CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS & FINDINGS

4.1 SWOT MATRIX

As a structured planning tool, the SWOT method has been widely used in strategy building
(Weihrich 1982; Osita et al. 2014), and can be taken as a reference for the present research. Steps
to carry out SWOT analysis normally involve: identification of internal (strengths and weaknesses)
and external (opportunities and threats) factors, selection and evaluation of the most important
factors, and identification of relations existing between internal and external features.

4.2 STRENGHTS
Strengths are the attributes of D.I.Khan as a place (location as well as people) in connection with
CPEC that are helpful to the achievement of the opportunities and to overcome threats.
1. Geo Strategic Location of D.I.Khan
2. Accommodative Public
3. Young Man Power
4. Vast Agricultural Land
5. Raw Materials

4.3 WEAKNESSES
Weaknesses are attributes of the D.I.Khan regarding CPEC that are harmful to the achievement of
the opportunities and to overcome threats.

1. Religious-Cultural Issues
2. Poor/Less Developed Infrastructure
3. Lack of Skilled Labor
4. Energy Crises
5. Administrative Issues
4.4 OPPORTUNITIES
Opportunities are external conditions that are helpful to the achievement of the opportunities and
objective.

1. Economic Opportunities (Business, Jobs).2

CPEC is equally important to D.I.Khan for getting out of the current economic stagnation. It is a
special opportunity to D.I.Khan to address some of the main roadblocks to its economic growth
such as the unemployment, energy crisis, poor communication infrastructure, poor industrial
growth and narrow investment. Through improvement in communications, D.I.Khan can thus
effectively integrate its domestic market as well as explore landlocked neighboring markets
through exports.189 As CPEC routes pass through D.I.Khan, the backward and remote areas,
especially Panyala, Draban Kalan, Yarak, would receive progressive development. Furthermore,
it would lead to savings in transportation costs. CPEC’s promotion of socioeconomic development
would bring peace and stability to the D.I.Khan in general and especially with regards to
sectarianism, making it more economically viable and sustainable. The development of basic
communication infrastructure will facilitate the socioeconomic boost of the local people
by supporting business and industry. In turn, this boost promises to reduce unemployment and
improve the literacy rate and living conditions of the local population.191 The improved
socioeconomic conditions of common people of D.I.Khan would also help in bringing political
awareness among them. In addition to addressing unemployment and redressing public grievances
through socioeconomic uplift, the investment would also help generate state resources to further
improve law and order by capacity enhancement of the law enforcement nstitutions.192
With the increasing significance of economic interdependence and provincial connectivity,
D.I.Khan can emerge as an important economic hub in the country.

2. Infrastructure/Energy Growth
3. Industries
4. National/International Linkages
5. Security Improvement

4.5 THREATS
Threats are external conditions that are harmful to the achievement of the opportunities and
objective.
1. Foreign Intervention
2. Chinese Domination of Market
3. Cultural Conflicts
4. Demographic Issue
5. Ecological Issues

Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. For example, strength could be the vast
agricultural land of D.I.Khan. A weakness could be the lack of industry in D.I.Khan to meet the
international market.
Opportunities and threats are external factors. For example, an opportunity could be a
developing economic opportunities due to CPEC such as increase in Business, creation of jobs,
increase in people’s living standard, or changing consumer lifestyles that potentially increase
demand for a company's products. A threat could be a factor that may harm the particular
objectives such as chinese domination of market may harm the local market. It is worth pointing
out that SWOT analysis can be very subjective - two people rarely come-up with the same version
of a SWOT analysis even when given the same information about the same business and its
environment. Accordingly, SWOT analysis is best used as a guide and not a prescription. Adding
and weighting criteria to each factor increases the validity of the analysis.

