NAMA : KUSUMA DEWI

NIM : 21030116120067
ABSEN : 07
KELAS :D

Chapter 2. Effective Introduction Sections

I. Framework For The Structure Of Introduction Section

STEP 1. SITUATION

Paragraph 1

Drying of solids in bubbling fluidized beds is, because of good performance, low investment
and maintenance costs, and robustness of the respective equipment, a very common industrial
separation process.(A) Many different types of materials, from chemicals to foodstuffs and from plastics
to fertilizers, are treated in this way, usually with large throughputs in the continuous mode of operation.
(C) From many points of view (the modern requirements for quick process development and
implementation, the high energy consumption related, in general, to drying, see e.g. Bond (1980), (D)
the need to preserve product quality, the fact that dryers are often promising and rewarding candidates
for de bottlenecking) efficient and reliable modelling tools for fluidized bed dryers are desirable and
required.(B)

STEP 2. PROBLEM CYCLE

Paragraph 2

Many diffculties and shortcomings may undermine and break the above chain of steps,
including the use of oversimplified fluid bed models (which is typical for early work, see e.g. Zabeschek
(1977)) and the almost complete lack of systematic and well-documented data on continuous steady-
state and dynamic dryer operation in the open literature (see Zahed, Zhu, & Grace, 1995). (E) In regard
of such difficulties a very popular approach has been to bridge the gap between batch and continuous
operations by attempting to transform data from the former to predictions for the latter. (F) In this way,
Vanacek, Picka, and Najmr (1964) calculate the average solids moisture content at the outlet of a
continuous dryer by integration of the batch fluid bed drying curve under consideration of the residence
time distribution of the solids.
STEP 3. SOLUTION

Paragraph 3

In regard of the model and experimental data that will be presented in the following, the main
restrictions concern: (i) the assumption and realization of well-mixed conditions of the solids; and (ii)
the use of one-parametric population dynamics. The first can be in practice overcome to a certain extent
by simulating lengthy fluidized bed devices by a series of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTRs). (G)
Otherwise, specialized models considering axial dispersion of the solids during their movement along
the dryer would be necessary, which are not within the scope of the present investigation. Due to the
second restriction, the present population modelling can be only approximate when applied to cascades,
either fictitious or real (multistage CST-dryers). (G) A more accurate consideration of such cases would
require a multidimensional definition of populations and is, again, outside of our present scope.

II. GRAMMAR SKILL 1

1. For the purpose of visual observation, we have refrained from insulating the fluidization section
(see also Section A.6, wall surface area in contact with the environment: Awe = 1759 cm2).
Present Perfect Tense
2. Then, sorptive equilibrium, single-particle kinetics and other properties of the material used in
the experiments (_-Al2O3) will be recapitulated in Section 3.
Simple Past Tense
3. Doing so, we may and will refer to the previous successful analysis of steps (a)–(c) which is
recapitulated by Burgschweiger, Groenewold, Hirschmann, and Tsotsas (1999a)
. Future Simple Tense
4. In this way, Vanacek, Picka, and Najmr (1964) calculate the average solids moisture content at
the outlet of a continuous dryer by integration of the batch $uid bed drying curve under
consideration of the residence time distribution of the solids.
Simple Present Tense
5. To give an example, Liedy and Hilligardt still use batch drying data in order to derive a
combined kinetic parameter for both the gas and the particle-side mass transfer.
Simple Present Tense
III. GRAMMAR SKILL 2. Formal Definition Structure

1. Perfect backmixing in the vertical direction is an assumption,subject to the overall

validation of the model.
2. Zerolite is an ion exchange resin and is fairly hygroscopic and easy to fluidise