Period 6: Key concepts 6.1-6.

Directions: please do the following with the key concepts/terms/people below

1. Define or provide a description (meaning the why, who, cause/effect) of the events
2. Make sure to connect the term/event to the topic sentence above it.
3. Place it into one of the 5 APWH themes:
a. Environment (ENV
b. Dev./Interaction of Cultures (CUL)
c. State building, expansion and conflict (SB)
d. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems (ECON)
e. Dev./Transformation of Social Structures (SOC)
4. This is due on Wednesday, May 9th
Key concept 6.1- Science and Environment
I. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted
by the development of new technology

a. The Green Revolution

- The Green Revolution is the renovation of agricultural practices throughout the world, is
was a success in producing more agricultural products there. This connects to the topic
sentence because the revolution brought forward new technologies and strategies to help
grow more crops that had more nutrients. The theme is ENV, because the green revolution
was a result of how humans affected the environment and brought forward a need to
change.

b. Antibiotics
- Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of
bacterial infections. This connects to the topic because antibiotics were invented by scientist
and used to treat diseases in a way that had never been done before. The theme is CUL
because Antibiotics were spread all over the world (technological diffusion) and it affected
social systems by allowing people to live longer and fight diseases.

c. The polio vaccine

- Developed by Jonas Salk in 1955, the polio vaccine used inactivated polio to train the bodies
immune system to be resistant to polio. This connects to the topic because polio was an
incurable and common disease that greatly shortened the lifespans of many people. The
vaccine was one of the first “great” vaccines and spread all over the world. The theme is
CUL because it greatly increased the lifespans of people and caused more vaccines that even
further increased lifespan and health.

II. During a period of unprecedented global population expansion, humans fundamentally

changed their relationship with the environment.
a. Deforestation
 - Deforestation is the clearing of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter
converted to a non forest use. It connects to the topic because as global population
increase, more and more trees were cleared to make room for the houses and
facilities that had to be built. The theme is ENV because deforestation is an example
of how humans interact with and change their environment. As more people
migrated more trees were cut down.

b. Greenhouse gas
- A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation, like
carbon dioxide, causes the warming of a planet’s atmosphere. It connects to the
topic because humans invented greenhouses, and greenhouses are main cause of the
greenhouse effect which heats of the earth’s atmosphere and changes the
environment. The theme is ENV because greenhouse gas is caused by humans and
greenhouses (man made products), and the ENV theme is the interaction between
humans and their environment.

c. Climate change
- Change in global or regional climate patterns, a change apparent from the mid to
late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increase levels of carbon
dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. Connects to the topic because climate
change is a result of the C02 produced by cars, trains, etc. All which are made and
used by humans. The theme is ENV because due to industrialization, we now have
cars, trains, and factories that produce C02 which causes climate change. Human
interaction with environment.
III. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts.
c. Malaria
- Disease transmitted by mosquitoes, causes a fever and a protozoan parasite that
invades red blood cells, can cause death. Connects to the topic because Malaria is a
disease that spread due to advancements in technology like ships and planes, led to
demographic changes in population. The theme is ENV, as people migrated to new
cities and regions, malaria came with them and devastated the populations that they
went to.

d. 1918 Influenza pandemic

- A pandemic of influenza that killed nearly 40 million people, killed more people
than WWI and is known as the most devastating pandemic ever. Connects to the
topic because the 1918 influenza pandemic is killed nearly 40 million people and
caused a huge population change. Theme is ENV because this pandemic was spread
by people migrating and caused devastation to thousands of regions. Population fell,
depression began.

e. HIV/AIDS
- HIV/AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease that causes immune system and organ
failure. HIV is the first stage, where you can live with the disease, but AIDS is the
second stage that causes death. Connects to the topic because HIV/AIDS was a
common disease in the 20th century that caused automatic death within 10 years,
 caused population decrease and mass confusion, caused great harm to third world
countries and still does today. Theme is ENV because HIV/AIDS was transmitted to
many people that did not know they had it, then these people would give it to other
people and so on. Mainly a third world disease and caused major population
change.

