. This one had very small dimensions,
2.00 m of side, approximately; it was formed by four planks and light planks, and
carried by bolts passed in holes of rivets of the section already in place, which
had been blown up before the assembly. These bolts were placed from the inside
of the stretch, which was accessed through the manholes, and into which they
hoisted themselves on the internal gussets. The assembly of the sections on these
small flying scaffolds without guardrails was one of the operations that required
the most attention from the assemblers.
Above the second stage, this device was modified, and small sapines were
placed on each side, which went from one section to the other and which were
attached by lifting chains.
The platform of the riveters was constituted by a square framing outwardly
the crossbowmen. The sides of this square were formed by two courses of pine
trees of 20x20 distant 1.10 m on the outer sides of the upright and 1.60 m on the
inside faces, due to the inclination; these two spruce courts were connected by
cross-beams to the spacing of 1 m and covered by boards of 0.23 m in width and
25 mm in thickness. On these pieces of periphery were supported, in the interior
of the pillar, other fir-trees, with cross-pieces and bastaings. For the work of the
riveters, this platform formed a vast floor, surrounded by solid guardrails. Since it
needed to be hoisted at variable heights for the rivet either of the junctions of the
panel, or of the intermediate joints of the sections, it was suspended from the
upper strut by ropes, which had been made of wire to avoid the risk of fire. The
lifting was done by the cranes.

Construction figures -retrieved from the SETE official website(N.A)

https://www.Toureiffe l.paris/en/the-monument/history
 18,038 metallic parts
 5 300 workshop designs
 50 engineers and designers
 150 workers in the Levallois-Perret factory
 Between 150 and 300 workers on the construction site
 2,500,000 rivets
 7,300 tonnes of iron
  60 tonnes of paint
 2 years, 2 months and 5 days of construction
 5 lifts

The Construction Schedule

 The construction work took 2 years, 2 months and 5 days.
 The first floor was finished on the 1st April 1888.
 The second floor was finished on the 14th August 1888.
 The assembly was completed once and for all, with the top, on the 31st
March 1889.

Eiffel Tower: Information & Facts

According to Palermo(2017), each of the 18,000 pieces used to build the
tower was calculated specifically for the project and prepared in Eiffel's factory
on the outskirts of Paris. The wrought-iron structure is composed of four immense
arched legs, set on masonry piers that curve inward until joining in a single,
tapered tower.

Building the tower required 2.5 million thermally assembled rivets and 7,300
tons of iron. To protect the tower from the elements, workers painted every inch
of the structure, a feat that required 60 tons of paint. The tower has since been
repainted 18 times.
References

Palermo(2017), Eiffel Tower: Information & Facts. Retrieved from

https://www.livescience.com/29391-eiffel-tower.html. On march 09, 2018

SETE Official website. (N.A). The Eiffel Tower at a glance. Retrieved from:
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/key-figures. On march 09,
2018

Noguès (2013).Wonders of the world. Retrieved from https://www.wonders-of-the-

world.net/Eiffel-Tower/Workshop.php. On March 09, 2018

Images
Scalleja(2017). Eiffel Tower Construction Stages. Retrieved from
visiteiffeltower.com/ conastruction/. On March 09, 2018.

Current Photo of Eiffel Tower Image.(N.A). retrieved from:

https://www.toureiffel.paris/en /the-monument /key-figures. On March. 09,
2018