8 Ray Optics

PHYSICS
Aakash
STUDY PACKAGE – 02
For – JEE / NEET
Ray Optics and
Optical Instruments
AIEEE Syllabus
Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror
formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and
8
CHAPTER
Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a
Lens, Com bination of thin l enses in contact, M icroscope and
Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying
powers, Resolving power of microloopes and Astronomical telescopes.
THIS CHAPTER
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
COVERS :
Ray optics or geometrical optics is based on following laws:  Reflection
1. Law of rectilinear propagation of light. It states that light propagates in  Plane Mirror
straight lines in homogenous media.
 Reflection from
2. Law of independence of light rays. It states that rays do not disturb each Curved Surfaces
other upon intersection.  Mirror Formula and
Lines Magnification
Laws of Reflection at Smooth Surfaces
 Refraction from Plane
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface Surface
at the point of incidence all lie in same plane.
 Apparent Depth
2. The angle of reflection r is equal to angle of incidence i i.e., i = r.
 Critical Angle and
Total Internal
Illustration : Reflection
 Optical Fiber
Normal  Spherical Refracting
Incident Reflected Surface
ray ray
 Lenses
i  Lateral Magnification
r
 Displacement Method
 Combination of
lenses
Plane reflecting surface
 Silvering of Lenses
 Prism and Dispersion
Deviation = 180 – 2i
 Optical Instruments
For maximum deviation i = 0 (i.e. ray is incident normally)
 Simple Microscope
A ray moving along normal always retraces its path.
 Compound
i.e. if i = 0  r = 0 Microscope
Law of reversibility : After any number of reflections and refractions, if the  Astronomical
direction of light ray is reversed, it retraces its whole path. Telescope
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(67)
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IIT - JEE/NEET Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
PLANE MIRROR
1. The image is laterally inverted i.e., has front back reversed.
2. The magnification is unity.
3. |u0| = |v0|.
du dv
4.  , i.e., speed of object w.r.t. mirror is equal to speed of image w.r.t. mirror and if object is at rest
dt dt
and mirror is moving with velocity x towards object then velocity of image will be 2x.
O I
u0 v0
5. Keeping incident ray fixed, if a plane mirror is rotated by angle , reflected ray rotates by an angle 2.
6. If three mutually perpendicular mirrors are placed adjacent to each other then for a person standing in front
of them.
Total number of images formed = 7
7. For two mirrors inclined at an angle ‘’. Number of images formed by the mirrors for an object are
360 360
(a) 1 if = even number
 
360 360
(b)  1 , when = odd and object is placed symmetrically..
 
360 360
(c) , when = odd and object is placed unsymmetrically..
 
8. If a clock show x hrs, y min, z sec when seen in a plane mirror, true time is (11 – x)hrs, (59 – y)min,
(60 – z)second.
9. If converging rays are incident on a plane mirror, real image is obtained.
The point at which the converging rays would converge if mirror were abscent is known as position of virtual
object.
I O
Real Virtual
image object
Plane mirror
(68)

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments IIT - JEE/NEET
Cartesian Sign Convention

1. All distances are measured from the pole or optical centre.
2. Distances measured in the direction of incident rays are taken as positive.
P
3. Distances measured in the direction opposite to that of the incident rays are
taken as negative.
4. Distances above the principal axis are taken as positive.
5. Distance below the principal axis are taken as negative.
6. Focal lengths of convex lens/mirror is taken to be positive and concave lens/mirror is taken to be negative.
REFLECTION FROM CURVED SURFACES

1. Centre of Curvature : It is the centre of the sphere of which the spherical mirror (spherical reflecting
surface) is a part.
2. Radius of Curvature : It is the radius of sphere of which the spherical mirror (spherical reflecting surface)
is a part.
3. Pole : It is the geometrical centre of the spherical reflecting surface.
4. Principal Axis : It is the straight line joining the centre of curvature to the pole.
5. Focus : When a narrow beam of rays of light, parallel to the principal axis and close to it is incident on
the surface of a mirror, the reflected beam is found to converge to or appears to diverge from a point.
This point is called focus or principal focus.
6. Real Image : If reflected (or refracted) rays converge to a point (i.e., intersect there), the point is a real
image.
7. Real object : If the incident rays diverge from a point, the point is a real object
Concave mirror Convex mirror
C
I P P
O C O I
v v
R u R
u
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
     
v u R f u v R f
f < 0,
f > 0,
Rules for Image Formation
1. A ray passing parallel to principal axis after reflection from the mirror passes or appears to pass through focus.
C F P F C
f f
R
R
R
f = <0 R
2 f = >0
2
(69)