f. Birth control
- Practice of preventing unwanted pregnancies, typically by use of contraception, in
1914 the movement to legalize contraception began; condoms, sponges, and
spermicide were invented. Connects to topic because these scientific innovations led
to less unwanted pregnancies and abortions, also less kids being put up for adoption.
Theme is CUL, scientific advancements in birth control changed people’s ideas and
beliefs about this topic, gave people new knowledge on these “sensitive” matters.
III. Improved military technology and new tactics led to increased levels of wartime
casualties
a. Tanks
- A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle designed for front line combat; effects are
stronger armies, more casualties, more offense, and more strategy. Connects to the
topic because tanks were a new type of military tech that resulted in new war
strategy, caused more offensive strategy and could kill hundreds of people at a time.
Theme is SB because the conflicts of war and battle influenced the development of
the tank, made states stronger and dominant. Tanks could change the course of
battle in seconds.

b. Trench Warfare
- Type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.
Connects to the topic because trench warfare not only caused casualties via
gunshots, grenades, and poison gas; but also through diseases and sickness such as
trench foot, malnutrition, starvation, and dehydration. Theme is SB, the conflict
and strategy of war caused for trench warfare to be invented, a stalemate war plan
that usually did not result in much expansion.

c. Hiroshima
- A city in Japan that was largely destroyed by an atomic bomb during World war II,
response to Pearl Harbor, killed hundreds of thousands of people. Connects to topic
because the atomic bomb was a very new and advancement military technology, one
bomb can wipe out a whole city and can kill thousands and possibly millions of
people. Theme is SB, the conflict between Japan and USA caused the bombing, they
were not in an alliance and Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor. The developement of
the Atomic bomb made the USA arguably the strongest nation, and it severely hurt
the state of Japan.
Key Concept 6.2-Global Conflicts and Their Consequence
I. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but
both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new states by the century’s end.
a. India from the British Empire
 - British Raj, period of British rule over India for 100 years, in 1947 however; India
officially gained independence and became a free nation. Effects were that India
became a third world country as many resources were taken by British. Connects
to the topic because England had control over India for decades, but after war,
England was weaker and no longer able to control India. The theme is SB, India
gained independence and was finally able to rule itself, had its own government and
economy that wasn’t British controlled.

b. Algeria and Vietnam from the French Empire

- Algeria and Vietnam were both under French rule until the 1900s, they both
successfully defeated France in battles to gain independence, but they both became
poor countries. Connects to topic because France had complete control over these
states for decades, but slowly lost power and fell in debt due to war. Vietnam and
Algeria saw this and defeated France in battles for freedom. Theme is SB, Vietnam
and Algeria both saw themselves as independent states that had their own
government and economy to build their nation, but France’s state decline as the fell
into debt and lost colonies.

II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to this dissolution of empires and

the restructuring of states.
a. Muhammad Ali Jinnah in British India
- He was the leader of the Muslim League in India, he partitioned for the freedom of
India and independence of Pakistan as a Muslim state. Connects to the topic
because through his anti imperialism views and consistent plea for the independence
of India and Pakistan, Jinnah was able to gain freedom for these nations. Theme is
SB, these nations of India and Pakistan were able to have their own rule,
government, economy, and were united under their state.

b. Indian National Congress

- Broadly based political party in India, founded in 1885 and was the first modern
nationalist movement in the British empire in Asia or Africa. Connects to the topic
because this congress was made to stand up against Britain and “fight” for
independence. Ended up helping India become a free state. Theme is SB, as the
conflict between Britain and India inspired the creation of the congress, helped
India become stronger and unite people under one state.

c. Communism
- Theory derived from Karl Marx, leading a society in which all property is publicly
owned and relies on collectivization of labor and good to equal out the classes.
Effects are no competition and equality, power in one ruler. Connects to the topic
because in Russia for example, the nation became weak and corrupt and was soon
taken over by Stalin and turned into the communist state of USSR, becoming
virtually a whole new nation. Theme is SB because communism is a new idea that is
changing the world, many new and powerful nations are forming due to
communism (Germany and USSR).
III. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences
a. India/Pakistan partition
 - Partition of India from Britain in 1947, creation of two independent states of India
and Pakistan. Connects to the topic because Hindus got India and Muslims got
Pakistan, there were many Muslims in India and there was always conflict between
Hindus and Muslims. Theme is SB because Muslims got their own land in Pakistan
to develop a government, economy, and become strong and build their nation, and
Hindus got their own land in India to do the same.