THREATS-OPPORTUNITIES-WEAKNESSES-STRENGTHS (TOWS) MATRIX

Learning object
After understanding this chapter you are able to understand TWOS matrix and also understand
how to scan internal and external environment of the CPEC
The Threats-Opportunities-Weaknesses-Strengths (TOWS) Matrix
The Threats-Opportunities-Weaknesses-Strengths (TOWS) is also named as SWOT analysis. A
TWOS Analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Threats, Opportunities and
Strengths, Weaknesses, involved in a project or in a business venture or in any other situation
 requiring a decision. This is an important tool in order to formulate strategy. This Matrix is an
important matching tool that helps us to develop four types of strategies: SO Strategies (strength-
opportunities), WO Strategies (weakness- opportunities), ST Strategies (strength-threats), and WT
Strategies (weakness-threats).The most difficult part of TOWS matrix is to match internal and
external factor. Once the objective has been identified, TOWS are discovered and listed. TOWS
are defined precisely as follows:
SO Strategies: SO Strategies developed to obtain benefit from resources such benefit can only be
obtained if strengths are utilized to take external opportunity. Resources (Assets) are an important
strength to get opportunity for external resources. For example an industry enjoying a good
financial position which is strength for the industry and externally opportunity to expand business.
The strong financial position provides an opportunity to expand the business. The matched strategy
is known as SO strategy.
WO Strategies:
WO Strategies developed to match weakness with opportunities of the firm. WO strategy is very
useful if the firm take advantage to external resources in order to overcome the weakness. For
example the firm is in the critical financial problems that is weakness and firm is availing merger
with Multinational Corporation.
ST Strategies
ST Strategies is an important strategy to overcome external threats. This does not mean that a
strong organization should always meet threats in the external environment head-on. This strategy
is adopted by various industries/organizations by opening new branches in order to overcome
competitive threat. These threats also explain by the Porter in its competitive model.
Internal
Strength (S) Weaknesses (W)
1. Geo Strategic Location of D.I.Khan 1. Religious-Cultural Issues
2. Accommodative Public 2. Poor/Less Developed
External

Infrastructure
3. Young Man Power 3. Lack of Skilled Labor
4. Vast Agricultural Land 4. Energy Crises
5. Raw Materials 5. Administrative Issues

Opportunities (O)
1. Economic Opportunities S1-O1 W1-O1
(Business, Jobs)
2. Infrastructure/Energy Growth S2-O1 W2-O2
3. Industries S3-O1 W3-O1
4. National/International Linkages S4-O2 W3-O4
5. Security Improvement S5-O3 W4-O3
S1-O3 W5-O2
S2-O4
S1-O5

Threats (T)
1. Foreign Intervention S1-T1
2. Chinese Domination of Market S3-T2
3. Cultural Conflicts S2-T3
4. Demographic Issue
5. Ecological Issues