2. A ray initially passing through or directed towards focus after reflection from the mirror becomes parallel to the
principal axis.
F
C P P F C
3. A ray passing through or towards the centre of curvature retraces its path after reflection.
C P C
4. A ray of light incident on pole at angle i with principal axis, gets reflected back by making same angle i with
the principal axis.
i i
i i
C P P C
Some Important Relations for Spherical Mirror

R where,
1. f 
2 f = Focal length
u = Object distance
2. 1 1 1 v = Image distance
 
f v u I = Size of image
O = Size of object
I v f v f
3. m   
O u f f u
4. Magnification is negative for inverted image and positive for erect image
5. If object is moving with velocity V0 as shown in figure then velocity of image Vimage = +mV0
V0
(70)

6. If object is moving with velocity V0 as shown in figure then velocity of real image Vimage = –m2V0
f
7. If an object is placed at distance of f from convex mirror then virtual erect image is formed at .
2
1
Magnification = 
2
8. Image of square object placed as shown in figure will be trapezium
object
F
C
image
9. An object is placed at O, so that P1O = P2O. Now image will coincide with object if P1P2 = 2f or P1P2 = 4f.
O
P1 P2
10. Focal length of mirror will remain uneffect when dipped in liquid.
For Concave Mirror

Table : Position and nature of image for a given position of object
S.No. Position of object Ray diagram Details of image
1. At infinity P Real inverted, very small

C F
[m  (– 0)]; at focus or
M in focal plane.
M
O
2. Between infinity & C Real, inverted, diminished

P
C F
(– 1 < m < 0) between F and C
M
(71)

M
O
P
3. At C C F Real, inverted, equal
(m = –1) at C
M
O M
4. Between F and C Real, inverted, large
P
C F (m < – 1) beyond C
I M
M
O
5. At F Real, inverted, very large
P [ m  (– )] at infinity
C F
M
6. Between F and P M Virtual, erect (m > + 1)
Behind the mirror
C FO P
For Convex Mirror M
Table: Position and nature of image for a given position of object
S.No. Position of object Ray diagram Details of image
1. At infinity I Virtual, erect, very small
(0 < m < < + 1) at F

P F C
M
2. Infront of mirror Virtual, erect, diminished

O P I F C
(m < + 1) between P and F
M
(72)

Laws of Refraction (Snell’s Law)

When a light ray is incident on a surface separating two transparent media, the ray bends when it goes from
one medium to other medium following the rules given by :
(i) The incident rays, the refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface at the point of incidence
all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence i and of the angle of refraction r is a constant quantity
for two given media.
sin i  v 
 2  1 2  1  1
sin r 1 v 2 2
[where 12 is known as refractive index of medium (2) w.r.t. medium (1)].
Incident ray Medium 1

Refractive index 1
Speed of light v1
i
Wavelength 1
Frequency f
2 > 1
Deviation = i – r Medium 2
Refractive index 2
r Speed of light v2
Wavelength 2
i–r
Frequency f
Refracted ray
Note : (i) If light ray go from denser to rarer than i > r and angle of deviation = i – r
(ii) If light ray go from rarer to denser than i < r and angle of deviation = r – i
Another form of Snell’s Law

1sin1 = 2sin2 = 3sin3 = 4sin4 = 1sin1
1
 sin = Constant
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
1
1
Incident and refracted are parallel
if they are in same medium
REAL DEPTH AND APPARENT DEPTH
Ray is going from medium 2 to 1 (2 > 1)
OP PI

2 1
(73)

1 
PI  OP  1 x
2 2 
 1 < 2 P
PI < OP

   x I
 Shift  x 1   
  
 O
And velocity of image =  (velocity of object)

Ray is going from medium 1 to 2 (1 < 2)

