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20152016 IPPCR Test
1. Which of the following is most likely a case series study?
2. Which of the following statements about control groups or control arms in a study is FALSE?
b. The specific question being addressed in the study directs the choice of the control group or groups for the study
a. A purpose of blinding or masking is to reduce the possibility of bias impacting study outcomes
b. There are almost always design features that can be implemented to at least partially mask a study
c. A few of the different labels applied to studies include double-blind, single-masked, assessor-masked, unmasked, or
open-label
d. Protocols should clearly specify who is masked, why, to what information each person is masked, and the criteria for
unmasking
c. Cohort study
d. Case-control study
5. Epidemiology assumes disease has causal and preventative factors that can be identified through systematic
investigation.
a. Yes
b. No
6. The anachronism C.U.E. represents the cardinal elements of a desired and important partnership between
patient/volunteers and researchers. The letters C.U.E. stand for Communication, Understanding, and
Empathy.
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Empathy.
a. True
b. False
e. B and C only
8. What are reasons for carefully considering selection of participants in a research study:
a. The characteristics of your study participants could help determine your ability to generalize findings
a. True
b. False
a. True
b. False
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b. It allows us to attribute differences in outcomes to differences in efficacy of the treatments under study (causality)
c. Both a and b
a. As many men as women in Treatment T1, and as many men as women in Treatment T2
b. As many men in Treatment T1 as in Treatment T2, and as many women in Treatment T1 as in Treatment T2
a. There is not enough evidence in your sample to reject the null hypothesis
15. If the 95% confidence interval does not include the value of the null hypothesis (e.g. of zero difference), the
result is statistically significant at the 5% alpha level.
a. True
b. False
a. True
b. False
17. The p-value is the probability that the null hypothesis (H0) is true.
a. True
b. False
18. The basic formulas for sample size use which of the following:
a. Type I error
b. Type II error
c. Variance
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e. All of the above
19. What can change a study's power and how is power impacted?
20. In order to define the survival outcome variable we do NOT need to define which of the following?
a. The event
d. The covariates
21. You are reviewing a manuscript with the results of an observational study that looked at survival for several
groups. The statistical methods section states stratified logrank tests were performed to compare overall
survival between groups. The figures include several Kaplan-Meier curves and reports the p-values from the
logrank tests. The manuscript does not mention any other statistical methods. What other statistical
analysis method could you recommend be used before making conclusions about the study results?
a. The answer is always the same regardless of the statistical analysis method. Kaplan Meier, any type of Cox regression,
logistic regression, it does not matter which type of analysis is used to evaluate the time-to-event or survival data
b. The Cox proportional hazards model is the best method to use for time-to-event analyses. You can always assume
proportional hazards.
c. Cox models can be used to analyze the study data. Cox models can be used to make inference about continuous and
categorical covariates such as age and gender in time-to-event models. For consistent unbiased estimates the Cox
model requires independent censoring, either directly or given the covariates in the model. The proportional hazards
assumption should be evaluated because it may not be true. There are Cox models that do not assume proportional
hazards. Also, depending on the study design there are other statistical analysis methods that may be appropriate
22. Does the Kaplan Meier have a sensible interpretation for competing risks?
a. Yes
b. No
23. Which of the following characteristics are the most important in determining a good measure?
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d. Reliability and validity
24. An instrument designed to measure a Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) demonstrates validity when:
a. Research participants understand the items in the same way as the measure developers
b. Patients whose health condition is stable will receive the same score after repeated administrations of the measure
25. Newer measures of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) are being developed using a statistical approach
known as Item Response Theory (IRT). Which of the following is one of the benefits of measures developed
using IRT?
a. True
b. False
28. Respondents tend to give more agreeable answers when self-responding versus giving answers to an
interviewer.
a. True
b. False
29. Broad survey questions tend to work better than specific ones.
a. True
b. False
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a. Survey data
c. Disease Registry
32. Secondary data are useful for which of the following reasons?
a. Missing data
c. Subject misclassification
34. Disclosure of which of the following items is necessary for an informed consent document?
35. An individual enrolled in a protocol at the NIH Clinical Center may appoint a surrogate decision-maker to
make medical and/or research decisions in the event s/he becomes incapable through use of a Durable
Power of Attorney for Health Care, also known as a DPA.
