Definition of Planning

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1. Planning is the process of : preparing a set of decision, for actions in future, directed at
achieving goals, by optimal means (Dror 1963).

2. Planning is the system of managing economics process involving production.

3. Planning is an instrument for economic strategy to achieve the optimum goal of national
income or the maximum satisfaction for social need.

4. Planning is a deliberate, organized, continuous process of identifying different elements

and aspects of organism, determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in
concert through a period of future time, formulating and programming a set of actions so as
to attain some desired results (Branch and Roibnson, 1968).

5. Planning as the activity that is concerned with developing both the short and long range
guides that will most optimally use the best available resources targeted at achieving
specified objectives. (Nwankwo, 1981)

6. Planning is a systematic attempt to influence the future of an institution or determining

today what the business will be tomorrow by defining the objective, appraising those factors
within and outside the environment that affect the achievements of the objectives and
establishing comprehensive and flexible action plans to ensure that the set objectives are
attained (Akanji and Doguwa, 1992)

7. Planning is a process of establishing priorities for future actions in an attempt to solve

economic problems, which stem from the existence of scarce resources. She added that
planning implies giving thoughts to the goals, aspirations and priorities of a nation (Longe,
2003)

8. Educational Planning is the application of rational, systematic analysis to the process of

educational development with the aim of making education more effective and efficient in
responding to the needs and goals of the studentsn da society”. Coombs (1970)

9. Educational Planning involves making conscious decisions now that have further
consequences for action that will have to be taken in the future concerning education.
(Blaug,1970).

10. Educational Planning is the process of preparing a set of decisions about educational enterprise
in such a way that the goals and purposes of education will be sufficiently realized in future
with the available resources (Nwankwo, 1981)
 What is Educational Planning

EME 102: Basic Concepts in Educational Planning and Administration

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1. Educational planning is difficult to be given a universally acceptable definition

(Adesiyan, 1981).

2. Educational planning is the process of applying scientific or rational procedures to the

process of educational growth and development so as to ensure the efficient and
effectiveness of the educational system

3. educational planning is concerned with the problem of allocating the limited resources
devoted to the educational sector among different levels and types of education (Longe,
1987)

4. Educational planning is the process of taking decisions for future action with the view
of achieving pre – determined objectives through optimum use of scarce resources (Longe,
2003).

5. Development planning is the surest and most direct route to economic progress (Todaro,
1985).

6. Development planning is concerned whit the economic and social progress of a nation
the primary aim of which is to influence and direct the economic and social development of
that nation through the systematic ordering of her priorities (Longe, 2003)

7. Development planning as the process of deciding how the scarce resources in the
economy will be used judiciously to achieve the national goals or objectives (Fabunmi, 2005)

8. The realization of a nation’s goals and objectives with the use of scarce nation’s
resources at the core of development planning.

9. The allocation of scarce economic resources to sectors such as education, health,

transport, sports, tourism, etc. to enable them work towards the realization of their respective
stated objectives and goals is known as sectoral planning

10.Sectoral planning is the first phase in developmental planning saddled with the responsibility of
allocating the nation’s available resources to the various sectors of development, such as
defence, education, agriculture, housing, industries, health, etc. (Longe, 2003
 Types of Educational Planning
EME 102: Basic Concepts in Educational Planning and Administration

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1. Sectoral planning is the rational allocation of resources to the different sectors in an

economy (Fabunmi, 2005).
2. Sectional Planning is the allocation of scarce resources to different sections in the
educaotin sector. The sections include pre-primary, primary, secondary, higher education,
teacher education, technical/vocational education, adult and non formal education, special
education, nomadic education, etc.
3. Sectional planning is the planning within each of the sectors of development such as
education, health, agriculture etc. (Longe (2003)
4. Sectional planning is the rational allocation of resources to the units within an economy
sector (Fabunmi, 2005).
5. Curriculum Planning is educational and concerns planning carried out or performed by
teachers in their different educational institutions right from the first level to the third level.
6. The planning functions performed by school teachers are preparation of curricula for
the different subjects taught, time table(s) for each of the classes, organisation of students for
their continuous assessment and so on.
7. Technical Planning involves the formulation of quantitative targets about recruitment of
teaching and non teaching staff, provision of infrastructural facilities that are necessary for
successful teaching and learning activities etc. In institutions that operate boarding facilities,
it include planning for students’ feeding, beddings, uniforms, and so on.
8. Manpower Planning is the process of determining the need for qualified (i.e profession
or tertiary institution certificated) manpower (Longe, 2003).
9. Manpower planning applies to the process of preparation and deployment of human
resources for productive purposes (Adeagbo (2005).
10. Participatory Planning is a model of planning which compels functional involvement of
every unit of the society or representatives of all stakeholders, such as students, labour
employers, individuals and different organizations – (Fabunmi, 2005).
11. Participatory planning iss that which requires the active participation of the other
relevant specialists, such as curriculum specialists, interest groups such as the Parent/Teacher
Association, Nigerian Union of Teachers (the umbrella union of teachers at the primary and
secondary levels), students’ representatives and so on.
12. Micro Planning is planning at the grassroots level or the local level (Longe, 2003;
Fabunmi, 2005). It is sometimes referred to as planning at the institutional or district levels
because it focuses on the educational problems at that institutional, district or grassroots
level.
13. Micro planning reflects a desire to improve the functioning of the educational system by
reinforcing planning activities at the grassroots (Longe, 2003).
14. Furthermore, micro planning deals with problems linked to access to the educational
system and examines the problems of acquisition and maintenance of teaching equipment,
attitudes of parents, pupils, teachers, community members and other beneficiaries of educated
manpower etc to education (Longe, 2003).
15.Macro Planning is the opposite of micro planning. Therefore, it is planning at t national or
global level based on the budget of the state or nation