I
OP PI

1 2
O

 
PI  2 OP  2 x
1 1
P 
 1 < 2
PI > OP
 2 
 Shift  x    1
 1 
2
Velocity of image =  (velocity of object)
1
Velocity of fish Velocity of fish v

vB as seen by bird as seen by rest frame = f
 water
vf
= vB +

Velocity of bird Velocity of bird
as seen by fish as seen rest frame
vf = vf +  vB = vB water
Glass-slab O
1. Incident and emergent rays are parallel. x
i Medium 1 (air)
t sin(i  r ) O
2. l = lateral displacement = Medium 2
cos r
r ‘ ’
glass
for small values of i. l
 1
l = t 1   incident ray
  emergent
ray
3. l  lmax, when i  90º
(74)

4. O 5. t O O
O
‘ ’  1
 1 ‘ ’ t 1– 
t 1– 
  

t
If an object is placed at distance x from plane mirror then image will at distance of x from mirror.
O I
Now if a glass slab of thickness t is indroduced between object and mirror than image will shift toward object
by 2t 1  1 
 
 
O I I
shift
t
x
Critical Angle
If a ray is travelling from optically denser medium to optically rarer medium, then critical angle may be defined as
the angle of incidence in denser medium corresponding to which angle of refraction in rarer medium is 90°.
If 1 = refractive index of rarer medium
2 = refractive index of denser medium
and ic = critical angle
then 2sin ic = 1 sin 90°
1
 sin i c 
2
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION (TIR)

When a ray of light travelling from optically denser medium to optically rarer medium is incident at an angle
greater than critical angle the ray gets completely reflected back into the denser medium. This phenomenon
is called total internal reflection.
Medium 1 No refraction
'' 90°
r
Denser Medium ic
2 (> ) i > ic ic
Reflected
light h
O h
r= 2
1–
Pt. Source
r = radius of base of cone of light from

the source which is able to come out.
(75)

1. If any ray entering from the base suffers total

internal reflection at side walls then   2 . i.e.,
objects below base can not be seen through side faces. 
White i
light
  depends on wavelength as
b c
 a 2
  ...
 4 Glass
Viole
Re
‘ ’
 greater wavelength means smaller
d
t
refractive index.
R
V
OPTICAL FIBER Parallel rays
The working of optical fibers is based on the phenomena of total internal reflection. It is a thin fiber made of
some transparent material like glass or plastic. The inner part of the fiber (known as core) has refractive index
1 greater than the refractive index 2 of its outer part (known as cladding or clad).
Clad ( 2)
Core ( 1)
C 2
B r i 1

0
D
12   22
sin a 
0
So if a ray incident at core at an angle less than a it will suffer multiple total interval reflections in the core
(a is called angle of acceptance)
Spherical Refracting Surface

Normal
O P C I
u R
v
PC  R
PO   u  2  1  2  1
 
PI   v v u R
(76)

Glass Sphere in Air

1. A parallel beam of light is incident on a glass sphere placed in air
R
P I 
2(  1)
CI = PI + R
u=
P C
I
R P I
v
 2= u
air  1 = 1
 1 = 1
v
Solving this equation you can find v. If you want to find the position of point of convergence of rays w.r.t. centre
of the sphere, then the position is equal to v + R
2. A ray of light in incident on a glass sphere as shown 2( - )


Angle of incidence =   

Angle of refraction = 
O
On other face, angle of incidence = 
angle of refraction = 
Total deviation = 2 ( – )
Rules for Image Formation for Lenses

(1) A ray of light travelling parallel to principal axis either converges to principal focus or appear to diverge
from the principal focus.
(2) A ray of light passing through optical centre goes undeviated.
Converging (Convex) lens Diverging (Concave) lens
O = optical centre O = optical centre

O O
F F
f>0 f<0
O O O
(1) (2) F (3)
F
(77)

(4) (5) (6)

O F F
Some Important Relations for Lenses

1 1 1
1. Lens formula  
v u f
I m  0 for inverted image
2. Magnification m
O m  0 for erect image
v f f v
3. In lenses, m  
u f u f
A convex mirror or a concave lens can form a real image if object is virtual as shown.
P I
real image I O F C O O
virtual
object
4. A virtual image can be photographed as camera lens forms a real image of this virtual image on the photographic
film.
5. If an object moves along the axis of a convex lens from infinity towards its focus with a constant speed, then
v2
vi = m2V0, For a lens vi = V0
u2
6. If an object moves perpendicular to axis of a convex lens from infinity towards its focus with a velocity V0 then
vi = mVobject
LATERAL MAGNIFICATION
AB  v B  v A
mL  
AB uA  vB
uA
For short object A B
uB
p
dv
mL  B A
du vA
v2 vB
For a concave mirror mL   2
u
v2
For a convex lens mL 
u2
(78)