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a. True
b. False
36. Most guidelines, codes and regulations for ethical research include a requirement for informed consent. The
process of informed consent includes the following elements:
37. Scientific validity is an important aspect of an ethical study. Assessing scientific validity includes
consideration of:
c. Informed consent
38. In the proposed ethical framework for clinical research, the final principle “respect for enrolled subjects” is
understood to include:
d. Informing the subject of new information only after the study is published
39. If you are conducting clinical research that is funded by the NIH, you are always required to follow the
Common Rule:
a. True
b. False
40. Planned interim data analyses that require analysis of unblinded data need to be specified in the study
protocol.
a. True
b. False
41. If the Data Safety Monitoring Board makes a recommendation to terminate a study, the ultimate decision to
end the study lies with
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41. If
6/4/2016 the Data Safety Monitoring Board makes a recommendation
20152016 Test to terminate a study, the ultimate decision to
42. Which of the following are responsibilities of the Data Safety Monitoring Board?
b. Monitor enrollment
43. Which of the following are requirements for informed consent for clinical research (choose all that apply):
e. A&D
44. Tests of general cognitive function, such as IQ tests and mini-mental status exams (MMSE), provide
effective tools for evaluating whether individuals can give informed consent for clinical research.
a. True
b. False
45. The name of the conceptual structure of a group of people of different disciplines who each report to
someone OUTSIDE the team structure is known as a Matrix model team:
a. True
b. False
a. Pathology report
d. A worksheet that has a patient’s height and weight abstracted or taken from data in the medical record.
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47. An event that prolongs a hospitalization for a patient in a clinical trial is considered a serious adverse event:
a. True
b. False
49. When collecting key data on the Case Report Form (CRF) for analysis, all of the following are true, EXCEPT:
50. It is the research nurse’s responsibility to determine whether an adverse event is related to the medical
treatment of procedure.
a. True
b. False
a. In your manuscript copying verbatim a paragraph from another scientist’s published manuscript with no attribution
b. Submitting a previously published table of data without attribution to the original work
c. Preparing a figure for a paper using only those experiments which had laboratory controls that worked
Changing some of the numbers in a table so that the standard error is smaller
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d. Changing some of the numbers in a table so that the standard error is smaller
53. The expedited programs that the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can use to facilitate
drug development and approval are: fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation, accelerated
approval, and priority review designation.
a. True
b. False
54. What is the reason NIH requires the inclusion of women and minorities in all clinical research?
c. Responses to clinical interventions may differ between males and females and/or different racial and ethnic groups
a. Knowledge has been gained about differences in cardiovascular symptoms between men and women
b. More research participants from minority groups have participated in clinical research, particularly in Phase III clinical
trials
56. Experimental design is concerned with reducing and controlling variability in ways which make statistical
theory applicable to decisions about nature.
a. True
b. False
57. The United States Food and Drug Administration's "Gold Standard" for approval does NOT include:
c. Pre-specified end-points
d. Clinical benefit
58. Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) End-to-End Standards do NOT include:
59. “Real World Data” sources include claims databases, social media, electronic health records, patient
registries, randomized controlled trials, and smart phones.
a. True
b. False
60. Which of the following is/are reasons to perform audits as part of your organization’s Quality Assurance
Programs?
61. All of the following are examples of what auditors/monitors look for during the audit process EXCEPT:
a. Regulatory binder to include copies of current Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA) certificates for all
labs used by patients on a study
b. Copy of the signed informed consent is located in the patient’s medical record
d. Documentation in the patient’s medical record of study drug administration including dose, route, missed doses,
modified doses
63. What is a systematic and independent examination of trial-related activities and documents to determine
whether the evaluation trial-related activities were conducted and the data were recorded, analyzed, and
accurately reported according to the protocol, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), Good Clinical Practice
(GCP), and the applicable regulatory requirements?
a. Amendment
b. Site Evaluation
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c. Audit
d. Inspection
64. Which of the following is a key clinical information database that is very similar in subject coverage to
PubMed, and is particularly valuable for drug, toxicology, conference and international information
coverage?