SO Strategies:-
S1-O1:- D.I.Khan is a natural hub between Gwadar/China on one hand between China & Central
Asia on the other. It can serve as a natural junction to facilitate international trade. This can bring
multivariate benefits for the society & people of D.I.Khan. It can facilitate trade and the availability
of foreign products can be made on low price.
S2-O1:- The nature of the people of D.I.Khan is accommodative and due to this accommodative
nature of the people of D.I.Khan economic opportunities can be maximized.
S3-O1:- Young man power and skilled people can get jobs opportunities, and these opportunities
will also create a huge number of skilled people in different fields. Hence resultantly increase in
taxes will also increase national revenue.
S4-O2:- Infrastructure buildup including roads and railway track upgradation, Canals and
development in energy sector can convert the vast barren land of D.I.Khan into an agricultural in
this way most of the barren land can come into use resultantly the land prices will also be increases.
S5-O3:- Raw materials e.g minerals, fresh water will facilitate industry to make it successful.
D.I.Khan has very potential to provide raw materials to industries. 5 Sugar Mills have been
established since last decade in the District.
S1-O3:- The location of D.I.Khan will reduce cost of transportation of finished goods, hence make
industry profitable which will make great opportunities for local and foreign investors.
S2-O4:- The accommodative public of D.I.Khan will preserve and benefit a lot for
national/international linkage in term of trade, education.
S1-O5:- D.I.Khan is a Central Hub in the country and will be the main interchange of western
route due to this Geo-strategic location of D.I.Khan SSD (Special Security Division) will be
established consisting of 15 to 16 new FC (Frontier Core) wings which will look after the region,
so security situation will be improved and a FC Head Quarter will be established in the same
manner as in Peshawar and named FC South.
WO Strategies:
W1-O1:- Most of religio-cultural issues are actually the issues of economic independence, so it is
expected that by providing bread & butter to all section of society such issues will get resolved.
Similarly cultural issues pertaining to gender will also be resolved.
W2-O2:- Infrastructure will get developed because of CPEC investment which economically
empowered to poor and backward areas like Baluchistan, FATA, North Sindh, Gilgitbaltistan and
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa including D.I.Khan.
W3-O1, W3-O3, W3-O4: - Due to extensive Trade and other businesses & Industries along with
skilled, a big number of semi-skilled and unskilled types of jobs will also be created. Status quo
has been remained in the people of D.I.Khan since long period which will be now break down and
the doors will be opened for D.I.Khan market to national and international investors resultantly
people of D.I.Khan get more opportunities to learn varieties of skills.
W4-O2:- Main proportion of CPEC investment will be used in energy sector which will resolve
the energy crises.
W5-O2:- Some joints institution & committees have already been created which look after the
CPEC issues on both sides, consequently it is expected that such issues will be resolved. China has
already taken initiatives against corruption & on different occasion has urged Pakistan to do so.
ST Strategies
S1-T1:- FC core headquarter has already been shifted (established) in D.I.Khan to deal with such
type of threats on the western borders as well as in the D.I.Khan region. 15 to 16 new FC wings
will be established in this regard.
[S3-T2], [S4-T2], [S5-T2]:- Jobless young manpower will occupy the openings as being cheap
labor and reduce Chinese influx. Similarly improved infrastructure & exploitation of available raw
material will facilitate the steady growth of agriculture & industry and ultimately check the
Chinese domination of market.
S2-T3:- D.I.Khan has been a gateway for central Asian Traders and invaders however; its history
shows it has maintained its cultural values since ages. Of course there would be cultural conflicts
as well as exchanges and keeping in view the values and temperament of the people of D.I.Khan,
it is expected that there will emerge a middle way on the basis of mutual exchange.
Accommodative Public
A good public space must be accommodative for everyone included the marginal, the forgotten,
the silent (Badshah, 1996), and an undesirable people. “Cities for the Citizen ‘(Douglas &
Friedmann, 1998) serves a slogan. Accommodative public space for marginal people and marginal
activities can be created when physical aspects of space can accommodate the space needs of the
Forgotten (Badshah, 1996). Thus, the society will be educated to learn and share, to respect the
rights of other users in the city, and consequently, the physical quality of the visual city will be
better because there is no annexation of space and overlapping activities. Keywords:
accommodative public space, marginal people, marginal activities.

Raw Material

Raw materials are usually got or produced from minerals and basic chemicals. Raw materials are
converted into useful products in two steps: the material is formed into the requested shape. Then
the properties of the material is improved or altered in accord to the desired product.

Metallic raw material production follows the processes such as crushing, roasting, magnetic
separation, flotation, and leaching (at the first step), smelting and alloying (at the second step)