DISPLACEMENT METHOD
Distance between object and screen is fixed i.e., ‘D’. A 'I ' 'II '
d
convex lens of focal length ‘f’ is used to form the image
of object on the screen.
O I1, I2
For this experiment to be possible
x y Screen
D y x
D  4f or f  D
4
as the minimum distance between a real object and its real image in a convex lens is 4f.
There are two position (I and II) separated by ‘d’, of the convex lens for which the image of same object can
be formed on the screen. Then,
xy D2  d 2
1. f  
xy 4D
y x
2. m1   and m2  
x y
3. m1m2 = 1
4. O  I1I 2
d
5. | m1  m2 | 
f
2
m1  D  d 
6.   [where O = size of object; I1 = size of image 1; I2 = size of image 2]
m2  D  d 
Lens and Mirror

A point object is placed in front of a convex lens. A convex mirror is placed behind the lens, so that final image
coincides with the object itself.
Case 1 Case II
O I O I P
u v
C u v
Final image is real and inverted and coincides with O Final image is real and erect and coincides with O
Lens Maker’s formula : (For thin lenses)
Case - I
1 1 1  2  1 1 
Case I : P     1   
f v u  1  1 R R 
2  O I I1
1 (R1)  2 v 1
(R1)
u v
(79)

Case - II
 3  1  3   2  2  1
Case II :   
v u R2 R1
For equiconvex lens

O (R1)  2 (R2) I I1
R2 = –R, R1 = +R 1 v 3
u v
 3 1 2 2  1   3
  
v u R
Application of Lens Maker’s Formula

Note: Use numerical value of R1 and R2
(1) Plano convex lens (2) Plano concave lens
R1 R2 R1 R1 R2 R1
R2 R2
or or
R1= +R R1=  R1 = –R R1 = 
R2 =  R2 = –R R2 =  R2 = –R
1 1 1  1
 (   1)    0  (  1)    0
f R f  R
(3) Equiconvex lens (4) Equiconcave lens
R1
R1 R2 R2
R1 = – R
R1= +R
R2 = +R
R2 = –R
1 2 1  2
 (  1)   (If  = 1.5  f = R)  (  1)    (If  = 1.5  f = –R)
f R  f  R
(5) Concave convex lens (6) Convexo-concave lens
R1 > R2 > 0
R1 R2 R1 R2
R2 > R1 > 0
1  1 1  1  1 1 
 (  1)    0
  (  1)    0

f  R1 R2  f  R1 R2 
(7) Sun-glasses
R1 > 0 R2 > 0, R1 = R2
P=0
f=
(80)

COMBINATION OF LENSES
1. In contact : P1 P2
P = P1+ P2, P is taken with sign
f1 f2
1 1 1
 
f f1 f2
2. P = P1 + P2 – dP1P2 P1 P2
1 1 1 d
   (applicable only for parallel rays) f1 f2
f f1 f2 f1f2
where d is the separation between two lenses in air d
Power = 2P
2f 2f Rearranged P P f
cut cut as f= 2
3.   4.  f  f f
2f 2f
P=0
2f 2f f=
f f
f
P P P
2 2
  
5.
Each of the above arrangement will have same power and focal length.
6. A convex lens made of more than one material may have more than one focal length.
(a) Number of focal lengths = Number 1 (b) There is a single focal length
of different medium 2  Only one image.
= Number of images formed = 3
3  1 2
2
1
(c) Two images (d) One image
 1 2  1 2
 3 4  2 1
(81)

Silvering of Lenses
1. When a convex lens is silvered it will behave like a concave mirror.
2. When a concave lens is silvered it will behave like a convex mirror.
3. Case 1 : When one face ( of radius of curvature R2) of Peq = 2Pl + Pm
a double convex lens is silvered
1  1 1  2 R2
 2(  1)  
Feff  R1 R2  R2 R1
Case 2 : When plane face of planoconvex lens is silvered

