Modeling Seismic Isolators in SAP2000

Manish Kumar, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE

Postdoctoral Associate
Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering
University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY)

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Outline
• Introduction
• Isolator Models
• Modeling in SAP2000
• Example of Base-Isolated Building
– Modeling
– Nonlinear time-history analysis

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Introduction

Shaking

Fixed-base

Shaking
Seismic isolator
(lead-rubber bearing)

Base-isolated

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Isolator Models
• Rubber isolator
– Low damping rubber (LDR) bearings
– Lead-rubber (LR) bearings
• Friction isolator Internal section view of lead-

• T/C friction isolator rubber bearing

• Triple pendulum isolator

Friction (single pendulum) isolator

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Physical Model
• 2 Node, 12 DOFs
• Connected by 6 springs
– Represents mechanical behavior in 6 directions

Physical model Discrete spring model

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Define in SAP2000
• Modeled as Link Element in SAP2000
– Define>>Section Properties>>Link/Support
Properties>>Add New Property
• Mass and moment of inertia of isolators
– Generally assigned zero
• Directional properties: U1, U2, U3, R1, R2, R3
– Mechanical behavior in six direction
– U1: axial, linear only
– U2, U3: shear directions, linear and nonlinear
– R1: torsion about U1, linear only
– R2, R3: rotations about U2 and U3, linear only
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Define in SAP2000

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Axial behavior: rubber isolator
• U1 directional property
– Always linear
• Effective stiffness: options
• Make it fixed (check fixed box)
• Assign a large value
– Note: don’t assign unrealistic large values
• Calculate from bearing properties AXIAL
𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 FORCE
– 𝐾𝐾𝑣𝑣 = (See Constantinou et al (2007) for details)
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟

• Effective damping
𝐾𝐾𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓

AXIAL DEFORMATION

– Usually 0% is recommended
– 2-3% can be used for natural rubber
𝐾𝐾𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐

Axial behavior

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Axial behavior: friction isolator
• U1 directional property
– Always nonlinear
– Compression only (gap)
• Effective stiffness: options
• Make it fixed (check fixed box)
• Assign a large value
– Note: don’t assign unrealistic large values
𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
• Calculate as 𝐾𝐾𝑣𝑣 =
𝐻𝐻
– 𝐴𝐴 =area, 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 = elastic modulus, 𝐻𝐻 = height

Axial behavior
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Shear behavior: rubber isolator
• U2, U3 directional properties
– Coupled bidirectional Bouc-Wen
• Mechanical properties
– Calculate from bearing properties
• See Constantinou et al (2007) for details

• Stiffness = 𝐾𝐾𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
• Yield strength = 𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌
• Post Yield Stiffness Ratio = 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 /𝐾𝐾𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

Shear behavior
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Shear behavior: friction isolator
• U2, U3 directional properties
– Coupled bidirectional Bouc-Wen
• Effective stiffness: options
• Calculate from bearing properties
– See Constantinou et al (2007) for details

• Friction can be varied

– 𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝜇𝜇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝜇𝜇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑒 −𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟×𝑢𝑢̇
– Use same 𝜇𝜇𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 and 𝜇𝜇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 for no variation

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Time-history analysis
• Modal • Direct integration
– Linear & nonlinear – Linear & nonlinear
• Modal nonlinear – Appropriate to capture
analysis large nonlinear response
of structures (e.g,
– Also called fast nonlinear collapse simulation)
analysis (FNA)
– Appropriate for limited
nonlinear in members at
concentrated locations
(e.g, structures with
dampers and base-
isolators)
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Time-history analysis
• Modal • Direct integration
– Linear & nonlinear – Linear & nonlinear
• Modal nonlinear – Appropriate to capture
analysis large nonlinear response
of structures (e.g,
– Also called fast nonlinear collapse simulation)
analysis (FNA)
– Appropriate for limited
nonlinear in members at
concentrated locations
(e.g, structures with
dampers and base-
isolators)
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Example: base-isolated building
• Example from SAP2000 manual
• Base-isolated building
• Rubber isolator
• Nonlinear time-history analysis

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Building model

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Material properties
• Steel
– E=29000 ksi, Poissons Ratio = 0.3
– Beams: W24x55; Columns: W14x90

• Rubber Isolator Properties

– Vertical (axial) stiffness = 10,000 k/in
– Initial shear stiffness in each director = 10 k/in
– Shear yield force in each direction = 5 kips
– Ratio of post yield shear stiffness to initial shear stiffness = 0.2

• Vertical Loading and Mass

– Roof: 75 psf DL, 20 psf LL
– Floor: 125 psf DL, 100 psf LL

• Time History
– Apply ground motion simultaneously in X and Y directions

• Required
– Obtain displacement histories at the floor level and the roof in X direction
– Plot base-shear history vs displacement in Y direction

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Model development
• File>>New Model>>3D Frame

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Model development

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Define materials
Concrete
• Define>>Materials
– Default concrete and steel
– Verify values

Steel

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Define frame sections
• Define>>Section Properties>>Frame Sections
– I/Wide Flange Sections>>SECTIONS.PRO
– Import W24x55 and W14x90 sections by holding

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Define area sections
• Define>>Section Properties>>Area Sections
– Shell>>Add New Sections>>Shell-Thin
– Define two shell sections (note: change units to Kip, in, F)
• ROOF (membrane: 6”, Bending: 6”)
• Floor (membrane: 10”, bending: 10”)

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Assign frame sections
• Select all beams and assign section W24x55
• Select all columns and assign section W14x90

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Assign area sections
• Change to X-Y plane (top view)
• Draw>>Quick Draw Area>>
– Click on each quadrant at level 3 of with ROOF section selected
– Click on each quadrant at level 2 with Floor section selected

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Define Isolators
• Define>>Section Properties>>Link/Support Property Data

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Assign Isolators
• Draw>>Draw 1 Joint Link
– Select all the nodes at the bottom

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Define Load Patterns
• Define>>Load Patterns>>Add New Load Pattern
– Add a LIVE load pattern

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Assign Loads
• Change units to lb, ft, K
• Select all objects at level 2
– Assign>>Area Loads>>Uniform (Shell): 125 DEAD and 100 LIVE in the gravity direction

• Select all objects at level 3 (Roof)

– Assign>>Area Loads>>Uniform (Shell): 75 DEAD and 20 LIVE in the gravity direction

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Create Base Floor (level 1)
• Create base floor using Replicate command
– Select everything at level 2 to be copied to level 1
– Edit>>Replicate
– Copies everything: frame, sections, load assignments etc.

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Assign Joint Constraints
• Create and assign 3 Diaphragm constraints for three levels
– Select everything at level 1
– Assign>>joint>>Constraints>>Add New Constraint (Diaphragm)

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Define Ground Motion
• Define>>Functions>>Time History>>
>>Add New Function (From File)

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Define Load Case
• Define>>Load Cases>>
– Modify existing MODAL load case to include ritz vector
– Define a nonlinear gravity (GRAV) load case
– Define a nonlinear time history (EQ) load case

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Run the analysis

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Post-processing
• Results can be obtained from DISPLAY menu
– Show Response Spectrum Curves
– Show Plot Functions
• To obtain time-history of response parameters
– Show Tables
• To export data to excel/txt for post-processing
– Save Name Display Set
• To obtain custom response parameters

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 Thank You!
Questions?

mkumar2@buffalo.edu
www.manishkumar.org

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