b. Filipinos to the United States

- Mass migration of Filipinos to the US began in the 1900s, after the Philippines
gained independence from the US. Filipino Americans grew in numbers and are
now one of the biggest migratory groups in America. Connects to topic because
after the political change of the Philippines gaining independence from the USA,
millions of filipinos migrated to the US. Theme is CUL because many Filipinos
migrated to the US and there was a culture blend between them and Americans.
Filipinos had to adapt to life in America and adapt their culture to American views.

c. The Holocaust
- Genocide during WWII in which Nazi Germany murdered around 6 million jews,
millions of jews were put in concentration camps and millions more fled. Connects
to the topic because the Political change of Hitler becoming dictator of Germany led
to the genocide of millions and millions of Jews, considered to be the most
devastating genocide ever. Theme is SOC because the Jewish religion was
challenged through discrimination and genocide but still stayed strong, Jews were
portrayed to be like aliens in Germany and they were killed in masses.
IV. Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups,
including states, opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified
the conflict.
a. Picasso in his Guernica (CUL)- The Guernica life sized oil mural, picasso painted this in
response to the Nazis Bombing practice on the Basque town of Guernica during the
Spanish Civil War. The effect of painting on many was the suffering inflicted on the
many victims of the bombings. In relation to number IV during the time of the Nazi
reign they heavily resented the anti fascist works such as picassos and intensified their
bombings. The Painting by picasso closely relates to the theme of (CUL) because
picasso creates a culture that at the time was local and aimed against the nazis.
b. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (CUL)- Doctor King was a American Baptist minister and
activist who became the most famous civil rights spokesperson of the modern era. He
spoke around the country while marching to gain equal rights for many minorities and
african americans. in relation to number IV Dr King's assassination led to the conflict
created by these minorities and gave them a chance to achieve they liberties and
rights. Dr King's actions closely related to the APWH theme of (CUL), because in the
U.S. a new minority culture was formed where they could be equal to the majority
and have equal rights.
c. Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa (SOC)- The AAM movements of south africa
were a british organization that was at the center of the international movement
opposing south africa. they went against the govt that supported the minority of
white people living in south africa. the AAM was eventually called ACTSA after south
 africa achieved democracy through a multiracial election. The AAM in relation to the
topic sentence above the unfair treatment of the africans in South africa created
conflict in South Africa that was opposed by the state and intensified the conflict
between the two. The AAM in South Africa closely relates to the apwh theme of (SOC),
because a new social structure of race could be formed in South Africa
d. Al-Qaeda (SB)- Al Qaeda means the foundation of, and their goal was to drive the U.S.
out of saudi arabia. They issued fatwahs indicating that such attacks were proper and
necessary. Al-Qaeda was led and created by Osama bin laden and were responsible
for the september 11 attacks. The group created the gateway for most islamic
extremist groups today. In relation to the topic sentence the goal of the group was to
create a pure saudi arabia, this failed and created a war on terrorism that influenced
how the middle east is today. Al Qaeda is most related to the APWH theme of (SB) as
their attempts to create a new islamic state in the middle east failed and created more
conflict that there originally was.
Key Concept 6.3- New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century
a. The Five Year Plan - the five year plan was a list of economic goals created by Joseph
Stalin and based on his policy of socialism in one country. the goals of these plans
were to re industrialize the economy of the Soviet Union and increase the population.
The sentence above relates to the 5 year plan by re doing the agriculture in Russia and
create more resources to sell and make more money during years of international
depression. The Five Year Plan is most connected to the APWH theme of (ECON) by
creating new economic opportunities in the USSR, with the hopes of being more
stable.
b. The New Deal- The new deal was created by FDR in response to the financial reforms
and regulations in the US in response to the great depression. The outcome of the
great deal was reform of wall street, relief for farmers and the unemployed, and social
security. Democrats become the more favorable political party. The new deal relates
to the sentence above by giving the US a chance to pull itself out of a great economic
depression and respond to the challenge of recreating what was once the most
powerful economy in the world. The APWH theme of (ECON) is comparable to the new
deal because a new economic system was introduced to the US and expanded around
the world via stocks.
c. Free- Market policy of Ronald Reagan- the free market policy of ronald reagan was
created to maintain and hold a stable economy. he proposed that the US should
reduce govt spending, reduce the federal income tax, reduce govt regulation, and
tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation. The sentence above is most
comparable to the Free Market Policy responded to the threat of an economic
challenge that was iminite to the US by reducing the chance that could happen. The
APWH theme of (ECON) is most comparable to the Free Market policy implemented
by reagan because it created new solutions to problems that were iminent.