R = Radius of curvature
 = Refractive index of material
R1 = R
R2 =  [For plane mirror focal length = infinity)
R
 Feff  [ use numerical value of R]
2(  1)
Case 3 : When curved face of plano convex lens is silvered
R1 = 
R2 = –R
R
 Feff  (use numerical value of R)
2
Case 4 : When one face of an equiconvex lens is silvered

R1 = R
R2 = –R
R
Feff  (use nemerical value of R)
2(2  1)
4. When a convex lens is placed on a plane mirror and the image of an object coincide with it
Focal length of lens = height of object = h1
As the image will coincide the object only if the rays after passing through the lens becomes parallel to
the principal axis.
Image Object
h1
5. A lens of focal length f and power P is kept in contact with a plane mirror, then the combination is a mirror
of focal length –f /2 and power 2P.
(82)

PRISM AND DISPERSION
Prism
It is an optical medium bounded by two plane refracting surfaces inclined to each other at a suitable angle.
Here  = (i – r1 ) + (e – r2 ) = i + e – (r1 + r2) A
Angle of prism
A
=i+e–A

A = r1 + r2 i e
r1 r2
incident emergent ray
sin i sin e if i  1 and e   2 then for ray 
 
sin r1 sin r2 i   2 and e  1 C
B Base
At a particular angle of incidence  is minimum
A 
when  = m, i = e  r1 = r2 
2

  
sin  A  m 
sin i  2 
  m
sin r A
sin
2 i i=e e i
i and e are interchangeable to give same deviation
Thin Prisms
A, i, e, r1, r2 are small angles
 = (– 1)A
1. The variation of  with i is unsymmetrical.
2. Under minimum deviation, ray passes symmetrical through the prism.
3. If prism is isosceles or equilateral, refracted ray is parallel to base of prism under minimum deviation.
A
4. If A > 2C or   cosec , there will be no emergent light whatever may be the angle of incidence.
2
5. A = 2C is called limiting value of angle of prism.
6. If A < C, total internal reflection at second face can never take place.
For incident ray to retrace its path after
A
reflection from 2nd face.
r2 = 0 r1 = A
i r1
 sin i

sin A
Note : Angle of deviation is maximum when angle of incidence = 90º.
Dispersion
B C D V
  A 2
 4
  ... [Cauchy formula] A R
  6
 R
 = ( – 1)A
White Y
as V < R ray
V
 V > R
(83)

 V < R
 = angular dispersion
 = V – R
 = (V – R)A
 (V   R )A V   R d
Dispersive power     
 (  1)A  1  1
d = difference in refractive index
V   R
 = mean refractive index =
2
Combination of Prisms
 = 1 + 2,  = 1 + 2
Case I : For dispersion without deviation
=0 A 
 (  1)A  (  1)A  0
Case II : For deviation without dispersion  A
=0
 (V   R )A  (V  R )A  0
Spherical Aberration
It is the phenomena observed in a lens or mirror of large aperture.
In this effect paraxial and marginal rays do not coincide at same point on principal axis.
To remove this defect one should use parabolic mirror in place of a spherical mirror.
Marginal
Paraxial
P
Paraxial
Marginal rays
Parabolic mirror  No spherical aberration.
(84)

Chromatic Aberration
This is the phenomina observed when different colours focus at different point on the principal axis.
This defect can be removed by using an achromatic lens combination.
b c
As   a  
2 4
White light
and R > Y > v
fV fY fR
 R < Y < V
 1  1 1 
 fR > fY > fv as  (  1)  
 f  R1 R2 
1. If a screen is placed at the nearest focus, centre of screen will be violet and boundaries will be red.
2. If a screen is placed at the farthest focus, centre of screen will be red and boundaries will be violet.
Achromatic Combination
1. Lenses in contact
f1 f2
1 1
Power P    P1  P2
f1 f 2
Condition for achromatism
1 2
 0 or 1P1 + 2P2 = 0
f1 f2
 P1 and P2 or f1 and f2 should be opposite sign also 1  2 as P will become zero.
1 1 d
2. P    P1  P2  dP1P2
f1 f2 f1f2
1f2   2f1
Condition for achromatism d  .
1   2
Note : (a) f1 and f2 can be of same or opposite sign

f1  f2
(b) 1 = 2  d 
2
f1 d f2
(85)

