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STUDY PACKAGE – 01
For – JEE / NEET
Laws of Motion
AIEEE Syllabus
Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s
Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of
4
CHAPTER
conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of
concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications.
MOMENTUM
Momentum of a body is defined to be the product of its mass m and velocity v .
It is a vector quantity and is represented by P ,
P mv
P
Q
R
P Q R
sin sin sin
dp
Mathematically F
dt
k dp
F where k 1
dt
d
F ( mv )
dt
If the mass of the system is constant, then
dv
F m
dt
F ma
Finst mainst
Fav maav
v f v i
m
t
Mathematically F 12 F 21
Here F12 is force acting on body 1 due to 2 and F21 is force acting on body 2 due to 1.
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IMPULSE
Impulse of a force is defined as the change of linear momentum imparted to the body
J P2 P1 m(v 2 v1 )
If the body is acted upon by a variable force as shown in figure, then
Impulse acting on the body in the interval t1 to t2
t2
F
J P2 P1 F dt
t1
Pseudo forces (fictitious forces): It is a slight adjustment which enables us to apply Newton's laws in Non-
inertial frames of reference.
If an observer is into a linearly accelerating non-inertial frame, then in order to use Newton's laws of motion
to explain the behaviour of a particle or a system of particles, a pseudo force is applied opposite to the
acceleration of the observer.
Mathematically, Fpseudo ma
m = mass of the particle
a = acceleration of the observer
General expression for force :
As p mv
d dm md v
F ( mv ) v
dt dt dt
Case - I :
dm
When mass = constant, 0
dt
dv
F m ma
dt
Case - II :
In variable mass system like Rocket propulsion, firing of bullets etc.
Relative speed is constant in these cases
dm
F v
dt
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4 4
p initial p final
m ˆ 3m
0 9i v
4 4
v 3iˆ m/s
2. A man of mass M standing on a frictionless floor, throws a ball of mass m with a speed u as shown in
figure. The velocity of man, after he throws the ball is v
u
p initial 0 M
v m
p final mu iˆ M v
As p initial p final
miˆ
v
M
3. A ball of mass m moving with constant speed of u m/s is caught by man of mass M standing on a
frictionless floor. The velocity acquired by the man is v
u
p initial muiˆ m M
p final ( m M ) v
p initial p final
muiˆ
v
(m M )
4. If a gun of mass M fires a bullet of mass m with speed v, then recoil speed of the gun is given by
V = mv/M.
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ROCKET PROPULSION
It is an example of variable mass-system.
In a rocket, combustion chamber carries fuel and oxidising agent. When the fuel burns, a hot jet of gases
emerges out forcefully from the small hole in the tail of the rocket.
Let u be the velocity of emerging gases relative to the rocket and (M/t) be the rate of fuel consumption,
then the upthrust on the rocket is F = u (M/t).
Let M0 be the initial mass (rocket + fuel), M and v be the mass and velocity of the rocket at any instant t,
M
then u loge 0
M
A v
(i) Force required be a pump to move the liquid with this speed is
dm
F v = v × Av = Av2
dt
(ii) As jet hits a vertical wall and does not rebound, the force exerted by it on the wall is, Fwall = Av2
(iii) When water rebounds elastically, Fwall = 2Av2
(iv) For oblique impact as shown, Fwall = 2Av2 cos
Liquid jet
v v
wall
4. The blocks shown are being pushed by a force F. F1, F2 are contact forces between M1 & M2 and M2 &
M3 respectively
a
F M1 M2 M3
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a
F2
F M3
a FBD of M3 F2 = M3a
M1 M 2 M 3
a
M3 M2 M3
or F2 F , F1 F
M1 M 2 M 3 M1 M 2 M 3
5. The strings are massless. Let T1 and T2 be the tensions in the two strings and ‘a’ be the acceleration.
F M 2 M3 M3 F F T1 T2
a , T1 , T2 M1 M2 M3
M1 M 2 M 3 M1 M 2 M 3 M1 M 2 M 3
ceiling T
T
massless
7. M FBD of M w.r.t. ground
T string
M
Mg
Tx
x
L
x Ms gx
L
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Ms x
(c) If the rope is accelerating downwards, then T x (g a )
L
IMPORTANT PROBLEMS
Pulley mass systems
(i) Stationary pulley massless
M 2 M1 T
a g T
M 2 M1
a M1 a
M1M 2
T 2 g M1 g M2
M1 M 2
M2 g
(ii) Pulley is moving upward with acceleration a0
a0
M1M 2
T 2 (g a0 )
M1 M 2
M M1 ar T
ar 2 (g a0 )
T ar
M 2 M1
a1 M1
a1 = – (a0 + ar)
M1 g M2 a2
a2 = ar – a0
M1 a0
ar = relative acceleration of M1 and M2 w.r.t. pulley M2 g
M2 a0 (pseudo)
a1, a2 are accelerations of M1 and M2 w.r.t. ground.