a. Web of Science
b. Scopus
c. Embase
d. Biosis
e. Micromedex
a. The invention being patented must work significantly better than the prior versions
b. To get worldwide patent protection, you will have to file a patent application in each and every country
e. A non-confidential disclosure of your invention before any patent application has been filed will not jeopardize patent
rights if you only tell your friends
66. A typical "Confidential Disclosure Agreement" normally includes all but one of the following items (in other
words, select the one that is NOT normally there):
b. The disclosing party’s duty to mark each document having confidential information, “CONFIDENTIAL”
c. The disclosing party’s rights in future inventions made by the receiving party
d. Ground rules for how publication of research results will be enabled while preserving confidentiality of the original
information
a. Whether and how an evidence-based intervention that is known to be efficacious can be implemented in a “real-
world” setting
d. Whether and how an intervention that does not have known efficacy can be implemented in a controlled setting
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68. Differences in health outcomes among different demographic groups are the result the complex interaction
of several factors, including:
c. Biology
d. Health care
69. A racial/ethnic difference in health care use can be considered a disparity after the following factors have
been evaluated:
b. Health outcomes
d. Comorbidities
70. When preparing a budget for a clinical trial, what should you consider?
71. To protect the liability of your patient and your organization, what can you do?
b. State clearly in the informed consent what items will be paid for by the study budget, and what items will be the
patients responsibility
c. Set up in advance of enrollment a way to capture study patients in the billing system to prevent double billing
72. When talking to a reporter it is important to be aware of terms of the journalistic trade. What does "On the
Record” mean?
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a. This means that a reporter cannot use your information in a story as coming from you; however, the reporter can use
it in other ways such as getting another source to respond to your comment
b. This means that the reporter can use the information you give, including direct quotes, but you are not to be named.
You may be identified as a NIH scientist, or a knowledgeable NIH source
c. This means that a reporter can quote you directly, using your name and title
73. When talking to a reporter it is important to be aware of terms of the journalistic trade. What does “not for
attribution and on background” mean?
a. This means that a reporter cannot use your information in a story as coming from you; however, the reporter can use
it in other ways such as getting another source to respond to your comment
b. This means that the reporter can use the information you give, including direct quotes, but you are not to be named.
You may be identified as a NIH scientist, or a knowledgeable NIH source
c. This means that a reporter can quote you directly, using your name and title
74. When talking to a reporter it is important to be aware of terms of the journalistic trade. What does "Off the
Record" mean?
a. This means that the a reporter cannot use your information in a story as coming from you; however, the reporter can
use it in others ways such as getting another source to respond to your comment
b. This means that the reporter can use the information you give, including direct quotes, but you are not to be named.
You may be identified as a NIH scientist or a knowledgeable NIH source
c. This means that a reporter can quote you directly, using your name and title
75. Despite the ground rules, when talking to a reporter it is always best to be?
a. On the record
76. The United States’ Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) provides individuals with a right to access records in
the possession of the federal government. Which item best describes what may be available under the FOIA?
c. Document drafts
77. Under the United States’ Freedom of Information Act a document stamped "Confidential" may still be
released to the requester
a. True
b. False
78. The best response for you to give when a reporter contacts you directly is?
a. “Sure, I can talk with you right now. What would you like to talk about?”
c. “I’d be happy to talk with you. Would you coordinate this with my Communication Office?”
79. Which of the following are examples of engagement approaches to conducting clinical research studies in
community settings?
80. Which of the following is an important principle of community engagement for community-based
participatory research?
a. Make certain to only tell one community leader about the purpose of your engagement and research effort
b. Only spend time in the community once you have prepared your research protocol for review by community leaders
c. Be clear about the purposes or goals of the community engagement effort, and the populations and/or communities
you want to engage
d. Only commit to the community engagement for the short term (as long as funding remains available)
81. What is the purpose of having a detailed protocol for each clinical trial?
a. Provide clear instructions so that the study procedures can be carried out the same way with all participants
b. Provide detailed instructions for training new staff if there is turn over
c. Improve the likelihood of reproducibility of the trial results by providing detailed documentation of how the trial was
conducted
82. Overall NIH success rates for clinical research grants are lower than success rates for basic research grants
because:
a. Clinical research grants are assigned to study sections with inappropriate scientific expertise
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b. Clinical research grants are harder to design well and the Principal Investigator may give up rather than revise and
resubmit his/her application
c. Clinical research grants have higher requested budgets and do not do as well during review
83. Which of the following statement(s) about the NIH Dual Review System is TRUE?
d. A and B
84. Which of the following statements about the NIH first level of review is FALSE?
b. There are five ”core” review criteria: Significance, Investigator, Innovation, Approach, Environment
c. The Overall Impact Score is determined by averaging the subscores for the five “core” review criteria
d. Appropriateness of the Budget does not affect the Overall Impact Score
e. The Review Group can defer the review of an application if they need more information to score it
Finalize Test
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