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
1. Simple microscope / Magnifying glass : It uses a single convex lens of focal length f
D
m , where u is distance of object
u
Case I :
F
B
f
(Final image at infinity)
D
For relaxed eye, u  f , image at   m = >0
f
Case II :
A
B F B
D
(Final image at least distance of distinct vision)
D
For strained eye, image at D  m = 1  >0
f
2. Compound microscope
It uses two convex lens objective (fo) and eyepiece (fe)
uo = object distance from objective (uo is close to fo)
vo = image distance from objective (close to length of tube)
vo
mo =  (–ve)
uo
D
me =
ue
Magnification for microscope
v o D
m = mo × me = 
uo u e
(86)

Case I :
Objective lens Eye piece
B Fe
F0
A

 vo D  L  D 
Relaxed eye : m     
uo fe fo  fe 
Case II :
Objective lens Eye piece
B
Fe B
A
A
(Final image at least distance of distinct vision )
 vo  D L  D
Strained eye : m  1     1  
uo  f  fo  f 
 e   e 
3. Astronomical Telescope : fo is focal length of Objective

objective and fe is focal length of eye-piece.
m = mo × me here m0 < 0, me > 0., m < 0 Eye piece
Case I :
f F0 Fe
For relaxed eye i.e., normal adjustment. m   o
fe B
Length of tube L = fo + fe
C1 C2
A
f0 fe
(87)

Case II :
 f0  f 
For strained eye : m  1  e 
fe  D
length of tube L < fo + fe B Fe B F0
A
A
D
(Final image at least distance of distinct vision)
Rayleighs Criterion
d 1
1. Resolving power of a telescope : R.P .  
1.22 
d = diameter of objective
 = wavelength of light
 = minimum angular separation between the objects (limit of resolution)
2 sin 
2. Resolving power of microscope : R.P . 
1.22
 = Refractive index of medium between object and objective

 = semi vertical angle of cone of light from the object.
o
 1 
3. Limit of resolution of a normal human eye. R.P.  1   
 60 
1 
R.P   rad
60 180 O1
D eye  d
  limit of resolution for the objects to be resolved
d
O2
D
D 1  D
   , i.e.,  3  10  4
d 60 180 d
  
(88)

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PHYSICS

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Cartesian Sign Convention

REFLECTION FROM CURVED SURFACES

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Some Important Relations for Spherical Mirror

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For Concave Mirror

S.No. Position of object Ray diagram Details of image

1. At infinity P Real inverted, very small

2. Between infinity & C Real, inverted, diminished

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For Convex Mirror M

Table: Position and nature of image for a given position of object

S.No. Position of object Ray diagram Details of image

1. At infinity I Virtual, erect, very small

(0 < m < < + 1) at F

2. Infront of mirror Virtual, erect, diminished

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Laws of Refraction (Snell’s Law)

Incident ray Medium 1

Another form of Snell’s Law

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Ray is going from medium 1 to 2 (1 < 2)

Velocity of fish Velocity of fish v

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TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION (TIR)

r = radius of base of cone of light from

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1. If any ray entering from the base suffers total

OPTICAL FIBER Parallel rays

Spherical Refracting Surface

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Glass Sphere in Air

2. A ray of light in incident on a glass sphere as shown 2( - )

Rules for Image Formation for Lenses

Converging (Convex) lens Diverging (Concave) lens

O = optical centre O = optical centre

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(4) (5) (6)

Some Important Relations for Lenses

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Lens and Mirror

Lens Maker’s formula : (For thin lenses)

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For equiconvex lens

Application of Lens Maker’s Formula

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(c) Two images (d) One image

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Case 2 : When plane face of planoconvex lens is silvered

Case 4 : When one face of an equiconvex lens is silvered

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PRISM AND DISPERSION

Note : Angle of deviation is maximum when angle of incidence = 90º.

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d = difference in refractive index

Case II : For deviation without dispersion  A

 (V   R )A  (V  R )A  0

Parabolic mirror  No spherical aberration.

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Note : (a) f1 and f2 can be of same or opposite sign

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