II. States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process

facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance.
 a. The United Nations-the united nations was created after WWII to maintain
international peace and security. the UN does this by working out prevent conflict,
and help foster peace in countries world wide. The sentence above can be supported
by the UN because they are the global governance crew that helps the world become
more independent. The UN is most related to the APWH theme of (CUL) as around the
world the UN has to deal with different cultures in hope to foster international peace.
b. The World Bank- the world bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance
to developing countries around the world. they aren't a bank, but a unique
partnership aimed to reduce poverty. The topic sentence can be supported by The
World Bank because their goals is to make everyone more powerful through wealth
especially the people in undeveloped countries. The World Bank is best supported by
the APWH theme of (ECON) through the fostering of money to underdeveloped
nations in the hope that poverty will be erased and the world can be more developed.
c. Greenpeace-Greenpeace is a global, independent campaigning organization that uses
peaceful protest and creative communication to expose global environmental
problems and promote solutions that are essential to a green and peaceful future.
Greenpeace supports the topic sentence above by fostering peace through agricultural
ways, instead of economy. they fight illegal and harmful natural ways and hope to
make the world green. The APWH Theme of (CUL) is most suiting of Greenpeace as
they combat different culture and stop their harmful ways, hoping to inspire the next
generation of natural living peoples.
III. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; rights-based discourses
challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. In much of the world,
access to education, as well as participation in new political and professional roles,
became more inclusive in terms of race, class, and gender.
a. The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights the The U.N. Universal Declaration of
Human Rights was a set of international rights created after WWII to give humans 30
basic rights. Some of the most important rights are the right to own things, freedom of
thought and expression, right to public assembly, social security, workers rights, and
many more. The UNUDHR supports the topic sentence because all of the ideas in the
UNUDHR each go with a category in topic. The UNUDHR supports the APWH theme of
(CUL) as the mixtures of the rights between different culture will be appreciated and
hated, and these qualities will develop new cultures.
b. Right to vote for women in the United States in 1920- in 1920 Congress passed the 19th
amendment, which allowed women in the United States to vote. it guarantees all
american women citizens the right to vote. this came after years of protest by
suffragettes to allow them political rights that were only given to men. The topic
sentence and the APWH theme of (CUL) are both comparable to the right to vote, this
is true because the political roles that could now be influenced because of women
could be created. Also new cultures such as Extreme Feminism were introduced into
american societies.
c. U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965- the CRA of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation
in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into
law by president Lyndon B. Johnson. it was intended for minorities especially the ones
 in the south. The topic sentence is closely connected to the CIvil rights acts because
they gave equality to different races and minorities. The APWH theme of (SOC) is
closely connected to the rights as transformed a social class of eligible voters.
IV. Popular and consumer culture became more global.
a. Reggae- reggae is a style of popular music strongly accented subsidiary beat,
originating in Jamaica. Reggae evolved in the late 1960s from ska and other local
versions of calypso and rhythm and blue. Reggae is closely connected to the the topic
sentence is it these consumable music culture could be spread around the world in a
orderly manner. The APWH theme of (CUL) is closely related to Reggae as it created a
new culture that is focused by music (reggae) and fosters a new way life.
b. Bollywood-Bollywood is the Indian movie industry, based in Mumbai (BOMBAY). In
Bollywood films are made so fast that sometimes actors on set shoot scenes for four
different films at one time. The Topic Sentence is closely related to the Bollywood as
the culture of the indian movie scene created lifestyle that shaped daily indian life.
And the APWH theme of (CUL) is mot related to Bollywood, because a new sense of
culture was formed in Indian and around the world.
c. World Cup soccer- World Cup Soccer is a soccer tournament played once every 4 years
with many nations trying to earn a spot in the 32 country. The topic sentence is closely
related to World Cup Soccer as every 4 years a new culture is globally formed around
the consumer product of soccer,this is also related to the APWH theme of (CUL)
DUE: Wednesday May 9th