Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
AUGUST 1987 VOLUME 58 NUMBER 2
a smooth surface texture increased the Value of porce- Chroma and increase Value (lighten) without creat-
lain samples and suggested the use of a textured surface ing opacity.27,31
on opaque to keep the Value level down.
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO SHADE
COLOR MATCHIN AND SHADE MATCHING
SELECTION GUIDE E INES The following method for assessmentof natural tooth
1. Create a neutral-colored environment for shade selec- color and selection of matching dental porcelains greatly
tion. improves the predictability of shade matching with
2. Have the patient remove lipstick or bright makeup. dental porcelain. Clarity of communication between
3. Drape the patient with a neutral-colored cover if the dentist and ceramist is enhanced, facilitating the cera-
patient is wearing bright-colored clothing. mist’s ability to replicate the shades recorded by the
4. Have the patient’s mouth at the dentist’s eye level. dentist.
5. Make the shade selection at the beginning of the The method uses the Vita (Vita Zahnfabrik, Sacking-
appointment before the eyes are fatigued from dental en, West Germany) VMK shade indicator chart (Fig. 1)
procedures. and ring of tabs (Fig. 2), both of which have individually
6. Make rapid shade comparisons for no more than 5 fired buttons of opaque, body, and incisal porcelains.
seconds to avoid fatigue of cones in the retina. These tabs are made of porcelain the same as that used
Prolonged viewing strains the cones and results in for metal-ceramic crowns, and are 1 to 2 mm thick. By
perception of decreased Chroma and Value of the using the individual tabs, the dentist can systematically
sample. First impressions are more accurate. determine which shade number of opaque, body, and
7. Gaze at a blue card or patient napkin between each incisal porcelains are to be used in fabricating the
shade evaluation. Prolonged viewing results in a ceramic restoration. A shade prescription listing the
negative afterimage that is the complimentary color of porcelain shade numbers, combined with a detailed
the originally observed color. Blue fatigue accentuates diagram illustrating enamel translucency patterns and
yellow-orange sensitivity, which is the dominate Hue other characteristics,, clearly and concisely communicates
of teeth. to the ceramist the information needed. This specific
8. Assess Value levels by squinting. Half-closed eyes information closes the communication gap, greatly
decrease the amount of light entering the eye to decreasing the need for interpretation of previously
inactivate the cones and allow peripherally located unclear laboratory prescriptions.
rods of the retina to discriminate lightness and The use of this shade indicator chart combines the
darkness. advantages of the commercial shade guide and custom
9. Grind off the necks of shade tabs, which have heavy shade-determination techniques. A greater range of
extrinsic coloring and may distract shade determina- flexibility and latitude is offered because each shade can
tion. be selected and evaluated individually. Through spectro-
10. Rapidly scan the shade guide and, by the process of photometry, Miller and Hemmendinger* demonstrated
elimination, determine several tabs that match the that opaque and body porcelain shades typically do not
closest. match. This problem can be rectified by interchanging
11. Compare shade selection under varying conditions alternative opaque and body shades to achieve the
(for example, wet versus dry, lip retracted versus lip desired shade and avoiding the predetermined relation-
down, and light sources at different angles). ship demanded by the standard commercial shade guide.
12. Check for metamerism by evaluating shade selection Other porcelain manufacturers either have (Shofu Den-
under different light sources (for example, color- tal Corporation, Menlo Park, Calif.) or will soon market
corrected, incandescent, fluorescent, and daylight). (Will-Ceram, Williams Gold Refining Co., Buffalo,
13. Use the canines for a reference in selecting a shade N.Y.) similar shade indicator charts.
because they have the highest Chroma of the domi-
nant Hue of the teeth.31 SHADE SELECTION PROCEDURE
14. To create natural appearing restorations, be aware Teeth Nos. 6 through 11 were crowned as part of an
of variation in shade among teeth in the arch. extensive fixed prosthodontic treatment. These teeth had
Maxillary incisors are similar in Chroma to premo- severe lingual erosion and attrition resulting in near
lars. Mandibular incisors are usually one Chroma pulp exposure. In addition, the severe erosion and
level lower than maxillary incisors. Canines are two attrition of the posterior teeth, with resulting decreased
Chroma levels higher than maxillary incisors.z9 vertical dimension of occlusion, necessitated an increased
15. Select a shade that is of lower Chroma and higher
Value if unable to precisely match a shade. It is *Miller L. Personal communication. Lecture before American Acade-
difficult to extrinsically color a restoration to decrease my of Restorative Dentistry, February 1985.
vertical dimension through posterior restorations (Fig. for initial shade comparisons, because it has the highest
3). Chroma for the dominant Hue of the natural dentition
The shade selection procedure began with a standard (Fig. 3).