Agricultural Land
Agriculture is known for providing immense opportunities of employment, food, feed, nutritional
and ecological securities in Dera Ismail Khan. Agriculture and allied activities contributes 21% to
GDP, employs 45% of total labor work force. It has been central to all economic activities directly
and indirectly resulting in striking socio-economic improvement (GOP, 2013). Drastically
modified and rapid growth strategies are essential for achieving much better results; food security;
household security and self-reliance both at national and international level. It has been successful
to keep pace with the rising demands of growing population. Unfortunately, agriculture sector is
producing far below than its potential due to many technical barriers on one hand whereas many
new challenges have emerged recently on the other hand (Takenaka, 2006). Despite, agricultural
production in the country continues to be lower and it is generally believed that dearth of
information tailored to local needs and lack of technical knowledge at the farm level are the
principal factors for this low and stagnant production (Khan, 2004; Farooq et al., 2010).
Religious and Cultural Issues
Religion is an essential element of the human condition. Hundreds of studies have examined how
religious beliefs mold an individual’s sociology and psychology. In particular, research has
explored how an individual’s religion (religious beliefs, religious denomination, strength of
religious devotion, etc.) is linked to their cultural beliefs and background. While some researchers
have asserted that religion is an essential part of an individual’s culture, other researchers have
focused more on how religion is a culture in itself. The key difference is how researchers
conceptualize and operationalize both of these terms. Moreover, the influence of communication
in how individuals and communities understand, conceptualize, and pass on religious and cultural
beliefs and practices is integral to understanding exactly what religion and culture are.

Poor and Less developed Infrastructure

Since the 1960s and 1970s, the international community has dedicated a considerable amount of
its lending portfolios and technical assistance capacities to investments into infrastructure such as
roads, electricity, and water networks. In spite of these continuous efforts, billions of people
worldwide are still lacking access to electricity, clean water, sanitation, and quality roads. At the
same time, the lack of infrastructure access is often said to be a major barrier to sustainable human
development.

Energy Crises
There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development
and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is,
therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be
defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy.

Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped

and poorly managed. Currently the country is facing severe energy crisis. Despite of strong
economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made
to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to
outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have
worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a
common phenomenon through power shutdown. .
Administrative Issues
As it is well understood that the location of D.I.Khan has paramount importance in Geo strategic
location. There are different administrative issues because different cast people are living in this
territory. They do have different conflictual issues.

Energy Growth

Achieving reliable, widespread access to electricity will be transformative for many developing
countries. However, much of the world’s population remains without this reliable access and its
benefits. This paper outlines many of the questions behind why this remains the case, focusing on
what existing research has found and where further research is required. The paper covers four
main topics: (i) improving the reliability of grid services, (ii) rural electrification, (iii) energy
efficiency, and (iv) minimising the external costs of energy consumption. Each section addresses
the main outstanding questions on these topics in the economics literature and also the specific
questions which the IGC believes are most pressing for sustainable development.

Industries
This logic and laws is the mechanism of formation and development of emerging industry, it is
concentrated expression of the formation and development of new industries in the motivation,
path, and influence factors. Emerging industry represents the new requirements of the market
economic system overall output and the new direction of industrial structure conversion, but also
represents a new level of science and technology industry, industry itself is in the formative stages
of the life cycle, is new force to promote the evolution of industrial structure. The interaction
evolution between new industries and patent to knowledge economy and emerging industries in
Pakistan maintain sustained high speed development is very important. Collaboration between
development of new industries patent and economic growth in the efficiency improvement is the
future of our country to enhance the level of new industries development, and the key to boost
economic toward intensive, knowledge-intensive development
International Linkage
Observation from the public policy perspective is that the institutional linkages of international
trade and environment regimes are an outward manifestation of societal values expressed both in
the marketplace and through non-market mechanisms. The literature indicates there is a need to
better integrate these values. As well, efforts to strengthen international linkages between
environment and trade institutions should be based, in part, on levering the advantages of the
autonomous institutional arrangements of MEAs as an innovative feature of the international
environment regime (Churchill and Ulfstein, 2000).

Safety/Security Improvement
Safety and security has always been a pressing issue in D.I.Khan Communities. The establishment
of ‘neighborhood watch’ groups and other community fora to protect communities speaks volumes
about people’s need to feel safe. Similarly, the call for the 1122 Commission of Inquiry into
Policing stemmed from the fact that the community felt unsafe in many circumstances.

Chinese Domination of Market

China’s stock markets are barely 25 years old however, they already boast more members than
China’s communist party, “90 million individual investors, compared with 87.8 million members
of the Communist Party” (Faux 2015). First, this paper will explore investor behaviors which
caused volatility in the Chinese stock market. Next, it will explore government intervention to
support the stock market. Finally, it will explore the implications a Chinese stock market crash

could have on Chinese domestic and foreign economies.