a a
M1M 2 T T
(iii) T (sin sin )
M1 M 2
M1 M2
M sin M1 sin smooth
a 2 g
M 2 M1
aB
T
(iv)
B
T
T
2T
A aA
MAg
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2aA = aB …(i)
MAg – 2T = MAaA …(ii)
T = MBaB …(iii)
Two block system :
Case - I :
Let ‘m’ does not slide down relative to wedge ‘M’
The force required is given by a
m F
F = (M + m)g tan
M
a = g tan (in horizontal direction w.r.t. ground)
Wedge
Contact force R between m and M is
smooth
Mg
R
cos
Case - II :
Minimum value of F so that ‘m’ falls freely is given by m F
F = Mgcot
M
Wedge M moves with acceleration = gcot
Wedge
Contact force between M and m is zero. smooth
FRICTION
Friction force is of two types
1. Static frictions ‘fs’
2. Kinetic friction ‘fk’
Static Friction
The static friction between two contact surfaces is given by fs < s N, where N is the normal force between
the contact surfaces and s is a constant which depends on the nature of the surfaces and is called
‘coefficient of limiting friction’.
Static friction acts on stationary objects. Its values satisfy the condition
fs < s N
s – Co-efficient of limiting friction
Static friction takes its peak value (fs(max) = sN) when one surface is ‘about to slide’ on the other. Static friction
in this case is called limiting friction.
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kN v
mg
Static Kinetic
friction friction
Friction
force
45º
fs (max) Applied
force
Graphical representation of variation of friction force
with the force applied on a body
Angle of Repose
Consider a situation in which a block is placed on an inclined plane with co-efficient of friction '' then the
maximum value of angle of inclined plane for which the block can remain at rest is defined as angle of repose.
sN = s mg cos
mg sin mg cos
mg
F M1 F
Both blocks move together with same acceleration a
M1 M 2
amax = g Smooth
(b) F > (M1 + M2)g
M2 moves with constant acceleration a2 = g
F M 2 g
M1 moves with acceleration a1
M1
(M1 M 2 )M 2 F M 2
(a) F g , both blocks move together with acceleration a with amax g.
M1 M1 M 2 M1
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(b) F (M1 M 2 )M 2 g ,
M1 M2 F
M 2 M1
M1 moves with constant acceleration a1 g
M1
Smooth
F M 2 g
M2 moves with acceleration a2
M2
M2 slips forward on M1.
µ
g sin
m
2. If a block slides down an inclined plane with constant velocity, the frictional force acting on the block is
kinetic in nature and is equal to mg sin
f = mg sin
f
v
3. If µ < tan , the block will slide down the plane with acceleration a equal to
a = g sin – µ g cos
Frictional force is kinetic in nature and is given by f = N = mg cos (less than mg sin )
a
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v
a µ
5. If mg sin exceeds frictional force, the block tends to slide down. The minimum force required to prevent
sliding is Fmin = mg sin – µ mg cos
f
F
sin
mg
6. If you try to push a block up the plane, frictional force and mg sin both opposes the upward motion of
the block, hence, the minimum force required to move up is given by
Fmin = mg sin + µ mg cos
F
sin
f
mg
Note : In case 5-6, if F lies between mg sin = mg cos and mg sin + mg cos , the block
remains stationary on the inclined plane.
mv 2
O r T = Centripetal force = m2 r
T v r
m
O
Considering gravity (Conical pendulum)
T cos
Tsin = m2r …(1) l
T
Tcos = mg
T sin
mg r C
T …(2)
cos
(a) For to be 90º (i.e., string to be horizontal) mg
T=
It is not possible.
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l cos
(c) Time period = 2
g
Vehicle negotiating a curve on a banked road
The maximum velocity with which a vehicle can safely negotiate a curve of radius r on a rough inclined road
is
rg ( tan )
v
1 tan
N N cos
N N cos
2
= v /R N cos
f sin
f mg
f sin f sin
f
mg
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