Vita Lumin shade guide. According to the shade- We found the use of a colored paper background of the
determination guidelines listed, the shade guide was dominant Hue useful in shade determination and com-
rapidly scanned to assesswhich basic Hue group most parison (Table I) (Fig. 4). (Use of the complimentary
nearly matched the natural teeth. The canine was used colored background may also be helpful.) Paper with a
Fig. 6. B shade group opaque, bond, and incisal shade tabs from VMK shade indicator
chart, with permission.
Fig. 7. Evaluation of canine opaque shade No. 514. (Value is too high.)
yellow Hue for the B shade group (Fig. 5) for opaque Table I. Dominant Hue of Vita shade group
shade evaluation was used for standard shade tab,
Vita shade group Dominant Hue
dentin, or incisal porcelain comparison.
After the selection of a Hue group, the individual A Orange-brown
shade that most nearly matched was chosen and record- B Yellow
C Grey-brown
ed. The selection of a shade tab on the standard guide
D Red
provided a starting point for matching the opaque, body,
and incisal shades on the shade indicator chart (Fig. 6).
The corresponding opaque shade was then evaluated for characteristics such as enamel translucency patterns,
the canine (Fig. 7) and central incisor (Fig. 8). If the locations of high Chroma, stains, hypocalcification pat-
opaque shade is inappropriate, the dentist can compare terns, craze lines, or stained cracks that were to be
and select a more appropriate opaque shade. The reproduced in the restoration (Fig. 12). A more detailed
opaque is the primary determinant of the Value of the discussion will follow in Part II of this series.
metal-ceramic restoration. Therefore, squinting to facil- The restorations were evaluated for shade fidelity
itate Value discrimination may be helpful. before delivery (Fig. 13). Figs. 14 and 15 show the
The corresponding body shade was evaluated and cemented metal-ceramic restorations.
recorded (Figs. 9 and 10). For this patient, two shades of
body porcelain were selected, No. 545 for the incisal half SUMMARY
and No. 544 for the gingival half of the tooth. Occasion- The inherent problems in present shade matching
ally a body shade that falls within another dominant procedures and communication between dentist and
Hue group may be the most suitable selection. ceramist have been discussed. These five areas of weak-
Finally, the corresponding incisal shade was evaluated ness include (1) the observer, (2) variable viewing
and the most appropriate shade recorded (Fig. 11). conditions, (3) commercially available shade guides, (4)
Areas of high translucency requiring translucent porce- inadequate technology, and (5) poor communication.
lain application were also recorded. A systematic procedure that breaks down shade selec-
Shade tabs for opaque and body porcelain modifiers to tion to the elements of opaque, body, and incisal
decrease Value or increase Chroma are also available as porcelain shades was presented. This method simplifies
shade tabs (Figs. 1 and 2). and adds clarity in the registration of shades, improving
To complete the communication process, a detailed the communication chain between dentist and ceramist.
diagram of the teeth to be matched included dental The system is suggested as a means to overcome many of
the inherent problems in shade selection and communi- 17. Billmeyer FW Jr, Saltzman M. Principles of color technology.
cation. This approach enhances the dentist-ceramist 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1981;101-10.
18. Judd DB, Wyszecki G. Color in business, science, and industry.
team’s ability to esthetically match metal-ceramic resto-
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Future parts of this series will present procedures for Wiley & Sons Inc, 1982;166-8.
improved communication and a system for porcelain 20. CIE, recommendations on uniform color spaces, color-differences
application. equations, psychometric color terms. Suppl No. 2 of CIE Pub1
No 15 (E-1.3.1), Paris: Bureau Central de la CIE, 1971,
1978a.
We thank the Word Processing Center of the University of
21. Clark EB. The Clark tooth color system. Part I. Dent Mag Oral
California, Los Angeles, in the preparation of this manuscript,
Top 1933;50:139-52.
22. Clark EB. The Clark tooth color system. Part II. Dent Mag Oral
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