Cultural Conflicts
Conflict is competition by groups or individuals over incompatible goals, scarce resources, or the
sources of power needed to acquire them. This competition is also determined by individuals’
perceptions of goals, resources, and power, and such perceptions may differ greatly among
individuals. One determinant of perception is culture, the socially inherited, shared and learned
ways of living possessed by individuals in virtue of their membership in social groups. Conflict
that occurs across cultural boundaries thus is also occurring across cognitive and perceptual
boundaries, and is especially susceptible to problems of intercultural miscommunication and
misunderstanding. These problems exacerbate the conflict, no matter what the root causes of it—
including strictly material interests—may be. In this sense culture is an important factor in many
sorts of conflicts that at first may appear to be exclusively about material resources or negotiable
interests.

Demographic Issues
The current study examines the impact of demographics on the student’s Political e-Participation.
The scholar conducted preliminary research to get existing empathetic of the selected topic
according to contemporary researchers. The emergence of new digital technologies has resulted in
optimistic concepts such as digital democracy, cyber democracy, digital agora, virtual community,
and the global village, giving the impression that the cyberspace mechanically implies the
broadening of democracy within society.

PESTEL Analysis
PESTLE analysis is a detailed view of the environment a business is situated in. It can be rightly
called a bird’s eye view where a company or an individual tries to ascertain specific trends of the
market from a macroeconomic perspective.
These factors are major determinants of strategic development and define how conducive an
environment is within which a business strives to thrive.

 Political: It accounts for all the influences that a government may have upon the business
environment, including business cycles, the economy at large and individual business
industries. Tax reforms, fiscal policies and trade tariffs form part of this analysis.
 Economic: This analyzes the economy as a whole and its performance owing to global
trends and long term effects that may be evident. Inflation rates, interest rates, economic
growth, demand and supply trends are all analyzed under this head.
 Social: This charts the analysis of cultural trends, demographical determinants, age
distribution etc.
 Technological: This analyses the technological trends of the business environment. It
accounts for the rate at which the innovations are occurring and how directly and indirectly
they’re influencing the business you’re in.
 Legal: There are many laws and policies that directly impact the way your business is run
and the decisions that fuel its propulsion. These laws can be social laws, regulatory laws,
certain standards that need to be met and other such laws.
 Environmental: Your business has effects in the environment it operates in, therefore you
need to analyze in depth what implications your business might be having on it. On the other
 hand, the environment also influences your business directly or indirectly especially the
tourism, farming or agriculture business. Therefore these factors account for the
geographical location, weather, climate etc. but are not just limited to the study of these only.
PESTLE can be rightly called a thorough view on the external environment in which an
organization is operating in. On the contrary though, SWOT analysis is the analysis on the internal
environment of the company based on its products etc. SWOT tends to be more product/service
specific as an individual or an entity conducts this analysis based on that product/service.
The components of the SWOT analysis are:
 Strengths: The S in the acronym stands for Strengths. Much to do with the name, it analyses
the company’s strengths in line with the product/service and counts the USP (unique selling
propositions) that it has. Strengths of a company or a product make it stand out when in
comparison with their competitors.
 Weaknesses: The W stands for Weaknesses. It accounts for all the current weaknesses that
the company may have or may be facing and how the product features them. It gives the
company the view from an external standpoint where they can understand what their areas
of lacking and then work upon them to remove them from their internal environment.
 Opportunities: O spells out Opportunities. These opportunities are for the company to gain,
master and then derive benefits from. Usually, weaknesses are reflected here with a strategy
to encounter them as opportunities where the company can work upon itself or the
product/service.
 Threats: Threats, denoted by T take into account the threats that able and potential
competitors pose for the company and its products/services. These also analyze the barriers
to entry and how potential competition can be tackled effectively.
Both these measures give an in-depth view to the company regarding the environment they’re in
or are about to enter and also about the products or the services with which they plan to enter the
marketplace.