NAMA : KUSUMA DEWI

NIM : 21030116120067
ABSEN : 07
KELAS :D

Chapter 4. Describing Data Effectively: Results, Discussion, and

Conclusion Sections

A total of 53 drying experiments have been conducted under steady- A. REVIEW

This is a typical start to a
state conditions by systematic variation of the parameters:
result and disscusion
• Particle mass $ow rate (dry-based), ˙M p, between 0:48 and 1:69 g=s; section which first
• Particle inlet moisture content, Xin, between 0.436 and 0:690 kg H2O=kg reviews the purpose on
dry solids; the paper.
• gas mass $ow rate (dry-based), ˙M g, between 19 and 58 g=s;
• air heater capacity, ˙Q, between 800 and 4356 W; and
• inlet gas temperature, Tg; in, between 58:0 and 150:0◦C.

Notice that the last mentioned parameters, the air heater capacity, ˙Q, B. BACKGROUND
This next section gives
and the inlet gas temperature, Tg; in, (here, the inlet of the $uidized bed
additional background to
dryer is meant), are not independent from each other. For steady-state explain the purpose of
operation of the heater and negligible heat losses, they are coupled by paper
the simple relationship ˙Q = cg ˙M g(Tg; in − Tg; e): (34) In Eq. (34), Tg; e is the
air temperature at the entrance of the heater, which has for all
experiments approximately been Tg; e = 30◦C; (due to some heating of
the air in the radial channel compressor, see Fig. 3). With a speci;c heat
capacity for the air of cg = 1008:3 J=(kgK), and at constant gas mass $ow
rate, ˙M g, the heater capacity, ˙Q , and the gas inlet temperature, Tg; in,
can immediately be transformed to each other. The reason for explicitly
treating the air heater capacity and using it in several plots is the
perspective of identi;cation and development of automatic control
strategies, which has been one motivation for the presently reported
work. From this point of view, the directly adjustable heater capacity is a
more interesting variable than the gas inlet temperature.
The gas inlet moisture content, Yin, varied between 0.0027 and 0:0102 kg
H2O=kg dry air in the experiments, while the temperature of inlet
particles, Tp; in, has always been ambient (approximately 20◦C). These
parameters are of rather minor importance and will not be discussed
further. All experimental results are available in tabulated form in
Burgschweiger (2000).
Here, the most interesting trends in the in$uence of the main operating
parameters on the average moisture content of outlet solids, XT out , as
well as on the average caloric outlet gas temperature, Tg; out, will be
shown in Figs. 4–8.

In the same plots, experimental data will be compared with the results C. RESULT which
reference to
of model calculations. As expected and shown in Fig. 4, increasing heater
figure or table
capacities, ˙Q , (which at a constant gas mass $ow rate, ˙M g, are equivalent data
to increasing gas inlet temperatures), lead to decreasing moisture
contents of outlet solids, XT out . In the same time (lower plot of Fig. 4),
an increase in the temperature of outlet gas, Tg; out, is observed. Both the
E. EXPLANATION
measured values (open symbols) and the calculated results which are
depicted with the solid lines correspond to gas mass $ow rates of ˙M g

=39 g=s and show a very good agreement with each other. In the same
diagrams, calculations with another, higher gas mass $ow rate ( ˙M g = 56
g=s) are also plotted (broken lines).(E) The change of gas mass $ow rate
has, obviously, only a small in$uence on the results of the simulation. On
the one hand, the capacity of the gas stream to take over vapour is
increased by an increase of the gas $ow rate. On the other hand, the gas
inlet temperature is decreased at a constant heater capacity (see Eq. (34)).
In the same time, changes in the $uidization parameters, the expanded

bed height,
the holdupand the average residence time of the solids, as well as in the
gas side kinetic coeEcients take place. Competitive trends are mutually
neutralized, so that a slight increase of dryer capacity, a moderate
decrease, or no change at all, can be the outcome of a variation of gas
mass flow rate.
 The same behaviour is illustrated in Fig. 5, where the
gas mass $ow rate is plotted on the abscissa of the
diagrams, and the heater capacity is the parameter.
Both, the calculations (solid lines) and the
experimental data (open symbols) show a very
moderate decrease of dryer capacity (that means an
increase of T X out) at increasing ˙M g for the heater
capacity of ˙Q = 2500 W. To the contrary, a slight increase of dryer
capacity (a decrease of T X out) with increasing ˙M g is observed at ˙Q
=1000 W (only simulation, broken lines). Somewhere in between, the
result would be completely indi:erent upon a change of the gas mass
$ow rate, roughly corresponding to the intersection point of the broken
and solid lines of Fig. 4
Finally, the influence of solids inlet moisture content is demonstrated in D. CLAIM
Opinion of the research
Fig. 8. Again, the gas inlet temperature is indicated as the parameter,
based on he data
instead of the heater capacity. As expected, changes in the feed are
clearly, though not direct proportionally, observable in the product of the
dryer. The sensitivity upon variations of Xin is higher at low gas
temperatures, leading to relatively steep and non-linear XT out(Xin) curves
(upper plot). In contrary, an almost linear dependence of Tg; out on Xin is
observed for both values of Tg; in (lower plot). Notice that the inlet solids
moisture contents of about 0.44 in Fig. 8 have been realized by pre-
drying the material, which is otherwise used immediately after wetting
and centrifugation (compare with Section 4). Parity plots of measured and
calculated values of XT out and Tg; out for all continuous drying
experiments, as well as comparisons in tabular form are given by
Burgschweiger (2000), and will not be repeated here. They document a
very good predicting performance of the model. As already pointed out,
this performance has been attained without any kind of fitting or
manipulation of adjustable parameters.

4.1 Framework 1 for combined Results & Discussion/Conclusion sections